19. Income taxes

(a) The reconciliation of income tax attributed to continuing operations computed at the statutory tax rates to income tax expense is as follows:

		2024			2023			2022
Loss before income taxes	$	(3,062,798	)	$	(2,691,670	)	$	(2,287,095	)
Statutory tax rate		26.5%			26.5%			26.5%
Expected income tax recovery	$	(811,641	)	$	(713,293	)	$	(606,080	)
Accretion expense and loss (gain) on convertible debentures and derivative liabilities		224,771			283,688			269,531
Stock-based compensation		1,727			57,761			10,992
Non-deductible (non-taxable) expenses and financing costs		239,387			(13,660)			(3,780	)
Effect of changes in exchange rates		30,403			74,714			940,577
Change in deferred tax assets not recognized		315,353			310,790			(611,240	)
	$	-		$	-		$	-

(b) Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of the Company's deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

		2024			2023			2022
Non-capital losses	$	9,163,035		$	8,833,940		$	8,485,255
Capital losses		159,162			159,671			162,275
Property, equipment, patents and deferred costs		1,591,255			1,605,743			1,639,306
	$	10,913,452		$	10,599,354		$	10,286,836
Deferred tax asset not recognized		(10,913,452	)		(10,599,354	)		(10,286,836	)
	$	-		$	-		$	-

As at October 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company assessed that it is not probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to use deferred income tax assets based on operating losses in prior years; therefore, there are no balances carried in the consolidated statements of financial position for such assets.

(c) The Company has non-capital losses of approximately $34 million available to reduce future taxable income, the benefit of which has not been recognized in these consolidated financial statements. As at October 31, 2024, the tax losses expire as follows:

		Canada		United States		Total
2026	$	1,726,462	$	-	$	1,726,462
2027		1,451,819		-		1,451,819
2028		-		-		-
2029		1,487,922		143,721		1,631,643
2030		2,007,595		1,880,897		3,888,492
2031		1,209,514		18,526		1,228,040
2032		1,340,456		325,793		1,666,249
2033		1,624,764		157,463		1,782,227
2034		2,350,482		679,089		3,029,571
2035		2,656,250		570,901		3,227,151
2036		3,117,259		441,019		3,558,278
2037		2,495,456		232,714		2,728,170
2038		1,687,021		317		1,687,338
2039		1,509,112		-		1,509,112
2040		508,349		-		508,349
2041		880,801		-		880,801
2042		1,250,158		-		1,250,158
2043		1,484,853		-		1,484,853
2044		1,338,776		-		1,338,776
	$	30,127,050	$	4,450,440	$	34,577,490

(d) In addition, the Company has available capital loss carryforwards of approximately $1.2 million to reduce future taxable capital gains, the benefit of which has not been recognized in these consolidated financial statements. Capital losses carry forward indefinitely.