19. INCOME TAXES

The income taxes shown in the consolidated earnings differ from the amounts obtained by applying statutory rates to the earnings before provision for income taxes due to the following:

		2023			2022			2021

Loss before income taxes	$	5,621		$	8,250		$	13,008

Income tax recovery at statutory rates		(1,518	)		(2,227	)		(3,512	)
Difference of foreign tax rates		(7	)		(13	)		19
Non-deductible expenses and non-taxable portion of capital gains		921			983			1,061
Changes in unrecognized deferred tax assets and other		646			1,250			2,487
Income tax expense (recovery)		42			(7	)		55

Income tax (recovery) expense consists of:
Current income taxes	$	-		$	-		$	-
Deferred income taxes		42			(7	)		55
	$	42		$	(7	)	$	55

The gross movement on the net deferred income tax account is as follows:

		2023			2022			2021
Deferred tax liability at the beginning of the year	$	-		$	-		$	-
Tax recovery (expense) relating to the loss from continuing operations		(42	)		-			(55	)
Tax recovery relating to components of other comprehensive loss		42			(7	)		55
Tax recovery recorded in deficit		-			-			-
Deferred tax liability at the end of the year	$	-		$	-		$	-

The significant components of the Company's net deferred income tax liabilities are as follows:

		2023			2022			2021
Convertible notes	$	-		$	-		$	(389	)
Loans payable		-			-			(180	)
Mineral properties		(2,090	)		(2,241	)		(2,597	)
Loss carry-forwards		2,090			2,241			3,166
	$	-		$	-		$	-

Unrecognized deductible temporary differences, unused tax losses and unused tax credits are attributed to the following:

		2023		2022		2021
Tax Losses:
Operating loss carry-forwards - Canada	$	158,670	$	159,298	$	158,619
Operating loss carry-forwards - South Africa		133,524		103,917		35,958
Net capital loss carry-forwards		-		-		-
	$	292,194	$	263,215	$	194,577
Temporary Differences:
Mineral properties	$	7,394	$	7,632	$	7,931
Financing Costs		1,948		2,993		3,611
Property, plant and equipment		675		697		728
Other		1,111		866		800
	$	11,128	$	12,188	$	13,070

The Company's Canadian operating loss carry-forwards expire between 2026 and 2040. The Company's South African operating loss carry-forwards do not expire. The Company's Canadian unused investment tax credit carry-forwards expire between 2029 and 2035. The Company's Canadian net capital loss carry-forwards do not expire.