Taxation (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

The components of tax expense for 2022 and 2021 are as follows:



	Year ended December 31,

	2022		2021
Current tax expense		339		945
Deferred tax (benefit) expense		(80)		662
Total tax expense		259		1,607

Taxes on items recognized in “Other comprehensive (loss) income” or directly in equity in 2022 and 2021 are as follows:



	Year ended December 31,

	2022		2021
Included in Other comprehensive (loss) income
Deferred tax (benefit) expense on remeasurement on defined benefit pension plans		(43)		58
Deferred tax benefit on share of other comprehensive loss in equity method investments		-		(23)
Included in Equity
Deferred tax expense (benefit) on share-based payments		28		(21)
Current tax benefit on share-based payments		(4)		(18)

Below is a reconciliation of income taxes calculated at the Canadian corporate tax rate of 26.5% to the tax expense for 2022 and 2021:



	Year ended December 31,

	2022		2021
Income before tax		1,650		7,294
Income before tax multiplied by the standard rate of Canadian corporate tax of 26.5%		437		1,933
Effects of:
Income taxes recorded at rates different from the Canadian tax rate		(226)		(335)
Tax losses for which no benefit is recognized		77		21
Net non-taxable foreign exchange and other gains and losses		(86)		(3)
Tax (benefit) expense on changes in statutory intercompany investment values		(50)		34
Derecognition (recognition) of tax losses that arose in prior years due to changes in statutory intercompany investment values		50		(34)
Provision for uncertain tax positions		30		5
Derecognition (recognition) of tax assets that arose in prior years		68		(3)
Recognition of tax attributes of foreign subsidiaries		(29)		-
Impact of tax law changes		(13)		(17)
Research and development credits		(13)		(10)
Other adjustments related to prior years		6		11
Withholding taxes		4		8
Other differences		4		(3)
Total tax expense		259		1,607