10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023.

or

☐
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File Number: 001-33852

VirnetX Holding Corporation

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	77-0390628
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

308 Dorla Court, Suite 206 Zephyr Cove, Nevada	89448
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (775) 548-1785

Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report: N/A

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of  each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share	VHC	NYSE

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐	Accelerated filer ☐	Non-accelerated filer ☒
Emerging growth company  ☐	Smaller reporting company ☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

71,424,650 shares of the registrant’s Common Stock were outstanding as of May 10, 2023.

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

We have included or incorporated by reference in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Report”), and from time to time we may make statements that may constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These forward-looking statements are based upon our current expectations, estimates, assumptions, and beliefs concerning future events and conditions and may discuss, among other things, anticipated future performance (including sales and earnings), products, expected growth, future business plans and costs, the impact of potential, ongoing litigation and the expectation of future stockholder distributions, and statements regarding the Company's efforts and ability to regain compliance with the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) continued listing standard. Any statement that is not historical in nature is a forward- looking statement and may be identified by the use of words and phrases such as “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “predicts,” “projects,” “will be,” “will continue,” “will likely result in,” and similar expressions. These statements include our beliefs and statements regarding general industry and market conditions and growth rates, as well as general domestic and international economic conditions. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are necessarily subject to risks, uncertainties, and other factors, many of which are outside our control, which could cause actual results to differ materially from such statements and from our historical results and experience. These risks, uncertainties and other factors include, but are not limited to those described in Item 1A - Risk Factors of this Report and elsewhere in this Report and those described from time to time in our future reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Readers are cautioned that it is not possible to predict or identify all the risks, uncertainties and other factors that may affect future results and that the risks described herein should not be considered a complete list. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which such statement is made, and we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

Among others, the forward-looking statements appearing in this Quarterly Report that may not occur include statements that:

 • In the VirnetX Inc. v. Apple, Inc. (Case Nos. 6:11-cv-00563-RWS, 6:12-cv-00855-RWS) (“Apple II”) litigation, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (the “Federal Circuit”) in November 2019, affirmed-in-part, and reversed-in-part the judgment issued by the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas (the “district court”) in the case awarding VirnetX damages of $595.9 million. On October 30, 2020, after a trial in the district court, a jury returned a verdict in favor of VirnetX, awarding VirnetX over $502 million in damages. On January 15, 2021, the district court denied Apple’s motion for judgment as a matter of law and affirmed the jury findings. Apple appealed to the Federal Circuit with regards to the judgement from the district court, and, March 31, 2023, the Federal Circuit issued its decision vacating the district court’s judgement in this matter and remanding it back to the district court with instructions to dismiss the case as moot. We make statements in this quarterly report that we are evaluating all of our available options in this matter, including potentially seeking rehearing or certiorari review and this may imply that the March 31, 2023, circuit decision may be reversed; however, we might not pursue options that could lead to reversal, or if we do we may not be successful.  In addition, the patents in this case are being challenged in the United States Patent and Trademark Office. If those challenges are successful, the award in the case may be reduced, eliminated and/or delayed for a lengthy period. The continuation of this litigation is distracting to our management, expensive, and these distractions and expenses may continue.

 • We have undertaken activities to commercialize our products and patent portfolio in and outside the United States including VirnetX One™, War Room™, VirnetX Matrix™, GABRIEL Connection Technology™ and our Secured Domain Names. These statements may imply that the worldwide market for our commercialized products is large and will result in significant future licensing or software revenue for us. However, commercialization of products such as ours is subject to significant obstacles and risks, may prevent significant future revenues for us.

EXCEPT AS REQUIRED BY LAW, WE UNDERTAKE NO OBLIGATION TO UPDATE OR REVISE ANY FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENT AS A RESULT OF NEW INFORMATION, FUTURE EVENTS OR OTHERWISE.

VIRNETX HOLDING CORPORATION

INDEX

		Page
PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION		2
	Item 1 — Financial Statements	2
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at March 31, 2023 (unaudited) and December 31, 2022	2
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 (unaudited)	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 (unaudited)	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 (unaudited)	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 (unaudited)	6
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	7
	Item 2 — Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	15
	Item 3 — Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	18
	Item 4 —Controls and Procedures	18
PART II —OTHER INFORMATION		19
	Item 1 —Legal Proceedings	19
	Item 1A —Risk Factors	19
	Item 5 — Other Infomation	32
	Item 6 — Exhibits	33
SIGNATURES		34

1

PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1-FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.

VIRNETX HOLDING CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except share amounts)

	As of March 31, 2023			As of December 31, 2022
	(unaudited)
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	97,050		$	86,561
Investments available for sale		52,367			65,462
Accounts receivables		4			14
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		614			224
Total current assets		150,035			152,261
Prepaid expenses and other assets		614			703
Property and equipment, net		10			11
Total assets	$	150,659		$	152,975
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$	1,692		$	373
Accrued payroll and related expenses		365			311
Accrued dividends		71,429			—
Other liabilities, current		37			47
Total current liabilities		73,523			731
Other liabilities		—			—
Total liabilities		73,523			731
Commitments and contingencies (Note 4)
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share Authorized: 10,000,000 shares at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022; Issued and outstanding: 0 shares at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022		—			—
Common stock, par value $0.0001 per share Authorized: 100,000,000 shares at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022; Issued and outstanding: 71,424,650 shares at March 31, 2023 and 71,424,650 at December 31, 2022		7			7
Additional paid-in capital		240,428			239,746
Accumulated deficit		(163,091	)		(87,195	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(208	)		(314	)
Total stockholders’ equity		77,136			152,244
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	150,659		$	152,975

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

2

VIRNETX HOLDING CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (Unaudited)

(in thousands, except per share amounts)

	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2023			March 31, 2022
Revenue	$	2		$	5
Operating expense:
Licensing costs		—			(4	)
Research and development		1,368			1,227
Selling, general and administrative		4,548			3,185
Total operating expense		5,916			4,408
Income (loss) from operations		(5,914	)		(4,403	)
Interest and other income, net		1,369			24
Income (loss) before taxes		(4,545	)		(4,379	)
Income tax (expense) benefit		78			1,059
Net income (loss)	$	(4,467	)	$	(3,320	)
Basic income (loss) per share	$	(0.06	)	$	(0.05	)
Diluted income (loss) per share	$	(0.06	)	$	(0.05	)
Weighted average shares outstanding - basic		71,425			71,233
Weighted average shares outstanding - diluted		71,425			71,233

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

3

VIRNETX HOLDING CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) (Unaudited)

(in thousands)

	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2023			March 31, 2022
Net income (loss)	$	(4,467	)	$	(3,320	)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Change in unrealized gain (loss) on investments, net of tax		107			(171	)
Change in foreign currency translation, net of tax		(1	)		(3	)
Total other comprehensive income (loss)		106			(174	)
Comprehensive income (loss)	$	(4,361	)	$	(3,494	)

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

4

VIRNETX HOLDING CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Unaudited)

(in thousands, except per share amounts)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023			2022
Total shareholders’ equity, beginning balances	$	152,244		$	185,449
Common stock and additional paid-in capital:
Beginning balances		239,753			236,452
Stock-based compensation		682			778
Ending balances		240,435			237,230
Accumulated deficit:
Beginning balances		(87,195	)		(50,935	)
Net (loss) income		(4,467	)		(3,320	)
Dividends		(71,429	)		—
Ending balances		(163,091	)		(54,255	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss:
Beginning balances		(314	)		(68	)
Change in unrealized investment gain/loss, net		107			(171	)
Change in foreign currency translation, net		(1	)		(3	)
Ending balances		(208	)		(242	)
Total shareholders’ equity, ending balances	$	77,136		$	182,733
Dividends per share	$	1.00		$	—

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

5

VIRNETX HOLDING CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited)

(in thousands)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023			2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net (loss) income	$	(4,467	)	$	(3,320	)
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss)  income to cash flows from operating activities:
Depreciation		1			2
Deferred tax assets		—			(1,059	)
Bad debt		10			—
Stock-based compensation		682			778
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivables		—			5
Prepaid expenses and other assets		(301	)		(369	)
Accounts payable		1,320			313
Accrued payroll and related expenses		54			60
Accrued licensing costs		—			(355	)
Other liabilities		(10	)		(17	)
Net cash (used in) operating activities		(2,711	)		(3,962	)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchase of investments		(16,638	)		(4,060	)
Proceeds from sale or maturity of investments		29,838			2,412
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		13,200			(1,648	)
Net change in cash and cash equivalents		10,489			(5,610	)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period		86,561			142,018
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	97,050		$	136,408
Non-cash transactions
Dividends approved and accrued on March 30, 2023, paid in April 2023	$	71,429		$	—

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

6

VIRNETX HOLDING CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(in thousands, except per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

Note 1 — Business Description and Basis of Presentation

VirnetX Holding Corporation (the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) is an Internet security software and technology company with patented technology for Zero Trust Network Access (“ZTNA”) based secure network communications. VirnetX’s software and technology solutions, including its Secure Domain Name Registry and Technology, VirnetX One™, War Room™, VirnetX Matrix™, and Gabriel Connection Technology™, are designed to be device- and location-independent, and enable a secure real-time communication environment for all types of enterprise applications, services, and critical infrastructures. Our technology generates secure connections on a “single-click” basis, significantly simplifying the deployment of secure real-time communication solutions by eliminating the need for end-users to enter any encryption information. Our portfolio of intellectual property is the foundation of our business model. We currently own approximately 205 total patents and pending applications, including 72 U.S. patents/patent applications and 133 foreign patents/validations/pending applications. Our patent portfolio is primarily focused on securing real-time communications over the Internet and related services, and is used in all our technology and products, some of which were acquired by our principal operating subsidiary; VirnetX, Inc., from Leidos, Inc., or Leidos, (f/k/a Science Applications International Corporation, or SAIC) in 2006.

Our product portfolio includes sophisticated technologies, products and services that are available for sale worldwide. Our next-generation, VirnetX One™ platform builds upon our patented Secure Domain Names and GABRIEL Connection Technology™ to further enhance the security and efficiency of our patented secure communication links.  VirnetX One™ is a security-as-a-service platform that protects enterprise applications, services, and infrastructure from cyber-attacks. Our platform allows businesses and other enterprises of all sizes to add a “security umbrella” as an added layer on top of their existing infrastructure to further reduce risk and bolster security against ever-growing cyberthreats to data, operating systems, other infrastructure products and gateway security controllers.

Note 2 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Unaudited Interim Financial Information

The accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of March 31, 2023, the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, and the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 are unaudited. These unaudited interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). In our opinion, the unaudited interim consolidated financial statements include all adjustments of a normal recurring nature necessary for the fair presentation of our financial position as of March 31, 2023, our results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, and our cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. The results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for a full year.

These unaudited interim consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on March 31, 2023.

Use of Estimates

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. In doing so, we have to make estimates and assumptions that affect our reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses, as well as related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. In some cases, we could reasonably have used different accounting policies and estimates. In some cases, changes in the accounting estimates are reasonably likely to occur from period to period. Accordingly, actual results could differ materially from our estimates. To the extent that there are material differences between these estimates and actual results, our financial condition or results of operations will be affected. We base our estimates on past experience and other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, and we evaluate these estimates on an ongoing basis. We refer to accounting estimates of this type as critical accounting policies and estimates, which we discuss further below. We have reviewed our critical accounting policies and estimates with the audit committee of our Board of Directors.

Basis of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of VirnetX Holding Corporation and our wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

7

Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 842. Operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets are included in Prepaid expenses, and other assets on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term (see Note 8 – Leases).

Revenue Recognition

The Company derives revenue from licensing and royalty fees from contracts with customers which can span several years. We account for this revenue in accordance with ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. Our revenue arrangements may consist of multiple-element arrangements, with revenue for each unit of accounting recognized as the product or service is delivered to the customer.

With the licensing of our patents, performance obligations are generally satisfied at a point in time as work is complete when our patent rights are transferred to our customers. We generally have no further obligation to our customers regarding our technology.

Certain contracts may require our customers to enter into a hosting arrangement with us and for these arrangements, revenue is recognized over time, generally over the life of the servicing contract.

The Company actively monitors and enforces its intellectual property rights, including seeking appropriate compensation from third parties that utilize the Company’s intellectual property without a license. As a result, the Company may, from time to time, receive payments as part of a settlement or compensation for a patent infringement dispute. Proceeds received are allocated to each element identified in the settlement or compensation, based on the fair value of each element. Generally, settlements and compensation may include the following elements: the value of a license or royalty agreement, cost reimbursement, damages, and interest. Elements identified related to licensing and royalty are recognized as revenue. Elements identified as reimbursed costs are generally recorded as a reduction to the reported expenses. Elements identified as damages or interest are generally recorded in other income in the condensed consolidated statement of operations.

Licensing Costs

Included in operating expenses in 2022 is a refund of licensing costs we incurred in conjunction with a favorable court decision relating to a patent infringement case.

Contingent Gains

ASC Topic 450-30-25, Contingent Gains, prohibits recognition of contingent gains until realized. Accordingly, we do not record contingent gains ahead of such realization. Management generally considers any such gains as realized only upon the collection of cash.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

We consider all highly liquid investments purchased with maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Our cash and cash equivalents are not subject to significant interest rate risk due to the short maturities of these investments.

Investments

Investments are classified as available-for-sale and are recorded at fair market value. Unrealized gains and losses are reported as other comprehensive income. Realized gains and losses are recorded in income in the period they are realized using specific identification of each security’s cost basis. We invest our excess cash primarily in highly liquid debt instruments including corporate, government and federal agency securities, with contractual maturities less than two years. By policy, we limit the amount of credit exposure to any one issuer.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at historical cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are computed using the accelerated and straight-line methods over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which range from five to seven years. Repair and maintenance costs are charged to expense as incurred.

Concentration of Credit Risk and Other Risks and Uncertainties

Our cash and cash equivalents are primarily maintained at two major financial institutions in the United States. Deposits held with these financial institutions may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits. A portion of those balances are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, or FDIC. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we had, at times, funds that were uninsured. We do not believe that we are subject to any unusual financial risk beyond the normal risk associated with commercial banking relationships. We have not experienced any losses on our deposits of cash and cash equivalents.

8

Fair Value

The carrying amounts of our financial instruments, including cash equivalents, accounts payable, and accrued liabilities, approximate fair value because of their generally short maturities.

Intangible Assets

We record intangible assets at cost, less accumulated amortization. Amortization of intangible assets is provided over their estimated useful lives, which can range from 3 to 15 years, on either a straight-line basis or as revenue is generated by the assets.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

We identify and record impairment losses on long-lived assets used in operations when events and changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset might not be recoverable, but not less than annually. Recoverability is measured by comparison of the anticipated future net undiscounted cash flows to the related assets’ carrying value. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the projected discounted future net cash flows arising from the asset.

Research and Development

Research and development costs include expenses paid to outside development consultants and compensation related expenses for our engineering staff. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method. The asset and liability method requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for expected future tax consequences of temporary differences that currently exist between the tax basis and financial reporting basis of our assets and liabilities. We calculate current and deferred tax provisions based on estimates and assumptions that could differ from actual results reflected on the income tax returns filed during the following years. Adjustments based on filed returns are recorded when identified in the subsequent years. The effect on deferred taxes for a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that the tax rate change is enacted. In assessing our deferred tax assets, we consider whether it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

The 2017 U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act changes IRC Section 174, regarding capitalization of book research and development (“R&D”) expenses for income tax purposes. Effective for tax years beginning in 2022, IRC Section 174 requires the capitalization of book R&D expenses which are capitalized and amortized over 5 years for domestic R&D expenses and over 15 years for foreign R&D expenses. To date there has been limited guidance from the IRS on how to quantify the amount of book R&D expenses subject to capitalization, including the indirect expenses supporting the R&D function. Due to the limited guidance, some assumptions were made in our estimates. 

A valuation allowance is provided for deferred income tax assets when, in our judgment, based upon currently available information and other factors, it is more likely than not that all or a portion of such deferred income tax assets will not be realized. The determination of the need for a valuation allowance is based on an on-going evaluation of current information including, among other things, historical operating results, estimates of future earnings in different taxing jurisdictions and the expected timing of the reversals of temporary differences. We believe the determination to record a valuation allowance to reduce a deferred income tax asset is a significant accounting estimate because it is based, among other things, on an estimate of future taxable income in the United States and certain other jurisdictions, which is susceptible to change and may or may not occur, and because the impact of adjusting a valuation allowance may be material. In determining when to release the valuation allowance established against our net deferred income tax assets, we consider all available evidence, both positive and negative. We continually assess our ability to generate sufficient taxable income during future periods in which our deferred tax assets may be realized. If and when we believe it is more likely than not that we will recover our deferred tax assets, we will reverse the valuation allowance as an income tax benefit in our statements of operations.

We account for our uncertain tax positions in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which utilizes a two-step approach to evaluate tax positions. Step one, recognition, requires evaluation of the tax position to determine if based solely on technical merits it is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination. Step two, measurement, is addressed only if a position is more likely than not to be sustained. In step two, the tax benefit is measured as the largest amount of benefit, determined on a cumulative probability basis, which is more likely than not to be realized upon ultimate settlement with tax authorities. If a position does not meet the more likely than not threshold for recognition in step one, no benefit is recorded until the first subsequent period in which the more likely than not standard is met, the issue is resolved with the taxing authority, or the statute of limitations expires. Positions previously recognized are reversed if and when we subsequently determine the position no longer is more likely than not to be sustained. Evaluation of tax positions, their technical merits, and measurements using cumulative probability are highly subjective management estimates. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates.

9

Stock-Based Compensation

We account for stock-based compensation using the fair value recognition method in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We recognize these compensation costs on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award, which is generally a vesting term of 4 years. We recognize forfeitures, if any, when they occur. In addition, we record stock-based compensation expense for awards granted to non-employees at fair value of the consideration received or the fair value of the equity instruments issued, as they vest, over the performance period (See Note 5 - Stock-Based Compensation).

Earnings per Share

Basic earnings per share are computed by dividing earnings available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of outstanding common shares during the period. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period increased to include the number of additional shares of common stock that would have been outstanding if the potentially dilutive securities had been issued.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair value is the price that would result from an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurement) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurement). Level 2 measurements utilize either directly or indirectly observable inputs in markets other than quoted prices in active markets.

Our financial instruments are stated at amounts that equal, or approximate, fair value. When we estimate fair value, we utilize market data or assumptions that we believe market participants would use in pricing the financial instrument, including assumptions about risk and inputs to the valuation technique. We use valuation techniques, primarily the income and market approach, which maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs for recurring fair value measurements.

Mutual funds: Valued at the quoted net asset value of shares held.

U.S. agency and treasury securities: Fair value measured at the closing price reported on the active market on which the individual securities are traded.

The following tables show the adjusted cost, gross unrealized gains, gross unrealized losses, and fair value of our securities by significant investment category as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

	March 31, 2023
	Adjusted Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Cash and Cash Equivalents		Investments Available for Sale
Cash	$	12,867	$	—	$	—		$	12,867	$	12,867	$	—
Level 1:
Mutual funds		67,667		—		—			67,667		67,667		—
U.S. agency and treasury securities		69,071		25		(213	)		68,883		16,516		52,367
		136,738		25		(213	)		136,550		84,183		52,367
Total	$	149,605	$	25	$	(213	)	$	149,417	$	97,050	$	52,367

	December 31, 2022
	Adjusted Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Cash and Cash Equivalents		Investments Available for Sale
Cash	$	16,949	$	—	$	—		$	16,949	$	16,949	$	—
Level 1:
Mutual funds		66,493		—		—			66,493		66,493		—
U.S. agency and treasury securities		68,958		9		(386	)		68,581		3,119		65,462
		135,451		9		(386	)		135,074		69,612		65,462
Total	$	152,400	$	9	$	(386	)	$	152,023	$	86,561	$	65,462

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New Accounting Pronouncements

In September 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“Update”) 2022-04, “Liabilities – Supplier Finance Programs (Subtopic 405-50): Disclosure of Supplier Finance Program Obligations”, which requires entities to disclose the key terms of supplier finance programs used in connection with the purchase of goods and services along with information about their obligations under these programs. This Update does not affect the recognition, measurement or financial statement presentation of supplier finance program obligations. The Update is effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022 and interim periods within those fiscal years, except for the rollforward requirement, which is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023. We do not have a supplier finance program currently in place, and, therefore, there was no impact on our financial position or cash flows as a result.

Note 3 — Income Taxes

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, we recognized an income tax benefit of $78 on loss before taxes of $4,545, which is an effective tax rate of 1.71%. The effective rate is lower than the statutory federal rate primarily due to the change in valuation allowance. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, we recognized an income tax benefit of $1,059 on loss before taxes of $4,379, an effective tax rate of 24.45%. The effective rate is higher than the statutory federal rate primarily due to the effect of research and development tax credits. Management determined that a full valuation allowance should be provided against net deferred income tax assets at March 31, 2023.

Our tax years for 2005 and forward are subject to examination by the U.S. tax authority and various state tax authorities because we utilized the NOLs and tax credits generated in those years in 2020. The statute of limitation for those years shall expire three years after the date of filing 2020 income tax returns.

We are required to recognize the financial statement effects of a tax position when it is more likely than not, based on the technical merits, that the position will be sustained upon examination. At December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023, we have no uncertain tax positions. Our policy is to recognize interest and penalties accrued on uncertain tax positions as a component of income tax expense. We had no accrued interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions at March 31, 2023.

Note 4 — Commitments and Related Party Transactions

We lease our office under an operating lease with a third party which expires on October 31, 2023 (see Note 8 - Leases).

We entered into a service agreement for the use of an aircraft from K2 Investment Fund LLC (“LLC”) for business travel for employees of the Company. We incurred approximately $287 compared to $265 in fees and reimbursements to the LLC during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We pay for the Company’s usage of the aircraft and have no rights to purchase. Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Administrative Officer are the managing partners of the LLC and control the equity interests of the LLC. We entered into a 12-month non-exclusive agreement with the LLC for use of the plane at a rate of $8 per flight hour, with no minimum usage requirement. The agreement contains other terms and conditions and can be cancelled by either us or the LLC with 30 days’ notice. The agreement renews on an annual basis unless terminated by either party. Neither party has exercised their termination rights.

Note 5 — Stock Based Compensation

Our stockholders are being asked to approve the Amended and Restated Equity Incentive Plan (the “Amended 2013 Plan”) at our annual shareholders’ meeting in June 2023. Our shareholder-approved 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Prior Plan”) expired March 29, 2023; no further awards will be made under the Prior Plan, but the Amended 2013 Plan will govern awards granted under the Prior Plan.

Stock-based compensation expense included in general and administrative expense was $371 and $466, and in research and development expense was $311 and $312, for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, we did not grant any options or RSUs.

As of March 31, 2023, the unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested stock options and RSUs was $3,484 and $1,256, respectively, which will be amortized over an estimated weighted average period of approximately 2.47 and 2.18 years, respectively.

Note 6 — Equity

Common Stock

We issued no shares for options exercised during the three months ended March 31, 2023 or 2022, respectively. We issued no shares as a result of vesting RSUs during the three months ended March 31, 2023 or 2022.

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Warrants

In 2020, we issued warrants for the purchase of 25,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $5.75 per share, exercisable on the date of grant, expiring in April 2025. The weighted average fair value at the grant date was $4.16 per warrant. The fair value at the grant date was estimated utilizing the Black-Scholes valuation model with the following weighted average assumptions (i) dividend yield on our common stock of 0 percent (ii) expected stock price volatility of 97 percent (iii) a risk-free interest rate of 0.27 percent and (iv) and expected option term of 5 years.

Warrants Issued		Exercise Price		Outstanding and Exercisable December 31, 2022		Issued		Exercised		Terminated / Cancelled		Outstanding and Exercisable March 31, 2023		Expiration Date
	25,000	$	5.75		25,000		—		—		—		25,000	April 30, 2025

Note 7 — Litigation (all dollar amounts in this section are expressed in thousands except for rates per device)

We have several intellectual property infringement lawsuits pending in the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (“USCAFC”).

VirnetX Inc. v. Apple, Inc. (Case 6:12-CV-00855-LED) (“Apple II”)

This case began on November 6, 2012, when we filed a complaint against Apple in United States District Court (“USDC”) in which we alleged that Apple infringed on certain of our patents, (U.S. Patent Nos. 6,502,135, 7,418,504, 7,921,211 and 7,490,151). We sought damages and injunctive relief. The accused products include the iPhone 5, iPod Touch 5th Generation, iPad 4th Generation, iPad mini, and the latest Macintosh computers. The USDC entered a Final Judgment and issued its Memorandum Opinion and Order regarding post-trial motions, affirming the jury’s verdict of $502,600 and granting VirnetX motions for supplemental damages, a sunset royalty, and the royalty rate of $1.20 per infringing iPhone, iPad and Mac products, pre-judgment and post-judgment interest and costs. Apple filed a notice of appeal with the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (“USCAFC”) in the Apple II case.

On October 9, 2018, USCAFC docketed the appeal as Case No. 19-1050 - VirnetX Inc. v. Apple Inc. On November 22, 2019, the USCAFC issued an opinion affirming the district court’s findings that Apple is precluded from making certain invalidity arguments and that Apple infringed the ‘135 and ‘151 patents; reversing the USDC’s finding that Apple infringed the ‘504 and ‘211 patents; and remanding the case for proceedings on damages. Apple sought panel and en banc rehearing, which the USCAFC denied on February 10, 2020.

On February 22, 2020, the USDC issued a scheduling order for the parties to brief the court about the need for a new trial for recalculating the damages. We filed our motion for entry of judgment on February 28, 2020. The arguments on this matter were heard on April 14, 2020. In its order, unsealed on May 1, 2020, the USDC denied VirnetX’s motion for entry of a new judgment based on the prior jury verdict and ordered a new jury trial on damages. On August 10, 2020, the USDC granted Apple’s motion for continuance and reset the date to October 26, 2020. On October 30, 2020, a jury returned a $502,800 verdict in favor of VirnetX based on Apple’s infringement of two network security patents: VirnetX US Patents No. 6,502,135 and No. 7,490,151. The jury verdict called for damages of $0.84 per accused device since the 2013 launch of Apple’s iOS 7 operating system and represents 598,629,580 infringing units from US sales only. On January 15, 2021, the USDC denied Apple’s motion for judgment as a matter of law, and on February 4, 2021, Apple filed a notice of appeal to the USCAFC.

On February 22, 2021, the USCAFC docketed the appeal as Case No. 19-1672. Apple’s opening brief was filed on June 2, 2021. VirnetX filed its responsive brief on July 26, 2021. Apple filed its reply brief on September 13, 2021. Oral arguments were held on September 8, 2022. On March 31, 2023, the USCAFC issued its decision vacating the USDC’s judgement in this matter and remanding it back to the USDC with instructions to dismiss the case as moot. On April 20, 2023, VirnetX filed a motion to extend the time to file a petition for rehearing from May 1, 2023, until June 5, 2023, and remains pending.

VirnetX Inc. v. Mangrove Partners Master Fund, Ltd., Apple Inc. (USCAFC Case 20-2271) and VirnetX Inc. v. Mangrove Partners Master Fund, Ltd., Apple Inc., and Black Swamp, LLC (USCAFC Case 20-2272)

On September 15, 2020, we filed with the USCAFC an appeal of the invalidity findings by the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (“PTAB”) in inter-partes review proceedings IPR2015-01046 and IPR2016-00062 involving our U.S. Patent No. 6,502,135, and an appeal of the invalidity findings by the PTAB in inter-partes review proceedings IPR2015-1047, IPR2016- 00063, and IPR2016-00167 involving our U.S. Patent No. 7,490,151. On September 25, 2020, the USCAFC issued an order consolidating the two appeals. On December 15, 2020, we filed a motion to vacate the PTAB decisions below and to remand these appeals to the PTAB. On March 16, 2021, the USCAFC denied the motion without prejudice to us raising the challenges made in the motion in our opening brief. Our opening brief was filed on June 7, 2021.

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On June 23, 2021, the USCAFC entered an order directing us (and parties in other appeals that raised Appointments Clause challenges) to file a brief explaining how they believe their cases should proceed in light of the Supreme Court’s decision in United States v. Arthrex, Inc., 141 S. Ct. 1970 (2021). On July 7, 2021, we filed a brief in response to the court’s order. Other parties, including the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”) filed their responses on July 21, 2021. On August 19, 2021, USCAFC issued an order remanding these appeals for the limited purpose of allowing VirnetX the opportunity to request rehearing of the PTAB’s final written decisions by the Director of the USPTO. The USCAFC retained jurisdiction over the appeals in the meantime. On September 20, 2021, we filed our requests for Director rehearing with the USPTO. On October 29, 2021, our requests for Director rehearing were denied. We subsequently filed an amended opening brief to the USCAFC on December 10, 2021, the other parties filed response briefs on February 2, 2022, and we filed a reply brief on February 22, 2022. All the briefings have been completed. The oral arguments in this matter were held on September 8, 2022. On March 30, 2023, the USCAFC issued its decision affirming PTAB’s decisions finding certain claims of the ‘135 patent and the ‘151 patent to be unpatentable. On April 19, 2023, VirnetX filed a motion to extend the time to file a petition for rehearing from May 15, 2023, until June 5, 2023.  That motion was granted on April 20, 2023.

VirnetX Inc. v. Hirshfeld (USCAFC Case 17-2593, -2594)

On September 22, 2017, we filed with the USCAFC an appeal of the invalidity findings by the PTAB in inter-partes review proceeding IPR2016-00693 involving our U.S. Patent No. 7,418,504, and an appeal of the invalidity findings by the PTAB in inter-partes review proceeding IPR2016-00957 involving our U.S. Patent No. 7,921,211. On September 16, 2021, USCAFC issued an order remanding these appeals for the limited purpose of allowing VirnetX the opportunity to request rehearing of the PTAB’s final written decisions by the Director of the USPTO. The USCAFC retained jurisdiction over the appeals in the meantime. On October 18, 2021, we filed our requests for Director rehearing with the USPTO. On January 7, 2022, our requests for Director rehearing were denied. On January 21, 2022, we informed the USCAFC about the denial of Director rehearing and requested that the court dismiss the appeal involving IPR2016-00957 as moot and vacate the PTAB’s underlying decision. On April 4, 2022, the USCAFC vacated the PTAB’s decision in IPR2016-00957 and remanded Appeal No. 17-2594 with instructions to dismiss. In the April 4, 2022 order, the USCAFC further set a briefing schedule, in Appeal No. 17-2593. VirnetX filed its opening brief on September 12, 2022. The USPTO filed its response brief on December 20, 2022. VirnetX filed its reply brief on February 14, 2023, and we currently await scheduling of oral arguments. VirnetX has filed a motion to hold this appeal in abeyance pending the disposition of any petition for rehearing in the No. 20-2271, -2272 appeal, and pending the Supreme Court’s disposition of a pending petition for a writ of certiorari in Arthrex, Inc. v. Smith & Nephew, Inc., No. 22-639.  That motion, filed on April 18, 2023, and remains pending.

VirnetX Inc. v. Cisco Systems, Inc. (USCAFC Case 19-1671)

On March 18, 2019, we filed with the USCAFC an appeal of the invalidity findings by the PTAB in inter-partes re-examination proceeding 95/001,679 involving our U.S. Patent No. 6,502,135. On October 5, 2021, USCAFC issued an order remanding these appeals for the limited purpose of allowing VirnetX the opportunity to request rehearing of the PTAB’s final written decisions by the Director of the PTO. The USCAFC retained jurisdiction over the appeals in the meantime. Our request for Director rehearing with the PTO was filed on November 5, 2021. On January 10, 2022, our request for Director rehearing was denied. We informed the USCAFC about the denial of Director rehearing. VirnetX’s opening brief was filed on June 23, 2022. The USPTO’s response brief was filed on August 2, 2022, and Cisco’s response brief was filed on September 2, 2022. VirnetX filed its reply brief on October 7, 2022, and we currently await scheduling of oral arguments.

VirnetX Inc. v. Apple Inc. (USCAFC Case 22-1523) (“Apple Reexam I”)

On March 10, 2022, we filed with the USCAFC an appeal of the invalidity findings by the PTAB in inter-partes re-examination proceeding 95/001,682 involving our U.S. Patent No. 6,502,135. Our opening brief was filed on August 22, 2022. Apple and USPTO each filed a response brief on December 28, 2022. VirnetX filed its reply brief on February 8, 2023, and we currently await scheduling of oral arguments. VirnetX has, however, filed a motion to hold this appeal in abeyance pending the disposition of any petition for rehearing in the No. 20-2271, -2272 appeal, and pending the Supreme Court’s disposition of a pending petition for a writ of certiorari in Arthrex, Inc. v. Smith & Nephew, Inc., No. 22-639.  That motion, filed on April 18, 2023, and remains pending.

VirnetX Inc. v. Apple Inc. (USCAFC Case 22-1997) (“Apple Reexam II”)

On July 6, 2022, we filed with the USCAFC an appeal of the invalidity findings by the PTAB in inter-partes re-examination proceeding 95/001,697 involving our U.S. Patent No. 7,490,151. On October 17, 2022, we filed a motion to remand the appeal in light of the PTAB’s refusal to permit Director rehearing. On January 23, 2023, the USCAFC denied that motion without prejudice to the parties raising their arguments in the merits briefs. VirnetX’s opening brief was filed on May 10, 2023, and remains pending.

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VirnetX Inc. v. Cisco Systems, Inc. (USCAFC Case 22-2234)

On September 16, 2022, we filed with the USCAFC an appeal of the invalidity findings by the PTAB in inter-partes re-examination proceeding 95/001,851 involving our U.S. Patent No. 7,418,504. We filed our opening brief on February 28, 2023, and remains pending.

VirnetX Inc. v. Cisco Systems, Inc. (USCAFC Case 23-1765)

On April 7, 2023, we filed with the USCAFC an appeal of the invalidity findings by the PTAB in inter-partes re-examination proceeding 95/001,714 involving our U.S. Patent No. 7,490,151. The certified list is due to be filed by the USPTO by May 30, 2023, and our opening brief will be due 60 days thereafter.  In addition, on April 21, 2023, Cisco filed a cross-appeal. Cisco’s response brief was filed on May 10, 2023.

Other Legal Matters

One or more potential intellectual property infringement claims may also be available to us against certain other companies who have the resources to defend against any such claims. Although we believe these potential claims are likely valid, commencing a lawsuit can be expensive and time-consuming, and there is no assurance that we could prevail on such potential claims if we made them. In addition, bringing a lawsuit may lead to potential counterclaims which may distract our management and our other resources, including capital resources, from efforts to successfully commercialize our products.

Currently, we are not a party to any other pending legal proceedings and are not aware of any proceeding threatened or contemplated against us.

Note 8 — Leases

We lease office space under an operating lease which expires on October 31, 2023. On March 31, 2023, the underlying ROU asset and lease liability totaled $31. On December 31, 2022, the underlying ROU asset and lease liability totaled $45. For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, lease expense totaled $14 and $13, respectively.

We also lease a facility for corporate promotional and marketing purposes which was prepaid at inception and expires in 2025, as amended. On March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the ROU asset totaled $573 and $648, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, lease expense totaled $75 and $75, respectively.

Note 9 — Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share are based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per share are based on the weighted average number of common shares and potentially dilutive common shares outstanding. Potential common shares outstanding principally include stock options, RSUs and warrants, excluding any potentially dilutive shares convertible at a price higher than the closing price of our stock at the end of each reporting period. The following table shows the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands, except per share amounts):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023			2022
Numerator:
Net (loss) income	$	(4,467	)	$	(3,320	)
Denominator:
Weighted-average basic shares outstanding		71,425			71,233
Effect of dilutive securities		—			—
Weighted-average diluted shares		71,425			71,233
Basic (loss) earnings per share	$	(0.06	)	$	(0.05	)
Diluted (loss) earnings per share	$	(0.06	)	$	(0.05	)

We incurred a net loss for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022; therefore, all potentially dilutive securities representing shares of common stock (7,353,129 in 2023 and 6,931,592 in 2022) were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share, because their effect would have been antidilutive.

Note 10 — Subsequent Events

In April 2023, the Company paid $71,429 for a special dividend of $1 per share. Additionally in April 2023, the Company paid $7,245 for a special bonus to employees.

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ITEM 2 — MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

Company Overview

We are an Internet security software and technology company with patented technology for Zero Trust Network Access (“ZTNA”) based secure network communications. VirnetX’s software and technology solutions, including its Secure Domain Name Registry and Technology, VirnetX One™, War Room™, VirnetX Matrix™, and Gabriel Connection Technology™, are designed to be device- and location-independent, and enable a secure real-time communication environment for all types of enterprise applications, services, and critical infrastructures. Our technology generates secure connections on a “single-click” basis, significantly simplifying the deployment of secure real-time communication solutions by eliminating the need for end-users to enter any encryption information. Our portfolio of intellectual property is the foundation of our business model. We currently own approximately 205 total patents and pending applications, including 72 U.S. patents/patent applications and 133 foreign patents/validations/pending applications. Our patent portfolio is primarily focused on securing real-time communications over the Internet, and related services, and is used in all our technology and products, some of which were acquired by our principal operating subsidiary; VirnetX, Inc., from Leidos, Inc., or Leidos, (f/k/a Science Applications International Corporation, or SAIC) in 2006.

Our product portfolio includes sophisticated technologies, products and services that are available for sale worldwide. Our next-generation, VirnetX One™ platform builds upon our patented Secure Domain Names and GABRIEL Connection Technology™ to further enhance the security and efficiency of our patented secure communication links.  VirnetX One™ is a security-as-a-service platform that protects enterprise applications, services, and infrastructure from cyber-attacks. Our platform allows businesses and other enterprises of all sizes to add a “security umbrella” as an added layer on top of their existing infrastructure to further reduce risk and bolster security against ever-growing cyberthreats to data, operating systems, other infrastructure products and gateway security controllers.

Our War Room™ software product provides safe and secure video conferencing meeting environment where sensitive communications and data is invisible to those not authorized to view it. War Room™ validates permissions of all the users, and devices requesting access to any secure meeting room prior to granting access. We believe our War Room™ will be an attractive solution for government and law enforcement agencies as well as all professional sectors such as legal, financial, and medical where limiting access to confidential data is a critical requirement.

Our VirnetX Matrix™ product provides superior security for internet-enabled enterprise applications and their connected devices, and for control systems currently deployed by those enterprises (e.g., file servers, data back-up systems, VPN/firewalls). VirnetX Matrix™ provides a true “zero-trust” access protection, “single-click” ease of use, and is a highly-effective added layer of protection that is deployed simply, without the need for changes to an enterprise’s existing, in-place infrastructure. We believe VirnetX Matrix™ is an attractive solution for all businesses, cloud and on-premise application service providers, and OEMs, looking to improve visibility and management of their networks to mitigate morphing attacks on their networks and for real time access and control of their users.

Our GABRIEL Collaboration Suite™ is a set of communication applications and tools that use our GABRIEL Secure Communication Platform™. It enables seamless and secure cross platform communications between devices that are enrolled in our “VIRNETX SECURED” network and have our software installed.

During the fourth quarter of 2022 and the first quarter of 2023, the Company engaged in discussions with certain third-parties to pitch the capabilities of VirnetX One™. The Company believes that these parties have interest to secure devices and systems in areas such as healthcare, finance, legal, oil and gas, medical, law enforcement, national defense and related support industries. Although there can be no assurance in this regard, the Company believes that there are opportunities for Company products sales directly to, resale arrangements with and/or adoption as vendor standards by, one or more of these third parties.

We have an ongoing licensing program under which we offer licenses to a portion of our patent portfolio, technology, and software, including our secure domain name registry service, to domain infrastructure providers, communication service providers as well as to system integrators. Our GABRIEL Connection Technology™ License is offered to original equipment manufacturer (“OEM”) customers who want to adopt the GABRIEL Connection Technology™ as their solution for establishing secure connections using secure domain names within their products. We have developed GABRIEL Connection Technology™ Software Development Kit (“SDK”) to assist with rapid integration of these techniques into existing software implementations. Customers who want to develop their own implementation of the VirnetX patented techniques for supporting secure domain names, or other techniques that are covered by our patent portfolio for establishing secure communication links, can purchase a patent license. The number of patents licensed, and therefore the cost of the patent license to the customer, will depend upon which of the patents are used in a particular product or service. These licenses will typically include an initial license fee, as well as an ongoing royalty.

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We expect to continue to launch new and enhanced security platforms, software products, and services based on our GABRIEL Connection Technology™. We will provide updates to new and existing customers as they are released to the public. Many small and medium businesses have installed our software products in their corporate networks. We intend to continue to expand our customer base with targeted promotions and direct sales initiatives.

Our employees include the core development team behind our patent portfolio, technology, and software. Some members of this team have worked together for over twenty years and were on same team that invented and developed this technology while working at Leidos. The team has continued its research and development work and expanded the set of patents we acquired in 2006 from Leidos, into a larger patent portfolio. This portfolio now serves as the foundation of our products, services, and our licensing business. It is expected to generate most of our future revenue in license fees and royalties. We intend to continue our efforts to develop new products and technologies and further strengthen and expand our patent portfolio. We intend to continue using an outsourced and leveraged model to maintain efficiency and manage costs as we grow our licensing business by, for example, offering incentives to early licensing targets or asserting our rights for use of our patents.

New Accounting Pronouncements

In September 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“Update”) 2022-04, “Liabilities – Supplier Finance Programs (Subtopic 405-50): Disclosure of Supplier Finance Program Obligations”, which requires entities to disclose the key terms of supplier finance programs used in connection with the purchase of goods and services along with information about their obligations under these programs. This Update does not affect the recognition, measurement or financial statement presentation of supplier finance program obligations. The Update is effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022 and interim periods within those fiscal years, except for the rollforward requirement, which is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023. We do not have a supplier finance program currently in place, and, therefore, there was no impact on our financial position or cash flows as a result.

NYSE Deficiency

On May 12, 2023, we received a written notification from the NYSE that as of May 11, 2023, we are not in compliance with the continued listing standard set forth in Section 802.01C of the NYSE Listed Company Manual because the average closing price of our common stock was less than $1.00 per share over a consecutive 30 trading-day period. Pursuant to Section 802.01C, we can regain compliance with the minimum share price requirement if, on the last trading-day of any calendar month, our common stock has a closing share price, and a 30 trading-day average closing share price, of at least $1.00. If we do not regain compliance within six months, NYSE may commence suspension and delisting procedures with respect to our common stock. If shares of our common stock are delisted from the NYSE, there may be no public market for our common shares. Any over-the-counter or other public market that does develop would likely be characterized by decreased liquidity and greater volatility, which may materially and adversely affect the value of our common shares. We intend to notify NYSE that we intend to cure the continued listing standard deficiency and to return to compliance with Section 802.01C. However, our common stock share price may not meet the applicable requirements during the cure period ending on November 12, 2023 and there can be no assurances that further options to cure the deficiency that we may consider can or will be effectuated as an alternative to proceeding to delisting.

There can be no assurance that we regain compliance with the NYSE continued listing standard. Any potential delisting of our common stock from the NYSE would likely result in decreased liquidity and increased volatility for our common stock and would adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital or enter into strategic transactions. As of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we have not yet regained compliance with either of the above-mentioned NYSE continued listing standard.

Results of Operation

Three Months Ended March 31, 2023

Compared with the Three Months Ended March 31, 2022

(in thousands, except per share amounts)

Revenue

We recognized revenue of $2 and $5, in the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 respectively.

Licensing Costs

Licensing costs of $4 for the three months ended March 31, 2022 is a refund of licensing costs we incurred in conjunction with a favorable court decision relating to a patent infringement case.

Research and Development Expenses

Our research and development expenses increased by $141 to $1,368 for the three months ended March 31, 2023, from $1,227 for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The increase in 2023 was primarily due to higher engineering employee benefits.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Our selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $1,363 to $4,548 for the three months ended March 31, 2023, from $3,185 for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The increase is primarily due to increased legal fees and outside services.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of March 31, 2023, our cash and cash equivalents totaled approximately $97,050 and our short-term investments totaled approximately $52,367, compared to cash and cash equivalents of approximately $86,561 and short-term investments of approximately $65,462 at December 31, 2022, respectively. Working capital was $76,512 at March 31, 2023, and $151,530 at December 31, 2022.

We expect that our cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments as of March 31, 2023, will be sufficient to fund our current level of operating expense, including legal expenses, our recently declared dividend and provide related working capital for the foreseeable future. Over the longer term, we expect to derive the majority of our future revenue from license fees and royalties associated with our patent portfolio, technology, software and secure domain name registry in the United States and other markets around the world.

Dividends

On March 30, 2023, we declared a one-time cash dividend of $1 per share of common stock, payable on April 17, 2023 to shareholders of record as of the close of business on April 10, 2023. The timing and amount of future dividends, if any, will depend on market conditions, corporate business and financial considerations and regulatory requirements.

Income Taxes

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, we recognized an income tax benefit of $78 on loss before taxes of $4,545, which is an effective tax rate of 1.71%. The effective rate is lower than the statutory federal rate primarily due to the change in valuation allowance. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, we recognized an income tax benefit of $1,059 on loss before taxes of $4,379, an effective tax rate of 24.45%. The effective rate is higher than the statutory federal rate primarily due to the effect of research and development tax credits. Management determined that a full valuation allowance should be provided against net deferred income tax assets at March 31, 2023.

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Contractual Obligations

There have been no material changes to the contractual obligations disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

None.

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ITEM 3 — QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.

Interest Rate Risk

We invest our excess cash primarily in highly liquid instruments including time deposits, money market funds, and U.S. agency and treasury securities. We seek to limit the amount of our credit exposure to any one issuer.

Investments in fixed rate instruments carry a degree of interest rate risk. Fixed rate securities may have their fair market value adversely impacted due to a rise in interest rates. Due in part to these factors, our income from investments may decrease in the future.

We considered the historical volatility of short-term interest rates and determined that it was reasonably possible that an adverse change of 100 basis points could be experienced in the near term but would have an immaterial impact in the fair value of our marketable securities, which generally mature within eighteen months of March 31, 2023.

Other Market Risks

We considered the historical volatility of our stock prices and determined that it was reasonably possible that the fair market value of our stock price could increase or decrease substantially in the near term and could have a material impact to our consolidated balance sheets and statement of operations with respect to future stock-based compensation costs and other equity transactions.

ITEM 4 — CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as of March 31, 2023.

The purpose of this evaluation was to determine whether as of March 31, 2023 our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that the information we are required to disclose in our filings with the SEC, (i) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and (ii) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Based on their evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that as of March 31, 2023, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting.

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended March 31, 2023, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

We have not experienced any material impact to our internal controls over financial reporting despite the fact that most of our employees are working remotely; we are continually monitoring and assessing the impact on our internal controls to minimize the impact on their design and operating effectiveness.

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PART II — OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1 — LEGAL PROCEEDINGS – (See Note 7 — Litigation in the “Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements”)

ITEM 1A — RISK FACTORS

Our operations and financial results are subject to various risks and uncertainties, including those described below, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, and the trading price of our common and capital stock. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below in addition to the other information set forth in this Report, including in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes, before making any investment in our common stock. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently believe to be immaterial may also adversely affect our business. If any of these risk factors occur, you could lose substantial value or your entire investment in our shares.

Summary Risk Factors

An investment in our common stock involves a high degree of risk, and the following is a summary of key risk factors when considering an investment.

You should read this summary together with the more detailed description of each risk factor contained in the subheadings further below.

• Our business has been, and may continue to be, negatively affected by shareholders intent upon alternate business strategies.

• We may not generate significant sales revenues from our new software products and services.

• We are involved and will continue to be involved in litigation defending our patent portfolio, which can be time-consuming and costly, and we cannot anticipate the results.

• We may not be able to capitalize on market opportunities related to our product strategy, our licensing strategy or our patent portfolio.

• If we are not able to adequately protect our patent rights and trade secrets, our business would be negatively impacted.

• Because our business is conducted or expected to be conducted in an environment that is subject to rapid change, we may be subject to various developments in regulation, law, and consumer preferences to which we may not be able to adapt successfully.

• Our exposure to outside influences beyond our control, including new legislation, court rulings or actions by the USPTO could adversely affect our licensing and enforcement activities and results of operations.

• New legislation, regulations or court rulings related to enforcing patents could harm our business and operating results.

• Privacy and data security concerns, and data collection and transfer restrictions and related domestic or foreign regulations may limit the use and adoption of our solutions and adversely affect our business.

• If we are unable to expand our revenue sources or establish, sustain, grow, or replace relationships with a diversified customer base, our revenues may be limited.

• We have limited technical resources and are at an early stage in commercialization of our software products.

• Our international expansion will subject us to additional costs and risks, and our plans may not be successful.

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Risks Related to Our Business and Our Financial Reporting

Our business has been, and may continue to be, negatively affected by shareholders intent upon alternate business strategies.

Responding to actions by activist shareholders is costly and time-consuming, has diverted some the attention of management, our board of directors and our employees, and may be disruptive to our operations. Additionally, perceived uncertainties as to our future direction as a result of shareholder activism may lead to the perception of a change in the direction of our business or other instability, which may be exploited by our competitors, cause concern to our current or potential customers, and make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified personnel. Additionally, if customers choose to delay, defer or reduce transactions with us or do business with our competitors instead of us, then our business, financial condition and operating results would be adversely affected. In addition, our share price could experience periods of increased volatility as a result of shareholder activism.

We may not generate significant sales revenues from our new software products and services.

In March and April 2022, we launched War Room™ and VirnetX Matrix™ on our VirnetX One™ platform in the U.S. We currently expect to launch these products in Asia Pacific and Europe in fiscal year 2023. We also intend to continue to introduce new products on our VirnetX One™ platform in the future. The introduction and launch of new products is subject to significant costs, risks of slow market acceptance, and variable costs and timing of customer acquisition. While we believe our software products will be attractive to businesses, government agencies, cloud and on-premise application service providers, and OEMs, if we are unable to overcome these risks, we may never generate significant revenue from the sales of these products.

We are involved and will continue to be involved in litigation defending our patent portfolio, which can be time-consuming and costly, and we cannot anticipate the results.

We spend a significant amount of our financial and management resources to pursue our current litigation. We believe that this litigation and others that we may pursue in the future could continue for years and consume significant financial and management resources. The counterparties to our litigation include large, well-financed companies with substantially greater resources than us. Patent litigation is risky, and the outcome is uncertain, and we cannot assure you that any of our current or future litigation matters will result in a favorable outcome for us. In addition, even if we obtain favorable interim rulings or verdicts, they may be inconsistent with the ultimate resolution of the dispute. For example, the USCAFC issued its decision affirming PTAB’s decisions finding certain claims of certain patents to be unpatentable and in Apple II the federal circuit issued its decision vacating the district court’s judgment in the matter and remanding back to the district court with instruction to dismiss the case as moot, which has resulted in volatility in our stock price. Furthermore, any awards we receive may be subject to obligations to Leidos and fee arrangements with outside counsel. Also, we cannot assure you that we will not be exposed to claims or sanctions against us which may be costly or impossible for us to defend. Unfavorable or adverse outcomes may result in losses, exhaustion of financial resources, volatility in our stock price or other adverse effects, which could reduce our ability to return cash to our shareholders by way of distributions or otherwise to develop and commercialize our products.

We may not be able to capitalize on market opportunities related to our product strategy, our licensing strategy or our patent portfolio.

A large part of our business strategy includes licensing our patents and technology to other companies in order to reach a larger end-user base than we could reach through direct sales and marketing efforts; as such, our business strategy and revenues may depend on intellectual property licensing fees and royalties for the majority of our revenues. We currently derive minimal revenue from licensing activities, and royalties, and we cannot assure you that we will successfully capitalize on our market opportunities or that this portion of our business strategy will succeed.

Although to date we have entered into a limited number of settlement and license agreements, we may not be successful in entering into further licensing relationships, or if we are successful in entering into such relationships, the acquisition of them may be expensive, and they, as well as our existing settlement and our existing and pending license agreements may not generate the financial results, we expect.

Factors that may affect our ability to execute our current business strategy include, but are not limited to, the following:

• Third parties may challenge the validity of our patents;

• The pendency of our various litigations may cause potential licensees not to do business with us;

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• Our patents may expire before we can make our business strategy successful;

• We face, and we expect to continue to face, intense competition from new and established competitors who may have superior products and services or better marketing, financial or other capacities than we do; and

• It is possible that one or more of our potential customers or licensees develops or otherwise sources products or technologies similar to, competitive with or superior to ours.

If we are not able to adequately protect our patent rights and trade secrets, our business would be negatively impacted.

We believe our patents are valid, enforceable, and valuable. Notwithstanding this belief, third parties may make claims of infringement with respect to our products or services or invalidity claims with respect to our patents or become aware of our trade secrets by way of leaks from bad actors within or outside of our employee base or otherwise, and such claims could give rise to material cost for defense or settlement or both, and such claims or leaks could jeopardize or substantially delay a successful outcome of litigation we are or may become involved in, divert resources away from our other activities, limit or cease our related revenues, or otherwise materially and adversely affect our business. Additionally, several of our patents are currently, and other patents may in the future be, subject to USPTO post-grant inter partes review proceedings (“IPR”) which may result in all, or part of these patents being invalidated, or the claims of our patents being limited. Unfavorable or adverse outcomes in our litigation or IPRs or material leaks of trade secrets may result in losses, exhaustion of financial resources, reduction in our ability to protect our intellectual property rights, or other adverse effects, which could encumber our ability to develop and commercialize our products. Even if we are successful in protecting our intellectual property rights, they may not ultimately provide us with any competitive advantages and may be less valuable than we currently expect. These risks may be heightened in countries other than the United States where laws regarding patent protection are less developed and may be negatively affected by the fact that legal standards in the United States and elsewhere for protection of intellectual property rights in Internet-related businesses are uncertain and still evolving. In addition, there are a significant number of United States and foreign patents and patent applications in our areas of interest, and we expect that significant litigation in these areas will continue and will add uncertainty to the value of certain patents and other intellectual property rights in our areas of interest. If we are unable to protect our intellectual property rights or otherwise realize value from them, our business would be negatively affected.

We can provide no assurances that the licensing of our essential security patents under FRAND will be successful.

At the request of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (“ETSI”), and the Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (“ATIS”), we agreed to update our licensing declaration to ETSI and ATIS under their respective Intellectual Property Rights policies. This was in response to our Statement of Patent Holder identifying a group of our patents and patent applications that we believe are or may become essential to certain developing specifications in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project Long Term Evolution (“LTE”), Systems Architecture Evolution project. We will make available a non-exclusive patent license under FRAND (fair, reasonable and non- discriminatory terms, and conditions, with compensation) for the patents identified by us that are or become essential to applicants desiring to implement the Technical Specifications identified by us, as set forth in the updated licensing declaration under the ATIS and ETSI Intellectual Property Rights policies. Our licensing declarations under the ATIS and ETSI Intellectual Property Rights policies may limit our flexibility in determining royalties and license terms for certain of our patents. Consequently, we cannot assure you that the licensing of the essential security patents will be successful or that third parties will be willing to enter into licenses with us on reasonable terms or at all, which could have an adverse effect on our business and harm our competitive position.

Because our business is conducted or expected to be conducted in an environment that is subject to rapid change, we may be subject to various developments in regulation, law, and consumer preferences to which we may not be able to adapt successfully.

The current regulatory environment for our products and services remains unclear. We can give no assurance that our planned product offerings will be in compliance with laws and regulations of local, state, United States federal or foreign authorities. Further, we can give no assurance that we will not unintentionally violate such laws or regulations or that such laws or regulations will not be modified, or that new laws or regulations will be enacted in the future which would cause us to be in violation of such laws or regulations. For example, Voice-Over-Internet Protocol (“VoIP”) services are not currently subject to all the same regulations that apply to traditional telephony, but it is possible that similar regulations may be applied to VoIP in the future and that these could result in substantial costs to us which could adversely affect the marketability of our products and planned products related to VoIP. For further example, the use of the Internet and private Internet Protocol (“IP”) networks for communication is largely unregulated within the United States, but may become regulated in the future; additionally, several foreign governments have enacted measures that could restrict or prohibit voice communications services over the Internet or private IP networks.

Our business depends on the growth of instant messaging, VoIP, mobile services, streaming video, file transfer and remote desktop and other next-generation Internet-based applications. A decline in the use of these applications due to complexity or cost relative to alternate traditional or newly developed communications channels, or development of alternative technologies, could cause a material decline in the number of users in these areas.

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More aggressive domestic or international regulation of the Internet in general, and Internet telephony providers and services specifically, may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results, and future prospects.

Our exposure to outside influences beyond our control, including new legislation, court rulings or actions by the USPTO, could adversely affect our licensing and enforcement activities and results of operations.

Our licensing and enforcement activities are subject to numerous risks from outside influences, including the following:

• New legislation, regulations or rules related to obtaining patents or enforcing patents could significantly increase our operating costs and decrease our revenue. For instance, the United States Supreme Court has modified some tests used by the USPTO in granting patents during the past 20 years which may decrease the likelihood that we will be able to obtain patents and increase the likelihood of challenge of any patents we obtain or license. In addition, in 2012, the United States enacted sweeping changes to the United States patent system under the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, including changes that transition the United States from a “first-to-invent” system to a “first to file” system and alter the processes for challenging issued patents;

• More patent applications are filed each year resulting in longer delays in getting patents issued by the USPTO;

• Federal courts are becoming more crowded, and as a result, patent enforcement litigation is taking longer; and

• As patent enforcement becomes more prevalent, it may become more difficult for us to voluntarily license our patents.

New legislation, regulations or court rulings related to enforcing patents could harm our business and operating results.

Intellectual property is the subject of intense scrutiny by the courts, legislatures, and executive branches of governments around the world. Various patent offices, governments or intergovernmental bodies may implement new legislation, regulations or rulings that impact the patent enforcement process, or the rights of patent holders and such changes could negatively affect licensing efforts and/or litigations. For example, limitations on the ability to bring patent enforcement claims, limitations on potential liability for patent infringement, lower evidentiary standards for invalidating patents, increases in the cost to resolve patent disputes and other similar developments could negatively affect our ability to assert our patent or other intellectual property rights.

It is impossible to determine the extent of the impact of any new laws, regulations or initiatives that may be proposed, or whether any of the proposals will become enacted as laws. Compliance with any new or existing laws or regulations could be difficult and expensive, affect the manner in which we conduct our business and negatively impact our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations.

If we experience security breaches or incidents, we could be exposed to liability and our reputation and business could suffer.

We expect to retain certain confidential and proprietary customer information in our secure data centers and secure domain name registry, as well as personal data and other confidential and proprietary information relating to our business. It will be critical to our business strategy that our facilities and infrastructure remain secure and are perceived by the marketplace to be secure. Our secure domain name registry operations will also depend on our ability to maintain our computer and telecommunications equipment in effective working order and to reasonably protect our systems against interruption, and potentially depend on protection by other registrars in the shared registration system. The secure domain name servers that we will operate will be critical hardware to our registry services operations. Additionally, we maintain confidential and proprietary business information, including trade secrets. We expect to have to expend significant time and money to maintain or increase the security of our products, facilities, and infrastructure. Security technologies are constantly being tested by computer professionals, academics and “hackers.” Advances in computer capabilities and the techniques for attacking security solutions, new discoveries in the field of cryptography or other events or developments could result in compromises or breaches of our security measures and could make some or all our products obsolete or unmarketable. Likewise, we may need to dedicate engineering and other resources to eliminate security vulnerabilities and may find it necessary or appropriate to repair or replace products already sold or licensed to our customers. Despite the security measures that we and our service providers utilize, our infrastructure and that of our service providers may be vulnerable to physical break-ins, ransomware, computer viruses, other malicious code attacks by hackers, phishing attacks, social engineering, or similar disruptive problems. Any disruption or security breach or incident that we or our service providers suffer or are perceived to suffer, including any such disruption, breach or incident resulting in a loss of, or damage to, data or systems, or inappropriate disclosure, access, loss, or other processing of confidential, financial, proprietary or personal information, including data related to our personnel, could result in loss, disclosure or other unauthorized processing of such data, could delay our research and development or commercialization efforts, could compel us to comply with breach notification laws and regulations, subject us to mandatory corrective action, and otherwise subject us to liability under laws and regulations that protect the privacy and security of personal information.  It is possible that we may have to expend additional financial and other resources to address such problems. The increase in remote work by our personnel and those of third parties, in recent years has resulted in increased vulnerability to cyber-attacks. As a provider of Internet security software and technology, we may be the target of dedicated efforts by hackers and other third parties to overcome or defeat our security measures. Any physical or electronic break-in or other security breach or incident or compromise impacting our products or any information stored at our secure data centers and domain name registration systems, including any compromise due to human error or employee or contractor malfeasance, may jeopardize the security of information stored on our premises or in the computer systems and networks of our customers. Additionally, any such data security incident, or the perception that one has occurred could also result in adverse publicity, harm to our reputation and competitive position, and therefore adversely affect the market’s perception of the security of electronic commerce and communications over IP networks as well as the security or reliability of our services.

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A security breach or other security incident, or the perception any such event has occurred, could require a substantial level of financial resources to address and otherwise respond to, may be difficult to identify or address in a timely manner, and could result in claims, investigations, inquiries, and other proceedings or actions by private parties or governmental entities that may divert management’s attention and require the expenditure of significant time and resources, and which may cause us to incur substantial fines, penalties, or other liability and related legal and other costs. Any actual or perceived security breach or other security incident may also harm our reputation, result in a loss of customers, and make it more difficult or impossible for us to successfully market to others. Any of the foregoing matters could harm our operating results and financial condition.

Privacy and data security concerns, and data collection and transfer restrictions and related domestic or foreign regulations may limit the use and adoption of our solutions and adversely affect our business.

Personal privacy, information security, and data protection are significant issues in the United States, Europe, and many other jurisdictions where we have operations or offer our products. The regulatory framework governing the collection, processing, storage and use of confidential and proprietary business information and personal data is rapidly evolving. The United States federal and various state and foreign governments have adopted or proposed requirements regarding the collection, distribution, use, security and storage of personally identifiable information and other data relating to individuals, and federal and state consumer protection laws are being applied to enforce regulations related to the online collection, use and dissemination of data.

Further, many foreign countries and governmental bodies, including the European Union (“EU”), where we conduct business, have laws and regulations concerning the collection and use of personal data obtained from their residents or by businesses operating within their jurisdiction. These laws and regulations often are more restrictive than those in the United States. Laws and regulations in these jurisdictions apply broadly to the collection, use, storage, disclosure, and security of data that identifies or may be used to identify or locate an individual, such as names, email addresses and, in some jurisdictions, IP addresses.

We also expect that there will continue to be new proposed laws, regulations and industry standards concerning privacy, data protection and information security in the United States, the EU, and other jurisdictions. For example, the European Commission adopted a General Data Protection Regulation (the “GDPR”) that became fully effective on May 25, 2018, superseding prior EU data protection legislation, imposing more stringent EU data protection requirements, and providing for greater penalties for noncompliance. The United Kingdom has enacted a Data Protection Act and legislation referred to as the UK GDPR that substantially implements the GDPR, and provides for a penalty regime similar to the GDPR. We may be required to incur substantial expense in order to make significant changes to our product and business operations in connection with obtaining and maintaining compliance with the GDPR and similar legislation, such as the UK GDPR and UK Data Protection Act, all of which may adversely affect our revenue and product sales. California has enacted legislation, the California Consumer Privacy Act (the “CCPA”) that, among other things, requires covered companies to provide disclosures to California consumers, and afford such consumers abilities to opt-out of certain sales of personal information. The CCPA was modified and expanded by the California Privacy Rights Act (the “CPRA”), which was approved by California voters in the November 2020 election. Additionally, other U.S. states continue to propose, and in certain cases adopt, privacy-focused legislation. For example, Virginia, Colorado, Utah, and Connecticut have all enacted legislation that has become, or will become, effective in  2023. Iowa and Indiana have enacted similar legislation that becomes effective in 2025 and 2026, respectively. We cannot yet fully determine the impact these or future laws, regulations and standards may have on our business, but they may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies and to incur substantial costs and expenses in an effort to comply. Privacy, data protection and information security laws and regulations are often subject to differing interpretations, may be inconsistent among jurisdictions, and may be alleged to be inconsistent with our current or future practices. Additionally, we may be bound by contractual requirements applicable to our collection, use, processing, and disclosure of various types of data, including personal data, and may be bound by, or voluntarily comply with, self-regulatory or other industry standards relating to these matters. These and other requirements could reduce demand for our products, increase our costs, impair our ability to grow our business, or restrict our ability to store and process data or, in some cases, impact our ability to offer our service in some locations and may subject us to liability. Any failure or perceived failure to comply with applicable laws, regulations, industry standards, and contractual obligations may adversely affect our business. Further, in view of new or modified federal, state, or foreign laws and regulations, industry standards, contractual obligations and other legal obligations, or any changes in their interpretation, we may find it necessary or desirable to fundamentally change our business activities and practices or to expend significant resources to modify our product and otherwise adapt to these changes. We may be unable to make such changes and modifications in a commercially reasonable manner or at all, and our ability to develop new products and features could be limited.

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The costs of compliance with and other burdens imposed by laws, regulations and standards may limit the use and adoption of our service and reduce overall demand for it, or lead to significant fines, penalties, or liabilities for any noncompliance. Privacy, information security, and data protection concerns, whether valid or not valid, may inhibit market adoption of our platform, particularly in certain industries and foreign countries.

We expect that we will experience long and unpredictable sales cycles, which may impact our operating results.

The sales cycle between initial customer contact and execution of a contract or license agreement with a customer or purchaser of our products can vary widely. We expect that our sales cycles will be long and unpredictable due to several factors, including but not limited to:

• The need to educate potential customers about our patent rights and our product and service capabilities;

• Our customers’ willingness to invest potentially substantial resources and modify their network infrastructures to take advantage of our products;

• Our customers’ budgetary constraints;

• The timing of our customers’ budget cycles;

• Delays caused by customers’ internal review processes; and

• Long sales cycles that may increase the risk that our financial resources are exhausted before we are able to generate significant revenue.

In addition, potential customers of our products include local, state, federal and foreign government authorities. Sales to government authorities can be extended and unpredictable. Government authorities generally have complex budgeting, purchasing, and regulatory processes that govern their capital spending, and their spending is likely to be adversely impacted by economic conditions. In addition, in many instances, sales to government authorities may require field trials and may be delayed by the time it takes for government officials to evaluate multiple competing bids, negotiate terms, and award contracts.

For these reasons, the sales cycle associated with our products is subject to a number of significant risks that are beyond our control. Consequently, if customer orders are not realized or delayed, our revenues and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

If we are unable to expand our revenue sources or establish, sustain, grow, or replace relationships with a diversified customer base, our revenues may be limited.

We currently generate revenue from a limited number of customers that have entered into settlement and license agreements. Our software products and services currently generate limited revenue, and it will take time for us to grow our installed user base and generate new customers. Additionally, there is no guarantee that we will be able to derive revenue from new customers, sustain or increase revenue from existing customers or replace customers from whom we currently generate revenue. As a result, our revenue may be limited or static, or it may cease entirely.

We have limited technical resources and are at an early stage in commercialization of our VirnetX One™ platform and software products.

Part of our business includes the internal development of commercial products we seek to monetize. This aspect of our business may require significant capital, time and resources and we cannot guarantee that it will be successful or meet our expectations. As such, we have a small technical team, which may limit our ability to rapidly adapt our product to customer requirements or add new product features to maintain our competitive edge and drive adoption.

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Based on the scale of our technical resources, our limited historical financial data upon which to base our projected revenue or planned operating expenses related to our software products and services, we may not be able to effectively:

• Generate revenues or profit from product sales;

• Drive adoption of our products;

• Attract and retain customers for our products;

• Provide appropriate levels of customer training and support for our products;

• Implement an effective marketing strategy to promote awareness of our products;

• Focus our research and development efforts in areas that generate returns on our efforts;

• Anticipate and adapt to changes in our market; or

• Protect our products from any system failures or other breaches.

In addition, a high percentage of our expenses are and will continue to be fixed. Accordingly, if we do not generate revenue as and when anticipated, our losses may be greater than expected and our operating results will suffer.

Our products are highly technical and may contain undetected errors, which could cause harm to our reputation and adversely affect our business.

Our products are highly technical and complex and, when deployed, may contain errors or defects. Despite testing, some errors in our products may only be discovered after a product has been installed and used by customers. Any errors or defects discovered in our products after commercial release could result in failure to achieve market acceptance, loss of revenue or delay in revenue recognition, loss of customers and increased service and warranty cost, any of which could adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition. In addition, we could face claims for product liability, tort, or breach of warranty, including claims relating to changes to our products made by our channel partners. The performance of our products could have unforeseen or unknown adverse effects on the networks over which they are delivered as well as on third-party applications and services that utilize our services, which could result in legal claims against us, harming our business. Furthermore, we expect to provide implementation, consulting, and other technical services in connection with the implementation and ongoing maintenance of our products, which typically involves working with sophisticated software, computing, and communications systems. We expect that our contracts with customers will contain provisions relating to warranty disclaimers and liability limitations, which may not be upheld. Defending a lawsuit, regardless of its merit, is costly and may divert management’s attention and adversely affect the market’s perception of us and our products. In addition, if our business liability insurance coverage proves inadequate or future coverage is unavailable on acceptable terms or at all, our business, operating results, and financial condition could be adversely impacted.

Malfunctions of third-party communications infrastructure, hardware and software expose us to a variety of risks that we cannot control.

Our business will depend upon, among other things, the capacity, reliability, security, and unimpeded access of the infrastructure owned by third parties that we will use to deploy our offerings. We have no control over the operation, quality, or maintenance of a significant portion of that infrastructure or whether those third parties will upgrade or improve their equipment. We depend on these companies to maintain the operational integrity of our connections. If one or more of these companies is unable or unwilling to supply or expand its levels of service to us in the future, our operations could be severely interrupted. Also, to the extent that the number of users of networks utilizing our current or future products suddenly increases, the technology platform and secure hosting services which will be required to accommodate a higher volume of traffic may result in slower response times or service interruptions. System interruptions or increases in response time could result in a loss of potential or existing users and, if sustained or repeated, could reduce the appeal of the networks to users. In addition, users depend on real-time communications; outages caused by increased traffic could result in delays and system failures. These types of occurrences could cause users to perceive that our solution does not function properly and could therefore adversely affect our ability to attract and retain licensees, strategic partners, and customers.

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System failure or interruption or our failure to meet increasing demands on our systems could harm our business.

The success of our license and service offerings will depend on the uninterrupted operation of various systems, secure data centers and other computer and communication networks that we establish. To the extent, the number of users of networks utilizing our future products suddenly increases, the technology platform and hosting services which will be required to accommodate a higher volume of traffic may result in slower response times, service interruptions or delays or system failures. Our systems and operations will also be vulnerable to damage or interruption from, among other things:

• Power loss, transmission cable cuts and other telecommunications failures;

• Damage or interruption caused by fire, earthquake, and other natural disasters;

• Computer viruses or software defects; and

• Physical or electronic break-ins, sabotage, intentional acts of vandalism, terrorist attacks and other events beyond our control.

System interruptions or failures and increases or delays in response time could result in a loss of potential or existing users and, if sustained or repeated, could reduce the appeal of the networks to users. These types of occurrences could cause users to perceive that our solution does not function properly and could therefore adversely affect our ability to attract and retain licensees, strategic partners, and customers.

Any significant problem with our systems or operations could result in lost revenue, customer dissatisfaction or lawsuits against us. A failure in the operation of our secure domain name registration system could result in the inability of one or more registrars to register and maintain secure domain names for a period of time. A failure in the operation or update of the master directory that we plan to maintain could result in deletion or discontinuation of assigned secure domain names for a period of time. The inability of the registrar systems we establish, including our back-office billing and collections infrastructure, and telecommunications systems to meet the demands of an increasing number of secure domain name requests could result in substantial degradation in our customer support service and our ability to process registration requests in a timely manner.

Our ability to sell our solutions will be dependent on the quality of our technical support, and our failure to deliver high-quality technical support services could have a material adverse effect on our sales and results of operations.

If we do not effectively assist our customers in deploying our products, succeed in helping our customers quickly resolve post deployment issues and provide effective ongoing support, or if potential customers perceive that we may not be able achieve to the foregoing, our ability to sell our products would be adversely affected, and our reputation with current and potential customers could be harmed. In addition, as we expand our operations internationally, our technical support team will face additional challenges, including those associated with delivering support, training, and documentation in languages other than English. Our failure to deliver and maintain high-quality technical support services to our customers could result in customers choosing to use our competitors’ products and support services instead of ours in the future.

Our international expansion will subject us to additional costs and risks, and our plans may not be successful.

We expect to expand our presence internationally in Japan and elsewhere through third party arrangements such as international partnerships, joint ventures and potentially establishing international subsidiaries and offices. Our international expansion may present challenges and risks, including those inherent in international operations, to us and may require significant attention from management. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic has and could continue to disrupt and slow our international expansion and partnership efforts, as our international partners’ businesses could continue to be disrupted. We may not be successful in our international partnerships, expansion efforts, and we may incur significant operating expenses in our efforts to expand internationally.

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Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

We do not regularly pay dividends on our common stock and thus stockholders must look to appreciation of our common stock to realize a gain on their investments.

Our dividend policy is within the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend upon various factors, including our business, financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, and investment opportunities. We therefore cannot make assurances that our Board of Directors will determine to pay regular or special dividends in the future. Accordingly, unless our Board of Directors determines to pay dividends, stockholders will be required to look to appreciation of our common stock to realize a gain on their investment, which may not occur.

The exercise of our outstanding stock options, warrants, and RSUs and issuance of new shares would result in a dilution of our current stockholders’ voting power and an increase in the number of shares eligible for future resale in the public market which may negatively impact the market price of our stock.

The exercise of our outstanding vested stock options, warrants, and RSUs would dilute the ownership interests of our existing stockholders. As of March 31, 2023, we had outstanding options, warrants and RSUs to purchase an aggregate of 7,353,129 shares of common stock representing approximately 10% of our total shares outstanding of which 5,398,199 were vested and therefore exercisable. To the extent outstanding stock options or warrants are exercised, additional shares of common stock will be issued, existing stockholders’ percentage voting interests will decline and the number of shares eligible for resale in the public market will increase. Such increase may have a negative effect on the value or market trading price of our common stock.

Because ownership of our common stock is concentrated, investors may have limited influence on stockholder decisions.

As of March 31, 2023, our executive officers and directors beneficially owned approximately 14% of our outstanding common stock. Because of their beneficial ownership interest, our officers and directors could significantly influence stockholder actions of which you disapprove or that are contrary to your interests. This ability to exercise significant influence could prevent or significantly delay another company from acquiring or merging with us.

Our protective provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws could make it difficult for a third party to successfully acquire us even if you would like to sell your stock to them.

We have a number of protective provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws that could delay, discourage, or prevent a third party from acquiring control of us without the approval of our Board of Directors. These protective provisions include:

• A staggered Board of Directors: This means that only one or two directors (since we have a five-person Board of Directors) will be up for election at any given annual meeting. This has the effect of delaying the ability of stockholders to affect a change in control of us because it would take two annual meetings to effectively replace a majority of the Board of Directors.

• Blank check preferred stock: Our Board of Directors has the authority to establish the rights, preferences, and privileges of our 10,000,000 authorized, but unissued, shares of preferred stock. Therefore, this stock may be issued at the discretion of our Board of Directors with preferences over your shares of our common stock in a manner that is materially dilutive to you. In addition, blank check preferred stock can be used to create a “poison pill” which is designed to deter a hostile bidder from buying a controlling interest in our stock without the approval of our Board of Directors. We have not adopted such a “poison pill;” but our Board of Directors has the ability to do so in the future, very rapidly and without stockholder approval.

• Advance notice requirements for director nominations and for business to be brought before stockholder meetings: Stockholders wishing to submit director nominations or raise matters to a vote of the stockholders must provide notice to us within very specific date windows and in very specific form in order to have the matter voted on at a stockholder meeting. This has the effect of giving our Board of Directors and management more time to react to stockholder proposals generally and could also have the effect of permitting us to disregard a stockholder proposal to the extent such proposal is not submitted in accordance with the bylaws.

• No stockholder actions by written consent: No stockholder or group of stockholders may take action by written consent. Along with the advance notice requirements described above, this provision also gives our Board of Directors and management more time to react to proposed stockholder actions.

• Super majority requirement for stockholder amendments to the bylaws: Stockholder proposals to alter or amend our bylaws or to adopt new bylaws can only be approved by the affirmative vote of at least 66 2/3% of the outstanding shares of our common stock.

• No ability of stockholders to call a special meeting of the stockholders: A special meeting of the stockholders, other than as required by statute, may be called at any time by the Board of Directors, or by the chairman of the board, or by the president, but a special meeting may not be called by any other person or persons and any power of stockholders to call a special meeting of stockholders is specifically denied. This could mean that stockholders, even those who represent a significant percentage of our shares of common stock, may need to wait for the annual meeting before nominating directors or raising other business proposals to be voted on by the stockholders.

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In addition, the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law govern us. These provisions may prohibit large stockholders, particularly those owning 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock, from merging or combining with us for a certain period of time.

These and other provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, our bylaws and under Delaware law could discourage potential takeover attempts, reduce the price that investors might be willing to pay for shares of our common stock in the future and result in the market price being lower than it would be without these provisions.

Our amended and restated bylaws designate a state or federal court located within the State of Delaware as the exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to choose the judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.

Our amended and restated bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the sole and exclusive forum for (1) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (2) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, stockholders, officers, or other employees to us or our stockholders, (3) any action arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, or our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or amended and restated bylaws or (4) any other action asserting a claim that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine shall be the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if the Court of Chancery does not have jurisdiction, another State court in Delaware or the federal district court for the District of Delaware), in all cases subject to the court having jurisdiction over indispensable parties named as defendants.

However, notwithstanding the exclusive forum provisions, our amended and restated bylaws explicitly state that they would not preclude the filing of claims brought to enforce any liability or duty created under federal securities laws, including the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.

Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in any of our securities shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to this provision. This exclusive-forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum of its choosing for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers, and other employees. If a court were to find this exclusive-forum provision in our amended and restated bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving the dispute in other jurisdictions, which could harm our results of operations.

We are not in compliance with the continued listing standard set forth in Section 802.01C of the NYSE Listed Company Manual, and, as a result, shares of our common stock may be delisted from the NYSE.

On May 12, 2023, we received a written notification from the NYSE that as of May 11, 2023, we are not in compliance with the continued listing standard set forth in Section 802.01C of the NYSE Listed Company Manual because the average closing price of our common stock was less than $1.00 per share over a consecutive 30 trading-day period. Pursuant to Section 802.01C, we can regain compliance with the minimum share price requirement if, on the last trading-day of any calendar month, our common stock has a closing share price, and a 30 trading-day average closing share price, of at least $1.00. If we do not regain compliance within six months, NYSE may commence suspension and delisting procedures with respect to our common stock. If shares of our common stock are delisted from the NYSE, there may be no public market for our common shares. Any over-the-counter or other public market that does develop would likely be characterized by decreased liquidity and greater volatility, which may materially and adversely affect the value of our common shares. We intend to notify NYSE that we intend to cure the continued listing standard deficiency and to return to compliance with Section 802.01C. However, our common stock share price may not meet the applicable requirements during the cure period ending on November 12, 2023 and there can be no assurances that further options to cure the deficiency that we may consider can or will be effectuated as an alternative to proceeding to delisting.

A delisting of our common stock could negatively impact our company and holders of our common stock, including by reducing the willingness of investors to hold our common stock because of the resulting decreased price, liquidity and trading of our common stock, limited availability of price quotations, and reduced news and analyst coverage. These developments may also require brokers trading in our common stock to adhere to more stringent rules and may limit our ability to raise capital by issuing additional shares of common stock in the future. Delisting may adversely impact the perception of our financial condition, cause reputational harm with investors, our employees and parties conducting business with us, and limit our access to debt and equity financing. The perceived decrease in value of employee equity incentive awards may reduce their effectiveness in encouraging performance and retention.

General Risk Factors

We may need to raise additional capital to support our business growth, and this capital may be dilutive, may cause our stock price to drop or may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all.

We may need to raise additional capital, which may not be available to us when needed or may not be available on terms acceptable to us, to support our business growth or to respond to business opportunities, challenges, or unforeseen circumstances, including sales under our past and any future shelf registration statements. Our ability to obtain additional capital, if and when required, will depend on our business plans, investor demand, our operating performance, the condition of the capital markets, the terms of our current contractual obligations and other factors.

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If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity, equity-linked or debt securities, including those under our past and any future shelf registration statements, those securities may have rights, preferences, or privileges senior to the rights of our common stock, and our existing stockholders may experience dilution. Additionally, we are unable to predict the future success of any future offerings. Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that these sales or other financings might occur, could depress the market price of our common stock, and could also impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. If we issue debt securities or incur indebtedness, we could experience increased future payment obligations and a need to comply with restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, limitations on our ability to acquire, sell or license intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. If we are unable to obtain additional capital or are unable to obtain additional capital on satisfactory terms, our ability to continue to support our business growth or to respond to business opportunities, challenges, or other circumstances could be adversely affected, and our business may be harmed.

The departure of Kendall Larsen, our Chief Executive Officer and President, and/or other key personnel could compromise our ability to execute our strategic plan and materially harm our business.

Our success depends on the skills, experience, and performance of our key personnel. Due to the specialized nature of our business and limited staff, we are particularly dependent on Kendall Larsen, our Chief Executive Officer and President. We have no employment agreements with any of our key executives that prevent them from leaving us at any time. In addition, we do not maintain key person life insurance for any of our officers or key employees. The loss of Mr. Larsen, or our failure to retain other key personnel or plan for the succession of key personnel, would jeopardize our ability to execute our strategic plan and materially harm our business.

We will need to recruit and retain additional qualified personnel to successfully grow our business.

Our future success will depend, in part, on our ability to attract and retain qualified engineering, operations, marketing, sales and executive personnel. Inability to attract and retain such personnel could adversely affect our business. Competition for engineering, operations, marketing, sales, and executive personnel is intense, particularly in the technology and Internet sectors and in the regions where we conduct our business. We may need to invest significant amounts of cash and equity to attract and retain employees and expend significant time and resources to identify, recruit, train and integrate such employees, and we may never realize returns on these investments. Additionally, we can provide no assurance that we will attract or retain such personnel.

We have incurred and will continue to incur significant costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management will be required to continue to devote substantial time to various compliance initiatives.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, as well as other rules implemented by the SEC and the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”), impose various requirements on public companies, including requiring changes in corporate governance practices. These and proposed corporate governance laws and regulations under consideration may further increase our compliance costs. If compliance with these various legal and regulatory requirements diverts our management’s attention from other business concerns, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we assess the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting annually and disclosure controls and procedures quarterly. If we are unable to assert in any future reporting periods that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, we could lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, which would have an adverse effect on our share price.

There are inherent uncertainties involved in estimates, judgments and assumptions used in the preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Any changes in estimates, judgments and assumptions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP involves making estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets (including intangible assets), liabilities and related reserves, revenues, expenses, and income. Estimates, judgments, and assumptions are inherently subject to change in the future, and any such changes could result in corresponding changes to the amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses, and income. Any such changes could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

Our results of operations and financial condition could be materially affected by the enactment of legislation implementing changes in the U.S. or foreign taxation of international business activities or the adoption of other tax reform policies.

As we expand the scale of our international business activities, any changes in the U.S. or foreign taxation of such activities may increase our worldwide effective tax rate and harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition. For example, the current administration has proposed to increase the U.S. corporate income tax rate, increase U.S. taxation of international business operations, and impose a global minimum tax which has agreement from, many countries and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Also, starting in fiscal year 2022, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 requires taxpayers to capitalize research and development expenditures and to amortize domestic expenditures over five years and foreign expenditures over fifteen years. If Congress does not modify or repeal this provision, it may reduce our cash flows. Further, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “IRA”) became effective beginning on January 1, 2023, which imposes, among others, a 15% alternative minimum income tax on certain corporations and a 1% excise tax on certain stock buybacks. We do not currently expect that the IRA will have a material impact on our income tax liability. Other countries have recently proposed or recommended changes to existing tax laws or have enacted new laws that could impact our tax obligations in countries where we do business or cause us to change the way we operate our business. The impact of future changes to U.S. and foreign tax law on our business is uncertain and could be adverse, and we will continue to monitor and assess the impact of any such changes on our future tax provisions.

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War, terrorism, other acts of violence, or natural or manmade disasters as well as macroeconomic conditions may affect the markets in which we operate, our clients and our service delivery.

Our business may be adversely affected by instability, disruption, or destruction in a geographic region in which we operate, regardless of cause, including war, terrorism, riot, civil insurrection, or social unrest, and natural or manmade disasters, including famine, flood, fire, earthquake, storm, or pandemic events and spread of disease, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Our business may also be adversely affected by further downturn in macroeconomic conditions, including rising inflation and interest rates, global political and economic uncertainty and tensions, such as the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict as well as any related political or economic response, counter responses or otherwise, financial services sector instability, a reduction in business confidence and activity, financial market volatility, and other factors. Such events can adversely affect our operations or the economy as a whole and may cause our customers to delay their decisions on spending for the services we provide and perpetuate significant changes in regional and global economic conditions and cycles. These events may also pose risks to our personnel and to physical facilities and operations, which could adversely affect our financial results.

Trading in our common stock is limited and the price of our common shares may be subject to substantial volatility.

Our common stock is currently listed on the NYSE and was previously listed on the NYSE American LLC (formerly the NYSE MKT LLC). Over the past years, the market price of our common stock has experienced significant fluctuations. Between April 1, 2022, and March 31, 2023, the adjusted closing price on the NYSE for our common stock ranged between $1.03 and $2.18 per share. The price of our common stock may continue to be volatile as a result of several factors, some of which are beyond our control. These factors include, but not limited to, the following:

• Developments or lack thereof in any then-outstanding litigation;

• Quarterly variations in our operating results;

• Large purchases or sales of common stock or derivative transactions related to our stock;

• Actual or anticipated announcements of new products or services by us or competitors;

• General conditions in the markets in which we compete; and

• General social, political, economic, and financial conditions, including the significant volatility in the global financial markets.

In addition, we believe there has been and may continue to be substantial trading in derivatives of our stock, including short selling activity or related similar activities, which are beyond our control, and which may be beyond the full control of the SEC and Financial Institutions Regulatory Authority or “FINRA.” While the SEC and FINRA rules prohibit some forms of short selling and other activities that may result in stock price manipulation, such activity may nonetheless occur without detection or enforcement. We have held conversations with regulators concerning trading activity in our stock; however, there can be no assurance that should there be any illegal manipulation in the trading of our stock, it will be detected, prosecuted, or successfully eradicated. Significant short selling market manipulation could cause our stock trading price to decline, to become more volatile, or both. For more information regarding trading in our common stock and listing on the NYSE, see additional risk factors included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

The market price of our common stock has been and may continue to be volatile, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

The trading price of our common stock has been historically volatile and is likely to continue to be volatile. Factors that could cause fluctuations in the market price of our common stock include, but are not limited to the following:

• Price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market from time to time, including fluctuations due to general economic uncertainty or negative market sentiment;

• Volatility in the market prices and trading volumes of companies in our industry or companies that investors consider comparable;

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• Changes in operating performance and stock market valuations of other companies generally, or those in our industry;

• Sales of shares of our common stock by us or our stockholders;

• Failure of securities analysts to maintain coverage of us, changes in financial estimates by securities analysts who follow us, or our failure to meet these estimates or the expectations of investors;

• The financial projections we may provide to the public, any changes in those projections or our failure to meet those projections;

• Announcements by us or our competitors of new products or services;

• The public’s reaction to court rulings, our press releases, other public announcements, and filings with the SEC;

• Rumors and market speculation involving us or other companies in our industry;

• Actual or anticipated changes in our results of operations;

• Actual or anticipated developments in our business, our competitors’ businesses, or the competitive landscape generally;

• Litigation involving us, our industry or both, or investigations by regulators into our operations or those of our competitors;

• Announced or completed acquisitions of businesses or technologies by us or our competitors;

• New laws or regulations or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations applicable to our business;

• Changes in accounting standards, policies, guidelines, interpretations, or principles;

• Any significant change in our management;

• Other events or factors, including those resulting from war, incidents of terrorism, pandemics, or responses to these events;  and

• General economic conditions such as rising inflation or interest rates in the United States and slow or negative growth of our markets.

Further, in recent years the stock markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. These fluctuations often have been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. In addition, the stock prices of many technology companies have experienced wide fluctuations that have often been unrelated to the operating performance of those companies. These broad market and industry fluctuations, as well as general economic, political and market conditions such as recessions, government shutdowns, global pandemics (such as the COVID-19 pandemic), interest rate changes the stability of the EU including, but not limited to, effects from the exit of the United Kingdom, the Russia-Ukraine conflict  or international currency fluctuations, may cause the market price of our common stock to decline. In the past, following periods of volatility in the overall market and the market price of a particular company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against these companies.

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We have broad discretion in how we apply our funds, and we may not use these funds effectively, which could affect our results of operations and cause our stock price to decline.

Our management has broad discretion in the application of our existing cash, cash equivalents and investments and could spend these funds in ways that do not improve our results of operations or enhance the value of our common stock. Pending their use, we may invest our available funds in a manner that does not produce income or that loses value. The failure by our management to apply our available funds effectively could result in financial losses that could cause the price of our common stock to decline and delay the development of our products.

In addition, an entity that, among other things, is or holds itself out as being engaged primarily, or proposes to engage primarily, in the business of investing, reinvesting, owning, trading, or holding certain types of securities would be deemed an Investment Company under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the “1940 Act”). If we do not manage our investments and business in a manner that meets the requirements for an exemption under the 1940 Act, we may be deemed to be an investment company under the 1940 Act and subject to additional limitations on operating our business including limitations on the issuance of securities, which may make it difficult for us to raise capital.

The market price of our common stock may decline because our operating results may not be consistent and may be difficult to predict.

Our operating results have fluctuated in the past due to several factors. We expect that our future operating results may also fluctuate due to the same or similar factors. We had a net loss of $4.5 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2023. We had a net loss of $36.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. We had a net loss of $42.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. As of March 31, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of $163.1 million. The following include some of the factors that may cause our operating results to fluctuate:

• The outcome of actions to enforce our intellectual property rights currently in progress or that we may undertake in the future, and the timing thereof such as Apple II;

• The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our sales cycle and results;

• The amount and timing of receipt of license fees from potential infringers, licensees, or customers;

• The rate of adoption of our patented technologies;

• The number of new license arrangements we may execute, or that may expire, within a particular period and the scope of those licenses, including the number of our patents which are licensed, the extent of prior infringement of our patent rights, royalty rates, timing of payment obligations, expiration date etc.;

• The success of a licensee in selling products that use our patented technologies; and

• The amount and timing of expenses related to our patent filings and enforcement proceedings, including litigation, related to our intellectual property rights.

These fluctuations may make our business particularly difficult to manage, adversely affect our business and operating results, make our operating results difficult for investors to predict and, further, cause our results to fall below investor’s expectations and adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

ITEM 5 — OTHER INFORMATION

On May 12, 2023, we received a written notification (the “Notice”) from the NYSE that as of May 11, 2023, we are not in compliance with the continued listing standard set forth in Section 802.01C of the NYSE Listed Company Manual because the average closing price of our common stock was less than $1.00 per share over a consecutive 30 trading-day period.

Pursuant to Section 802.01C, we have a period of six months following the receipt of the Notice to regain compliance with the minimum price criteria. In accordance with Section 802.01C, we plan to notify the NYSE within 10 business days of our receipt of the Notice of our intent to cure the deficiency, which may include, if necessary, effecting a reverse stock split, subject to approval by our board of directors and stockholders. We are already undertaking business initiatives and other actions that we believe will increase stockholder value and drive share price increases.

We may regain compliance with the minimum price criteria at any time during the six-month cure period if, on the last trading day of any calendar month during the cure period, we have (i) a closing share price of at least $1.00, and (ii) an average closing share price of at least $1.00 over the 30 trading-day period ending on the last trading day of that month.

The Notice has no immediate impact on the listing of our common stock, which will continue to be listed and traded on the NYSE during this period, subject to our compliance with the other continued listing requirements of the NYSE.

The Notice does not affect our business operations or reporting obligations with the SEC. We fully intend to regain compliance and will take necessary action to ensure that our common stock is not delisted.

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ITEM 6 — EXHIBITS

		Incorporated by reference herein
Exhibit Number	Description	Form	Exhibit No.	Filing Date	File No.	Filed Herewith
3.1	Amended and Restated Bylaws of VirnetX Holding Corporation.	8-K	3.1	January 27, 2023	001-33852
10.1	Cooperation Letter Agreement, dated March 29, 2023, among The Radoff Family Foundation, Bradley L. Radoff, JEC II Associates, LLC, Michael Torok and VirnetX Holding Corporation.	8-K	10.1	March 30, 2023	001-33852
10.2	Warrant to Purchase Shares of Common Stock of the Company by and between the Company and Odeon Capital Group LLC, dated as of April 29, 2020.					x
31.1	Certification of the President and Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.					x
31.2	Certification of the Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.					x
32.1**	Certification of the President and Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.					x
32.2**	Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.					x
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document.					x
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.					x
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.					x
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.					x
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.					x
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.					x
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).					x

** This exhibit is furnished herewith, but not deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or otherwise subject to liability under that section. Such certifications will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, except to the extent that we explicitly incorporate them by reference.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	VIRNETX HOLDING CORPORATION
	By:	/s/ Kendall Larsen
		Name	Kendall Larsen
			Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)
	By:	/s/ Katherine Allanson
		Name	Katherine Allanson
			Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)
Date: May 15, 2023

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EX-10.2

Exhbit 10.2

THIS WARRANT AND THE UNDERLYING SECURITIES HAVE NOT BEEN REGISTERED UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED (THE “ACT”), OR UNDER THE SECURITIES LAWS OF ANY STATE. THESE SECURITIES MAY NOT BE OFFERED, SOLD OR OTHERWISE TRANSFERRED, PLEDGED OR HYPOTHECATED EXCEPT AS PERMITTED UNDER THE ACT AND APPLICABLE STATE SECURITIES LAWS IN ACCORDANCE WITH APPLICABLE REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS OR AN EXEMPTION THEREFROM. THE ISSUER OF THESE SECURITIES MAY REQUIRE AN OPINION OF COUNSEL REASONABLY SATISFACTORY TO THE ISSUER THAT SUCH OFFER, SALE, TRANSFER, PLEDGE OR HYPOTHECATION OTHERWISE COMPLIES WITH THE ACT AND ANY APPLICABLE STATE SECURITIES LAWS. THIS WARRANT MUST BE SURRENDERED TO THE COMPANY OR ITS TRANSFER AGENT AS A CONDITION PRECEDENT TO THE SALE, TRANSFER, PLEDGE OR HYPOTHECATION OF ANY INTEREST IN ANY OF THE SECURITIES REPRESENTED HEREBY.

WARRANT TO PURCHASE SHARES COMMON STOCK

of

VIRNETX HOLDING CORPORATION

Dated as of April 29, 2020

Void after the date specified in Section 8

No. Warrant to Purchase
25,000 Shares of Common Stock (subject to adjustment)

THIS CERTIFIES THAT, for value received, Odeon Capital Group LLC or its registered assigns (the “Holder”), is entitled, subject to the provisions and upon the terms and conditions set forth herein, to  purchase from VirnetX Holding Corporation, a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), shares of the Company’s Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share (the “Shares”), in the amounts, at such times and at the price per share set forth in Section 1. The term “Warrant” as used herein shall include this Warrant and any warrants delivered in substitution or exchange therefor as provided herein. This Warrant is issued in consideration for financial advisory services.

The following is a statement of the rights of the Holder and the conditions to which this Warrant is subject, and to which Holder, by acceptance of this Warrant, agrees:

1. Number and Price of Shares; Exercise Period.

(a)          Number of Shares. Subject to any previous exercise of the Warrant, the Holder shall have the right to purchase up to 25,000 Shares, as may be adjusted pursuant hereto, prior to (or in connection with) the expiration of this Warrant as provided in Section 8.

(b)          Exercise Price. The exercise price per Share shall be equal to $5.75, subject to adjustment pursuant hereto (the “Exercise Price”).

(c)          Exercise Period. This Warrant shall be exercisable, in whole or in part, prior to (or  in connection with) the expiration of this Warrant as set forth in Section 8.

2. Exercise of the Warrant.

(a)         Exercise. The purchase rights represented by this Warrant may be exercised at the election of the Holder, in whole or in part, in accordance with Section 1, by:

(i)          the tender to the Company at its principal office (or such other office or agency as the Company may designate) of a notice of exercise in the form of Exhibit A (the “Notice of Exercise”), duly completed and executed by or on behalf of the Holder, together with the surrender of this Warrant; and

(ii)       the payment to the Company of an amount equal to (x) the Exercise Price multiplied by (y) the number of Shares being purchased, by (a) wire transfer or certified, cashier’s or other check acceptable to the Company and payable to the order of the Company.

(b)          Net Issue Exercise. In lieu of exercising this Warrant pursuant to Section 2(a)(ii), if the fair market value of one Share is greater than the Exercise Price (at the date of calculation as set forth below), the Holder may elect to receive a number of Shares equal to the value of this Warrant (or of any portion of this Warrant being canceled) by surrender of this Warrant at the principal office of the Company (or such other office or agency as the Company may designate) together with a properly completed and executed Notice of Exercise reflecting such election, in which event the Company shall issue to the Holder that number of Shares computed using the following formula:

X	=	Y (A – B)
		A

Where:

X	=	The number of Shares to be issued to the Holder
Y	=	The number of Shares purchasable under this Warrant or, if only a portion of the Warrant is being exercised, the portion of the Warrant being canceled (at the date of such calculation)
A	=	The fair market value of one Share (at the date of such calculation)
B	=	The Exercise Price (as adjusted to the date of such calculation)

For purposes of the calculation above, the fair market value of one Share shall be determined by the Board of Directors of the Company, acting in good faith; provided, however, that where a public market  exists for the Company’s common stock at the time of such exercise, the fair market value per Share shall be the average of the closing bid prices of the common stock or the closing price quoted on the national securities exchange on which the common stock is listed as published in the Wall Street Journal, as applicable, for the ten (10) trading day period ending five (5) trading days prior to the date of determination  of fair market value.

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(c)          Stock Certificates. The rights under this Warrant shall be deemed to have been exercised and the Shares issuable upon such exercise shall be deemed to have been issued immediately prior to the close of business on the date this Warrant is exercised in accordance with its terms, and the person entitled to receive the Shares issuable upon such exercise shall be treated for all purposes as the holder of record of such Shares as of the close of business on such date. As promptly as reasonably practicable on or after such date, the Company shall issue and deliver to the person or persons entitled to receive the same a certificate or certificates for that number of shares issuable upon such exercise. In the event that the rights under this Warrant are exercised in part and have not expired, the Company shall execute and deliver a new Warrant reflecting the number of Shares that remain subject to this Warrant.

(d)          No Fractional Shares or Scrip. No fractional shares or scrip representing fractional shares shall be issued upon the exercise of the rights under this Warrant. In lieu of such fractional share to which the Holder would otherwise be entitled, the Company shall make a cash payment equal to the Exercise Price multiplied by such fraction.

(e)          Reservation of Stock. The Company agrees during the term the rights under this Warrant are exercisable to take all reasonable action to reserve and keep available from its authorized and unissued shares of common stock for the purpose of effecting the exercise of this Warrant such number of shares as shall from time to time be sufficient to effect the exercise of the rights under this Warrant; and if at any time the number of authorized but unissued shares of common stock shall not be sufficient for purposes of the exercise of this Warrant in accordance with its terms, without limitation of such other remedies as may be available to the Holder, the Company will use all reasonable efforts to take such corporate action as may be necessary to increase its authorized and unissued shares of its common stock to a number of shares as  shall be sufficient for such purposes.

3.         Replacement of the Warrant. Subject to the receipt of evidence reasonably satisfactory to the Company of the loss, theft, destruction or mutilation of this Warrant and, in the case of loss, theft or destruction, on delivery of an indemnity agreement reasonably satisfactory in form and substance to the Company or, in the case of mutilation, on surrender and cancellation of this Warrant, the Company at the expense of the Holder shall execute and deliver, in lieu of this Warrant, a new warrant of like tenor and amount.

4. Transfer of the Warrant.

(a)          Warrant Register. The Company shall maintain a register (the “Warrant Register”) containing the name and address of the Holder or Holders. Until this Warrant is transferred on the Warrant Register in accordance herewith, the Company may treat the Holder as shown on the Warrant Register as the absolute owner of this Warrant for all purposes, notwithstanding any notice to the contrary. Any Holder of this Warrant (or of any portion of this Warrant) may change its address as shown on the Warrant Register by written notice to the Company requesting a change.

(b)          Warrant Agent. The Company may appoint an agent for the purpose of maintaining the Warrant Register referred to in Section 4(a), issuing the Shares or other securities then issuable upon the exercise of the rights under this Warrant, exchanging this Warrant, replacing this Warrant or conducting related activities.

(c)          Transferability of the Warrant. Subject to the provisions of this Warrant  with respect to compliance with the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and limitations on assignments and transfers, including without limitation compliance with the restrictions on transfer set forth  in Section 5, title to this Warrant may be transferred by endorsement (by the transferor and the transferee executing the assignment form attached as Exhibit B (the “Assignment Form”)) and delivery in the same manner as a negotiable instrument transferable by endorsement and delivery.

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(d)          Exchange of the Warrant upon a Transfer. On surrender of this Warrant (and a properly endorsed Assignment Form) for exchange, subject to the provisions of this Warrant with respect to compliance with the Securities Act and limitations on assignments and transfers, the Company shall issue to or on the order of the Holder a new warrant or warrants of like tenor, in the name of the Holder or as the Holder (on payment by the Holder of any applicable transfer taxes) may direct, for the number of shares issuable upon exercise hereof, and the Company shall register any such transfer upon the Warrant Register. This Warrant (and the securities issuable upon exercise of the rights under this Warrant) must be surrendered to the Company or its warrant or transfer agent, as applicable, as a condition precedent to the sale, pledge, hypothecation or other transfer of any interest in any of the securities represented hereby.

(e)          Minimum Transfer. This Warrant may not be transferred in part unless such transfer is to a transferee who, pursuant to such transfer, receives the right to purchase at least one-thousand (1,000) Shares hereunder (as adjusted from time to time in accordance with Section 6.

(f)          Taxes. In no event shall the Company be required to pay any tax which may be payable in respect of any transfer involved in the issue and delivery of any certificate in a name other than that of the Holder, and the Company shall not be required to issue or deliver any such certificate unless and until the person or persons requesting the issue thereof shall have paid to the Company the amount of such  tax or shall have established to the satisfaction of the Company that such tax has been paid or is not payable.

5.          Restrictions on Transfer of the Warrant and Shares; Compliance with Securities Laws. By acceptance of this Warrant, the Holder agrees to comply with the following:

(a)          Restrictions on Transfers. This Warrant may not be transferred or assigned in whole or in part without the Company’s prior written consent (which shall not be unreasonably withheld), and any attempt by Holder to transfer or assign any rights, duties or obligations that arise under this Warrant without such permission shall be void. Any transfer of this Warrant or the Shares (the “Securities”) must be in compliance with all applicable federal and state securities laws. The Holder agrees not to make any sale, assignment, transfer, pledge or other disposition of all or any portion of the Securities, or any beneficial interest therein, unless and until the transferee thereof has agreed in writing for the benefit of the Company to take and hold such Securities subject to, and to be bound by, the terms and conditions set forth in this  Warrant to the same extent as if the transferee were the original Holder hereunder, and

(i)        there is then in effect a registration statement under the Securities Act covering such proposed disposition and such disposition is made in accordance with such registration statement, or

(ii)        (A) such Holder shall have given prior written notice to the Company of  such Holder’s intention to make such disposition and shall have furnished the Company with a detailed description of the manner and circumstances of the proposed disposition, (B) the transferee shall have confirmed to the satisfaction of the Company in writing, substantially in the form of Exhibit A-1, that the Securities are being acquired (i) solely for the transferee’s own account and not as a nominee for any other party, (ii) for investment and (iii) not  with a view toward distribution or resale, and shall have confirmed  such other matters related thereto as may be reasonably requested by the Company, and (C) if requested by the Company,] such Holder shall have furnished the Company, at the Holder’s expense, with (i) an opinion of counsel, reasonably satisfactory to the Company, to the effect that such disposition will not require registration of such Securities under the Securities Act, whereupon such Holder shall be entitled to transfer such Securities in accordance with the terms of the notice delivered by the Holder to the Company.

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(b)        Investment Representation Statement. Unless the rights under this Warrant are exercised pursuant to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act that includes the Shares  with respect to which the Warrant was exercised, it shall be a condition to any exercise of the rights under  this Warrant that the Holder shall have confirmed to the satisfaction of the Company in writing, substantially in the form of Exhibit A-1, that the Shares so purchased are being acquired solely for the Holder’s own account and not as a nominee for any other party, for investment and not with a view toward distribution or resale and that the Holder shall have confirmed such other matters related thereto as may be reasonably requested by the Company.

(c)          Securities Law Legend. The Securities shall (unless otherwise permitted by the provisions of this Warrant) be stamped or imprinted with a legend substantially similar to the following (in addition to any legend required by state securities laws):

THE SECURITIES REPRESENTED HEREBY HAVE NOT BEEN REGISTERED UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED (THE “ACT”), OR UNDER THE SECURITIES LAWS OF CERTAIN STATES. THESE SECURITIES MAY NOT BE OFFERED, SOLD OR OTHERWISE TRANSFERRED, PLEDGED OR HYPOTHECATED EXCEPT AS PERMITTED UNDER THE ACT AND APPLICABLE STATE SECURITIES LAWS IN ACCORDANCE WITH APPLICABLE REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS OR AN EXEMPTION THEREFROM. THE ISSUER OF THESE SECURITIES MAY REQUIRE AN OPINION OF COUNSEL REASONABLY SATISFACTORY TO THE ISSUER THAT SUCH OFFER, SALE OR TRANSFER, PLEDGE OR HYPOTHECATION OTHERWISE COMPLIES WITH THE ACT AND ANY APPLICABLE STATE SECURITIES LAWS. THIS CERTIFICATE MUST BE SURRENDERED TO THE COMPANY OR ITS TRANSFER AGENT AS A CONDITION PRECEDENT TO THE SALE, TRANSFER, PLEDGE OR HYPOTHECATION OF ANY INTEREST IN ANY OF THE SECURITIES REPRESENTED HEREBY.

(d)         Instructions Regarding Transfer Restrictions. The Holder consents to the Company making a notation on its records and giving instructions to any transfer agent in order to implement the restrictions on transfer established in this Section 5.

(e)        Removal of Legend. The legend referring to federal and state securities laws identified in Section 5(c) stamped on a certificate evidencing the Shares (and the common stock issuable  upon conversion thereof) and the stock transfer instructions and record notations with respect to such securities shall be removed and the Company shall issue a certificate without such legend to the holder of such securities if (i) such securities are registered under the Securities Act, or (ii) such holder provides the Company with an opinion of counsel reasonably acceptable to the Company to the effect that  a sale or transfer of such securities may be made without registration or qualification.

(f)           No Transfers to Bad Actors; Notice of Bad Actor Status. The Holder agrees not to sell, assign, transfer, pledge or otherwise dispose of any securities of the Company, or any beneficial interest therein, to any person (other than the Company) unless and until the proposed transferee confirms to the reasonable satisfaction of the Company that neither the proposed transferee nor any of its directors, executive officers, other officers that may serve as a director or officer of any company in which it invests, general partners or managing members nor any person that would be deemed a beneficial owner of those securities  (in accordance with Rule 506(d) of the Securities Act) is subject to any of the “bad actor” disqualifications described in Rule 506(d)(1)(i) through (viii) under the Securities Act, except as set forth in Rule 506(d)(2)(ii) or (d)(3) under the Securities Act and disclosed, reasonably in advance of the transfer, in writing in reasonable detail to the Company. The Holder will promptly notify the Company in writing if the Holder or, to the Holder’s knowledge, any person specified in Rule 506(d)(1) under the Securities Act becomes subject to any of the “bad actor” disqualifications described in Rule 506(d)(1)(i) through (viii) under the Securities Act.

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6.          Adjustments. Subject to the expiration of this Warrant pursuant to Section 8, the number  and kind of shares purchasable hereunder and the Exercise Price therefor are subject to adjustment from time to time, as follows:

(a)      Merger or Reorganization. If at any time there shall be any reorganization, recapitalization, merger or consolidation (a “Reorganization”) involving the Company (other than as otherwise provided for herein or as would cause the expiration of this Warrant under Section 8) in which shares of the Company’s stock are converted into or exchanged for securities, cash or other property, then, as a part of such Reorganization, lawful provision shall be made so that the Holder shall thereafter be entitled to receive upon exercise of this Warrant, the kind and amount of securities, cash or other property of the successor corporation resulting from such Reorganization, equivalent in value to that which a holder of the Shares deliverable upon exercise of this Warrant would have been entitled in such Reorganization if the right to purchase the Shares hereunder had been exercised immediately prior to such Reorganization. In any such case, appropriate adjustment (as determined in good faith by the Board of Directors of the successor corporation) shall be made in the application of the provisions of this Warrant with respect to the rights and interests of the Holder after such Reorganization to the end that the provisions of this Warrant shall be applicable after the event, as near as reasonably may be, in relation to any shares or other securities deliverable after that event upon the exercise of this Warrant.

(b)          Reclassification of Shares. If the securities issuable upon exercise of this Warrant are changed into the same or a different number of securities of any other class or classes by reclassification, capital reorganization, conversion of all outstanding shares of the relevant class or series (other than as would cause the expiration of this Warrant pursuant to Section 8) or otherwise (other than as otherwise provided for herein) (a “Reclassification”), then, in any such event, in lieu of the number of Shares which the Holder would otherwise have been entitled to receive, the Holder shall have the right thereafter to exercise this Warrant for a number of shares of such other class or classes of stock that a holder of the number of  securities deliverable upon exercise of this Warrant immediately before that change would have been entitled to receive in such Reclassification, all subject to further adjustment as provided herein with respect to such other shares.

(c)          Subdivisions and Combinations. In the event that the outstanding shares of common stock are subdivided (by stock split, by payment of a stock dividend or otherwise) into a greater number of shares of such securities, the number of Shares issuable upon exercise of the rights under this Warrant immediately prior to such subdivision shall, concurrently with the effectiveness of such subdivision, be proportionately increased, and the Exercise Price shall be proportionately decreased, and in the event that the outstanding shares of common stock are combined (by reclassification or otherwise) into a lesser number of shares of such securities, the number of Shares issuable upon exercise of the rights under this Warrant immediately prior to such combination shall, concurrently with the effectiveness of such combination, be proportionately decreased, and the Exercise Price shall be proportionately increased.

(d)         Notice of Adjustments. Upon any adjustment in accordance with this Section 5(f), the Company shall give notice thereof to the Holder, which notice shall state the event giving rise to the adjustment, the Exercise Price as adjusted and the number of securities or other property purchasable upon  the exercise of the rights under this Warrant, setting forth in reasonable detail the method of calculation of each. The Company shall, upon the written request of any Holder, furnish or cause to be furnished to such Holder a certificate setting forth (i) such adjustments, (ii) the Exercise Price at the time in effect and (iii) the number of securities and the amount, if any, of other property that at the time would be received upon exercise of this Warrant.

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7.            Notification of Certain Events. Prior to the expiration of  this  Warrant  pursuant  to  Section 8, in the event that the Company shall authorize:

(a) the voluntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company; or

(b) any transaction resulting in the expiration of this Warrant pursuant to Section 8(b),

the Company shall send to the Holder of this Warrant at least ten (10) days prior written notice of the expected effective date of any event specified in clause (a) or (b), as applicable. The notice provisions set forth in this section may be shortened or waived prospectively or retrospectively by the consent of the Holder of this Warrant.

8.          Expiration of the Warrant. This Warrant shall expire and shall no longer be exercisable as of the earlier of:

(a) 5:00 p.m., Pacific time, on April 29, 2025; or

  (b)         (i) the acquisition of the Company by another entity by means of any transaction or series of related transactions to which the Company is a party (including, without limitation, any stock acquisition, reorganization, merger or consolidation, but excluding any sale of stock for capital raising purposes and any transaction effected primarily for purposes of changing the Company’s jurisdiction of incorporation) other than a transaction or series of related transactions in which the holders of the voting securities of the Company outstanding immediately prior to such transaction or series of related transactions retain, immediately after such transaction or series of transactions, as a result of shares in the Company held by such holders prior to such transaction or series of transactions, at least a majority of the total voting power represented by the outstanding voting securities of the Company or such other surviving or resulting entity  (or if the Company or such other surviving or resulting entity is a wholly-owned subsidiary immediately following such acquisition, its parent), or (ii) a sale, lease or other disposition of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company and its subsidiaries taken as a whole by means of any transaction or series of related transactions, except where such sale, lease or other disposition is to a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company.

9.          No Rights as a Stockholder. Nothing contained herein shall entitle the Holder to any rights as a stockholder of the Company or to be deemed the holder of any securities that may at any time be issuable on the exercise of the rights hereunder for any purpose nor shall anything contained herein be construed to confer upon the Holder, as such, any right to vote for the election of directors or upon any matter submitted  to stockholders at any meeting thereof, or to give or withhold consent to any corporate action (whether upon any recapitalization, issuance of stock, reclassification of stock, change of par value or change of stock to no par value, consolidation, merger, conveyance or otherwise) or to receive notice of meetings, or to receive dividends or subscription rights or any other rights of a stockholder of the Company until the rights under the Warrant shall have been exercised and the Shares purchasable upon exercise of the rights hereunder shall have become deliverable as provided herein.

10.       Representations and Warranties of the Holder. By acceptance of this Warrant, the Holder represents and warrants to the Company as follows:

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(a)         No Registration. The Holder understands that the Securities have not been, and will not be, registered under the Securities Act by reason of a specific exemption from the registration provisions of the Securities Act, the availability of which depends upon, among other things, the bona fide nature of the investment intent and the accuracy of the Holder’s representations as expressed herein or otherwise made pursuant hereto.

(b)          Investment Intent. The Holder is acquiring the Securities for investment for its own account, not as a nominee or agent, and not with a view to, or for resale in connection with, any distribution thereof. The Holder has no present intention of selling, granting any participation in, or otherwise distributing the Securities, nor does it have any contract, undertaking, agreement or arrangement for the same.

(c)        Investment Experience. The Holder has substantial experience in evaluating and investing in private placement transactions of securities in companies similar to the Company, and has such knowledge and experience in financial or business matters so that it is capable of evaluating the merits and risks of its investment in the Company and protecting its own interests.

(d)        Speculative Nature of Investment. The Holder understands and acknowledges that its investment in the Company is highly speculative and involves substantial risks. The Holder can bear the economic risk of its investment and is able, without impairing its financial condition, to hold the Securities  for an indefinite period of time and to suffer a complete loss of its investment.

(e)          Access to Data. The Holder has had an opportunity to ask questions of officers of the Company, which questions were answered to its satisfaction. The Holder believes that it has received all the information that it considers necessary or appropriate for deciding whether to acquire the Securities. The Holder understands that any such discussions, as well as any information issued by the Company, were intended to describe certain aspects of the Company’s business and prospects, but were not necessarily a thorough or exhaustive description. The Holder acknowledges that any business plans prepared by the Company have been, and continue to be, subject to change and that any projections included in such business plans or otherwise are necessarily speculative in nature, and it can be expected that some or all of the assumptions underlying the projections will not materialize or will vary significantly from actual results.

(f)          Accredited Investor. The Holder is an “accredited investor” within the meaning of Regulation D, Rule 501(a), promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission and agrees to submit to the Company such further assurances of such status as may be reasonably requested by the Company. The Holder has furnished or made available any and all information requested by the Company or otherwise necessary to satisfy any applicable verification requirements as to “accredited investor” status. Any such information is true, correct, timely and complete.

(g)          Residency. The residency of the Holder (or, in the case of a partnership or corporation, such entity’s principal place of business) is correctly set forth on the signature page hereto.

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(h)          Restrictions on Resales. The Holder acknowledges that the Securities must be held indefinitely unless subsequently registered under the Securities Act or an exemption from such registration is available. The Holder is aware of the provisions of Rule 144 promulgated under the Securities Act, which permit resale of shares purchased in a private placement subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, which may include, among other things, the availability of certain current public information about the Company; the resale occurring not less than a specified period after a party has purchased and paid for the security to be sold; the number of shares being sold during any three-month period not exceeding specified limitations; the sale being effected through a “broker’s transaction,” a transaction directly with a “market maker” or a “riskless principal transaction” (as those terms are defined in the Securities Act or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder); and the filing of a Form 144 notice, if applicable. The Holder acknowledges and understands that the Company may not be satisfying the current public information requirement of Rule 144 at the time the Holder wishes to sell the Securities and that, in such event, the Holder may be precluded from selling the Securities under Rule 144 even if the other applicable requirements of Rule 144 have been satisfied. The Holder acknowledges that, in the event the applicable requirements of Rule 144 are not met, registration under the Securities Act or an exemption from registration will be required for any disposition of the Securities. The Holder understands that, although Rule 144 is not exclusive, the Securities and Exchange Commission has expressed its opinion that persons proposing to sell restricted securities received in a private offering other than in a registered offering or pursuant to Rule 144 will have a substantial burden of proof in establishing that an exemption from registration is available for such offers or sales and that such persons and the brokers who participate in the transactions do so at their own risk.

(i)           Brokers and Finders. The Holder has not engaged any brokers, finders or agents in connection with the Securities, and the Company has not incurred nor will incur, directly or indirectly, as a result of any action taken by the Holder, any liability for brokerage or finders’ fees or agents’ commissions or any similar charges in connection with the Securities.

(j)        Legal Counsel. The Holder has had the opportunity to review this Warrant, the exhibits and schedules attached hereto and the transactions contemplated by this Warrant with its own legal counsel. The Holder is not relying on any statements or representations of the Company or its agents for legal advice with respect to this investment or the transactions contemplated by this Warrant.

(k)          Tax Advisors. The Holder has reviewed with its own tax advisors the U.S. federal, state and local and non-U.S. tax consequences of this investment and the transactions contemplated by this Warrant. With respect to such matters, the Holder relies solely on any such advisors and not on  any statements or representations of the Company or any of its agents, written or oral. The Holder understands that it (and not the Company) shall be responsible for its own tax liability that may arise as a result of this investment and the transactions contemplated by this Warrant.

(l)           No “Bad Actor” Disqualification. Neither (i) the Holder, (ii) any of its directors, executive officers, other officers that may serve as a director or officer of any company in which it invests, general partners or managing members, nor (iii) any beneficial owner of any of the Company’s voting equity securities (in accordance with Rule 506(d) of the Securities Act) held by the Holder is subject to any of the “bad actor” disqualifications described in Rule 506(d)(1)(i) through (viii) under the Securities Act, except as set forth in Rule 506(d)(2)(ii) or (d)(3) under the Securities Act and disclosed, reasonably in advance of the acceptance of this Warrant, in writing in reasonable detail to the Company.

11. Miscellaneous.

(a)          Amendments. Except as expressly provided herein, neither this Warrant nor any  term hereof may be amended, waived, discharged or terminated other than by a written instrument  referencing this Warrant and signed by the Company and the Holder.

(b)         Waivers. No waiver of any single breach or default shall be deemed a waiver of any other breach or default theretofore or thereafter occurring.

(c)          Notices. All notices and other communications required or permitted hereunder shall be in writing and shall be mailed by registered or certified mail, postage prepaid, or electronic mail:

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(i)          if to the Holder, to the Holder at the Holder’s address or electronic mail address as shown in the Company’s records, as may be updated in accordance with the provisions hereof, or until any such Holder so furnishes an address or electronic mail address to the Company, then to and at the address, or electronic mail address of the last holder of this Warrant for which the Company has contact information in its records; or

(ii)         if to the Company, to the attention of the President or Chief  Financial Officer of the Company at the Company’s address as shown on the signature page hereto, or at such other current address as the Company shall have furnished to the Holder, with a copy (which shall not constitute notice) to Bradley Finkelstein, Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati, Professional Corporation, 650 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Each such notice or other communication shall for all purposes of this Warrant be treated as effective or having been given (i) if delivered by hand, messenger or courier service, when delivered (or if sent via a nationally-recognized overnight courier service, freight prepaid, specifying next-business-day delivery, one business day after deposit with the courier), or (ii) if sent via mail, at the earlier of its receipt or five days after the same has been deposited in a regularly-maintained receptacle for the deposit of the United States mail, addressed and mailed as aforesaid, or (iii) if sent via electronic mail, upon confirmation of delivery when directed to the relevant electronic mail address, if sent during normal business hours of the recipient, or if not sent during normal business hours of the recipient, then on the recipient’s next business day. In the event of any conflict between the Company’s books and records and this Warrant or any notice delivered hereunder, the Company’s books and records will control absent fraud or error.

(d)          Governing Law. This Warrant and all actions arising out of or  in connection with this Warrant shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Delaware, without regard to the conflicts of law provisions of the State of Delaware, or of any other state.

(e)          Jurisdiction and Venue. Each of the Holder and the Company irrevocably consents to the exclusive jurisdiction and venue of any court within the State of Delaware, in connection with any matter based upon or arising out of this Warrant or the matters contemplated herein, and agrees that process may be served upon them in any manner authorized by the laws of the State of Delaware for such persons.

(f)          Titles and Subtitles. The titles and subtitles used in this Warrant are used for convenience only and are not to be considered in construing or interpreting this Warrant. All references in  this Warrant to sections, paragraphs and exhibits shall, unless otherwise provided, refer to sections and paragraphs hereof and exhibits attached hereto.

(g)          Severability. If any provision of this Warrant becomes or is declared by a court of competent jurisdiction to be illegal, unenforceable or void, portions of such provision, or such provision in its entirety, to the extent necessary, shall be severed from this Warrant, and such illegal, unenforceable or void provision shall be replaced with a valid and enforceable provision that will achieve, to the extent possible,   the same economic, business and other purposes of the illegal, unenforceable or void provision. The balance of this Warrant shall be enforceable in accordance with its terms.

(h)       Waiver of Jury Trial. EACH OF THE HOLDER AND THE COMPANY WAIVES, TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW, ANY AND ALL RIGHT TO  TRIAL BY JURY IN ANY LEGAL PROCEEDING (WHETHER BASED ON CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE) ARISING OUT OF OR RELATED TO THIS WARRANT. This paragraph shall not restrict the Holder or the Company from exercising remedies under the Uniform Commercial Code or from exercising pre-judgment remedies under applicable law.

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(i)          California Corporate Securities Law. THE SALE OF THE SECURITIES THAT ARE THE SUBJECT OF THIS WARRANT HAS NOT BEEN QUALIFIED WITH THE COMMISSIONER OF CORPORATIONS OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA AND THE ISSUANCE OF SUCH SECURITIES OR THE PAYMENT OR RECEIPT OF ANY PART OF THE CONSIDERATION THEREFOR PRIOR TO SUCH QUALIFICATION IS UNLAWFUL, UNLESS THE SALE OF SECURITIES IS EXEMPT FROM QUALIFICATION BY SECTION 25100, 25102, OR 25105 OF THE CALIFORNIA CORPORATIONS CODE. THE RIGHTS OF ALL PARTIES TO THIS WARRANT ARE EXPRESSLY CONDITIONED UPON THE QUALIFICATION BEING OBTAINED, UNLESS THE SALE IS SO EXEMPT.

(j)          Saturdays, Sundays and Holidays. If the last or appointed day for the taking of any action or the expiration of any right required or granted herein shall be a Saturday, Sunday or U.S. federal holiday, then such action may be taken or such right may be exercised on the next succeeding day that is not  a Saturday, Sunday or U.S. federal holiday.

(k)          Rights and Obligations Survive Exercise of the Warrant. Except as otherwise provided herein, the rights and obligations of the Company and the Holder under this Warrant shall survive exercise of this Warrant.

(l)          Entire Agreement. Except as expressly set forth herein, this Warrant (including the exhibits attached hereto) constitutes the entire agreement and understanding of the Company and the Holder with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersede all prior agreements and understandings relating to  the subject matter hereof.

(signature page follows)

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The Company and the Holder sign this Warrant as of the date stated on the first page.

VIRNETX HOLDING CORPORATION
By:	/s/ Kendall Larsen
Name: Kendall Larsen
Title: Chairman, President & Chief Executive Officer
Address:
P.O. Box 439
Zephyr Cove, NV 89448

AGREED AND ACKNOWLEDGED,

ODEON CAPITAL GROUP LLC

By:

Name:

Title:

Address:

750 Lexington Avenue, 27th Floor

New York, NY 10022

Phone: (212) 257-6970

Email:

(Signature Page to Warrant to Purchase Shares of Common Stock of VirnetX Holding Corporation)

EXHIBIT A

NOTICE OF EXERCISE

TO:	VIRNETX HOLDING CORPORATION (the “Company”)
Attention:	Chief Executive Officer

(1) Exercise. The undersigned elects to purchase the following pursuant to the terms of the attached warrant:

Number of shares:

Type of security:

(2) Method of Exercise. The undersigned elects to exercise the attached warrant pursuant to:

	A cash payment or cancellation of indebtedness, and tenders herewith payment of the purchase price for such shares in full, together with all applicable transfer taxes, if any.
	The net issue exercise provisions of Section 2(b) of the attached warrant.

(3) Stock Certificate. Please issue a certificate or certificates representing the shares in the name of: 

	The undersigned
	Other—Name:
	Address:

(4) Unexercised Portion of the Warrant. Please issue a new warrant for the unexercised portion of the attached warrant in the name of:

	The undersigned
	Other—Name:
	Address:
	Not applicable

(5) Investment Intent. The undersigned represents and warrants that the aforesaid shares are being acquired for investment for its own account, not as a nominee or agent, and not with a view to, or for resale in connection with, the distribution thereof, and that the undersigned has no present intention of selling, granting any participation in, or otherwise distributing the shares, nor does it have any  contract, undertaking, agreement or arrangement for the same, and all representations and warranties  of the undersigned set forth in Section 10 of the attached warrant are true and correct as of the date hereof.

A-1

(6) Investment Representation Statement. The undersigned has executed, and delivers herewith, an Investment Representation Statement in a form substantially similar to the form attached to the warrant as Exhibit A-1.

(7) Consent to Receipt of Electronic Notice. Subject to the limitations set forth in Delaware General Corporation Law §232(e), the undersigned consents to the delivery of any notice to stockholders given by the Company under the Delaware General Corporation Law or the Company’s certificate of incorporation or bylaws by (i) facsimile telecommunication to the facsimile number provided below  (or to any other facsimile number for the undersigned in the Company’s records), (ii) electronic mail to the electronic mail address provided below (or to any other electronic mail address for the undersigned in the Company’s records), (iii) posting on an electronic network together with separate notice to the undersigned of such specific posting or (iv) any other form of electronic transmission (as defined in   the Delaware General Corporation Law) directed to the undersigned. This consent may be revoked by the undersigned by written notice to the Company and may be deemed revoked in the circumstances specified in Delaware General Corporation Law §232.

(Print name of the warrant holder)

(Signature)

(Name and title of signatory, if applicable)

(Date)

(Fax number)

(Email address)

(Signature page to the Notice of Exercise)

A-2

EXHIBIT A-l

INVESTMENT REPRESENTATION STATEMENT

INVESTOR:
COMPANY:	VIRNETX HOLDING CORPORATION
SECURITIES:	THE WARRANT ISSUED ON APRIL 29, 2020 (THE “WARRANT”) AND THE SECURITIES ISSUED OR ISSUABLE UPON EXERCISE THEREOF
DATE:

In connection with the purchase or acquisition of the above-listed Securities, the undersigned  Investor represents and warrants to, and agrees with, the Company as follows:

1.          No Registration. The Investor understands that the Securities have not been, and will not be, registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), by reason of a specific exemption from the registration provisions of the Securities Act, the availability of which depends upon, among other things, the bona fide nature of the investment intent and the accuracy of the Investor’s representations as expressed herein or otherwise made pursuant hereto.

2.          Investment Intent. The Investor is acquiring the Securities for investment for its own account, not as a nominee or agent, and not with a view to, or for resale in connection with, any distribution thereof. The Investor has no present intention of selling, granting any participation in, or otherwise distributing the Securities, nor does it have any contract, undertaking, agreement or arrangement for  the same.

3.          Investment Experience. The Investor has substantial experience in evaluating and investing in private placement transactions of securities in companies similar to the Company, and has such knowledge and experience in financial or business matters so that it is capable of evaluating the merits and risks of its investment in the Company and protecting its own interests.

4.          Speculative Nature of Investment. The Investor understands and acknowledges that its investment in the Company is highly speculative and involves substantial risks. The Investor can bear the economic risk of its investment and is able, without impairing its financial condition, to hold the Securities  for an indefinite period of time and to suffer a complete loss of its investment.

5.        Access to Data. The Investor has had an opportunity to ask questions of officers of the Company, which questions were answered to its satisfaction. The Investor understands that any such discussions, as well as any information issued by the Company, were intended to describe certain aspects of the Company’s business and prospects, but were not necessarily a thorough or exhaustive description. The Investor acknowledges that any business plans prepared by the Company have been, and continue to be, subject to change and that any projections included in such business plans or otherwise are necessarily speculative in nature, and it can be expected that some or all of the assumptions underlying the projections will not materialize or will vary significantly from actual results.

A-1-1

6.          Accredited Investor. The Investor is an “accredited investor” within the meaning of Regulation D, Rule 501(a), promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission and agrees to submit to the Company such further assurances of such status as may be reasonably requested by the Company. The Investor has furnished or made available any and all information requested by the Company or otherwise necessary to satisfy any applicable verification requirements as to “accredited investor” status. Any such information is true, correct, timely and complete.

7.          Residency. The residency of the Investor (or, in the case of a partnership or corporation,  such entity’s principal place of business) is correctly set forth on the signature page hereto.

8.         Restrictions on Resales. The Investor acknowledges that the Securities must be held indefinitely unless subsequently registered under the Securities Act or an exemption from such registration is available. The Investor is aware of the provisions of Rule 144 promulgated under the Securities Act, which permit resale of shares purchased in a private placement subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, which may include, among other things, the availability of certain current public information about the Company; the resale occurring not less than a specified period after a party has purchased and paid for the security to be sold; the number of shares being sold during any three-month period not exceeding specified limitations; the sale being effected through a “broker’s transaction,” a transaction directly with a “market maker” or a “riskless principal transaction” (as those terms are defined in the Securities Act or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder); and the filing of a Form 144 notice, if applicable. The Investor acknowledges and understands that the Company may not be satisfying the current public information requirement of Rule 144 at the time the Investor wishes to sell the Securities and that, in such event, the Investor may be precluded from selling the Securities under Rule 144 even if the other applicable requirements of Rule 144 have been satisfied. The Investor understands and acknowledges that, in the event the applicable requirements of Rule 144 are not met, registration under the Securities Act or an exemption from registration will be required for any disposition of the Securities. The Investor understands that, although Rule 144 is not exclusive, the Securities and Exchange Commission has expressed its opinion that persons proposing to sell restricted securities received in a private offering other than in a registered offering or pursuant to Rule 144 will have a substantial burden of proof in establishing that an exemption from registration is available for those offers or sales and that those persons  and the brokers who participate in the transactions do so at their own risk.

9.          Brokers and Finders. The Investor has not engaged any brokers, finders or agents in connection with the Securities, and the Company has not incurred nor will incur, directly or indirectly, as a result of any action taken by the Investor, any liability for brokerage or finders’ fees or agents’ commissions or any similar charges in connection with the Securities.

10.        Legal Counsel. The Investor has had the opportunity to review the Warrant, the exhibits and schedules attached thereto and the transactions contemplated by the Warrant with its own legal counsel. The Investor is not relying on any statements or representations of the Company or its agents for legal advice with respect to this investment or the transactions contemplated by the Warrant.

11.        Tax Advisors. The Investor has reviewed with its own tax advisors the U.S. federal, state  and local and non-U.S. tax consequences of this investment and the transactions contemplated by  the Warrant. With respect to such matters, the Investor relies solely on such advisors and not on any statements  or representations of the Company or any of its agents, written or oral. The Investor understands that it (and not the Company) shall be responsible for its own tax liability that may arise as a result of this investment or the transactions contemplated by the Warrant.

A-1-2

12.        No “Bad Actor” Disqualification. Neither (i) the Investor, (ii) any of its directors, executive officers, other officers that may serve as a director or officer of any company in which it invests, general partners or managing members, nor (iii) any beneficial owner of any of the Company’s voting equity securities (in accordance with Rule 506(d) of the Securities Act) held by the Investor is subject to any of the “bad actor” disqualifications described in Rule 506(d)(1)(i) through (viii) under the Securities Act, except as set forth in Rule 506(d)(2)(ii) or (d)(3) under the Securities Act and disclosed, reasonably in advance of the purchase or acquisition of the Securities, in writing in reasonable detail to the Company.

(signature page follows)

A-1-3

The Investor is signing this Investment Representation Statement on the date first written above.

INVESTOR

(Print name of the investor)

(Signature)

(Name and title of signatory, if applicable)

(Street address)

(City, state and ZIP)

A-1-4

EXHIBIT B

ASSIGNMENT FORM

ASSIGNOR:
COMPANY:	VIRNETX HOLDING CORPORATION
WARRANT:	THE WARRANT TO PURCHASE SHARES OF COMMON STOCK ISSUED ON APRIL 29, 2020 (THE “WARRANT”)
DATE:

(1) Assignment. The undersigned registered holder of the Warrant (“Assignor”) assigns and transfers to the assignee named below (“Assignee”) all of the rights of Assignor under the Warrant, with respect to the number of shares set forth below:

Name of Assignee:

Address of Assignee:

Number of Shares Assigned:

and  does  irrevocably  constitute and appoint          as attorney to make such transfer on the books of VIRNETX HOLDING CORPORATION, maintained for the purpose, with full power of substitution in the premises.

(2) Obligations of Assignee. Assignee agrees to take and hold the Warrant and any shares of stock to be issued upon exercise of the rights thereunder (the “Securities”) subject to, and to be bound by, the terms and conditions set forth in the Warrant to the same extent as if Assignee were the original holder thereof.

(3) Investment Intent. Assignee represents and warrants that the Securities are being acquired for investment for its own account, not as a nominee or agent, and not with a view to, or for resale in connection with, the distribution thereof, and that Assignee has no present intention of selling, granting any participation in, or otherwise distributing the shares, nor does it have any contract, undertaking, agreement or arrangement for the same, and all representations and warranties set forth in Section 10 of the Warrant are true and correct as to Assignee as of the date hereof.

(4) Investment Representation Statement. Assignee has executed, and delivers herewith,  an Investment Representation Statement in a form substantially similar to the form attached to the Warrant as Exhibit A-1.

- 1 -

(5) No “Bad Actor” Disqualification. Neither (i) Assignee, (ii) any of its directors, executive officers, other officers that may serve as a director or officer of any company in which it invests, general partners or managing members, nor (iii) any beneficial owner of any of the Company’s securities held or to be held by Assignee is subject to any of the “bad actor” disqualifications described in    Rule 506(d)(1)(i) through (viii) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), except as set forth in Rule 506(d)(2)(ii) or (iii) or (d)(3) under the Securities Act and disclosed, reasonably in advance of the transfer of the Securities, in writing in reasonable detail to the  Company.

Assignor and Assignee are signing this Assignment Form on the date first set forth above.

ASSIGNOR	ASSIGNEE
(Print name of Assignor)	(Print name of Assignee)
(Signature of Assignor)	(Signature of Assignee)
(Print name of signatory, if applicable)	(Print name of signatory, if applicable)
(Print title of signatory, if applicable)	(Print title of signatory, if applicable)
Address:	Address:

- 2 -

EX-31.1

EXHIBIT 31.1

CERTIFICATIONS

I, Kendall Larsen, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of VirnetX Holding Corporation for the quarter ended March 31, 2023.

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report.

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report.

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15 (e) and 15d-15 (e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15 (f) and 15d-15 (f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared.

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

	/s/ Kendall Larsen
	Kendall Larsen
	President and Chief Executive Officer
	(Principal Executive Officer)
Date: May 15, 2023

EX-31.2

EXHIBIT 31.2

CERTIFICATIONS

I, Katherine Allanson, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of VirnetX Holding Corporation for the quarter ended March 31, 2023.

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report.

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report.

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15 (e) and 15d-15 (e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15 (f) and 15d-15 (f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared.

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

	/s/ Katherine Allanson
	Katherine Allanson
	Chief Financial Officer
	(Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)
Date: May 15, 2023

EX-32.1

EXHIBIT 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of VirnetX Holding Corporation (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 15, 2023 (the “Report”), I, Kendall Larsen, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to my knowledge:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and result of operations of the Company.

	/s/ Kendall Larsen
	Kendall Larsen
	President and Chief Executive Officer
	(Principal Executive Officer)
Date: May 15, 2023

EX-32.2

EXHIBIT 32.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of VirnetX Holding Corporation (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 15, 2023 (the “Report”), I, Katherine Allanson, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to my knowledge:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and result of operations of the Company.

	/s/ Katherine Allanson
	Katherine Allanson
	Chief Financial Officer
	(Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)
Date: May 15, 2023

XML

Document and Entity Information - shares	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	May 10, 2023
Cover [Abstract]
Document Type	10-Q
Amendment Flag	false
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Mar. 31, 2023
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q1
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	001-33852
Entity Registrant Name	VirnetX Holding Corp
Entity Central Index Key	0001082324
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	77-0390628
Entity Address, Address Line One	308 Dorla Court
Entity Address, Address Line Two	Suite 206
Entity Address, City or Town	Zephyr Cove
Entity Address, State or Province	NV
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	89448
City Area Code	775
Local Phone Number	548-1785
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share
Trading Symbol	VHC
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		71,424,650

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 97,050	$ 86,561
Investments available for sale	52,367	65,462
Accounts receivables	4	14
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	614	224
Total current assets	150,035	152,261
Prepaid expenses and other assets	614	703
Property and equipment, net	10	11
Total assets	150,659	152,975
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	1,692	373
Accrued payroll and related expenses	365	311
Accrued dividends	71,429	0
Other liabilities, current	37	47
Total current liabilities	73,523	731
Other liabilities	0	0
Total liabilities	73,523	731
Commitments and contingencies (Note 4)
Stockholders' equity:
Preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share Authorized: 10,000,000 shares at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022; Issued and outstanding: 0 shares at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022	0	0
Common stock, par value $0.0001 per share Authorized: 100,000,000 shares at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022; Issued and outstanding: 71,424,650 shares at March 31, 2023 and 71,424,650 at December 31, 2022	7	7
Additional paid-in capital	240,428	239,746
Accumulated deficit	(163,091)	(87,195)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(208)	(314)
Total stockholders' equity	77,136	152,244
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$ 150,659	$ 152,975

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Unaudited) (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Stockholders' equity:
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	10,000,000	10,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued (in shares)	0	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	0	0
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	100,000,000	100,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	71,424,650	71,424,650
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	71,424,650	71,424,650

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (Unaudited) - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (Unaudited) [Abstract]
Revenue	$ 2	$ 5
Operating expense:
Licensing costs	0	(4)
Research and development	1,368	1,227
Selling, general and administrative	4,548	3,185
Total operating expense	5,916	4,408
Income (loss) from operations	(5,914)	(4,403)
Interest and other income, net	1,369	24
Income (loss) before taxes	(4,545)	(4,379)
Income tax (expense) benefit	78	1,059
Net income (loss)	$ (4,467)	$ (3,320)
Basic income (loss) per share (in dollars per share)	$ (0.06)	$ (0.05)
Diluted income (loss) per share (in dollars per share)	$ (0.06)	$ (0.05)
Weighted average shares outstanding - basic (in shares)	71,425	71,233
Weighted average shares outstanding - diluted (in shares)	71,425	71,233

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) (Unaudited) [Abstract]
Net income (loss)	$ (4,467)	$ (3,320)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Change in unrealized gain (loss) on investments, net of tax	107	(171)
Change in foreign currency translation, net of tax	(1)	(3)
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	106	(174)
Comprehensive income (loss)	$ (4,361)	$ (3,494)

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Common Stock and Additional Paid-in Capital [Member]	Accumulated Deficit [Member]	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss [Member]	Total
Balance at Dec. 31, 2021	$ 236,452	$ (50,935)	$ (68)	$ 185,449
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Stock-based compensation	778
Net (loss) income		(3,320)		(3,320)
Dividends		0		0
Change in unrealized investment gain/loss, net			(171)	(171)
Change in foreign currency translation, net			(3)	(3)
Balance at Mar. 31, 2022	237,230	(54,255)	(242)	182,733
Balance at Dec. 31, 2022	239,753	(87,195)	(314)	152,244
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Stock-based compensation	682
Net (loss) income		(4,467)		(4,467)
Dividends		(71,429)		(71,429)
Change in unrealized investment gain/loss, net			107	107
Change in foreign currency translation, net			(1)	(1)
Balance at Mar. 31, 2023	$ 240,435	$ (163,091)	$ (208)	$ 77,136

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (Unaudited) (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (Unaudited) [Abstract]
Dividends per share (in dollars per share)	$ 1	$ 0

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net (loss) income	$ (4,467)	$ (3,320)
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to cash flows from operating activities:
Depreciation	1	2
Deferred tax assets	0	(1,059)
Bad debt	10	0
Stock-based compensation	682	778
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivables	0	5
Prepaid expenses and other assets	(301)	(369)
Accounts payable	1,320	313
Accrued payroll and related expenses	54	60
Accrued licensing costs	0	(355)
Other liabilities	(10)	(17)
Net cash (used in) operating activities	(2,711)	(3,962)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchase of investments	(16,638)	(4,060)
Proceeds from sale or maturity of investments	29,838	2,412
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	13,200	(1,648)
Net change in cash and cash equivalents	10,489	(5,610)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	86,561	142,018
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	97,050	136,408
Non-cash transactions
Dividends approved and accrued on March 30, 2023, paid in April 2023	$ 71,429	$ 0

XML

Business Description and Basis of Presentation

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Formation and Business of the Company [Abstract]

Business Description and Basis of Presentation

Note 1 — Business Description and Basis of Presentation

VirnetX Holding Corporation (the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) is an Internet security software and technology company with patented technology for Zero Trust Network Access (“ZTNA”) based secure network communications. VirnetX’s software and technology solutions, including its Secure Domain Name Registry and Technology, VirnetX One™, War Room™, VirnetX Matrix™, and Gabriel Connection Technology™, are designed to be device- and location-independent, and enable a secure real-time communication environment for all types of enterprise applications, services, and critical infrastructures. Our technology generates secure connections on a “single-click” basis, significantly simplifying the deployment of secure real-time communication solutions by eliminating the need for end-users to enter any encryption information. Our portfolio of intellectual property is the foundation of our business model. We currently own approximately 205 total patents and pending applications, including 72 U.S. patents/patent applications and 133 foreign patents/validations/pending applications. Our patent portfolio is primarily focused on securing real-time communications over the Internet and related services, and is used in all our technology and products, some of which were acquired by our principal operating subsidiary; VirnetX, Inc., from Leidos, Inc., or Leidos, (f/k/a Science Applications International Corporation, or SAIC) in 2006.

Our product portfolio includes sophisticated technologies, products and services that are available for sale worldwide. Our next-generation, VirnetX One™ platform builds upon our patented Secure Domain Names and GABRIEL Connection Technology™ to further enhance the security and efficiency of our patented secure communication links.  VirnetX One™ is a security-as-a-service platform that protects enterprise applications, services, and infrastructure from cyber-attacks. Our platform allows businesses and other enterprises of all sizes to add a “security umbrella” as an added layer on top of their existing infrastructure to further reduce risk and bolster security against ever-growing cyberthreats to data, operating systems, other infrastructure products and gateway security controllers.

XML

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Note 2 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Unaudited Interim Financial Information

The accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of March 31, 2023, the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, and the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 are unaudited. These unaudited interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). In our opinion, the unaudited interim consolidated financial statements include all adjustments of a normal recurring nature necessary for the fair presentation of our financial position as of March 31, 2023, our results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, and our cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. The results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for a full year.

These unaudited interim consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on March 31, 2023.

Use of Estimates

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. In doing so, we have to make estimates and assumptions that affect our reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses, as well as related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. In some cases, we could reasonably have used different accounting policies and estimates. In some cases, changes in the accounting estimates are reasonably likely to occur from period to period. Accordingly, actual results could differ materially from our estimates. To the extent that there are material differences between these estimates and actual results, our financial condition or results of operations will be affected. We base our estimates on past experience and other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, and we evaluate these estimates on an ongoing basis. We refer to accounting estimates of this type as critical accounting policies and estimates, which we discuss further below. We have reviewed our critical accounting policies and estimates with the audit committee of our Board of Directors.

Basis of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of VirnetX Holding Corporation and our wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 842. Operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets are included in Prepaid expenses, and other assets on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term (see Note 8 – Leases).

Revenue Recognition

The Company derives revenue from licensing and royalty fees from contracts with customers which can span several years. We account for this revenue in accordance with ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. Our revenue arrangements may consist of multiple-element arrangements, with revenue for each unit of accounting recognized as the product or service is delivered to the customer.

With the licensing of our patents, performance obligations are generally satisfied at a point in time as work is complete when our patent rights are transferred to our customers. We generally have no further obligation to our customers regarding our technology.

Certain contracts may require our customers to enter into a hosting arrangement with us and for these arrangements, revenue is recognized over time, generally over the life of the servicing contract.

The Company actively monitors and enforces its intellectual property rights, including seeking appropriate compensation from third parties that utilize the Company’s intellectual property without a license. As a result, the Company may, from time to time, receive payments as part of a settlement or compensation for a patent infringement dispute. Proceeds received are allocated to each element identified in the settlement or compensation, based on the fair value of each element. Generally, settlements and compensation may include the following elements: the value of a license or royalty agreement, cost reimbursement, damages, and interest. Elements identified related to licensing and royalty are recognized as revenue. Elements identified as reimbursed costs are generally recorded as a reduction to the reported expenses. Elements identified as damages or interest are generally recorded in other income in the condensed consolidated statement of operations.

Licensing Costs

Included in operating expenses in 2022 is a refund of licensing costs we incurred in conjunction with a favorable court decision relating to a patent infringement case.

Contingent Gains

ASC Topic 450-30-25, Contingent Gains, prohibits recognition of contingent gains until realized. Accordingly, we do not record contingent gains ahead of such realization. Management generally considers any such gains as realized only upon the collection of cash.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

We consider all highly liquid investments purchased with maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Our cash and cash equivalents are not subject to significant interest rate risk due to the short maturities of these investments.

Investments

Investments are classified as available-for-sale and are recorded at fair market value. Unrealized gains and losses are reported as other comprehensive income. Realized gains and losses are recorded in income in the period they are realized using specific identification of each security’s cost basis. We invest our excess cash primarily in highly liquid debt instruments including corporate, government and federal agency securities, with contractual maturities less than two years. By policy, we limit the amount of credit exposure to any one issuer.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at historical cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are computed using the accelerated and straight-line methods over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which range from five to seven years. Repair and maintenance costs are charged to expense as incurred.

Concentration of Credit Risk and Other Risks and Uncertainties

Our cash and cash equivalents are primarily maintained at two major financial institutions in the United States. Deposits held with these financial institutions may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits. A portion of those balances are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, or FDIC. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we had, at times, funds that were uninsured. We do not believe that we are subject to any unusual financial risk beyond the normal risk associated with commercial banking relationships. We have not experienced any losses on our deposits of cash and cash equivalents.

Fair Value

The carrying amounts of our financial instruments, including cash equivalents, accounts payable, and accrued liabilities, approximate fair value because of their generally short maturities.

Intangible Assets

We record intangible assets at cost, less accumulated amortization. Amortization of intangible assets is provided over their estimated useful lives, which can range from 3 to 15 years, on either a straight-line basis or as revenue is generated by the assets.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

We identify and record impairment losses on long-lived assets used in operations when events and changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset might not be recoverable, but not less than annually. Recoverability is measured by comparison of the anticipated future net undiscounted cash flows to the related assets’ carrying value. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the projected discounted future net cash flows arising from the asset.

Research and Development

Research and development costs include expenses paid to outside development consultants and compensation related expenses for our engineering staff. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method. The asset and liability method requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for expected future tax consequences of temporary differences that currently exist between the tax basis and financial reporting basis of our assets and liabilities. We calculate current and deferred tax provisions based on estimates and assumptions that could differ from actual results reflected on the income tax returns filed during the following years. Adjustments based on filed returns are recorded when identified in the subsequent years. The effect on deferred taxes for a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that the tax rate change is enacted. In assessing our deferred tax assets, we consider whether it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

The 2017 U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act changes IRC Section 174, regarding capitalization of book research and development (“R&D”) expenses for income tax purposes. Effective for tax years beginning in 2022, IRC Section 174 requires the capitalization of book R&D expenses which are capitalized and amortized over 5 years for domestic R&D expenses and over 15 years for foreign R&D expenses. To date there has been limited guidance from the IRS on how to quantify the amount of book R&D expenses subject to capitalization, including the indirect expenses supporting the R&D function. Due to the limited guidance, some assumptions were made in our estimates. 

A valuation allowance is provided for deferred income tax assets when, in our judgment, based upon currently available information and other factors, it is more likely than not that all or a portion of such deferred income tax assets will not be realized. The determination of the need for a valuation allowance is based on an on-going evaluation of current information including, among other things, historical operating results, estimates of future earnings in different taxing jurisdictions and the expected timing of the reversals of temporary differences. We believe the determination to record a valuation allowance to reduce a deferred income tax asset is a significant accounting estimate because it is based, among other things, on an estimate of future taxable income in the United States and certain other jurisdictions, which is susceptible to change and may or may not occur, and because the impact of adjusting a valuation allowance may be material. In determining when to release the valuation allowance established against our net deferred income tax assets, we consider all available evidence, both positive and negative. We continually assess our ability to generate sufficient taxable income during future periods in which our deferred tax assets may be realized. If and when we believe it is more likely than not that we will recover our deferred tax assets, we will reverse the valuation allowance as an income tax benefit in our statements of operations.

We account for our uncertain tax positions in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which utilizes a two-step approach to evaluate tax positions. Step one, recognition, requires evaluation of the tax position to determine if based solely on technical merits it is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination. Step two, measurement, is addressed only if a position is more likely than not to be sustained. In step two, the tax benefit is measured as the largest amount of benefit, determined on a cumulative probability basis, which is more likely than not to be realized upon ultimate settlement with tax authorities. If a position does not meet the more likely than not threshold for recognition in step one, no benefit is recorded until the first subsequent period in which the more likely than not standard is met, the issue is resolved with the taxing authority, or the statute of limitations expires. Positions previously recognized are reversed if and when we subsequently determine the position no longer is more likely than not to be sustained. Evaluation of tax positions, their technical merits, and measurements using cumulative probability are highly subjective management estimates. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates.

Stock-Based Compensation

We account for stock-based compensation using the fair value recognition method in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We recognize these compensation costs on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award, which is generally a vesting term of 4 years. We recognize forfeitures, if any, when they occur. In addition, we record stock-based compensation expense for awards granted to non-employees at fair value of the consideration received or the fair value of the equity instruments issued, as they vest, over the performance period (See Note 5 - Stock-Based Compensation).

Earnings per Share

Basic earnings per share are computed by dividing earnings available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of outstanding common shares during the period. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period increased to include the number of additional shares of common stock that would have been outstanding if the potentially dilutive securities had been issued.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair value is the price that would result from an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurement) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurement). Level 2 measurements utilize either directly or indirectly observable inputs in markets other than quoted prices in active markets.

Our financial instruments are stated at amounts that equal, or approximate, fair value. When we estimate fair value, we utilize market data or assumptions that we believe market participants would use in pricing the financial instrument, including assumptions about risk and inputs to the valuation technique. We use valuation techniques, primarily the income and market approach, which maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs for recurring fair value measurements.

Mutual funds: Valued at the quoted net asset value of shares held.

U.S. agency and treasury securities: Fair value measured at the closing price reported on the active market on which the individual securities are traded.

The following tables show the adjusted cost, gross unrealized gains, gross unrealized losses, and fair value of our securities by significant investment category as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

	March 31, 2023
	Adjusted Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Cash and Cash Equivalents		Investments Available for Sale
Cash	$	12,867	$	—	$	—		$	12,867	$	12,867	$	—
Level 1:
Mutual funds		67,667		—		—			67,667		67,667		—
U.S. agency and treasury securities		69,071		25		(213	)		68,883		16,516		52,367
		136,738		25		(213	)		136,550		84,183		52,367
Total	$	149,605	$	25	$	(213	)	$	149,417	$	97,050	$	52,367

	December 31, 2022
	Adjusted Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Cash and Cash Equivalents		Investments Available for Sale
Cash	$	16,949	$	—	$	—		$	16,949	$	16,949	$	—
Level 1:
Mutual funds		66,493		—		—			66,493		66,493		—
U.S. agency and treasury securities		68,958		9		(386	)		68,581		3,119		65,462
		135,451		9		(386	)		135,074		69,612		65,462
Total	$	152,400	$	9	$	(386	)	$	152,023	$	86,561	$	65,462

New Accounting Pronouncements

In September 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“Update”) 2022-04, “Liabilities – Supplier Finance Programs (Subtopic 405-50): Disclosure of Supplier Finance Program Obligations”, which requires entities to disclose the key terms of supplier finance programs used in connection with the purchase of goods and services along with information about their obligations under these programs. This Update does not affect the recognition, measurement or financial statement presentation of supplier finance program obligations. The Update is effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022 and interim periods within those fiscal years, except for the rollforward requirement, which is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023. We do not have a supplier finance program currently in place, and, therefore, there was no impact on our financial position or cash flows as a result.

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Income Taxes

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Income Taxes [Abstract]

Income Taxes

Note 3 — Income Taxes

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, we recognized an income tax benefit of $78 on loss before taxes of $4,545, which is an effective tax rate of 1.71%. The effective rate is lower than the statutory federal rate primarily due to the change in valuation allowance. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, we recognized an income tax benefit of $1,059 on loss before taxes of $4,379, an effective tax rate of 24.45%. The effective rate is higher than the statutory federal rate primarily due to the effect of research and development tax credits. Management determined that a full valuation allowance should be provided against net deferred income tax assets at March 31, 2023.

Our tax years for 2005 and forward are subject to examination by the U.S. tax authority and various state tax authorities because we utilized the NOLs and tax credits generated in those years in 2020. The statute of limitation for those years shall expire three years after the date of filing 2020 income tax returns.

We are required to recognize the financial statement effects of a tax position when it is more likely than not, based on the technical merits, that the position will be sustained upon examination. At December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023, we have no uncertain tax positions. Our policy is to recognize interest and penalties accrued on uncertain tax positions as a component of income tax expense. We had no accrued interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions at March 31, 2023.

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Commitments and Related Party Transactions

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Commitments and Related Party Transactions [Abstract]

Commitments and Related Party Transactions

Note 4 — Commitments and Related Party Transactions

We lease our office under an operating lease with a third party which expires on October 31, 2023 (see Note 8 - Leases).

We entered into a service agreement for the use of an aircraft from K2 Investment Fund LLC (“LLC”) for business travel for employees of the Company. We incurred approximately $287 compared to $265 in fees and reimbursements to the LLC during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We pay for the Company’s usage of the aircraft and have no rights to purchase. Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Administrative Officer are the managing partners of the LLC and control the equity interests of the LLC. We entered into a 12-month non-exclusive agreement with the LLC for use of the plane at a rate of $8 per flight hour, with no minimum usage requirement. The agreement contains other terms and conditions and can be cancelled by either us or the LLC with 30 days’ notice. The agreement renews on an annual basis unless terminated by either party. Neither party has exercised their termination rights.

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Stock Based Compensation

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Stock Based Compensation [Abstract]

Stock Based Compensation

Note 5 — Stock Based Compensation

Our stockholders are being asked to approve the Amended and Restated Equity Incentive Plan (the “Amended 2013 Plan”) at our annual shareholders’ meeting in June 2023. Our shareholder-approved 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Prior Plan”) expired March 29, 2023; no further awards will be made under the Prior Plan, but the Amended 2013 Plan will govern awards granted under the Prior Plan.

Stock-based compensation expense included in general and administrative expense was $371 and $466, and in research and development expense was $311 and $312, for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, we did not grant any options or RSUs.

As of March 31, 2023, the unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested stock options and RSUs was $3,484 and $1,256, respectively, which will be amortized over an estimated weighted average period of approximately 2.47 and 2.18 years, respectively.

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Equity

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Equity [Abstract]

Equity

Note 6 — Equity

Common Stock

We issued no shares for options exercised during the three months ended March 31, 2023 or 2022, respectively. We issued no shares as a result of vesting RSUs during the three months ended March 31, 2023 or 2022.

Warrants

In 2020, we issued warrants for the purchase of 25,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $5.75 per share, exercisable on the date of grant, expiring in April 2025. The weighted average fair value at the grant date was $4.16 per warrant. The fair value at the grant date was estimated utilizing the Black-Scholes valuation model with the following weighted average assumptions (i) dividend yield on our common stock of 0 percent (ii) expected stock price volatility of 97 percent (iii) a risk-free interest rate of 0.27 percent and (iv) and expected option term of 5 years.

Warrants Issued		Exercise Price		Outstanding and Exercisable December 31, 2022		Issued		Exercised		Terminated / Cancelled		Outstanding and Exercisable March 31, 2023		Expiration Date
	25,000	$	5.75		25,000		—		—		—		25,000	April 30, 2025

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Litigation

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Litigation [Abstract]

Litigation

Note 7 — Litigation (all dollar amounts in this section are expressed in thousands except for rates per device)

We have several intellectual property infringement lawsuits pending in the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (“USCAFC”).

VirnetX Inc. v. Apple, Inc. (Case 6:12-CV-00855-LED) (“Apple II”)

This case began on November 6, 2012, when we filed a complaint against Apple in United States District Court (“USDC”) in which we alleged that Apple infringed on certain of our patents, (U.S. Patent Nos. 6,502,135, 7,418,504, 7,921,211 and 7,490,151). We sought damages and injunctive relief. The accused products include the iPhone 5, iPod Touch 5th Generation, iPad 4th Generation, iPad mini, and the latest Macintosh computers. The USDC entered a Final Judgment and issued its Memorandum Opinion and Order regarding post-trial motions, affirming the jury’s verdict of $502,600 and granting VirnetX motions for supplemental damages, a sunset royalty, and the royalty rate of $1.20 per infringing iPhone, iPad and Mac products, pre-judgment and post-judgment interest and costs. Apple filed a notice of appeal with the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (“USCAFC”) in the Apple II case.

On October 9, 2018, USCAFC docketed the appeal as Case No. 19-1050 - VirnetX Inc. v. Apple Inc. On November 22, 2019, the USCAFC issued an opinion affirming the district court’s findings that Apple is precluded from making certain invalidity arguments and that Apple infringed the ‘135 and ‘151 patents; reversing the USDC’s finding that Apple infringed the ‘504 and ‘211 patents; and remanding the case for proceedings on damages. Apple sought panel and en banc rehearing, which the USCAFC denied on February 10, 2020.

On February 22, 2020, the USDC issued a scheduling order for the parties to brief the court about the need for a new trial for recalculating the damages. We filed our motion for entry of judgment on February 28, 2020. The arguments on this matter were heard on April 14, 2020. In its order, unsealed on May 1, 2020, the USDC denied VirnetX’s motion for entry of a new judgment based on the prior jury verdict and ordered a new jury trial on damages. On August 10, 2020, the USDC granted Apple’s motion for continuance and reset the date to October 26, 2020. On October 30, 2020, a jury returned a $502,800 verdict in favor of VirnetX based on Apple’s infringement of two network security patents: VirnetX US Patents No. 6,502,135 and No. 7,490,151. The jury verdict called for damages of $0.84 per accused device since the 2013 launch of Apple’s iOS 7 operating system and represents 598,629,580 infringing units from US sales only. On January 15, 2021, the USDC denied Apple’s motion for judgment as a matter of law, and on February 4, 2021, Apple filed a notice of appeal to the USCAFC.

On February 22, 2021, the USCAFC docketed the appeal as Case No. 19-1672. Apple’s opening brief was filed on June 2, 2021. VirnetX filed its responsive brief on July 26, 2021. Apple filed its reply brief on September 13, 2021. Oral arguments were held on September 8, 2022. On March 31, 2023, the USCAFC issued its decision vacating the USDC’s judgement in this matter and remanding it back to the USDC with instructions to dismiss the case as moot. On April 20, 2023, VirnetX filed a motion to extend the time to file a petition for rehearing from May 1, 2023, until June 5, 2023, and remains pending.

VirnetX Inc. v. Mangrove Partners Master Fund, Ltd., Apple Inc. (USCAFC Case 20-2271) and VirnetX Inc. v. Mangrove Partners Master Fund, Ltd., Apple Inc., and Black Swamp, LLC (USCAFC Case 20-2272)

On September 15, 2020, we filed with the USCAFC an appeal of the invalidity findings by the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (“PTAB”) in inter-partes review proceedings IPR2015-01046 and IPR2016-00062 involving our U.S. Patent No. 6,502,135, and an appeal of the invalidity findings by the PTAB in inter-partes review proceedings IPR2015-1047, IPR2016- 00063, and IPR2016-00167 involving our U.S. Patent No. 7,490,151. On September 25, 2020, the USCAFC issued an order consolidating the two appeals. On December 15, 2020, we filed a motion to vacate the PTAB decisions below and to remand these appeals to the PTAB. On March 16, 2021, the USCAFC denied the motion without prejudice to us raising the challenges made in the motion in our opening brief. Our opening brief was filed on June 7, 2021.

On June 23, 2021, the USCAFC entered an order directing us (and parties in other appeals that raised Appointments Clause challenges) to file a brief explaining how they believe their cases should proceed in light of the Supreme Court’s decision in United States v. Arthrex, Inc., 141 S. Ct. 1970 (2021). On July 7, 2021, we filed a brief in response to the court’s order. Other parties, including the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”) filed their responses on July 21, 2021. On August 19, 2021, USCAFC issued an order remanding these appeals for the limited purpose of allowing VirnetX the opportunity to request rehearing of the PTAB’s final written decisions by the Director of the USPTO. The USCAFC retained jurisdiction over the appeals in the meantime. On September 20, 2021, we filed our requests for Director rehearing with the USPTO. On October 29, 2021, our requests for Director rehearing were denied. We subsequently filed an amended opening brief to the USCAFC on December 10, 2021, the other parties filed response briefs on February 2, 2022, and we filed a reply brief on February 22, 2022. All the briefings have been completed. The oral arguments in this matter were held on September 8, 2022. On March 30, 2023, the USCAFC issued its decision affirming PTAB’s decisions finding certain claims of the ‘135 patent and the ‘151 patent to be unpatentable. On April 19, 2023, VirnetX filed a motion to extend the time to file a petition for rehearing from May 15, 2023, until June 5, 2023.  That motion was granted on April 20, 2023.

VirnetX Inc. v. Hirshfeld (USCAFC Case 17-2593, -2594)

On September 22, 2017, we filed with the USCAFC an appeal of the invalidity findings by the PTAB in inter-partes review proceeding IPR2016-00693 involving our U.S. Patent No. 7,418,504, and an appeal of the invalidity findings by the PTAB in inter-partes review proceeding IPR2016-00957 involving our U.S. Patent No. 7,921,211. On September 16, 2021, USCAFC issued an order remanding these appeals for the limited purpose of allowing VirnetX the opportunity to request rehearing of the PTAB’s final written decisions by the Director of the USPTO. The USCAFC retained jurisdiction over the appeals in the meantime. On October 18, 2021, we filed our requests for Director rehearing with the USPTO. On January 7, 2022, our requests for Director rehearing were denied. On January 21, 2022, we informed the USCAFC about the denial of Director rehearing and requested that the court dismiss the appeal involving IPR2016-00957 as moot and vacate the PTAB’s underlying decision. On April 4, 2022, the USCAFC vacated the PTAB’s decision in IPR2016-00957 and remanded Appeal No. 17-2594 with instructions to dismiss. In the April 4, 2022 order, the USCAFC further set a briefing schedule, in Appeal No. 17-2593. VirnetX filed its opening brief on September 12, 2022. The USPTO filed its response brief on December 20, 2022. VirnetX filed its reply brief on February 14, 2023, and we currently await scheduling of oral arguments. VirnetX has filed a motion to hold this appeal in abeyance pending the disposition of any petition for rehearing in the No. 20-2271, -2272 appeal, and pending the Supreme Court’s disposition of a pending petition for a writ of certiorari in Arthrex, Inc. v. Smith & Nephew, Inc., No. 22-639.  That motion, filed on April 18, 2023, and remains pending.

VirnetX Inc. v. Cisco Systems, Inc. (USCAFC Case 19-1671)

On March 18, 2019, we filed with the USCAFC an appeal of the invalidity findings by the PTAB in inter-partes re-examination proceeding 95/001,679 involving our U.S. Patent No. 6,502,135. On October 5, 2021, USCAFC issued an order remanding these appeals for the limited purpose of allowing VirnetX the opportunity to request rehearing of the PTAB’s final written decisions by the Director of the PTO. The USCAFC retained jurisdiction over the appeals in the meantime. Our request for Director rehearing with the PTO was filed on November 5, 2021. On January 10, 2022, our request for Director rehearing was denied. We informed the USCAFC about the denial of Director rehearing. VirnetX’s opening brief was filed on June 23, 2022. The USPTO’s response brief was filed on August 2, 2022, and Cisco’s response brief was filed on September 2, 2022. VirnetX filed its reply brief on October 7, 2022, and we currently await scheduling of oral arguments.

VirnetX Inc. v. Apple Inc. (USCAFC Case 22-1523) (“Apple Reexam I”)

On March 10, 2022, we filed with the USCAFC an appeal of the invalidity findings by the PTAB in inter-partes re-examination proceeding 95/001,682 involving our U.S. Patent No. 6,502,135. Our opening brief was filed on August 22, 2022. Apple and USPTO each filed a response brief on December 28, 2022. VirnetX filed its reply brief on February 8, 2023, and we currently await scheduling of oral arguments. VirnetX has, however, filed a motion to hold this appeal in abeyance pending the disposition of any petition for rehearing in the No. 20-2271, -2272 appeal, and pending the Supreme Court’s disposition of a pending petition for a writ of certiorari in Arthrex, Inc. v. Smith & Nephew, Inc., No. 22-639.  That motion, filed on April 18, 2023, and remains pending.

VirnetX Inc. v. Apple Inc. (USCAFC Case 22-1997) (“Apple Reexam II”)

On July 6, 2022, we filed with the USCAFC an appeal of the invalidity findings by the PTAB in inter-partes re-examination proceeding 95/001,697 involving our U.S. Patent No. 7,490,151. On October 17, 2022, we filed a motion to remand the appeal in light of the PTAB’s refusal to permit Director rehearing. On January 23, 2023, the USCAFC denied that motion without prejudice to the parties raising their arguments in the merits briefs. VirnetX’s opening brief was filed on May 10, 2023, and remains pending.

VirnetX Inc. v. Cisco Systems, Inc. (USCAFC Case 22-2234)

On September 16, 2022, we filed with the USCAFC an appeal of the invalidity findings by the PTAB in inter-partes re-examination proceeding 95/001,851 involving our U.S. Patent No. 7,418,504. We filed our opening brief on February 28, 2023, and remains pending.

VirnetX Inc. v. Cisco Systems, Inc. (USCAFC Case 23-1765)

On April 7, 2023, we filed with the USCAFC an appeal of the invalidity findings by the PTAB in inter-partes re-examination proceeding 95/001,714 involving our U.S. Patent No. 7,490,151. The certified list is due to be filed by the USPTO by May 30, 2023, and our opening brief will be due 60 days thereafter.  In addition, on April 21, 2023, Cisco filed a cross-appeal. Cisco’s response brief was filed on May 10, 2023.

Other Legal Matters

One or more potential intellectual property infringement claims may also be available to us against certain other companies who have the resources to defend against any such claims. Although we believe these potential claims are likely valid, commencing a lawsuit can be expensive and time-consuming, and there is no assurance that we could prevail on such potential claims if we made them. In addition, bringing a lawsuit may lead to potential counterclaims which may distract our management and our other resources, including capital resources, from efforts to successfully commercialize our products.

Currently, we are not a party to any other pending legal proceedings and are not aware of any proceeding threatened or contemplated against us.

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Leases

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Leases [Abstract]

Leases

Note 8 — Leases

We lease office space under an operating lease which expires on October 31, 2023. On March 31, 2023, the underlying ROU asset and lease liability totaled $31. On December 31, 2022, the underlying ROU asset and lease liability totaled $45. For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, lease expense totaled $14 and $13, respectively.

We also lease a facility for corporate promotional and marketing purposes which was prepaid at inception and expires in 2025, as amended. On March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the ROU asset totaled $573 and $648, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, lease expense totaled $75 and $75, respectively.

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Earnings Per Share

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Earnings Per Share

Note 9 — Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share are based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per share are based on the weighted average number of common shares and potentially dilutive common shares outstanding. Potential common shares outstanding principally include stock options, RSUs and warrants, excluding any potentially dilutive shares convertible at a price higher than the closing price of our stock at the end of each reporting period. The following table shows the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands, except per share amounts):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023			2022
Numerator:
Net (loss) income	$	(4,467	)	$	(3,320	)
Denominator:
Weighted-average basic shares outstanding		71,425			71,233
Effect of dilutive securities		—			—
Weighted-average diluted shares		71,425			71,233
Basic (loss) earnings per share	$	(0.06	)	$	(0.05	)
Diluted (loss) earnings per share	$	(0.06	)	$	(0.05	)

We incurred a net loss for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022; therefore, all potentially dilutive securities representing shares of common stock (7,353,129 in 2023 and 6,931,592 in 2022) were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share, because their effect would have been antidilutive.

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Subsequent Events

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Subsequent Events [Abstract]

Subsequent Events

Note 10 — Subsequent Events

In April 2023, the Company paid $71,429 for a special dividend of $1 per share. Additionally in April 2023, the Company paid $7,245 for a special bonus to employees.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Unaudited Interim Financial Information

Unaudited Interim Financial Information

The accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of March 31, 2023, the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, and the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 are unaudited. These unaudited interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). In our opinion, the unaudited interim consolidated financial statements include all adjustments of a normal recurring nature necessary for the fair presentation of our financial position as of March 31, 2023, our results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, and our cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. The results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for a full year.

These unaudited interim consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on March 31, 2023.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. In doing so, we have to make estimates and assumptions that affect our reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses, as well as related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. In some cases, we could reasonably have used different accounting policies and estimates. In some cases, changes in the accounting estimates are reasonably likely to occur from period to period. Accordingly, actual results could differ materially from our estimates. To the extent that there are material differences between these estimates and actual results, our financial condition or results of operations will be affected. We base our estimates on past experience and other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, and we evaluate these estimates on an ongoing basis. We refer to accounting estimates of this type as critical accounting policies and estimates, which we discuss further below. We have reviewed our critical accounting policies and estimates with the audit committee of our Board of Directors.

Basis of Consolidation

Basis of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of VirnetX Holding Corporation and our wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

Leases

Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 842. Operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets are included in Prepaid expenses, and other assets on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term (see Note 8 – Leases).

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition

The Company derives revenue from licensing and royalty fees from contracts with customers which can span several years. We account for this revenue in accordance with ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. Our revenue arrangements may consist of multiple-element arrangements, with revenue for each unit of accounting recognized as the product or service is delivered to the customer.

With the licensing of our patents, performance obligations are generally satisfied at a point in time as work is complete when our patent rights are transferred to our customers. We generally have no further obligation to our customers regarding our technology.

Certain contracts may require our customers to enter into a hosting arrangement with us and for these arrangements, revenue is recognized over time, generally over the life of the servicing contract.

The Company actively monitors and enforces its intellectual property rights, including seeking appropriate compensation from third parties that utilize the Company’s intellectual property without a license. As a result, the Company may, from time to time, receive payments as part of a settlement or compensation for a patent infringement dispute. Proceeds received are allocated to each element identified in the settlement or compensation, based on the fair value of each element. Generally, settlements and compensation may include the following elements: the value of a license or royalty agreement, cost reimbursement, damages, and interest. Elements identified related to licensing and royalty are recognized as revenue. Elements identified as reimbursed costs are generally recorded as a reduction to the reported expenses. Elements identified as damages or interest are generally recorded in other income in the condensed consolidated statement of operations.

Licensing Costs

Licensing Costs

Included in operating expenses in 2022 is a refund of licensing costs we incurred in conjunction with a favorable court decision relating to a patent infringement case.

Contingent Gains

Contingent Gains

ASC Topic 450-30-25, Contingent Gains, prohibits recognition of contingent gains until realized. Accordingly, we do not record contingent gains ahead of such realization. Management generally considers any such gains as realized only upon the collection of cash.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash Equivalents

We consider all highly liquid investments purchased with maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Our cash and cash equivalents are not subject to significant interest rate risk due to the short maturities of these investments.

Investments

Investments

Investments are classified as available-for-sale and are recorded at fair market value. Unrealized gains and losses are reported as other comprehensive income. Realized gains and losses are recorded in income in the period they are realized using specific identification of each security’s cost basis. We invest our excess cash primarily in highly liquid debt instruments including corporate, government and federal agency securities, with contractual maturities less than two years. By policy, we limit the amount of credit exposure to any one issuer.

Property and Equipment

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at historical cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are computed using the accelerated and straight-line methods over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which range from five to seven years. Repair and maintenance costs are charged to expense as incurred.

Concentration of Credit Risk and Other Risks and Uncertainties

Concentration of Credit Risk and Other Risks and Uncertainties

Our cash and cash equivalents are primarily maintained at two major financial institutions in the United States. Deposits held with these financial institutions may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits. A portion of those balances are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, or FDIC. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we had, at times, funds that were uninsured. We do not believe that we are subject to any unusual financial risk beyond the normal risk associated with commercial banking relationships. We have not experienced any losses on our deposits of cash and cash equivalents.

Fair Value

Fair Value

The carrying amounts of our financial instruments, including cash equivalents, accounts payable, and accrued liabilities, approximate fair value because of their generally short maturities.

Intangible Assets

Intangible Assets

We record intangible assets at cost, less accumulated amortization. Amortization of intangible assets is provided over their estimated useful lives, which can range from 3 to 15 years, on either a straight-line basis or as revenue is generated by the assets.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

We identify and record impairment losses on long-lived assets used in operations when events and changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset might not be recoverable, but not less than annually. Recoverability is measured by comparison of the anticipated future net undiscounted cash flows to the related assets’ carrying value. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the projected discounted future net cash flows arising from the asset.

Research and Development

Research and Development

Research and development costs include expenses paid to outside development consultants and compensation related expenses for our engineering staff. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method. The asset and liability method requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for expected future tax consequences of temporary differences that currently exist between the tax basis and financial reporting basis of our assets and liabilities. We calculate current and deferred tax provisions based on estimates and assumptions that could differ from actual results reflected on the income tax returns filed during the following years. Adjustments based on filed returns are recorded when identified in the subsequent years. The effect on deferred taxes for a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that the tax rate change is enacted. In assessing our deferred tax assets, we consider whether it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

The 2017 U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act changes IRC Section 174, regarding capitalization of book research and development (“R&D”) expenses for income tax purposes. Effective for tax years beginning in 2022, IRC Section 174 requires the capitalization of book R&D expenses which are capitalized and amortized over 5 years for domestic R&D expenses and over 15 years for foreign R&D expenses. To date there has been limited guidance from the IRS on how to quantify the amount of book R&D expenses subject to capitalization, including the indirect expenses supporting the R&D function. Due to the limited guidance, some assumptions were made in our estimates. 

A valuation allowance is provided for deferred income tax assets when, in our judgment, based upon currently available information and other factors, it is more likely than not that all or a portion of such deferred income tax assets will not be realized. The determination of the need for a valuation allowance is based on an on-going evaluation of current information including, among other things, historical operating results, estimates of future earnings in different taxing jurisdictions and the expected timing of the reversals of temporary differences. We believe the determination to record a valuation allowance to reduce a deferred income tax asset is a significant accounting estimate because it is based, among other things, on an estimate of future taxable income in the United States and certain other jurisdictions, which is susceptible to change and may or may not occur, and because the impact of adjusting a valuation allowance may be material. In determining when to release the valuation allowance established against our net deferred income tax assets, we consider all available evidence, both positive and negative. We continually assess our ability to generate sufficient taxable income during future periods in which our deferred tax assets may be realized. If and when we believe it is more likely than not that we will recover our deferred tax assets, we will reverse the valuation allowance as an income tax benefit in our statements of operations.

We account for our uncertain tax positions in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which utilizes a two-step approach to evaluate tax positions. Step one, recognition, requires evaluation of the tax position to determine if based solely on technical merits it is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination. Step two, measurement, is addressed only if a position is more likely than not to be sustained. In step two, the tax benefit is measured as the largest amount of benefit, determined on a cumulative probability basis, which is more likely than not to be realized upon ultimate settlement with tax authorities. If a position does not meet the more likely than not threshold for recognition in step one, no benefit is recorded until the first subsequent period in which the more likely than not standard is met, the issue is resolved with the taxing authority, or the statute of limitations expires. Positions previously recognized are reversed if and when we subsequently determine the position no longer is more likely than not to be sustained. Evaluation of tax positions, their technical merits, and measurements using cumulative probability are highly subjective management estimates. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation

We account for stock-based compensation using the fair value recognition method in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We recognize these compensation costs on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award, which is generally a vesting term of 4 years. We recognize forfeitures, if any, when they occur. In addition, we record stock-based compensation expense for awards granted to non-employees at fair value of the consideration received or the fair value of the equity instruments issued, as they vest, over the performance period (See Note 5 - Stock-Based Compensation).

Earnings per Share

Earnings per Share

Basic earnings per share are computed by dividing earnings available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of outstanding common shares during the period. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period increased to include the number of additional shares of common stock that would have been outstanding if the potentially dilutive securities had been issued.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair value is the price that would result from an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurement) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurement). Level 2 measurements utilize either directly or indirectly observable inputs in markets other than quoted prices in active markets.

Our financial instruments are stated at amounts that equal, or approximate, fair value. When we estimate fair value, we utilize market data or assumptions that we believe market participants would use in pricing the financial instrument, including assumptions about risk and inputs to the valuation technique. We use valuation techniques, primarily the income and market approach, which maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs for recurring fair value measurements.

Mutual funds: Valued at the quoted net asset value of shares held.

U.S. agency and treasury securities: Fair value measured at the closing price reported on the active market on which the individual securities are traded.

The following tables show the adjusted cost, gross unrealized gains, gross unrealized losses, and fair value of our securities by significant investment category as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

	March 31, 2023
	Adjusted Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Cash and Cash Equivalents		Investments Available for Sale
Cash	$	12,867	$	—	$	—		$	12,867	$	12,867	$	—
Level 1:
Mutual funds		67,667		—		—			67,667		67,667		—
U.S. agency and treasury securities		69,071		25		(213	)		68,883		16,516		52,367
		136,738		25		(213	)		136,550		84,183		52,367
Total	$	149,605	$	25	$	(213	)	$	149,417	$	97,050	$	52,367

	December 31, 2022
	Adjusted Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Cash and Cash Equivalents		Investments Available for Sale
Cash	$	16,949	$	—	$	—		$	16,949	$	16,949	$	—
Level 1:
Mutual funds		66,493		—		—			66,493		66,493		—
U.S. agency and treasury securities		68,958		9		(386	)		68,581		3,119		65,462
		135,451		9		(386	)		135,074		69,612		65,462
Total	$	152,400	$	9	$	(386	)	$	152,023	$	86,561	$	65,462

New Accounting Pronouncements

New Accounting Pronouncements

In September 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“Update”) 2022-04, “Liabilities – Supplier Finance Programs (Subtopic 405-50): Disclosure of Supplier Finance Program Obligations”, which requires entities to disclose the key terms of supplier finance programs used in connection with the purchase of goods and services along with information about their obligations under these programs. This Update does not affect the recognition, measurement or financial statement presentation of supplier finance program obligations. The Update is effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022 and interim periods within those fiscal years, except for the rollforward requirement, which is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023. We do not have a supplier finance program currently in place, and, therefore, there was no impact on our financial position or cash flows as a result.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Adjusted Cost, Gross Unrealized Gains, Gross Unrealized Losses and Fair Value of Financial Assets

The following tables show the adjusted cost, gross unrealized gains, gross unrealized losses, and fair value of our securities by significant investment category as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

	March 31, 2023
	Adjusted Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Cash and Cash Equivalents		Investments Available for Sale
Cash	$	12,867	$	—	$	—		$	12,867	$	12,867	$	—
Level 1:
Mutual funds		67,667		—		—			67,667		67,667		—
U.S. agency and treasury securities		69,071		25		(213	)		68,883		16,516		52,367
		136,738		25		(213	)		136,550		84,183		52,367
Total	$	149,605	$	25	$	(213	)	$	149,417	$	97,050	$	52,367

	December 31, 2022
	Adjusted Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Cash and Cash Equivalents		Investments Available for Sale
Cash	$	16,949	$	—	$	—		$	16,949	$	16,949	$	—
Level 1:
Mutual funds		66,493		—		—			66,493		66,493		—
U.S. agency and treasury securities		68,958		9		(386	)		68,581		3,119		65,462
		135,451		9		(386	)		135,074		69,612		65,462
Total	$	152,400	$	9	$	(386	)	$	152,023	$	86,561	$	65,462

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Equity (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Equity [Abstract]

Information about Warrants Outstanding

Warrants Issued		Exercise Price		Outstanding and Exercisable December 31, 2022		Issued		Exercised		Terminated / Cancelled		Outstanding and Exercisable March 31, 2023		Expiration Date
	25,000	$	5.75		25,000		—		—		—		25,000	April 30, 2025

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Earnings Per Share (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Computation of Basic and Diluted Earnings Per Share

The following table shows the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands, except per share amounts):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023			2022
Numerator:
Net (loss) income	$	(4,467	)	$	(3,320	)
Denominator:
Weighted-average basic shares outstanding		71,425			71,233
Effect of dilutive securities		—			—
Weighted-average diluted shares		71,425			71,233
Basic (loss) earnings per share	$	(0.06	)	$	(0.05	)
Diluted (loss) earnings per share	$	(0.06	)	$	(0.05	)

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Business Description and Basis of Presentation (Details) - Patents [Member]	Mar. 31, 2023 Patent
Business Description [Abstract]
Number of patents and pending applications	205
U.S. [Member]
Business Description [Abstract]
Number of patents and pending applications	72
Foreign [Member]
Business Description [Abstract]
Number of patents and pending applications	133

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($) Institution	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Concentration of Credit Risk and Others Risks and Uncertainties [Abstract]
Number of financial institutions holding company's cash | Institution	2
Stock-Based Compensation [Abstract]
Option vesting term	4 years
Adjusted Cost, Gross Unrealized Gains, Gross Unrealized Losses and Fair Value of Financial Assets [Abstract]
Adjusted Cost	$ 149,605	$ 152,400
Fair Value	149,417	152,023
Cash [Member]
Adjusted Cost, Gross Unrealized Gains, Gross Unrealized Losses and Fair Value of Financial Assets [Abstract]
Adjusted Cost	12,867	16,949
Fair Value	12,867	16,949
Total Investment Securities [Member]
Adjusted Cost, Gross Unrealized Gains, Gross Unrealized Losses and Fair Value of Financial Assets [Abstract]
Adjusted Cost	136,738	135,451
Unrealized Gains	25	9
Unrealized Losses	(213)	(386)
Fair Value	136,550	135,074
Mutual Funds [Member]
Adjusted Cost, Gross Unrealized Gains, Gross Unrealized Losses and Fair Value of Financial Assets [Abstract]
Adjusted Cost	67,667	66,493
Unrealized Gains	0	0
Unrealized Losses	0	0
Fair Value	67,667	66,493
U.S. Agency and Treasury Securities [Member]
Adjusted Cost, Gross Unrealized Gains, Gross Unrealized Losses and Fair Value of Financial Assets [Abstract]
Adjusted Cost	69,071	68,958
Unrealized Gains	25	9
Unrealized Losses	(213)	(386)
Fair Value	$ 68,883	68,581
Minimum [Member]
Property and Equipment [Abstract]
Useful lives	5 years
Intangible Assets [Abstract]
Estimated useful lives	3 years
Maximum [Member]
Property and Equipment [Abstract]
Useful lives	7 years
Intangible Assets [Abstract]
Estimated useful lives	15 years
Recurring [Member]
Adjusted Cost, Gross Unrealized Gains, Gross Unrealized Losses and Fair Value of Financial Assets [Abstract]
Cash and Cash Equivalents	$ 97,050	86,561
Investments Available for Sale	52,367	65,462
Recurring [Member] | Cash [Member]
Adjusted Cost, Gross Unrealized Gains, Gross Unrealized Losses and Fair Value of Financial Assets [Abstract]
Cash and Cash Equivalents	12,867	16,949
Recurring [Member] | Level 1 [Member] | Total Investment Securities [Member]
Adjusted Cost, Gross Unrealized Gains, Gross Unrealized Losses and Fair Value of Financial Assets [Abstract]
Cash and Cash Equivalents	84,183	69,612
Investments Available for Sale	52,367	65,462
Recurring [Member] | Level 1 [Member] | Mutual Funds [Member]
Adjusted Cost, Gross Unrealized Gains, Gross Unrealized Losses and Fair Value of Financial Assets [Abstract]
Cash and Cash Equivalents	67,667	66,493
Investments Available for Sale	0	0
Recurring [Member] | Level 1 [Member] | U.S. Agency and Treasury Securities [Member]
Adjusted Cost, Gross Unrealized Gains, Gross Unrealized Losses and Fair Value of Financial Assets [Abstract]
Cash and Cash Equivalents	16,516	3,119
Investments Available for Sale	$ 52,367	$ 65,462
Highly Liquid Debt Investments [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Investments [Abstract]
Contractual maturities of investment securities	2 years

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Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Income Taxes [Abstract]
Income tax benefit	$ (78)	$ (1,059)
Loss before income taxes	$ (4,545)	$ (4,379)
Effective tax rate	1.71%	24.45%
Uncertain tax positions	$ 0		$ 0
Accrued interest	0
Accrued penalties	$ 0

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Commitments and Related Party Transactions (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Office [Member]
Commitments, Contingencies and Related Party Transactions [Abstract]
Operating lease, expiration date	Oct. 31, 2023
K2 Investment Fund LLC [Member] | Aircraft [Member]
Commitments, Contingencies and Related Party Transactions [Abstract]
Rental fees incurred for use of aircraft	$ 287	$ 265
Term of lease	12 months
Rate of aircraft lease (in dollars per flight hour)	$ 8
Term of notice for cancellation of lease	30 days

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Stock Based Compensation (Details) - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Share-based Compensation [Abstract]
Stock-based compensation expense	$ 682	$ 778
General and Administrative Expense [Member]
Share-based Compensation [Abstract]
Stock-based compensation expense	371	466
R&D Expenses [Member]
Share-based Compensation [Abstract]
Stock-based compensation expense	$ 311	$ 312
Stock Options [Member]
Share-based Compensation [Abstract]
Options granted (in shares)	0	0
Unrecognized stock-based compensation expense expected to be recognized related to unvested stock options	$ 3,484
Weighted average amortization period	2 years 5 months 19 days
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) [Member]
Share-based Compensation [Abstract]
RSUs granted (in shares)	0	0
Unrecognized stock-based compensation expense expected to be recognized related to unvested RSUs	$ 1,256
Weighted average amortization period	2 years 2 months 4 days

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Equity, Common Stock (Details) - shares	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) [Member]
Common Stock [Abstract]
Common stock issued upon vesting RSUs (in shares)	0	0
ATM Agreement [Member] | Common Stock [Member]
Common Stock [Abstract]
Number of shares of common stock issued for options (in shares)	0	0

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Equity, Warrants (Details) - Warrants [Member] - Warrants Issued in 2020 [Member] - $ / shares	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2022
Warrants [Abstract]
Weighted average fair value of warrants at grant date (in dollars per share)		$ 4.16
Dividend yield		0.00%
Volatility		97.00%
Risk-free rate		0.27%
Expected option term		5 years
Warrants issued (in shares)		25,000	25,000
Exercise price (in dollars per share)		$ 5.75	$ 5.75
Outstanding and exercisable (in shares)	25,000
Issued (in shares)	0
Exercised (in shares)	0
Terminated/ cancelled (in shares)	0
Outstanding and exercisable (in shares)	25,000
Expiration date	Apr. 30, 2025

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Litigation (Details) $ in Thousands	Apr. 07, 2023	Oct. 30, 2020 USD ($) Infringment Patent $ / Device	Sep. 25, 2020 Appeal	Nov. 06, 2012 USD ($) $ / Device
VirnetX Inc. v. Cisco Systems, Inc. (USCAFC Case 23-1765) [Member] | Subsequent Events [Member]
Litigation [Abstract]
Opening brief due period	60 days
Positive Outcome of Litigation [Member] | VirnetX Inc. v. Apple, Inc. (Case 6:12-CV-00855-LED) ("Apple II") [Member]
Litigation [Abstract]
Amount of damages awarded in patent infringement case | $		$ 502,800		$ 502,600
Royalty rate per device used in calculating infringement damages				1.2
Number of patents allegedly infringed upon by Apple, Inc. | Patent		2
Damages awarded per accused device		0.84
Number of infringing units | Infringment		598,629,580
Positive Outcome of Litigation [Member] | VirnetX Inc. v. The Mangrove Partners (Case 20-2271 and Case 20-2272) ("Consolidated Appeal") [Member]
Litigation [Abstract]
Number of appeals consolidated | Appeal			2

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Leases (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Office [Member]
Leases [Abstract]
Operating lease ROU assets	$ 31		$ 45
Lease liability	31		45
Lease expense	14	$ 13
Corporate Promotional and Marketing Facility [Member]
Leases [Abstract]
Operating lease ROU assets	573		$ 648
Lease expense	$ 75	$ 75

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Earnings Per Share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Numerator [Abstract]
Net (loss) income	$ (4,467)	$ (3,320)
Denominator [Abstract]
Weighted-average basic shares outstanding (in shares)	71,425,000	71,233,000
Effect of dilutive securities (in shares)	0	0
Weighted-average diluted shares (in shares)	71,425,000	71,233,000
Basic (loss) earnings per share (in dollars per share)	$ (0.06)	$ (0.05)
Diluted (loss) earnings per share (in dollars per share)	$ (0.06)	$ (0.05)
Antidilutive securities excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share (in shares)	7,353,129	6,931,592

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Subsequent Events (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended
	Apr. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Subsequent Events [Abstract]
Special dividend paid per share (in dollars per share)		$ 1	$ 0
Subsequent Events [Member]
Subsequent Events [Abstract]
Payments for special dividend	$ 71,429
Special dividend paid per share (in dollars per share)	$ 1
Payments for special bonus to employees	$ 7,245