Fair Value

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value

12. Fair Value

Considerable judgment is often required in interpreting the market data used to develop estimates of fair value, and the use of different assumptions or valuation methodologies may have a material effect on the estimated fair value amounts.

Recurring Fair Value Measurements

The assets and liabilities measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis and their corresponding placement in the fair value hierarchy, including those items for which the Company has elected the FVO, are presented below at:

	September 30, 2024
	Fair Value Hierarchy
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total Estimated Fair Value
	(In millions)
Assets
Fixed maturity securities AFS:
U.S. corporate	$	—	$	70,349	$	14,502	$	84,851
Foreign corporate	—		41,047		15,705		56,752
Foreign government	—		44,091		41		44,132
U.S. government and agency	16,650		18,026		—		34,676
RMBS	—		33,367		1,897		35,264
ABS & CLO	—		15,138		2,382		17,520
Municipals	—		10,798		—		10,798
CMBS	—		8,557		1,229		9,786
Total fixed maturity securities AFS	16,650		241,373		35,756		293,779
Equity securities	430		74		242		746
Unit-linked and FVO securities (1)	7,846		267		1,176		9,289
Short-term investments (2)	3,155		1,176		6		4,337
Other investments	44		2,016		1,095		3,155
Derivative assets: (3)
Interest rate	2		3,424		—		3,426
Foreign currency exchange rate	2		4,159		25		4,186
Credit	—		271		—		271
Equity market	13		272		4		289
Total derivative assets	17		8,126		29		8,172
MRBs	—		—		310		310
Reinsured MRBs (4)	—		—		16		16
Separate account assets (5)	69,799		77,991		1,019		148,809
Total assets (6)	$	97,941	$	331,023	$	39,649	$	468,613
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities: (3)
Interest rate	$	2	$	2,994	$	—	$	2,996
Foreign currency exchange rate	—		2,918		5		2,923
Credit	—		76		—		76
Equity market	6		356		—		362
Total derivative liabilities	8		6,344		5		6,357
Embedded derivatives within liability host contracts (7)	—		—		119		119
MRBs	—		—		3,117		3,117
Separate account liabilities (5)	—		5		—		5
Total liabilities	$	8	$	6,349	$	3,241	$	9,598

	December 31, 2023
	Fair Value Hierarchy
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total Estimated Fair Value
	(In millions)
Assets
Fixed maturity securities AFS:
U.S. corporate	$	—	$	67,003	$	13,714	$	80,717
Foreign corporate	—		40,813		14,631		55,444
Foreign government	—		45,438		51		45,489
U.S. government and agency	15,327		16,925		—		32,252
RMBS	3		27,495		1,598		29,096
ABS & CLO	—		15,191		2,103		17,294
Municipals	—		11,171		—		11,171
CMBS	—		9,099		850		9,949
Total fixed maturity securities AFS	15,330		233,135		32,947		281,412
Equity securities	429		79		249		757
Unit-linked and FVO securities (1)	7,520		1,708		1,103		10,331
Short-term investments (2)	5,103		667		27		5,797
Other investments	48		363		975		1,386
Derivative assets: (3)
Interest rate	1		3,674		—		3,675
Foreign currency exchange rate	2		4,393		23		4,418
Credit	—		228		8		236
Equity market	8		393		7		408
Total derivative assets	11		8,688		38		8,737
MRBs	—		—		286		286
Reinsured MRBs (4)	—		—		18		18
Separate account assets (5)	66,229		77,258		1,147		144,634
Total assets (6)	$	94,670	$	321,898	$	36,790	$	453,358
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities: (3)
Interest rate	$	5	$	2,805	$	174	$	2,984
Foreign currency exchange rate	—		2,737		7		2,744
Credit	—		84		—		84
Equity market	11		475		—		486
Total derivative liabilities	16		6,101		181		6,298
Embedded derivatives within liability host contracts (7)	—		—		93		93
MRBs	—		—		3,179		3,179
Separate account liabilities (5)	4		4		—		8
Total liabilities	$	20	$	6,105	$	3,453	$	9,578

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(1)Unit-linked and FVO securities were primarily comprised of Unit-linked investments at both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

(2)Short-term investments as presented in the tables above differ from the amounts presented on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets because certain short-term investments are not measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis.

(3)Derivative assets are presented within other invested assets on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets and derivative liabilities are presented within other liabilities on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets. The amounts are presented gross in the tables above to reflect the presentation on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets, but are presented net for purposes of the rollforward in the Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) tables.

(4)Reinsured MRBs are presented within premiums, reinsurance and other receivables on the consolidated balance sheets.

(5)Investment performance related to separate account assets is fully offset by corresponding amounts credited to contractholders whose liability is reflected within separate account liabilities. Separate account liabilities are set equal to the estimated fair value of separate account assets. Separate account liabilities presented in the tables above represent derivative liabilities.

(6)Total assets included in the fair value hierarchy exclude OLPI that are measured at estimated fair value using the net asset value (“NAV”) per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient. The estimated fair value of such investments was $51 million and $52 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

(7)Embedded derivatives within liability host contracts are presented within PABs and other liabilities on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The following describes the valuation methodologies used to measure assets and liabilities at fair value.

Investments

Securities, Short-term Investments and Other Investments

When available, the estimated fair value of these financial instruments is based on quoted prices in active markets that are readily and regularly obtainable. Generally, these are the most liquid of the Company’s securities holdings, and valuation of these securities does not involve management’s judgment.

When quoted prices in active markets are not available, the determination of estimated fair value of securities is based on market standard valuation methodologies, giving priority to observable inputs. The significant inputs to the market standard valuation methodologies for certain types of securities with reasonable levels of price transparency are inputs that are observable in the market or can be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data. When observable inputs are not available, the market standard valuation methodologies rely on inputs that are significant to the estimated fair value that are not observable in the market or cannot be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data. These unobservable inputs can be based, in large part, on management’s judgment or estimation and cannot be supported by reference to market activity. Unobservable inputs are based on management’s assumptions about the inputs market participants would use in pricing such investments.

The estimated fair value of short-term investments and other investments is determined on a basis consistent with the methodologies described herein.

The valuation approaches and key inputs for each category of assets or liabilities that are classified within Level 2 and Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy are presented below. The primary valuation approaches are the market approach, which considers recent prices from market transactions involving identical or similar assets or liabilities, and the income approach, which converts expected future amounts (e.g., cash flows) to a single current, discounted amount. The valuation of most instruments listed below is determined using independent pricing sources, matrix pricing, discounted cash flow methodologies or other similar techniques that use either observable market inputs or unobservable inputs.

Instrument	Level 2 Observable Inputs			Level 3 Unobservable Inputs
Fixed maturity securities AFS
U.S. corporate and Foreign corporate securities
	Valuation Approaches: Principally the market and income approaches.			Valuation Approaches: Principally the market approach.
	Key Inputs:			Key Inputs:
	•	quoted prices in markets that are not active		•	illiquidity premium
	•	benchmark yields; spreads off benchmark yields; new issuances; issuer ratings		•	delta spread adjustments to reflect specific credit-related issues
	•	trades of identical or comparable securities; duration		•	credit spreads
	•	privately-placed securities are valued using the additional key inputs:		•	quoted prices in markets that are not active for identical or similar securities that are less liquid and based on lower levels of trading activity than securities classified in Level 2
		•	market yield curve; call provisions	•	independent non-binding broker quotations
		•	observable prices and spreads for similar public or private securities that incorporate the credit quality and industry sector of the issuer
		•	delta spread adjustments to reflect specific credit-related issues
Foreign government securities, U.S. government and agency securities and Municipals
	Valuation Approaches: Principally the market approach.			Valuation Approaches: Principally the market approach.
	Key Inputs:			Key Inputs:
	•	quoted prices in markets that are not active		•	independent non-binding broker quotations
	•	benchmark U.S. Treasury yield or other yields		•	quoted prices in markets that are not active for identical or similar securities that are less liquid and based on lower levels of trading activity than securities classified in Level 2
	•	the spread off the U.S. Treasury yield curve for the identical security		•	credit spreads
	•	issuer ratings and issuer spreads; broker-dealer quotations
	•	comparable securities that are actively traded
Structured Products
	Valuation Approaches: Principally the market and income approaches.			Valuation Approaches: Principally the market and income approaches.
	Key Inputs:			Key Inputs:
	•	quoted prices in markets that are not active		•	credit spreads
	•	spreads for actively traded securities; spreads off benchmark yields		•	quoted prices in markets that are not active for identical or similar securities that are less liquid and based on lower levels of trading activity than securities classified in Level 2
	•	expected prepayment speeds and volumes		•	independent non-binding broker quotations
	•	current and forecasted loss severity; ratings; geographic region		•	credit ratings
	•	weighted average coupon and weighted average maturity
	•	average delinquency rates; DSCR
	•	credit ratings
	•	issuance-specific information, including, but not limited to:
		•	collateral type; structure of the security; vintage of the loans
		•	payment terms of the underlying assets
		•	payment priority within the tranche; deal performance

Instrument	Level 2 Observable Inputs		Level 3 Unobservable Inputs
Equity securities
	Valuation Approaches: Principally the market approach.		Valuation Approaches: Principally the market and income approaches.
	Key Input:		Key Inputs:
	•	quoted prices in markets that are not considered active	•	credit ratings; issuance structures
			•	quoted prices in markets that are not active for identical or similar securities that are less liquid and based on lower levels of trading activity than securities classified in Level 2
			•	independent non-binding broker quotations
Unit-linked and FVO securities, Short-term investments and Other investments
	Valuation Approaches: Principally the market and income approaches.		Valuation Approaches: Principally the market and income approaches.
	Key Inputs:		Key Inputs:
	•	Unit-linked and FVO securities include mutual fund interests without readily determinable fair values given prices are not published publicly. Valuation of these mutual funds is based upon quoted prices or reported NAV provided by the fund managers, which were based on observable inputs.	•	Unit-linked and FVO securities, short-term investments and other investments are of a similar nature and class to the fixed maturity securities AFS and equity securities described above; accordingly, the valuation approaches and unobservable inputs used in their valuation are also similar to those described above. Other investments also include certain REJV and use the valuation approach and key inputs as described for OLPI below.
	•	Short-term investments and other investments are of a similar nature and class to the fixed maturity securities AFS and equity securities described above; accordingly, the valuation approaches and observable inputs used in their valuation are also similar to those described above.
Separate account assets and Separate account liabilities (1)
Mutual funds and hedge funds without readily determinable fair values as prices are not published publicly
	Key Input:		•	N/A
	•	quoted prices or reported NAV provided by the fund managers
OLPI
	•	N/A	Valued giving consideration to the underlying holdings of the partnerships and adjusting, if appropriate.
			Key Inputs:
			•	liquidity; bid/ask spreads; performance record of the fund manager
			•	other relevant variables that may impact the exit value of the particular partnership interest

__________________

(1)Estimated fair value equals carrying value, based on the value of the underlying assets, including mutual fund interests, fixed maturity securities, equity securities, derivatives, hedge funds, OLPI, short-term investments and cash and cash equivalents. The estimated fair value of fixed maturity securities, equity securities, derivatives, short-term investments and cash and cash equivalents is determined on a basis consistent with the assets described under “— Securities, Short-term Investments and Other Investments” and “— Derivatives — Freestanding Derivatives.”

Derivatives

The estimated fair value of derivatives is determined through the use of quoted market prices for exchange-traded derivatives, or through the use of pricing models for OTC-bilateral and OTC-cleared derivatives. The determination of estimated fair value, when quoted market values are not available, is based on market standard valuation methodologies and inputs that management believes are consistent with what other market participants would use when pricing such instruments. Derivative valuations can be affected by changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, financial indices, credit spreads, default risk, nonperformance risk, volatility, liquidity and changes in estimates and assumptions used in the pricing models.

The significant inputs to the pricing models for most OTC-bilateral and OTC-cleared derivatives are inputs that are observable in the market or can be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data. With respect to certain OTC-bilateral and OTC-cleared derivatives, management may rely on inputs that are significant to the estimated fair value that are not observable in the market or cannot be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data. These unobservable inputs may involve significant management judgment or estimation. Unobservable inputs are based on management’s assumptions about the inputs market participants would use in pricing such derivatives.

Most inputs for OTC-bilateral and OTC-cleared derivatives are mid-market inputs but, in certain cases, liquidity adjustments are made when they are deemed more representative of exit value. Market liquidity, as well as the use of different methodologies, assumptions and inputs, may have a material effect on the estimated fair values of the Company’s derivatives and could materially affect net income.

The credit risk of both the counterparty and the Company is considered in determining the estimated fair value for all OTC-bilateral and OTC-cleared derivatives, and any potential credit adjustment is based on the net exposure by counterparty after taking into account the effects of netting agreements and collateral arrangements. The Company values its OTC-bilateral and OTC-cleared derivatives using standard swap curves which may include a spread to the risk-free rate, depending upon specific collateral arrangements. This credit spread is appropriate for those parties that execute trades at pricing levels consistent with similar collateral arrangements. As the Company and its significant derivative counterparties generally execute trades at such pricing levels and hold sufficient collateral, additional credit risk adjustments are not currently required in the valuation process. The Company’s ability to consistently execute at such pricing levels is, in part, due to the netting agreements and collateral arrangements that are in place with all of its significant derivative counterparties. An evaluation of the requirement to make additional credit risk adjustments is performed by the Company each reporting period.

Freestanding Derivatives

Level 2 Valuation Approaches and Key Inputs:

This level includes all types of derivatives utilized by the Company with the exception of exchange-traded derivatives included within Level 1 and those derivatives with unobservable inputs as described in Level 3.

Level 3 Valuation Approaches and Key Inputs:

These valuation methodologies generally use the same inputs as described in the corresponding sections for Level 2 measurements of derivatives. However, these derivatives result in Level 3 classification because one or more of the significant inputs are not observable in the market or cannot be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data.

Freestanding derivatives are principally valued using the income approach. Valuations of non-option-based derivatives utilize present value techniques, whereas valuations of option-based derivatives utilize option pricing models. Key inputs are as follows:

Instrument		Interest Rate		Foreign Currency Exchange Rate		Credit		Equity Market
Inputs common to Level 2 and Level 3 by instrument type	•	swap yield curves	•	swap yield curves	•	swap yield curves	•	swap yield curves
	•	basis curves	•	basis curves	•	credit curves	•	spot equity index levels
	•	interest rate volatility (1)	•	currency spot rates	•	recovery rates	•	dividend yield curves
			•	cross currency basis curves			•	equity volatility (1)
			•	currency volatility (1)
Level 3	•	swap yield curves (2)	•	swap yield curves (2)	•	swap yield curves (2)	•	dividend yield curves (2)
	•	basis curves (2)	•	basis curves (2)	•	credit curves (2)	•	equity volatility (1), (2)
	•	repurchase rates	•	cross currency basis curves (2)	•	credit spreads	•	correlation between model inputs (1)
	•	interest rate volatility (1), (2)	•	currency correlation	•	repurchase rates
			•	currency volatility (1)	•	independent non-binding broker quotations

__________________

(1)Option-based only.

(2)Extrapolation beyond the observable limits of the curve(s).

Embedded Derivatives

Embedded derivatives principally include equity-indexed annuity contracts and investment risk within funds withheld related to certain reinsurance agreements. Embedded derivatives are recorded at estimated fair value with changes in estimated fair value reported in net income.

The estimated fair value of the embedded derivatives within funds withheld related to certain ceded reinsurance is determined based on the change in estimated fair value of the underlying assets held by the Company in a reference portfolio backing the funds withheld liability. The estimated fair value of the underlying assets is determined as described in “— Investments — Securities, Short-term Investments and Other Investments.” The estimated fair value of these embedded derivatives is included, along with their funds withheld hosts, in other liabilities on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets with changes in estimated fair value recorded in net derivative gains (losses). Changes in the credit spreads on the underlying assets, interest rates and market volatility may result in significant fluctuations in the estimated fair value of these embedded derivatives that could materially affect net income.

The estimated fair value of the embedded equity indexed derivatives, based on the present value of future equity returns to the policyholder using actuarial and present value assumptions including expectations concerning policyholder behavior, is calculated by the Company’s actuarial department. The calculation is based on in-force business and uses standard capital market techniques, such as Black-Scholes, to calculate the value of the portion of the embedded derivative for which the terms are set. The portion of the embedded derivative covering the period beyond where terms are set is calculated as the present value of amounts expected to be spent to provide equity indexed returns in those periods. The valuation of these embedded derivatives also includes the establishment of a risk margin, as well as changes in nonperformance risk.

MRBs

See Note 6 for information on the Company’s valuation approaches and key inputs for MRBs.

Transfers between Levels

Overall, transfers between levels occur when there are changes in the observability of inputs and market activity.

Transfers into or out of Level 3:

Assets and liabilities are transferred into Level 3 when a significant input cannot be corroborated with market observable data. This occurs when market activity decreases significantly and underlying inputs cannot be observed, current prices are not available, and/or when there are significant variances in quoted prices, thereby affecting transparency. Assets and liabilities are transferred out of Level 3 when circumstances change such that a significant input can be corroborated with market observable data. This may be due to a significant increase in market activity, a specific event, or one or more significant input(s) becoming observable.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)

The following table presents certain quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement, and the sensitivity of the estimated fair value to changes in those inputs, for the more significant asset and liability classes measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) at:

					September 30, 2024				December 31, 2023				Impact of Increase in Input on Estimated Fair Value (2)
	Valuation Techniques		Significant Unobservable Inputs		Range			Weighted Average (1)	Range			Weighted Average (1)
Fixed maturity securities AFS (3)
U.S. corporate and foreign corporate	•	Matrix pricing	•	Offered quotes (4)	34	-	133	94	4	-	131	93	Increase
	•	Market pricing	•	Quoted prices (4)	13	-	116	97	—	-	110	92	Increase
	•	Consensus pricing	•	Offered quotes (4)	92	-	100	96	86	-	102	96	Increase
RMBS	•	Market pricing	•	Quoted prices (4)	—	-	121	95	—	-	112	93	Increase (5)
ABS & CLO	•	Market pricing	•	Quoted prices (4)	3	-	106	97	3	-	101	93	Increase (5)
Derivatives
Interest rate	•	Present value techniques	•	Swap yield (6)	—	-	—	—	367	-	399	385	Increase (7)
Foreign currency exchange rate	•	Present value techniques	•	Swap yield (6)	111	-	168	166	185	-	399	193	Increase (7)
Credit	•	Consensus pricing	•	Offered quotes (8)
MRBs and Reinsured MRBs
Direct, assumed and ceded guaranteed minimum benefits	•	Option pricing techniques	•	Mortality rates:
				Ages 0 - 40	0%	-	0.15%	0.05%	0%	-	0.15%	0.05%	(9)
				Ages 41 - 60	0.04%	-	0.79%	0.22%	0.04%	-	0.75%	0.22%	(9)
				Ages 61 - 115	0%	-	100%	1.14%	0%	-	100%	1.23%	(9)
			•	Lapse rates:
				Durations 1 - 10	0.14%	-	20.10%	12.86%	0.39%	-	20.10%	8.72%	Decrease (10)
				Durations 11 - 20	0.39%	-	15%	6.05%	0.39%	-	15%	4.34%	Decrease (10)
				Durations 21 - 116	0.39%	-	15%	8.20%	0.10%	-	15%	4.59%	Decrease (10)
			•	Utilization rates	0.20%	-	22%	0.79%	0.20%	-	22%	0.44%	Increase (11)
			•	Withdrawal rates	0%	-	20%	4.77%	0%	-	20%	4.47%	(12)
			•	Long-term equity volatilities	14.23%	-	22.27%	18.77%	8.05%	-	21.85%	18.55%	Increase (13)
			•	Nonperformance risk spread	0.11%	-	1.49%	0.64%	0.38%	-	1.59%	0.73%	Decrease (14)

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(1)The weighted average for fixed maturity securities AFS and derivatives is determined based on the estimated fair value of the securities and derivatives. The weighted average for MRBs is determined based on a combination of account values and experience data.

(2)The impact of a decrease in input would have resulted in the opposite impact on estimated fair value. For MRBs, changes to direct and assumed guaranteed minimum benefits are based on liability positions; changes to ceded guaranteed minimum benefits are based on asset positions.

(3)Significant increases (decreases) in expected default rates in isolation would have resulted in substantially lower (higher) valuations.

(4)Range and weighted average are presented in accordance with the market convention for fixed maturity securities AFS of dollars per hundred dollars of par.

(5)Changes in the assumptions used for the probability of default would have been accompanied by a directionally similar change in the assumption used for the loss severity and a directionally opposite change in the assumptions used for prepayment rates.

(6)Ranges represent the rates across different yield curves and are presented in basis points. The swap yield curves are utilized among different types of derivatives to project cash flows, as well as to discount future cash flows to present value. Since this valuation methodology uses a range of inputs across a yield curve to value the derivative, presenting a range is more representative of the unobservable input used in the valuation.

(7)Changes in estimated fair value are based on long U.S. dollar net asset positions and will be inversely impacted for short U.S. dollar net asset positions.

(8)At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, independent non-binding broker quotations were used in the determination of 0% and less than 1%, respectively, of the total net derivative estimated fair value.

(9)Mortality rates vary by age and by demographic characteristics such as gender. Mortality rate assumptions are based on company experience. A mortality improvement assumption is also applied. For any given contract, mortality rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the MRBs. For contracts that contain only a GMDB, any increase (decrease) in mortality rates result in an increase (decrease) in the estimated fair value of MRBs. Generally, for contracts that contain both a GMDB and a living benefit (e.g., GMIB, GMWB, GMAB), any increase (decrease) in mortality rates result in a decrease (increase) in the estimated fair value of MRBs.

(10)Base lapse rates are adjusted at the contract level based on a comparison of the actuarially calculated guaranteed values and the current policyholder account value, as well as other factors, such as the applicability of any surrender charges. A dynamic lapse function reduces the base lapse rate when the guaranteed amount is greater than the account value as in the money contracts are less likely to lapse. Lapse rates are also generally assumed to be lower in periods when a surrender charge applies. For any given contract, lapse rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the MRBs.

(11)The utilization rate assumption estimates the percentage of contractholders with GMIBs or a lifetime withdrawal benefit who will elect to utilize the benefit upon becoming eligible. The rates may vary by the type of guarantee, the amount by which the guaranteed amount is greater than the account value, the contract’s withdrawal history and by the age of the policyholder. For any given contract, utilization rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the MRBs.

(12)The withdrawal rate represents the percentage of account balance that any given policyholder will elect to withdraw from the contract each year. The withdrawal rate assumption varies by age and duration of the contract, and also by other factors such as benefit type. For any given contract, withdrawal rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the MRBs. For GMWBs, any increase (decrease) in withdrawal rates results in an increase (decrease) in the estimated fair value of the guarantees. For GMABs and GMIBs, any increase (decrease) in withdrawal rates results in a decrease (increase) in the estimated fair value.

(13)Long-term equity volatilities represent equity volatility beyond the period for which observable equity volatilities are available. For any given contract, long-term equity volatility rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the MRBs.

(14)Nonperformance risk spread varies by duration and by currency. For any given contract, multiple nonperformance risk spreads will apply, depending on the duration of the cash flow being discounted for purposes of valuing the MRBs.

All other classes of securities classified within Level 3, including those within Unit-linked and FVO securities, Other investments, Separate account assets, and Embedded derivatives within funds withheld related to certain ceded reinsurance, use the same valuation techniques and significant unobservable inputs as previously described for Level 3 securities. Generally, all other classes of assets and liabilities classified within Level 3 that are not included above use the same valuation techniques and significant unobservable inputs as previously described for Level 3. The sensitivity of the estimated fair value to changes in the significant unobservable inputs for these other assets and liabilities is similar in nature to that described in the preceding table. The valuation techniques and significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement for the more significant assets measured at estimated fair value on a nonrecurring basis and determined using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) are summarized in “— Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements.”

The following tables summarize the change of assets (liabilities) measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3), excluding MRBs (see Note 6):

	Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
	Fixed Maturity Securities AFS
	Corporate (6)		Foreign Government		Structured Products		Municipals		Equity Securities		Unit-linked and FVO Securities
	(In millions)
Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
Balance, beginning of period	$	29,240	$	40	$	5,867	$	1	$	262	$	1,096
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2)	(10)		(8)		6		—		(15)		56
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI	1,169		7		132		—		—		—
Purchases (3)	2,080		2		1,080		—		9		135
Sales (3)	(1,255)		(1)		(539)		(1)		(14)		(111)
Issuances (3)	—		—		—		—		—		—
Settlements (3)	—		—		—		—		—		—
Transfers into Level 3 (4)	94		1		31		—		—		—
Transfers out of Level 3 (4)	(1,111)		—		(1,069)		—		—		—
Balance, end of period	$	30,207	$	41	$	5,508	$	—	$	242	$	1,176
Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
Balance, beginning of period	$	25,968	$	60	$	4,554	$	7	$	250	$	1,057
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2)	3		4		(8)		—		(5)		(31)
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI	(996)		(9)		(10)		—		—		—
Purchases (3)	991		4		969		—		—		204
Sales (3)	(573)		(9)		(376)		—		(1)		(177)
Issuances (3)	—		—		—		—		—		—
Settlements (3)	—		—		—		—		—		—
Transfers into Level 3 (4)	132		—		70		—		—		16
Transfers out of Level 3 (4)	(258)		(7)		(294)		(7)		—		—
Balance, end of period	$	25,267	$	43	$	4,905	$	—	$	244	$	1,069
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at September 30, 2024 (5)	$	(6)	$	(8)	$	12	$	—	$	(15)	$	57
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at September 30, 2023 (5)	$	2	$	4	$	(5)	$	—	$	(4)	$	(32)
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI for the instruments still held at September 30, 2024 (5)	$	1,159	$	7	$	113	$	—	$	—	$	—
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI for the instruments still held at September 30, 2023 (5)	$	(989)	$	(9)	$	(14)	$	—	$	—	$	—

	Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
	Short-term Investments		Other Investments		Net Derivatives (7)		Net Embedded Derivatives (8)		Separate Accounts (9)
	(In millions)
Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
Balance, beginning of period	$	10	$	1,073	$	(75)	$	(55)	$	1,122
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2)	—		9		21		(61)		(9)
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI	—		—		7		—		—
Purchases (3)	1		6		—		—		18
Sales (3)	(8)		(45)		—		—		(93)
Issuances (3)	—		—		—		—		—
Settlements (3)	—		—		72		(3)		—
Transfers into Level 3 (4)	3		52		—		—		1
Transfers out of Level 3 (4)	—		—		(1)		—		(20)
Balance, end of period	$	6	$	1,095	$	24	$	(119)	$	1,019
Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
Balance, beginning of period	$	18	$	964	$	(214)	$	(64)	$	1,248
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2)	—		(6)		(56)		86		(22)
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI	1		—		(110)		—		—
Purchases (3)	14		12		—		—		15
Sales (3)	(8)		—		—		—		(30)
Issuances (3)	—		—		—		—		—
Settlements (3)	—		—		91		(27)		—
Transfers into Level 3 (4)	—		—		—		—		6
Transfers out of Level 3 (4)	—		—		—		—		(10)
Balance, end of period	$	25	$	970	$	(289)	$	(5)	$	1,207
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at September 30, 2024 (5)	$	—	$	11	$	15	$	(61)	$	—
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at September 30, 2023 (5)	$	—	$	(6)	$	(57)	$	86	$	—
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI for the instruments still held at September 30, 2024 (5)	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI for the instruments still held at September 30, 2023 (5)	$	—	$	—	$	(92)	$	—	$	—

	Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
	Fixed Maturity Securities AFS
	Corporate (6)		Foreign Government		Structured Products		Municipals		Equity Securities		Unit-linked and FVO Securities
	(In millions)
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
Balance, beginning of period	$	28,345	$	51	$	4,551	$	—	$	249	$	1,103
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2)	(70)		(6)		19		—		(26)		121
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI	502		3		172		—		—		—
Purchases (3)	4,618		1		1,614		—		31		139
Sales (3)	(2,212)		(1)		(792)		—		(12)		(167)
Issuances (3)	—		—		—		—		—		—
Settlements (3)	—		—		—		—		—		—
Transfers into Level 3 (4)	55		1		179		—		—		—
Transfers out of Level 3 (4)	(1,031)		(8)		(235)		—		—		(20)
Balance, end of period	$	30,207	$	41	$	5,508	$	—	$	242	$	1,176
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Balance, beginning of period	$	24,401	$	103	$	4,269	$	—	$	259	$	787
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2)	—		3		(10)		—		1		63
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI	(659)		(7)		(42)		—		—		—
Purchases (3)	3,282		7		1,099		—		2		227
Sales (3)	(1,562)		(11)		(537)		—		(18)		(21)
Issuances (3)	—		—		—		—		—		—
Settlements (3)	—		—		—		—		—		—
Transfers into Level 3 (4)	305		4		240		—		—		17
Transfers out of Level 3 (4)	(500)		(56)		(114)		—		—		(4)
Balance, end of period	$	25,267	$	43	$	4,905	$	—	$	244	$	1,069
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at September 30, 2024 (5)	$	(17)	$	(6)	$	23	$	—	$	(20)	$	124
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at September 30, 2023 (5)	$	(2)	$	3	$	1	$	—	$	(6)	$	62
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI for the instruments still held at September 30, 2024 (5)	$	489	$	3	$	144	$	—	$	—	$	—
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI for the instruments still held at September 30, 2023 (5)	$	(685)	$	(7)	$	(48)	$	—	$	—	$	—

	Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
	Short-term Investments		Other Investments		Net Derivatives (7)		Net Embedded Derivatives (8)		Separate Accounts (9)
	(In millions)
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
Balance, beginning of period	$	27	$	975	$	(143)	$	(93)	$	1,147
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2)	1		21		5		(21)		(46)
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI	(1)		—		(28)		—		—
Purchases (3)	5		54		—		—		15
Sales (3)	(26)		(186)		—		—		(92)
Issuances (3)	—		—		—		—		—
Settlements (3)	—		—		201		(5)		—
Transfers into Level 3 (4)	—		231		—		—		2
Transfers out of Level 3 (4)	—		—		(11)		—		(7)
Balance, end of period	$	6	$	1,095	$	24	$	(119)	$	1,019
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Balance, beginning of period	$	57	$	926	$	(170)	$	(17)	$	1,210
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2)	—		19		(21)		51		(62)
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI	1		—		(59)		—		—
Purchases (3)	25		25		—		—		181
Sales (3)	(48)		—		—		—		(128)
Issuances (3)	—		—		—		—		—
Settlements (3)	—		—		121		(39)		1
Transfers into Level 3 (4)	—		—		—		—		14
Transfers out of Level 3 (4)	(10)		—		(160)		—		(9)
Balance, end of period	$	25	$	970	$	(289)	$	(5)	$	1,207
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at September 30, 2024 (5)	$	1	$	19	$	2	$	(21)	$	—
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at September 30, 2023 (5)	$	—	$	20	$	(28)	$	51	$	—
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI for the instruments still held at September 30, 2024 (5)	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI for the instruments still held at September 30, 2023 (5)	$	—	$	—	$	(85)	$	—	$	—

__________________

(1)Amortization of premium/accretion of discount is included within net investment income. Impairments and changes in ACL charged to net income (loss) on certain securities are included in net investment gains (losses), while changes in estimated fair value of Unit-linked and FVO securities are included in net investment income. Lapses associated with net embedded derivatives are included in net derivative gains (losses). Substantially all realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for net derivatives and net embedded derivatives are reported in net derivative gains (losses).

(2)Interest and dividend accruals, as well as cash interest coupons and dividends received, are excluded from the rollforward.

(3)Items purchased/issued and then sold/settled in the same period are excluded from the rollforward. Fees attributed to embedded derivatives are included in settlements.

(4)Items transferred into and then out of Level 3 in the same period are excluded from the rollforward.

(5)Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) and included in AOCI relate to assets and liabilities still held at the end of the respective periods. Substantially all changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for net derivatives and net embedded derivatives are reported in net derivative gains (losses).

(6)Comprised of U.S. and foreign corporate securities.

(7)Freestanding derivative assets and liabilities are presented net for purposes of the rollforward.

(8)Embedded derivative assets and liabilities are presented net for purposes of the rollforward.

(9)Investment performance related to separate account assets is fully offset by corresponding amounts credited to contractholders within separate account liabilities. Therefore, such changes in estimated fair value are not recorded in net income (loss). For the purpose of this disclosure, these changes are presented within net income (loss). Separate account assets and liabilities are presented net for the purposes of the rollforward.

Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements

The following table presents information for assets measured at estimated fair value on a nonrecurring basis during the periods and still held at the reporting dates (for example, when there is evidence of impairment), using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3).

	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
	(In millions)
Carrying value after measurement:
Mortgage loans (1)	$	1,087	$	474
Other invested assets (2)	$	63	$	63

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
	(In millions)
Realized gains (losses) net:
Mortgage loans (1)	$	(100)	$	(49)	$	(253)	$	(190)

__________________

(1)Estimated fair values of impaired mortgage loans are based on the underlying collateral or discounted cash flows. See Note 10.

(2)The Company recognized an impairment loss in connection with the pending disposition of MetLife Malaysia. See Note 3.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments Carried at Other Than Fair Value

The following tables provide fair value information for financial instruments that are carried on the balance sheet at amounts other than fair value. These tables exclude the following financial instruments: cash and cash equivalents, accrued investment income, payables for collateral under securities loaned and other transactions, short-term debt and those short-term investments that are not securities, such as time deposits, and therefore are not included in the three-level hierarchy table disclosed in the “— Recurring Fair Value Measurements” section. The Company believes that due to the short-term nature of these excluded assets, which are primarily classified in Level 2, the estimated fair value approximates carrying value. All remaining balance sheet amounts excluded from the tables below are not considered financial instruments subject to this disclosure.

The carrying values and estimated fair values for such financial instruments, and their corresponding placement in the fair value hierarchy, are summarized as follows at:

	September 30, 2024
			Fair Value Hierarchy
	Carrying Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total Estimated Fair Value
	(In millions)
Assets
Mortgage loans	$	90,415	$	—	$	—	$	86,994	$	86,994
Policy loans	$	8,822	$	—	$	—	$	9,550	$	9,550
Other invested assets	$	1,247	$	—	$	715	$	532	$	1,247
Premiums, reinsurance and other receivables	$	4,752	$	—	$	725	$	4,029	$	4,754
Other assets	$	242	$	—	$	73	$	174	$	247
Liabilities
PABs	$	141,467	$	—	$	—	$	139,362	$	139,362
Long-term debt	$	15,271	$	—	$	15,499	$	—	$	15,499
Collateral financing arrangement	$	529	$	—	$	—	$	460	$	460
Junior subordinated debt securities	$	3,163	$	—	$	3,714	$	—	$	3,714
Other liabilities	$	10,594	$	—	$	1,486	$	8,936	$	10,422
Separate account liabilities	$	78,004	$	—	$	78,004	$	—	$	78,004

	December 31, 2023
			Fair Value Hierarchy
	Carrying Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total Estimated Fair Value
	(In millions)
Assets
Mortgage loans	$	92,506	$	—	$	—	$	87,753	$	87,753
Policy loans	$	8,788	$	—	$	—	$	9,516	$	9,516
Other invested assets	$	919	$	—	$	714	$	205	$	919
Premiums, reinsurance and other receivables	$	5,182	$	—	$	791	$	4,400	$	5,191
Other assets	$	268	$	—	$	82	$	184	$	266
Liabilities
PABs	$	138,233	$	—	$	—	$	134,025	$	134,025
Long-term debt	$	15,516	$	—	$	15,621	$	—	$	15,621
Collateral financing arrangement	$	637	$	—	$	—	$	551	$	551
Junior subordinated debt securities	$	3,161	$	—	$	3,552	$	—	$	3,552
Other liabilities	$	10,556	$	—	$	609	$	9,651	$	10,260
Separate account liabilities	$	75,705	$	—	$	75,705	$	—	$	75,705