Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared by Align Technology, Inc. (“we”, “our”, or “Align”) in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and contain all adjustments, including normal recurring adjustments, necessary to state fairly our results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, our comprehensive income for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, our financial position as of March 31, 2018 and our cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017. The Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2017 was derived from the December 31, 2017 audited financial statements and have been recast to reflect the adoption of accounting standards as described below. It does not include all disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S.”).

During the first quarter of fiscal year 2018, we adopted the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606, “Revenues from Contracts with Customers,” using the full retrospective method and Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-18, “Statement of Cash Flows - Restricted Cash,” on a retrospective basis. Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2017 and Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow for the three months ended March 31, 2017 have been recast to comply with the adoption of these standards.

The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2018 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2018 or any other future period, and we make no representations related thereto. The information included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” and the Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto included in Items 7, 7A and 8, respectively, in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) in the U.S. requires our management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to the fair values of financial instruments, long-lived assets and goodwill, equity method investments, useful lives of intangible assets and property and equipment, revenue recognition, stock-based compensation, income taxes and contingent liabilities, among others. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities.

Significant Accounting Policies

Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 1 “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K. Significant changes to the Revenue Recognition policy as a result of ASC 606 adoption are discussed below:

Revenue Recognition

Our revenues are derived primarily from the sale of aligners, scanners, and services from our Clear Aligner and Scanner segments. We enter into sales contracts that may consist of multiple distinct performance obligations where certain performance obligations of the sales contract are not delivered in one reporting period. We measure and allocate revenue according to Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606-10, “Revenues from Contracts with Customers”.

We identify a performance obligation as distinct if both the following criteria are true: the customer can benefit from the good or service either on its own or together with other resources that are readily available to the customer and the entity’s promise to transfer the good or service to the customer is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. Determining the standalone selling price (“SSP”) and allocation of consideration from a contract to the individual performance obligations, and the appropriate timing of revenue recognition, is the result of significant qualitative and quantitative judgments. Management considers a variety of factors such as historical sales, usage rates, costs, and expected margin, which may vary over time depending upon the unique facts and circumstances related to each performance obligation in making these estimates. While changes in the allocation of the SSP between performance obligations will not affect the amount of total revenue recognized for a particular contract, any material changes could impact the timing of revenue recognition, which would have a material effect on our financial position and result of operations. This is because the contract consideration is allocated to each performance obligation, delivered or undelivered, at the inception of the contract based on the SSP of each distinct performance obligation.

Clear Aligner

We enter into contracts (“treatment plan(s)”) that involve multiple future performance obligations. Invisalign Full, Invisalign Teen, and Invisalign Assist products include optional additional aligners at no charge for a period of up to five years after initial shipment and Invisalign Go includes optional additional aligners at no charge for a period of up to two years after initial shipment. Invisalign Teen also includes up to six optional replacement aligners in the price of the product and may be ordered by the dental professional any time throughout treatment. Invisalign Lite includes one optional case refinement in the price of the product. Case refinement is a finishing tool used to adjust a patient’s teeth to the desired final position and may be elected by the dental professional at any time during treatment; however, it is generally ordered in the last stages of orthodontic treatment.

We determined that our treatment plans comprise the following performance obligations that also represent distinct deliverables: initial aligners, additional aligners, case refinement, and replacement aligners. The Company elected to take the practical expedient to consider shipping and handling costs as activities to fulfill the performance obligation. We allocate revenue for each treatment plan based on each unit’s SSP and recognize the revenue over the manufacturing period, typically 1-3 days, as the aligners do not have an alternative use and we have enforceable rights to payment. As we collect most consideration upfront, we considered whether a significant financing component exists. However, as the delivery of the performance obligations are at the customer’s discretion, we concluded that no significant financing component exists.

Scanners

We sell intraoral scanners and CAD/CAM services through both our direct sales force and distribution partners. The intraoral scanner sales price includes one year of warranty and unlimited scanning services. The customer may, for additional fees, also select extended warranty and unlimited scanning services for periods beyond the initial year. When intraoral scanners are sold with an unlimited scanning service agreement and/or extended warranty, we allocate revenue based on each element’s SSP. We estimate the SSP of each element, taking into consideration historical prices as well as our discounting strategies. Revenue is then recognized over time as the monthly services are rendered and upon shipment for the scanner, as that is when we deem the customer to have obtained control.

Warranties

For both Clear Aligner and iTero scanner segments, the Company offers an assurance warranty, which provides the customer assurance that the product will function as the parties intended because it complies with agreed-upon specifications, and thus is not treated as a separate performance obligation and will continue to be accrued in accordance with the FASB guidance on guarantees.

Volume Discounts

In certain situations, we offer promotions in which the discount will increase depending upon the volume purchased over time. We concluded that in these situations, the promotions can represent either variable consideration or options, depending upon the specifics of the promotion. In the event the promotion contains an option, the option is considered a material right and therefore, included in the accounting for the initial arrangement. We estimate the average anticipated discount over the lifetime of the promotion or contract, and apply that discount to each unit as it is sold. On a quarterly basis, we review our estimates and if needed, updates are made and changes are applied prospectively.

Costs to Obtain a Contract

We offer a variety of commission plans to our salesforce; each plan has multiple components. To match the costs to obtain a contract to the associated revenue, we evaluate the individual components and capitalize the eligible components, recognizing the costs over the treatment period.

Unfulfilled Performance Obligations for Clear Aligners and Scanners

The Company’s unfilled performance obligations as of March 31, 2018 and the estimated revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to these performance obligations are $309 million. This includes performance obligations from the Clear Aligner segment, primarily the shipment of additional aligners, which are fulfilled over 1-5 years, and performance obligations from the iTero scanner segment, primarily contracted deliveries of additional scanners and support, which are fulfilled over 1-5 years. The estimate includes both product and service unfulfilled performance obligations and the time range reflect our best estimate of when the Company will transfer control to the customer and may change based on customer usage patterns, timing of shipments, readiness of customers’ facilities for installation, and manufacturing availability.

Contract Balances

The timing of revenue recognition results in deferred revenues on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. We usually collect the entire treatment fee prior to all performance obligations being performed and payment terms vary from net 30 to net 90. Contract liabilities are recorded as deferred revenue balances, which are generated based upon timing of invoices and recognition patterns, not payments. If the revenue recognition exceeds the billing, the exceeded amount is considered unbilled receivable and a contract asset. Conversely, if the billing occurs prior to the revenue recognition, the amount is considered deferred revenue and a contract liability.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

(i) New Accounting Updates Recently Adopted

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) released ASU 2014-9, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers,” (Topic 606) to supersede nearly all existing revenue recognition guidance under GAAP. The core principle of the standard is to recognize revenues when promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that is expected to be received for the goods or services. We adopted the guidance in the first quarter of fiscal year 2018 by applying the full retrospective method. We have completed the financial statement impact of adoption including, but not limited to, volume-based discount programs, sales commissions and the identification of performance obligations. The impact of adoption was primarily related to the Clear Aligner segment. Our disaggregation of revenue can be found in Note 14 “Segments and Geographical Information.” The Company elected to take the practical expedient to exclude from the transaction price all taxes assessed by a governmental authority. In preparation for adoption of the standard, we have reviewed and, where necessary, implemented additional key system functionalities and internal controls to enable the preparation of financial information. Prior periods have been retrospectively adjusted, and we recognized cumulative effect of adopting the guidance as an adjustment to our opening balance of retained earnings as of January 1, 2016. The adoption of ASU 2014-09 did not have a material impact on our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations, Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income or Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the historical periods presented in the Item 1 Financial Statements section. Consolidated balance sheet line items, which reflect the adoption of the ASU 2014-09 are as follows (in thousands):



	December 31, 2017
	As Previously Reported		Adjustment			As Adjusted
Asset Accounts:
Accounts receivable, net	$	322,825	$	1,364		$	324,189
Deferred tax assets	50,059		(725		)	49,334
Other assets	38,379		5,514			43,893
Liability and Stockholders’ Equity Accounts:
Accrued liabilities	$	194,198	$	1,364		$	195,562
Deferred revenues	266,842		871			267,713
Retained earnings	263,356		3,918			267,274

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, “Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments,” which clarifies the presentation and classification of certain cash receipts and cash payments in the statements of cash flows. The amendments are effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those years beginning after December 15, 2017. We adopted the standard in the first quarter of fiscal year 2018 on a retrospective basis which did not have an impact on our consolidated statements of cash flows.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, “Statement of Cash Flows - Restricted Cash,” which provides guidance to address the classification and presentation of changes in restricted cash in the statements of cash flows. The amendments are effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those years beginning after December 15, 2017 on a retrospective basis. We adopted the guidance in the first quarter of fiscal year 2018 on a retrospective basis and presented the changes in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash in the consolidated statements of cash flows. Consolidated statement of cash flows line items, which reflect the adoption of the ASU 2016-18, are as follows (in thousands):



	March 31, 2017
	As Previously Reported			Adjustment			As Adjusted
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Other investing activities	$	2,314		$	(3,164	)	$	(850	)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	(145,298		)	(3,164		)	(148,462		)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalent, and restricted cash	(128,248		)	(3,164		)	(131,412		)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of the period	389,275			3,744			393,019
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of the period	$	261,027		$	580		$	261,607

In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-09, “Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting,” to clarify when to account for a change to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award as a modification. The amendments are effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those years beginning after December 15, 2017 on a prospective basis. We adopted the standard in the first quarter of fiscal year 2018 on a prospective basis which did not have an impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

(ii) Recent Accounting Updates Not Yet Effective

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases” (Topic 842) to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. The updated guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. We plan to adopt the standard in the first quarter of fiscal year 2019 by electing practical expedients available in the standard. While we are currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements, we expect the adoption will have a material increase in assets and liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses” (Topic 326). The FASB issued this update to provide financial statement users with more decision-useful information about the expected credit losses on financial instruments and other commitments to extend credit held by a reporting entity at each reporting date. The amendments in this update replace the existing guidance of incurred loss impairment methodology with an approach that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. The updated guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption of the update is permitted in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. We are currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, “Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment,” to simplify the subsequent measurement of goodwill by eliminating step two from the goodwill impairment test. Under the amendments, an entity will recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value. The amendments are effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those years beginning after December 15, 2019 on a prospective basis and early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, “Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income,” which gives entities the option to reclassify to retained earnings the tax effects resulting from the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “TCJA”) related to items in accumulated other comprehensive income. The amendments are effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those years beginning after December 15, 2018 on a retrospective basis and early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.