7.	Other Expenses

The following table summarizes Devon’s other expenses presented in the accompanying consolidated comprehensive statement of earnings.

	Year Ended December 31,
	2017			2016			2015
Foreign exchange (gain) loss, net	$	(132	)	$	39		$	25
Asset retirement obligation accretion		62			75			75
Restructuring and transaction costs		—			267			78
Other, net		(54	)		(6	)		86
Total	$	(124	)	$	375		$	264

Certain of Devon’s non-Canadian foreign subsidiaries have a U.S. dollar functional currency, hold Canadian-dollar cash and engage in intercompany loans with Canadian subsidiaries that are based in Canadian dollars. The value of the Canadian-dollar cash and intercompany loans increases or decreases from the remeasurement of the cash and loans into the U.S. dollar functional currency. During 2017, Devon recognized foreign exchange gains related to these activities resulting from the weakening of the U.S. dollar in relation to the Canadian dollar.

Restructuring and Transaction Costs

The following table summarizes Devon’s restructuring liabilities presented in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

	Other			Other
	Current			Long-term
	Liabilities			Liabilities			Total
Balance as of December 31, 2015	$	13		$	63		$	76
Changes related to prior years' restructurings		35			(1	)		34
Balance as of December 31, 2016	$	48		$	62		$	110
Changes related to prior years' restructurings		(29	)		(31	)		(60	)
Balance as of December 31, 2017	$	19		$	31		$	50

Prior Years’ Restructurings

In 2016, Devon recognized $227 million in employee-related and other costs associated with a reduction in workforce that was made in response to the depressed commodity price environment. Of these employee-related costs, approximately $60 million resulted from accelerated vesting of share-based grants, which are noncash charges. Additionally, approximately $24 million resulted from estimated defined benefit settlements.

As a result of the reduction of workforce, Devon ceased using certain office space that was subject to non-cancellable operating lease arrangements. Devon recognized $23 million in restructuring costs that represent the present value of its future obligations under the leases and impairment charges for leasehold improvements and furniture associated with the office space it ceased using.

In 2015, Devon recognized $24 million of employee-related and other costs associated with the reduction in workforce made subsequent to the completion of the Jackfish development projects and a decrease in planned Canadian capital investment resulting from the drop in commodity prices.

As part of the U.S. corporate headquarters office consolidation, Devon recognized an additional $54 million expense in 2015, due to the inability to fully sublease remaining office space.

Transaction Costs

In 2016, Devon and EnLink recognized $17 million in transaction costs primarily associated with the closing of the acquisitions discussed in Note 3.