The following table summarizes the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill during fiscal 2021 and fiscal 2020 by reportable business segment:

(in thousands)	Steel Processing		Pressure Cylinders			Other			Total
Balance at May 31, 2019
Goodwill	$	7,899	$	330,723		$	172,178		$	510,800
Impairment losses		-		(4,015	)		(172,178	)		(176,193	)
		7,899		326,708			-			334,607
Acquisitions and purchase accounting adjustments (1)		11,796		(52	)		-			11,744
Divestitures (2)		-		(2,511	)		-			(2,511	)
Translation adjustments		-		(309	)		-			(309	)
Impairment losses (3)		-		(22,097	)		-			(22,097	)
		11,796		(24,969	)		-			(13,173	)
Balance at May 31, 2020
Goodwill		19,695		327,851			172,178			519,724
Impairment losses		-		(26,112	)		(172,178	)		(198,290	)
		19,695		301,739			-			321,434
Acquisitions and purchase accounting adjustments (1)		523		37,353			-			37,876
Divestitures (2)		-		(13,556	)		-			(13,556	)
Translation adjustments		-		5,302			-			5,302
		523		29,099			-			29,622
Balance at May 31, 2021
Goodwill		20,218		356,950			172,178			549,346
Impairment losses		-		(26,112	)		(172,178	)		(198,290	)
	$	20,218	$	330,838		$	-		$	351,056

Intangible assets with definite lives are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, which range from 10 to 20 years. The following table summarizes other intangible assets by class as of May 31, 2021 and 2020:

	2021				2020
			Accumulated				Accumulated
(in thousands)	Cost		Amortization		Cost		Amortization
Indefinite-lived intangible assets:
Trademarks	$	99,901	$	-	$	72,101	$	-
Total indefinite-lived intangible assets		99,901		-		72,101		-
Definite-lived intangible assets:
Customer relationships	$	198,234	$	72,499	$	170,887	$	73,207
Non-compete agreements		4,098		4,098		8,001		8,001
Technology / know-how		13,165		3,614		22,484		7,850
Other		5,502		302		3,716		3,716
Total definite-lived intangible assets		220,999		80,513		205,088		92,774
Total intangible assets	$	320,900	$	80,513	$	277,189	$	92,774

Amortization expense totaled $12,257,000, $12,870,000, and $15,286,000 in fiscal 2021, fiscal 2020 and fiscal 2019, respectively.

Fiscal 2021: Due to the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and related market softness in the oil & gas equipment manufacturing operations in Tulsa, Oklahoma, we tested the long-lived assets consisting of fixed assets and customer list intangible assets with net book values of $7,375,000 and $2,374,000, respectively, for impairment. The fair value of the fixed assets was determined to be $5,934,000 (using observable Level 2 inputs) resulting in an impairment charge of $1,441,000. Additionally, the customer list intangible assets were deemed to be fully impaired (using unobservable Level 3 inputs) and written off resulting in an impairment of $2,374,000.

The future undiscounted cash flows of the cryogenics business primarily operated out of the Theodore, Alabama facility did not support its book value. As a result, property, plant and equipment with a carrying value of $13,526,000 was written down to its estimated fair value of $9,193,000 (determined using Level 2 inputs), resulting in an impairment charge of $4,333,000. Additionally, the customer list intangible assets and technology/know-how intangible assets with a carrying value of $3,662,000 were deemed to be fully impaired (using unobservable Level 3 inputs) and written off. These assets were subsequently sold in October 2020 (refer to “Note F – Restructuring and Other Expense (Income), Net” for additional information on this sale).

We decided to discontinue our operation of the manufacturing line for alternative fuel cylinders at the Jefferson, Ohio facility. As a result, long-lived assets with a carrying value of $1,823,000 were written down to their

estimated fair market value of $400,000 (determined using Level 2 inputs), resulting in an impairment charge of $1,423,000.

The Company recognized a $506,000 impairment charge related to the Superior Tools business that was acquired as part of Magna Industries, Inc. in fiscal 2019 and subsequently sold.

Fiscal 2020: During the fourth quarter of 2020, the Company performed the annual impairment test on its indefinite-lived assets. The results of the analysis indicated the fair market value of certain European tradenames used in the Pressure Cylinders businesses was estimated to be $2,800,000 which no longer supported their book value of $6,600,000, resulting in an impairment charge of $3,800,000. The key assumptions used in the fair value calculation were projected cash flows and the discount rate, which represent unobservable Level 3 inputs.

During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2020, the Company identified an impairment indicator related to the TWB Hermosillo facility operating lease due to the economic impact of COVID-19. As a result, the lease ROU asset with a net book value of $565,000 was deemed fully impaired and written off.

In May 2020, the Company committed to a plan to shut down the packaging solutions business in Greensburg, Indiana. As a result, long-lived assets with a carrying value of $2,810,000 were written down to their estimated fair market value of $266,000 (determined using Level 2 inputs), resulting in an impairment charge of $2,544,000.

On February 12, 2020, the Company announced a plan to consolidate its oil & gas equipment operations in Wooster, Ohio, into its existing manufacturing facility in Bremen, Ohio. As a result, the Company tested the long-lived assets of the combined asset group, consisting of fixed assets and customer list intangible assets with net book values of $14,274,000 and $6,577,000, respectively, for impairment. The book value of the fixed assets was determined to be in excess of fair market value, resulting in an impairment charge of $4,679,000 during the third quarter of fiscal 2020. Additionally, the customer list intangible assets were deemed to be fully impaired and written off. Fair market value of the fixed assets was determined using observable Level 2 inputs and the fair value of the customer list intangible assets was determined using unobservable Level 3 inputs. The land and building of the Wooster facility met the criteria for classification as assets held for sale and, accordingly, have been presented separately as assets held for sale in our consolidated balance sheet at May 31, 2020.

As a result of the impairment charges noted above, the Company also performed an interim goodwill impairment test of its oil & gas equipment reporting unit. The results of the analysis indicated that the fair value of the reporting unit no longer supported the book value of the corresponding goodwill, resulting in an impairment charge of $22,097,000 during the third quarter of fiscal 2020. The key assumptions used in the fair value calculation were projected cash flows and the discount rate, which represent unobservable, Level 3 inputs.

During the third quarter of fiscal 2020, the Company’s consolidated joint venture WSP committed to a plan to sell the Canton, Michigan facility and some of the production equipment at that facility. The land and building related to the facility were determined to not be impaired. The book value of the production equipment was determined to be above the fair market value. Therefore, the net assets were written down to their estimated fair market value less cost to sell of $700,000 (determined using Level 2 inputs), resulting in an impairment charge of $1,274,000 in the third quarter of fiscal 2020. These assets, with a net book value of $7,813,000, have been presented separately as assets held for sale in the consolidated balance sheet at May 31, 2020.

During the first quarter of fiscal 2020, we closed on an agreement by which we contributed substantially all of the net assets of our Engineered Cabs business with the exception of the fabricated products facility in Stow, Ohio, and the steel packaging facility in Greensburg, Indiana to the Cabs joint venture. The book value of the disposal group exceeded its estimated fair market value of $12,860,000 (determined using Level 2 inputs), which resulted in the recording of a $35,194,000 impairment charge during the first quarter of fiscal 2020. Included in the impairment charge were lease ROU assets with a net book value of $905,000 that were deemed fully impaired and written off. For additional information, refer to “Note D – Investments in Unconsolidated Affiliates”. The Company also identified an impairment indicator for the long-lived assets of the Engineered Cabs fabricated products business as the sale would have an adverse impact on the manner and extent in which the remaining assets were used. As a result, fixed assets with a net book value of $1,469,000 and lease ROU assets with a net book value of $3,938,000 were deemed to be fully impaired and written off during the first quarter of fiscal 2020.

Fiscal 2019: During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2019, management finalized plans to close the Company’s compressed natural gas fuel systems facility in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a result, long-lived assets with a carrying value of $2,405,000 were written down to their estimated fair market value of $238,000 (determined using Level 2 inputs), resulting in an impairment charge of $2,167,000 in fourth quarter of fiscal 2019. The Company ceased production at this facility in May 2019.

During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2019, management determined that indicators of impairment were present with regard to certain long-lived assets of the Canton, Michigan facility operated by the Company’s consolidated joint venture, WSP. As a result, long-lived assets with a carrying value of $4,269,000 were written down to their estimated fair market value of $1,000,000 (determined using Level 2 inputs), resulting in an impairment charge of $3,269,000 in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2019.

During the first quarter of fiscal 2019, changes in the facts and circumstances related to the planned sale of our cryogenics business in Turkey, Worthington Aritas, resulted in our lowering the estimate of fair market value less cost to sell to $7,000,000, which generated an impairment charge of $2,381,000 in the first quarter of fiscal 2019. Fair market value was determined using observable (Level 2) inputs.