Goodwill and Identifiable Intangibles, Net

During 2019 goodwill increased by $0.3 million and decreased by $0.5 million in 2018 due to the impact of foreign currency translation. The Company’s annual goodwill impairment test as of October 1, 2019 was performed for all reporting units by completing a Step 1 quantitative test. Based on the result of our impairment test, the fair values of our reporting units exceed their carrying values, resulting in no impairment. Discount rates, growth rates and cash flow projections are the assumptions that are most sensitive and susceptible to change as they require significant management judgment. In addition, certain future events and circumstances, including deterioration of market conditions, higher cost of capital, a decline in actual and expected consumption and demand, could result in changes to these assumptions and judgments. A revision of these assumptions could cause the fair value of the reporting unit to fall below its respective carrying value. As for all of the Company's reporting units, if in future years, the reporting unit's actual results are not consistent with the Company's estimates and assumptions used to calculate fair value, the Company may be required to recognize material impairments to goodwill. During 2018, the Company determined that it was not more likely than not that the reporting unit’s fair value was less than its carrying value and, therefore, did not complete the prescribed two-step goodwill impairment test and thus the Company did not record any goodwill impairment during 2018. We have determined that our reporting units are equivalent to our operating segments. The Company’s goodwill by reporting unit was $23.2 million and $23.0 million for our LiveArea Professional Services segment and $22.2 million and $22.2 million for our PFS Operations segment at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

The following table presents the gross carrying value and accumulated amortization for identifiable intangibles (in thousands):



	December 31, 2019							December 31, 2018							Estimated Useful Life from Acquisition
	Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization			Net Carrying Value		Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization			Net Carrying Value		Estimated Useful Life from Acquisition
Trade names	$	1,250	$	(1,250	)	$	—	$	1,250	$	(1,250	)	$	—	2.25 - 2.5 years
Non-compete agreements	570		(570		)	—		569		(569		)	—		1- 3.5 years
Leasehold	45		(45		)	—		45		(45		)	—		2.5 years
Customer relationships	10,120		(8,989		)	1,131		10,071		(8,278		)	1,793		1.6 - 9 years
Developed technology	1,509		(1,509		)	—		1,487		(1,487		)	—		2.5 - 3 years
Other intangibles	492		(488		)	4		493		(483		)	10		9 years
Total definite-lived identifiable intangible assets	$	13,986	$	(12,851	)	$	1,135	$	13,915	$	(12,112	)	$	1,803

Definite-Lived Identifiable Intangible Asset Amortization

The changes in the net carrying values of identifiable intangible assets during 2019 and 2018 were primarily due to amortization expense of $0.7 million and $1.6 million, respectively, as well as the impact of foreign currency translation. Amortization expense is included in selling, general and administrative expenses in 2019 and 2018, respectively, in the consolidated statements of operations. The estimated amortization expense for each of the next five years is as follows (in thousands):



2020	$	470
2021	282
2022	197
2023	138
2024	48