Market Risk Benefits

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Insurance [Abstract]

Market Risk Benefits

5. Policyholder Account Balances

The Company establishes liabilities for PABs, which are generally equal to the account value, and which includes accrued interest credited, but excludes the impact of any applicable charge that may be incurred upon surrender.

The Company’s PABs on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets were as follows at:

	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
	(In millions)
Group Benefits - Group life	$	7,644	$	7,692
RIS:
Capital markets investment products and stable value GICs	64,945		64,140
Annuities and risk solutions	18,797		17,711
Asia:
Universal and variable universal life	49,229		49,739
Fixed annuities	37,629		36,863
EMEA - Variable annuities	2,552		2,720
MetLife Holdings:
Annuities	10,747		11,537
Life and other	11,303		11,641
Other	16,697		17,226
Total	$	219,543	$	219,269

Rollforwards

The following information about the direct and assumed liability for PABs includes year-to-date disaggregated rollforwards. The products grouped within these rollforwards were selected based upon common characteristics and valuations using similar inputs, judgments, assumptions and methodologies within a particular segment of the business. Policy charges presented in each disaggregated rollforward reflect a premium and/or assessment based on the account balance.

Group Benefits

Group Life

The Group Benefits segment’s group life PABs predominantly consist of retained asset accounts, universal life products, and the fixed account of variable life insurance products. Information regarding this liability was as follows:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023
	(Dollars in millions)
Balance, beginning of period	$	7,692	$	8,028
Deposits	1,959		1,685
Policy charges	(327)		(318)
Surrenders and withdrawals	(1,767)		(1,608)
Benefit payments	(6)		(6)
Net transfers from (to) separate accounts	(3)		1
Interest credited	96		93
Balance, end of period	$	7,644	$	7,875
Weighted-average annual crediting rate	2.5 %		2.4 %
At period end:
Cash surrender value	$	7,584	$	7,813
Net amount at risk, excluding offsets from reinsurance:
In the event of death	$	264,497	$	251,590

The Group Benefits segment’s group life product account values by range of guaranteed minimum crediting rates (“GMCR”) and the related range of differences between rates being credited to policyholders and the respective guaranteed minimums were as follows at:

Range of GMCR	At GMCR		Greater than  0% but less  than 0.50% above GMCR		Equal to or greater than 0.50% but less than 1.50%  above GMCR		Equal to or greater than 1.50% above GMCR		Total Account Value
	(In millions)
June 30, 2024
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2%	$	—	$	157	$	819	$	4,574	$	5,550
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4%	1,217		9		59		1		1,286
Equal to or greater than 4%	697		—		39		34		770
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR	N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		38
Total	$	1,914	$	166	$	917	$	4,609	$	7,644
June 30, 2023
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2%	$	—	$	79	$	910	$	4,615	$	5,604
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4%	1,252		10		63		2		1,327
Equal to or greater than 4%	746		1		43		34		824
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR	N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		120
Total	$	1,998	$	90	$	1,016	$	4,651	$	7,875

RIS

Capital Markets Investment Products and Stable Value GICs

The RIS segment’s capital markets investment products and stable value GICs in PABs are investment-type products, mainly funding agreements. Information regarding this liability was as follows:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023
	(Dollars in millions)
Balance, beginning of period	$	64,140	$	63,723
Deposits	37,608		38,526
Surrenders and withdrawals	(37,540)		(39,865)
Interest credited	1,180		971
Effect of foreign currency translation and other, net	(443)		748
Balance, end of period	$	64,945	$	64,103
Weighted-average annual crediting rate	3.7 %		3.1 %
Cash surrender value at period end	$	1,850	$	2,309

The RIS segment’s capital markets investment products and stable value GICs account values by range of GMCR and the related range of differences between rates being credited to policyholders and the respective guaranteed minimums were as follows at:

Range of GMCR	At GMCR		Greater than  0% but less  than 0.50% above GMCR		Equal to or greater than 0.50% but less than 1.50%  above GMCR		Equal to or greater than 1.50% above GMCR		Total Account Value
	(In millions)
June 30, 2024
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2%	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	2,647	$	2,647
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR	N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		62,298
Total	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	2,647	$	64,945
June 30, 2023
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2%	$	—	$	—	$	1	$	2,595	$	2,596
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR	N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		61,507
Total	$	—	$	—	$	1	$	2,595	$	64,103

Annuities and Risk Solutions

The RIS segment’s annuity and risk solutions PABs include certain structured settlements and institutional income annuities, and benefit funding solutions that include postretirement benefits and company-, bank- or trust-owned life insurance used to finance nonqualified benefit programs for executives. Information regarding this liability was as follows:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023
	(Dollars in millions)
Balance, beginning of period	$	17,711	$	15,549
Deposits	1,467		1,362
Policy charges	(63)		(96)
Surrenders and withdrawals	(189)		(83)
Benefit payments	(471)		(385)
Net transfers from (to) separate accounts	20		54
Interest credited	360		307
Other	(38)		(15)
Balance, end of period	$	18,797	$	16,693
Weighted-average annual crediting rate	4.0 %		3.8 %
At period end:
Cash surrender value	$	8,209	$	7,683
Net amount at risk, excluding offsets from ceded reinsurance:
In the event of death	$	43,702	$	43,311

The RIS segment’s annuity and risk solutions account values by range of GMCR and the related range of differences between rates being credited to policyholders and the respective guaranteed minimums were as follows at:

Range of GMCR	At GMCR		Greater than  0% but less  than 0.50% above GMCR		Equal to or greater than 0.50% but less than 1.50%  above GMCR		Equal to or greater than 1.50% above GMCR		Total Account Value
	(In millions)
June 30, 2024
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2%	$	—	$	—	$	19	$	2,048	$	2,067
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4%	201		35		109		421		766
Equal to or greater than 4%	4,239		—		397		5		4,641
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR	N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		11,323
Total	$	4,440	$	35	$	525	$	2,474	$	18,797
June 30, 2023
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2%	$	—	$	—	$	53	$	1,472	$	1,525
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4%	227		35		130		448		840
Equal to or greater than 4%	4,439		117		107		6		4,669
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR	N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		9,659
Total	$	4,666	$	152	$	290	$	1,926	$	16,693

Asia

Universal and Variable Universal Life

The Asia segment’s universal and variable universal life PABs in Japan primarily include interest sensitive whole life products. Information regarding this liability was as follows:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023
	(Dollars in millions)
Balance, beginning of period	$	49,739	$	46,417
Deposits	3,146		3,244
Policy charges	(545)		(563)
Surrenders and withdrawals	(1,736)		(1,238)
Benefit payments	(234)		(287)
Interest credited	744		683
Effect of foreign currency translation and other, net	(1,885)		(1,405)
Balance, end of period	$	49,229	$	46,851
Weighted-average annual crediting rate	3.1 %		3.0 %
At period end:
Cash surrender value	$	43,078	$	40,257
Net amount at risk, excluding offsets from reinsurance:
In the event of death	$	88,255	$	92,521

The Asia segment’s universal and variable universal life account values by range of GMCR and the related range of differences between rates being credited to policyholders and the respective guaranteed minimums were as follows at:

Range of GMCR	At GMCR		Greater than  0% but less  than 0.50% above GMCR		Equal to or greater than 0.50% but less than 1.50%  above GMCR		Equal to or greater than 1.50% above GMCR		Total Account Value
	(In millions)
June 30, 2024
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2%	$	9,431	$	18	$	230	$	1,281	$	10,960
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4%	7,413		15,613		5,486		8,989		37,501
Equal to or greater than 4%	242		—		—		—		242
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR	N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		526
Total	$	17,086	$	15,631	$	5,716	$	10,270	$	49,229
June 30, 2023
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2%	$	10,211	$	45	$	138	$	239	$	10,633
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4%	20,859		2,919		5,783		5,884		35,445
Equal to or greater than 4%	261		—		—		—		261
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR	N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		512
Total	$	31,331	$	2,964	$	5,921	$	6,123	$	46,851

Fixed Annuities

Information regarding the Asia segment’s fixed annuity PAB liability in Japan was as follows:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023
	(Dollars in millions)
Balance, beginning of period	$	36,863	$	32,454
Deposits	3,412		4,612
Policy charges	(1)		(1)
Surrenders and withdrawals	(1,645)		(1,003)
Benefit payments	(1,174)		(1,071)
Interest credited	509		404
Effect of foreign currency translation and other, net	(335)		(271)
Balance, end of period	$	37,629	$	35,124
Weighted-average annual crediting rate	2.8 %		2.4 %
At period end:
Cash surrender value	$	32,555	$	30,244
Net amount at risk, excluding offsets from reinsurance:
In the event of death	$	—	$	6,224

The Asia segment’s fixed annuity account values by range of GMCR and the related range of differences between rates being credited to policyholders and the respective guaranteed minimums were as follows at:

Range of GMCR	At GMCR		Greater than  0% but less  than 0.50% above GMCR		Equal to or greater than 0.50% but less than 1.50%  above GMCR		Equal to or greater than 1.50% above GMCR		Total Account Value
	(In millions)
June 30, 2024
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2%	$	394	$	487	$	5,486	$	30,060	$	36,427
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4%	—		5		—		—		5
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR	N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		1,197
Total	$	394	$	492	$	5,486	$	30,060	$	37,629
June 30, 2023
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2%	$	343	$	603	$	6,795	$	26,057	$	33,798
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4%	—		6		—		—		6
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR	N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		1,320
Total	$	343	$	609	$	6,795	$	26,057	$	35,124

EMEA

Variable Annuities

Information regarding the EMEA segment’s variable annuity PABs in the United Kingdom was as follows:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023
	(Dollars in millions)
Balance, beginning of period	$	2,720	$	2,802
Deposits	2		2
Policy charges	(30)		(32)
Surrenders and withdrawals	(142)		(132)
Benefit payments	(61)		(64)
Interest credited (1)	87		32
Effect of foreign currency translation and other, net	(24)		153
Balance, end of period	$	2,552	$	2,761
Weighted-average annual crediting rate	6.8 %		2.4 %
At period end:
Cash surrender value	$	2,552	$	2,761
Net amount at risk, excluding offsets from reinsurance:
In the event of death	$	410	$	635
At annuitization or exercise of other living benefits	$	529	$	797

__________________

(1)Interest credited on EMEA’s variable annuity products represents gains or losses which are passed through to the policyholder based on the underlying unit-linked investment fund returns, which may be positive or negative depending on market conditions. There are no GMCR on these products.

MetLife Holdings

Annuities

The MetLife Holdings segment’s annuity PABs primarily include fixed deferred annuities, the fixed account portion of variable annuities, certain income annuities, and embedded derivatives related to equity-indexed annuities. Information regarding this liability was as follows:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023
	(Dollars in millions)
Balance, beginning of period	$	11,537	$	13,286
Deposits	86		132
Policy charges	(7)		(8)
Surrenders and withdrawals	(903)		(1,038)
Benefit payments	(211)		(224)
Net transfers from (to) separate accounts	58		47
Interest credited	183		200
Other	4		15
Balance, end of period	$	10,747	$	12,410
Weighted-average annual crediting rate	3.4 %		3.2 %
At period end:
Cash surrender value	$	10,154	$	11,629
Net amount at risk, excluding offsets from ceded reinsurance (1):
In the event of death	$	2,541	$	3,246
At annuitization or exercise of other living benefits	$	707	$	813

__________________

(1)Includes amounts for certain variable annuities recorded as PABs with the related guarantees recorded as MRBs which are disclosed in “MetLife Holdings – Annuities” in Note 6.

The MetLife Holdings segment’s annuity account values by range of GMCR and the related range of differences between rates being credited to policyholders and the respective guaranteed minimums were as follows at:

Range of GMCR	At GMCR		Greater than 0% but less than 0.50% above GMCR		Equal to or greater than 0.50% but less than 1.50% above GMCR		Equal to or greater than 1.50% above GMCR		Total Account Value
	(In millions)
June 30, 2024
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2%	$	4	$	195	$	446	$	38	$	683
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4%	1,049		6,760		472		198		8,479
Equal to or greater than 4%	759		404		24		—		1,187
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR	N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		398
Total	$	1,812	$	7,359	$	942	$	236	$	10,747
June 30, 2023
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2%	$	444	$	158	$	219	$	25	$	846
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4%	3,917		5,447		395		72		9,831
Equal to or greater than 4%	982		277		19		—		1,278
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR	N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		455
Total	$	5,343	$	5,882	$	633	$	97	$	12,410

Life and Other

The MetLife Holdings segment’s life and other PABs include retained asset accounts, universal life products, the fixed account of variable life insurance products and funding agreements. Information regarding this liability was as follows:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023
	(Dollars in millions)
Balance, beginning of period	$	11,641	$	12,402
Deposits	381		446
Policy charges	(347)		(354)
Surrenders and withdrawals	(523)		(612)
Benefit payments	(76)		(85)
Net transfers from (to) separate accounts	19		21
Interest credited	211		223
Other	(3)		3
Balance, end of period	$	11,303	$	12,044
Weighted-average annual crediting rate	3.7 %		3.7 %
At period end:
Cash surrender value	$	10,863	$	11,556
Net amount at risk, excluding offsets from ceded reinsurance:
In the event of death (1)	$	65,885	$	69,633

__________________

(1)Including offsets from ceded reinsurance, the net amount at risk at both June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, would be reduced by 99%.

The MetLife Holdings segment’s life and other products account values by range of GMCR and the related range of differences between rates being credited to policyholders and the respective guaranteed minimums were as follows at:

Range of GMCR	At GMCR		Greater than 0% but less than 0.50% above GMCR		Equal to or greater than 0.50% but less than 1.50% above GMCR		Equal to or greater than 1.50% above GMCR		Total Account Value
	(In millions)
June 30, 2024
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2%	$	—	$	—	$	18	$	54	$	72
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4%	4,242		172		270		540		5,224
Equal to or greater than 4%	4,960		124		407		15		5,506
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR	N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		501
Total	$	9,202	$	296	$	695	$	609	$	11,303
June 30, 2023
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2%	$	—	$	—	$	21	$	56	$	77
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4%	4,735		172		289		558		5,754
Equal to or greater than 4%	5,158		127		415		12		5,712
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR	N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		501
Total	$	9,893	$	299	$	725	$	626	$	12,044

6. Market Risk Benefits

The Company establishes liabilities for certain retirement assurance and variable annuity contract features which include a minimum benefit guarantee that provides to the contractholder a minimum return based on their initial deposit less withdrawals. In some cases, the benefit base may be increased by additional deposits, bonus amounts, accruals or optional market value resets.

The Company’s MRB assets and MRB liabilities on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets were as follows at:

	June 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
	Asset		Liability		Net		Asset		Liability		Net
	(In millions)
Asia - Retirement Assurance	$	—	$	177	$	177	$	—	$	203	$	203
MetLife Holdings - Annuities	213		2,366		2,153		156		2,878		2,722
Other	143		75		(68)		130		98		(32)
Total	$	356	$	2,618	$	2,262	$	286	$	3,179	$	2,893

Rollforwards

The following information about the direct and assumed liability for MRBs includes disaggregated rollforwards. The products grouped within these rollforwards were selected based upon common characteristics and valuations using similar inputs, judgments, assumptions and methodologies within a particular segment of the business.

Asia - Retirement Assurance

The Asia segment’s retirement assurance product in Japan offers a contract feature whereby the Company guarantees the greater of the account value or a return of premium accumulated at a guaranteed rate upon maturity. Information regarding this liability was as follows:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023
	(In millions)
Balance, beginning of period	$	203	$	226
Balance, beginning of period, before effect of cumulative changes in the instrument-specific credit risk	$	205	$	233
Attributed fees collected	2		1
Benefit payments	(6)		(7)
Effect of changes in interest rates	4		3
Actual policyholder behavior different from expected behavior	(1)		—
Effect of foreign currency translation and other, net	(26)		(23)
Balance, end of period, before the cumulative effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk	178		207
Cumulative effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk	(1)		(5)
Balance, end of period	$	177	$	202
At period end:
Net amount at risk, excluding offsets from hedging:
At annuitization or exercise of other living benefits	$	111	$	110
Weighted-average attained age of contractholders:
At annuitization or exercise of other living benefits	58 years		58 years

Significant Methodologies and Assumptions

The Company issues certain retirement assurance products with guarantees that meet the definition of MRBs, which are measured, in aggregate, as one compound MRB, at estimated fair value, with changes in estimated fair value reported in net income, except for changes in nonperformance risk of the Company which are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) (“OCI”).

The Company calculates the fair value of these MRBs, which is estimated as the present value of projected future benefits minus the present value of projected attributed fees, using actuarial and capital market assumptions including expectations concerning policyholder behavior. The calculation is based on in-force business, projecting future cash flows from the MRB over multiple risk neutral stochastic scenarios using observable risk-free rates.

Capital market assumptions, such as risk-free rates and implied volatilities, are based on market prices for publicly traded instruments to the extent that prices for such instruments are observable. Implied volatilities beyond the observable period are extrapolated based on observable implied volatilities and historical volatilities. Actuarial assumptions, including mortality, lapse, withdrawal and utilization, are unobservable and are reviewed at least annually based on actuarial studies of historical experience. See Note 12 for additional information on significant unobservable inputs.

The valuation of these MRBs includes a nonperformance risk adjustment and adjustments for a risk margin related to non-capital market inputs. The nonperformance adjustment is determined by taking into consideration publicly available information relating to spreads in the secondary market for MetLife, Inc.’s debt, including related credit default swaps. These observable spreads are then adjusted, as necessary, to reflect the priority of these liabilities and the claims paying ability of the issuing insurance subsidiaries as compared to MetLife, Inc.

Risk margins are established to capture the non-capital market risks of the instrument which represent the additional compensation a market participant would require to assume the risks related to the uncertainties of such actuarial assumptions at annuitization, premium persistency, partial withdrawal and surrenders. The establishment of risk margins requires the use of significant management judgment, including assumptions of the amount and cost of capital needed to cover the guarantees.

These guarantees may be more costly than expected in volatile or declining equity markets. Market conditions including, changes in interest rates, equity indices, market volatility and foreign currency exchange rates; and variations in actuarial assumptions regarding policyholder behavior, mortality and risk margins related to non-capital market inputs, impact the estimated fair value of the guarantees and affect net income, and changes in nonperformance risk of the Company affect OCI.

MetLife Holdings - Annuities

The MetLife Holdings segment’s variable annuity products offer contract features where the Company guarantees to the contractholder a minimum benefit, which includes guaranteed minimum death benefits (“GMDBs”) and living benefit guarantees. The GMDB contract features include return of premium, which provides a return of the purchase payment upon death, annual step-up and roll-up and step-up combinations. The living benefit guarantees contract features primarily include guaranteed minimum income benefits (“GMIBs”), which provide a minimum accumulation of purchase payments that can be annuitized to receive a monthly income stream, and guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits (“GMWBs”), which provide a series of withdrawals, provided that withdrawals in a contract year do not exceed a contractual limit. This segment also includes an in-force block of assumed variable annuity guarantees from a third party. Information regarding MetLife Holdings annuity products (including assumed reinsurance) was as follows:

		Six Months Ended June 30,
		2024		2023
	(In millions)
Balance, beginning of period		$	2,722	$	3,225
Balance, beginning of period, before effect of cumulative changes in the instrument-specific credit risk		$	2,772	$	3,360
Attributed fees collected		179		193
Benefit payments		(45)		(21)
Effect of changes in interest rates		(556)		23
Effect of changes in capital markets		(372)		(661)
Effect of changes in equity index volatility		26		(109)
Actual policyholder behavior different from expected behavior		132		57
Effect of foreign currency translation and other, net (1)		5		131
Effect of changes in risk margin		(62)		(35)
Balance, end of period, before the cumulative effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk		2,079		2,938
Cumulative effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk		76		(150)
Effect of foreign currency translation on the cumulative instrument-specific credit risk		(2)		5
Balance, end of period		$	2,153	$	2,793
At period end:
Net amount at risk, excluding offsets from hedging (2):
In the event of death		$	2,544	$	3,254
At annuitization or exercise of other living benefits		$	671	$	793
Weighted-average attained age of contractholders:
In the event of death		71 years		70 years
At annuitization or exercise of other living benefits		70 years		70 years

__________________

(1)    Included is the covariance impact from aggregating the market observable inputs, mostly driven by interest rate and capital market volatility.

(2)    Includes amounts for certain variable annuity guarantees recorded as MRBs on contracts also recorded as PABs which are disclosed in “MetLife Holdings – Annuities” in Note 5.

Significant Methodologies and Assumptions

The Company issues GMDBs, GMWBs, guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits (“GMABs”) and GMIBs that typically meet the definition of MRBs, which are measured, in aggregate, as one compound MRB, at estimated fair value separately from the variable annuity contract, with changes in estimated fair value reported in net income, except for changes in nonperformance risk of the Company which are recorded in OCI.

The Company calculates the fair value of these MRBs, which is estimated as the present value of projected future benefits minus the present value of projected attributed fees, using actuarial and capital market assumptions including expectations concerning policyholder behavior. The calculation is based on in-force business, projecting future cash flows from the MRB over multiple risk neutral stochastic scenarios using observable risk-free rates.

Capital market assumptions, such as risk-free rates and implied volatilities, are based on market prices for publicly traded instruments to the extent that prices for such instruments are observable. Implied volatilities beyond the observable period are extrapolated based on observable implied volatilities and historical volatilities. Actuarial assumptions, including mortality, lapse, withdrawal and utilization, are unobservable and are reviewed at least annually based on actuarial studies of historical experience. See Note 12 for additional information on significant unobservable inputs.

The valuation of these MRBs includes a nonperformance risk adjustment and adjustments for a risk margin related to non-capital market inputs. The nonperformance adjustment is determined by taking into consideration publicly available information relating to spreads in the secondary market for MetLife, Inc.’s debt, including related credit default swaps. These observable spreads are then adjusted, as necessary, to reflect the priority of these liabilities and the claims paying ability of the issuing insurance subsidiaries as compared to MetLife, Inc.

Risk margins are established to capture the non-capital market risks of the instrument which represent the additional compensation a market participant would require to assume the risks related to the uncertainties of such actuarial assumptions at annuitization, premium persistency, partial withdrawal and surrenders. The establishment of risk margins requires the use of significant management judgment, including assumptions of the amount and cost of capital needed to cover the guarantees.

These guarantees may be more costly than expected in volatile or declining equity markets. Market conditions, including changes in interest rates, equity indices, market volatility and foreign currency exchange rates; and variations in actuarial assumptions regarding policyholder behavior, mortality and risk margins related to non-capital market inputs, impact the estimated fair value of the guarantees and affect net income, and changes in nonperformance risk of the Company affect OCI.

Other

In addition to the disaggregated MRB product rollforwards above, the Company offers other products with guaranteed minimum benefit features across various segments. These MRBs are measured at estimated fair value, with changes in estimated fair value reported in net income, except for changes in nonperformance risk of the Company which are recorded in OCI. See Note 12 for additional information on significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of MRBs. Information regarding these product liabilities was as follows:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023
	(In millions)
Balance, beginning of period	$	(32)	$	32
Balance, beginning of period, before effect of cumulative changes in the instrument-specific credit risk	$	(50)	$	24
Attributed fees collected	25		16
Benefit payments	(3)		(18)
Effect of changes in interest rates	(46)		(26)
Effect of changes in capital markets	(15)		(14)
Effect of changes in equity index volatility	(1)		(4)
Actual policyholder behavior different from expected behavior	4		(22)
Effect of foreign currency translation and other, net	(2)		17
Effect of changes in risk margin	(1)		(1)
Balance, end of period, before the cumulative effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk	(89)		(28)
Cumulative effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk	21		12
Effect of foreign currency translation on the cumulative instrument-specific credit risk	—		1
Balance, end of period	(68)		(15)
Less: Reinsurance recoverable	11		18
Balance, end of period, net of reinsurance	$	(79)	$	(33)