Commitments and Contingencies

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments and Contingencies

16. Commitments and Contingencies

Restricted Cash

In connection with certain of the noted sale/leaseback agreements, cash of $443.7 million and $476.2 million was required to be restricted as security as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, which will be released over the lease term. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company also had certain letters of credit backed by security deposits totaling $255.6 million and $276.4 million, respectively, of which $225.3 million and $242.7 million are security for the noted sale/leaseback agreements, respectively, and $30.3 million and $33.7 million are letters of credit related to customs and other transactions, respectively.

As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had $73.8 million and $73.7 million, respectively, held in escrow related to the construction of certain hydrogen production plants.

The Company also had $1.2 million of consideration held by our paying agent in connection with the Joule acquisition reported as restricted cash as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 with a corresponding accrued liability on the Company’s unaudited interim condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company also had $0.1 million of consideration held by our paying agent in connection with the acquisition of two subsidiaries of Cryogenic Industrial Solutions, LLC, Alloy Custom Products, LLC, and WesMor Cryogenics, LLC (collectively, “CIS”), reported as restricted cash as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 with a corresponding accrued liability on the Company’s unaudited interim condensed consolidated balance sheets. Additionally, the Company had $6.4 million and $7.4 million in restricted cash as collateral resulting from the Frames acquisition as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, with a corresponding accrued liability on the Company’s unaudited interim condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Litigation

Legal matters are handled in the ordinary course of business. The outcome of any such matters, regardless of the merits, is inherently uncertain; therefore, assessing the likelihood of loss and any estimated damages is difficult and subject to considerable judgment. Liabilities for loss contingencies arising from claims, assessments, litigation, fines, and penalties and other sources are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Legal costs incurred in connection with loss contingencies are expensed as incurred. While we are not in a position to accurately predict the outcome of any legal or other proceedings, where there is at least a reasonable possibility that a loss may be incurred, GAAP requires us to disclose an estimate of the reasonably possible loss or range of loss, if material, or make a statement that such an estimate cannot be made. Except for a $0.5 million accrual relating to a settled matter subject to pending court approval, which has not been paid as of March 31, 2025, a reasonably possible loss or range of loss associated with any individual legal proceeding cannot be currently estimated.

Securities Litigation and Related Stockholder Derivative Litigation

2021 Securities Action and Related Derivative Litigation

One action is pending in which alleged stockholders of the Company assert claims derivatively, on the Company’s behalf, based on allegations and claims that were asserted in In re Plug Power, Inc. Securities Litigation, No. 1:21-cv-2004 (S.D.N.Y.), an earlier putative securities class action that is no longer pending (the “2021 Securities Action”). In an opinion and order entered in August 2023, the district court dismissed the 2021 Securities Action with prejudice, and the plaintiffs in that action did not appeal.

A consolidated stockholder derivative action relating to the claims and allegations in the 2021 Securities Action is pending in the Court of Chancery for the State of Delaware, styled In re Plug Power Inc. Stockholder Derivative Litigation, Cons. C.A. No. 2022-0569-KSJM (Del. Ch.). By stipulation and order, the action was stayed until motions to dismiss were finally resolved in the 2021 Securities Action. On March 8, 2024, the alleged stockholder plaintiffs filed a consolidated amended complaint asserting claims against our officers Andrew J. Marsh, Paul B. Middleton, Gerard L. Conway, Jr., and Keith Schmid, and against our current or former directors George C. McNamee, Gary K. Willis, Maureen O. Helmer, Johannes M. Roth, Gregory L. Kenausis, Lucas Schneider, and Jonathan Silver. The Company is named as nominal defendant. Primarily based on allegations in the 2021 Securities Action, the plaintiffs assert claims against the individual defendants for alleged breaches of fiduciary duty, disgorgement, and unjust enrichment based on alleged transactions in the Company’s securities while allegedly in possession of material non-public information concerning (i) the Company’s financial accounting prior to the announcement that the Company would need to restate certain financial statements and (ii) the potential amendment and termination of a warrant agreement between the Company and a significant customer. On May 10, 2024, the Company, as nominal defendant, and all of the individual defendants filed a motion to dismiss (a) for failure to make a pre-suit demand or to adequately allege demand futility and (b) by the individual defendants, for failure to state a claim. Oral argument on the motion was held on November 4, 2024.

2023 Securities Action and Related Derivative Litigation

A consolidated action is pending in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware asserting claims under the federal securities laws against the Company and certain of its senior officers on behalf of a putative class of purchasers of the Company’s securities, styled In re Plug Power, Inc. Securities Litigation, No. 1:23-cv-00576-MN (the “2023 Securities Action”). The plaintiffs filed a consolidated complaint on September 28, 2023, in which they assert claims under the federal securities laws against the Company and four of its senior officers, Mr. Marsh, Mr. Middleton, Sanjay Shrestha, and former officer David Mindnich, on behalf of a putative class of purchasers of the Company’s common stock between January19, 2022 and March 1, 2023. The complaint alleges that the defendants made “materially false and/or misleading statements” about the Company’s business and operations, including the Company’s revenue goals for 2022, its ability to effectively manage its supply chain and product manufacturing, and its progress in construction of new hydrogen production capacity. On February 4, 2025, the Court issued an opinion and order dismissing the consolidated complaint, with leave to replead. The plaintiffs filed an amended complaint on February 25, 2025, in which they no longer name Mr. Mindnich, but otherwise substantially release the previous claims. The Company and the other defendants filed a Motion to Dismiss on April 30, 2025.

Beginning on September 13, 2023, three separate actions were filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware and in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York asserting claims derivatively, on behalf of the Company, against certain former and current Company officers and directors based on the allegations and claims in the 2023 Securities Action. Those cases have been consolidated in the District of Delaware under the caption In re Plug Power, Inc. Stockholder Deriv. Litig., No. 1:23-cv-01007-MN (D. Del.). The defendants named in the constituent complaint were Mr. Marsh, Mr. Middleton, Mr. Mindnich, Martin Hull, Ms. Helmer, Mr. Kenausis, Mr. McNamee, Mr. Schneider, Mr. Silver, Mr. Willis, and current or former directors Jean Bua, Kavita Mahtani, and Kyungyeol Song. In an order entered on April 26, 2024, the Court approved the parties’ stipulation to stay all proceedings until motions to dismiss have been resolved in the 2023 Securities Action.

2024 Securities Litigation

On March 22, 2024, Ete Adote filed a complaint in the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York asserting claims under the federal securities laws against the Company, Mr. Marsh, and Mr. Middleton, on behalf of an alleged class of purchasers of the Company’s common stock between May 9, 2023 and January 16, 2024, styled Adote v. Plug Power, Inc. et al., No. 1:24-cv-00406-MAD-DJS (N.D.N.Y.). The complaint alleges that the defendants made misstatements concerning the Company’s progress in construction of new hydrogen production capacity and its ability to effectively manage its supply chain. On April 30, 2024, a second complaint asserting substantially similar claims against the same defendants, but on behalf of a putative class of purchasers of the Company’s common stock between March 1, 2023 and January 16, 2024, was filed in the Northern District of New York, styled Lee v. Plug Power, et al., No. 1:24;cv-0598-MAD-DJS (N.D.N.Y.). The Court has approved stipulations in both actions extending the time

for all defendants to respond to any pleading until after the Court appoints lead plaintiff(s). Appeals from an order appointing lead plaintiffs are pending.

Other Litigation

On May 2, 2023, a lawsuit entitled Jacob Thomas and JTurbo Engineering & Technology, LLC v. Joule Processing, LLC and Plug Power Inc., Case No. 4:23-cv-01615, was filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas against Joule Processing, LLC and the Company. The only claims that remain are misappropriation of trade secrets under the federal Defend Trade Secrets Act of 2016, 18 U.S.C. § 1836, misappropriation of trade secrets under the Texas Uniform Trade Secrets Act, and breach of contract. The Parties entered into a settlement agreement that resolves this suit, and the Parties filed a stipulation of dismissal with prejudice on March 17, 2025. The settlement did not have a material impact on the Company’s unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

On July 24, 2023, an action entitled Felton v. Plug Power, Inc., Case No. 1:23-cv-887, was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of New York asserting claims against the Company pursuant to the New York State Human Rights Law. The complaint asserts that the plaintiff is seeking damages to redress injuries suffered as a result of harassment and discrimination on the basis of his race, together with creating a hostile work environment, and retaliation. The Company disagrees with plaintiff’s representations about his time at the Company and intends to vigorously defend against his allegations. Plaintiff’s counsel moved to withdraw from the case, which the court approved on March 18, 2024, and therefore plaintiff is now pro se. The discovery deadline was February 28, 2025. Plug Power submitted a motion for summary judgment on April 18, 2025, seeking dismissal of this action.

On October 23, 2024, a case entitled First Solar, Inc. v. Plug Power Inc., Index No. 655610/2024 was filed in the New York State Supreme Court, New York County, asserting a claim for breach of contract associated with a purchase order for solar panels manufactured by First Solar to be purchased by the Company. The complaint seeks monetary relief along with pre-judgment interest.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to credit risk consist principally of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and accounts receivable. Cash and restricted cash are maintained in accounts with financial institutions, which, at times may exceed the Federal depository insurance coverage of $250 thousand. The Company has not experienced losses on these accounts and management believes, based upon the quality of the financial institutions, that the credit risk with regard to these deposits is not significant.

Concentrations of credit risk with respect to receivables exist due to the limited number of select customers with whom the Company has commercial sales arrangements. To mitigate credit risk, the Company performs appropriate evaluation of a prospective customer’s financial condition.

As of March 31, 2025, one customer individually exceeded 10% of total consolidated accounts receivable balance with a balance of $17.2 million, or 11.8%, of the Company’s consolidated accounts receivable balance. As of December 31, 2024, one customer individually exceeded 10% of total consolidated accounts receivable with a balance of $38.5 million, or 24.5%, of the Company’s consolidated accounts receivable.

For the three months ended March 31, 2025, two customers individually exceeded 10% of total consolidated revenues. One customer accounted for $36.8 million, or 27.5%, and one customer accounted for $23.9 million, or 17.9%, of total consolidated revenues. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, two customers individually exceeded 10% of total consolidated revenues. One customer accounted for $36.0 million, or 30.0%, and one customer accounted for $17.1 million, or 14.2%, of total consolidated revenues.

DOE Loan Guarantee

On January 16, 2025, Plug Power Energy Loan Borrower LLC, a wholly owned indirect subsidiary of the Company, finalized a loan guarantee of up to $1.66 billion with the U.S. Department of Energy (the “DOE”) through the DOE’s Loan Program Office to finance the development, construction, and ownership of up to six green hydrogen production facilities. The Company incurred $15.2 million of closing fees of which the Company recorded amortization of $0.6 million during the three months ended March 31, 2025. Of the net $14.6 million capitalized closing fees, $2.9 million and $11.7 million are included in prepaid expenses, tax credits, and other current assets and other assets, respectively, on the unaudited interim condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Guarantee

On May 30, 2023, HyVia entered into a government grant agreement with Bpifrance. As part of the agreement, our wholly-owned subsidiary, Plug Power France, was required to issue a guarantee to Bpifrance in the amount of €20.0 million through the end of January 2027. Plug Power France is liable to the extent of the guarantee for sums due to Bpifrance from HyVia under the agreement based on the difference between the total amount paid by Bpifrance and the final amount certified by HyVia and Bpifrance. As part of the agreement, there were certain milestones that HyVia was required to meet, and the nonperformance of these milestones or termination of this agreement could result in this guarantee being called upon. As of March 31, 2025, no payments related to this guarantee have been made, however the Company recorded a liability of $2.1 million related to this guarantee based on the Company’s estimate of the guarantee being called upon.

Unconditional Purchase Obligations

The Company has entered into certain off–balance sheet commitments that require the future purchase of goods or services (“unconditional purchase obligations”). The Company’s unconditional purchase obligations primarily consist of supplier arrangements, take or pay contracts and service agreements. For certain vendors, the Company’s unconditional obligation to purchase a minimum quantity of raw materials at an agreed upon price is fixed and determinable while certain other raw material costs will vary due to product forecasting and future economic conditions.

Future payments under non-cancelable unconditional purchase obligations with a remaining term in excess of one year as of March 31, 2025, were as follows (in thousands):

Remainder of 2025	$	31,028
2026		50,782
2027		64,852
2028		—
2029		—
2030 and thereafter		—
Total		146,662