10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT UNDER SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ______to _______

Commission File Number: 001-35737

NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	94-3306718
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

4800 Montgomery Lane, Suite 800, Bethesda, MD 20814

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

(240) 497-9024

(Registrant’s telephone number)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes  ☒      No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes  ☒      No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

Title of each class	Trading Symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share	NWBO	OTCQB

As of November 6, 2023, the total number of shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share, outstanding was 1,153,846,907.

NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

FORM 10-Q

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION		3
Item 1.	Condensed Consolidated Interim Financial Statements (Unaudited)
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Deficit for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022	7
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	9
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	26
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	31
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	32
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION		33
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	33
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	33
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	33
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	34
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	34
Item 5.	Other Information	34
Item 6.	Exhibits	34
SIGNATURES		35

2

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

	September 30,		December 31,
	2023		2022
	(Unaudited)
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	6,097	$	6,965
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		1,745		2,460
Share receivable		610		—
Total current assets		8,452		9,425
Non-current assets:
Property, plant and equipment, net		16,751		13,418
Construction in progress		—		2,028
Right-of-use asset, net		4,014		4,189
Indefinite-lived intangible asset		1,292		1,292
Goodwill		626		626
Other assets		357		345
Total non-current assets		23,040		21,898
TOTAL ASSETS	$	31,492	$	31,323
LIABILITIES, MEZZANINE EQUITY AND STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	12,331	$	10,687
Accounts payable and accrued expenses to related parties and affiliates		4,716		6,955
Convertible notes, net		3,451		135
Convertible notes at fair value		10,250		—
Notes payable, net		8,198		15,403
Contingent payable derivative liability		8,882		8,668
Warrant liability		1,019		80,559
Investor advances		7		2,566
Share liability		—		678
Lease liabilities		369		354
Total current liabilities		49,223		126,005
Non-current liabilities:
Notes payable, net of current portion, net		11,038		5,991
Lease liabilities, net of current portion		4,134		4,370
Contingent payment obligation		4,550		—
Total non-current liabilities		19,722		10,361
Total liabilities		68,945		136,366
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Note 12)
Mezzanine equity:
Series C Convertible Preferred Stock, 10,000,000 shares designated; 1.8 million and 1.4 million shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively; aggregate liquidation preference of $26.0 million and $22.3 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively		27,666		23,060
Stockholders’ deficit:
Preferred stock ($0.001 par value); 100,000,000 shares authorized as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively		—		—
Common stock ($0.001 par value); 1,700,000,000 shares authorized; 1,145.1 million and 1,068.4 million shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively		1,145		1,068
Additional paid-in capital		1,271,327		1,164,885
Stock subscription receivable		(79)		(79)
Accumulated deficit		(1,340,802)		(1,297,122)
Accumulated other comprehensive income		3,290		3,145
Total stockholders’ deficit		(65,119)		(128,103)
TOTAL LIABILITIES, MEZZANINE EQUITY AND STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT	$	31,492	$	31,323

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

3

NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(in thousands, except per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

	For the three months ended				For the nine months ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Revenues:
Research and other	$	406	$	206	$	1,487	$	1,086
Total revenues		406		206		1,487		1,086
Operating costs and expenses:
Research and development		7,201		7,694		20,276		26,159
General and administrative		7,030		8,130		21,577		23,930
Total operating costs and expenses		14,231		15,824		41,853		50,089
Loss from operations		(13,825)		(15,618)		(40,366)		(49,003)
Other income (expense):
Change in fair value of derivative liabilities		(112)		(12,169)		3,875		(15,883)
Change in fair value of share receivable		487		—		534		—
Loss from extinguishment of debt		(1,768)		(456)		(3,648)		(156)
Interest expense		(1,670)		(1,512)		(3,999)		(4,847)
Foreign currency transaction loss		(1,692)		(3,097)		(76)		(6,845)
Total other loss		(4,755)		(17,234)		(3,314)		(27,731)
Net loss		(18,580)		(32,852)		(43,680)		(76,734)
Deemed dividend related to warrant modification		(519)		—		(1,433)		—
Net loss attributable to common stockholders	$	(19,099)	$	(32,852)	$	(45,113)	$	(76,734)
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Foreign currency translation adjustment		1,397		2,773		145		5,956
Total comprehensive loss	$	(17,702)	$	(30,079)	$	(44,968)	$	(70,778)
Net loss per share applicable to common stockholders
Basic	$	(0.02)	$	(0.03)	$	(0.04)	$	(0.08)
Diluted	$	(0.02)	$	(0.03)	$	(0.04)	$	(0.08)
Weighted average shares used in computing basic loss per share		1,134,359		1,040,982		1,106,111		1,001,703
Weighted average shares used in computing diluted loss per share		1,134,359		1,040,982		1,106,111		1,001,703

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

4

NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT

(in thousands)

(Unaudited)

	For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
	Mezzanine equity												Accumulated
	Series C Covertible						Additional						Other		Total
	Preferred Stock			Common Stock			Paid-in		Subscription		Accumulated		Comprehensive		Stockholders’
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Par value		Capital		Receivable		Deficit		Income		Deficit
Balances at July 1, 2023	1,546	$	25,385	1,115,183	$	1,115	$	1,258,259	$	(79)	$	(1,322,222)	$	1,893	$	(61,034)
Issuance of Series C convertible preferred stock for cash	405		5,143	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Issuance of Series C convertible preferred stock in lieu of debt redemption	—		—	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Series C convertible preferred stock conversion	(186)		(2,974)	4,651		4		2,970		—		—		—		2,974
Warrants exercised for cash	—		—	128		—		32		—		—		—		32
Cashless warrants and stock options exercise	—		—	10,554		11		(11)		—		—		—		—
Issuance of common stock for conversion of debt and accrued interest	—		—	12,403		13		7,907		—		—		—		7,920
Stock-based compensation	8		112	2,164		2		1,563		—		—		—		1,565
Net loss	—		—	—		—		—		—		(18,580)		—		(18,580)
Warrants modfication	—		—	—		—		1,126		—		—		—		1,126
Deemed dividend related to warrants modification	—		—	—		—		(519)		—		—		—		(519)
Cumulative translation adjustment	—		—	—		—		—		—		—		1,397		1,397
Balances at September 30, 2023	1,773	$	27,666	1,145,083	$	1,145	$	1,271,327	$	(79)	$	(1,340,802)	$	3,290	$	(65,119)

	For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
													Accumulated
	Series C Covertible						Additional						Other		Total
	Preferred Stock			Common Stock			Paid-in		Subscription		Accumulated		Comprehensive		Stockholders’
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Par value		Capital		Receivable		Deficit		Income		Deficit
Balances at July 1, 2022	—	$	—	1,034,475	$	1,034	$	1,139,811	$	(79)	$	(1,235,972)	$	3,540	$	(91,666)
Issuance of Series C convertible preferred stock for cash	704		10,904	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Issuance of Series C convertible preferred stock in lieu of debt redemption	126		1,978	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Issuance of Series C convertible preferred stock by common stock warrant exercise	55		329	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Warrants exercised for cash	—		—	1,926		2		428		—		—		—		430
Reclassification of warrant liabilities related to warrants exercised for cash	—		535	—		—		2,402		—		—		—		2,402
Cashless warrants and stock options exercised	—		—	5,321		5		(5)		—		—		—		—
Reclassification of warrant liabilities related to cashless warrants exercise	—		—	—		—		1,421		—		—		—		1,421
Issuance of common stock for conversion of debt and accrued interest	—		—	6,892		7		5,274		—		—		—		5,281
Stock-based compensation	—		—	2,636		3		3,358		—		—		—		3,361
Fractional shares adjustment	—		—	10		—		—		—		—		—		—
Net loss	—		—	—		—		—		—		(32,852)		—		(32,852)
Cumulative translation adjustment	—		—	—		—		—		—		—		2,773		2,773
Balances at September 30, 2022	885	$	13,746	1,051,260	$	1,051	$	1,152,689	$	(79)	$	(1,268,824)	$	6,313	$	(108,850)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

5

NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT

(in thousands)

(Unaudited)

	For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
	Mezzanine equity												Accumulated
	Series C Covertible						Additional						Other		Total
	Preferred Stock			Common Stock			Paid-in		Subscription		Accumulated		Comprehensive		Stockholders’
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Par value		Capital		Receivable		Deficit		Income		Deficit
Balances at January 1, 2023	1,415	$	23,060	1,068,394	$	1,068	$	1,164,885	$	(79)	$	(1,297,122)	$	3,145	$	(128,103)
Issuance of Series C convertible preferred stock for cash	729		9,899	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Issuance of Series C convertible preferred stock in lieu of debt redemption	56		1,013	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Series C convertible preferred stock conversion	(443)		(6,536)	11,081		11		6,525		—		—		—		6,536
Warrants exercised for cash	—		—	12,448		12		2,789		—		—		—		2,801
Cashless warrants and stock options exercise	—		—	20,433		21		(21)		—		—		—		—
Reclassification of warrant liabilities to stockholders’ deficit	—		—	—		—		76,258		—		—		—		76,258
Issuance of common stock for conversion of debt and accrued interest	—		—	27,563		28		17,456		—		—		—		17,484
Stock-based compensation	16		230	5,164		5		2,668		—		—		—		2,673
Net loss	—		—	—		—		—		—		(43,680)		—		(43,680)
Warrants modfication	—		—	—		—		2,200		—		—		—		2,200
Deemed dividend related to warrants modification	—		—	—		—		(1,433)		—		—		—		(1,433)
Cumulative translation adjustment	—		—	—		—		—		—		—		145		145
Balances at September 30, 2023	1,773	$	27,666	1,145,083	$	1,145	$	1,271,327	$	(79)	$	(1,340,802)	$	3,290	$	(65,119)

	For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
													Accumulated
	Series C Covertible						Additional						Other		Total
	Preferred Stock			Common Stock			Paid-in		Subscription		Accumulated		Comprehensive		Stockholders’
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Par value		Capital		Receivable		Deficit		Income		Deficit
Balances at January 1, 2022	—	$	—	948,445	$	948	$	1,066,873	$	(79)	$	(1,192,090)	$	357	$	(123,991)
Issuance of Series C convertible preferred stock for cash	704		10,904	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Issuance of Series C convertible preferred stock in lieu of debt redemption	126		1,978	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Issuance of Series C convertible preferred stock by common stock warrant exercise	55		329	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Issuance of common stock for cash	—		—	13,147		13		9,676		—		—		—		9,689
Warrants exercised for cash	—		—	40,929		41		9,945		—		—		—		9,986
Reclassification of warrant liabilities related to warrants exercised for cash	—		535	—		—		22,090		—		—		—		22,090
Cashless warrants and stock options exercise	—		—	34,224		34		(34)		—		—		—		—
Reclassification of warrant liabilities related to cashless warrants exercise	—		—	—		—		26,800		—		—		—		26,800
Issuance of common stock for conversion of debt and accrued interest	—		—	10,374		11		7,602		—		—		—		7,613
Stock-based compensation	—		—	4,141		4		9,737		—		—		—		9,741
Net loss	—		—	—		—		—		—		(76,734)		—		(76,734)
Cumulative translation adjustment	—		—	—		—		—		—		—		5,956		5,956
Balances at September 30, 2022	885	$	13,746	1,051,260	$	1,051	$	1,152,689	$	(79)	$	(1,268,824)	$	6,313	$	(108,850)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

6

NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in thousands)

(Unaudited)

	For the nine months ended
	September 30,
	2023		2022
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net loss	$	(43,680)	$	(76,734)
Reconciliation of net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		1,101		934
Amortization of debt discount		2,006		2,111
Change in fair value of derivatives		(3,875)		15,883
Change in fair value of share receivable		(534)		—
Loss from extinguishment of debt		3,648		156
Amortization of operating lease right-of-use asset		211		184
Stock-based compensation for services		2,833		9,741
Warrant modifications associated with convertible notes under fair value option		287		—
Subtotal of non-cash charges		5,677		29,009
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		802		(310)
Other non-current assets		(13)		633
Accounts payable and accrued expenses		2,657		1,251
Related party accounts payable and accrued expenses		(2,239)		2,127
Lease liabilities		117		98
Net cash used in operating activities		(36,679)		(43,926)
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Purchase of equipment and construction in progress		(3,019)		(742)
Net cash used in investing activities		(3,019)		(742)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Proceeds from issuance of Series C convertible preferred stock		9,899		10,904
Proceeds from issuance of Series C convertible preferred stock by common stock warrant exercise, net of debt redemption		—		52
Proceeds from issuance of common stock		—		9,465
Proceeds from exercise of warrants		1,598		9,986
Proceeds from investor advance		7		—
Proceeds from issuance of notes payable, net		10,000		5,600
Proceeds from issuance of convertible notes payable, net		12,699		—
Proceeds from contingent payment obligation		4,550		—
Repayment of notes payable		(210)		(5,390)
Repayment of investor advances		(200)		—
Net cash provided by financing activities		38,343		30,617
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		487		8,307
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents		(868)		(5,744)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of the period		6,965		15,169
Cash and cash equivalents, end of the period	$	6,097	$	9,425
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information
Interest payments on notes payable	$	(30)	$	(912)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

7

NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in thousands)

(Unaudited)

	For the nine months ended
	September 30,
	2023		2022
Supplemental schedule of non-cash investing and financing activities:
Cashless warrants and stock options exercise	$	21	$	34
Reclassification of warrant liabilities related to warrants exercised for cash	$	—	$	22,625
Reclassification of warrant liabilities to stockholders’ deficit	$	76,258	$	—
Reclassification of warrant liabilities related to cashless warrants exercise	$	—	$	26,800
Reclassisifcation of investor advances to convertible notes payable	$	1,163	$	—
Reclassisifcation of investor advances to stockholders’ deficit	$	1,203	$	—
Issuance of common stock for conversion of debt and accrued interest	$	17,484	$	7,054
Issuance of Series C convertible preferred stock in lieu of debt redemption	$	1,013	$	1,978
Exercise common stock warrants by debt redemption	$	—	$	277
Series C convertible preferred stock conversion	$	6,536	$	—
Capital expenditures included in accounts payable	$	71	$	4
Reclassification between shares payable and equity	$	—	$	250
Deemed dividend related to warrant modification	$	1,433	$	—

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

8

NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS

1. Organization and Description of Business

Northwest Biotherapeutics, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries Flaskworks, Northwest Biotherapeutics Limited (formerly known as Aracaris Ltd), Aracaris Capital, Ltd, Northwest Biotherapeutics B.V., and NW Bio GmbH (collectively, the “Company”, “we”, “us” and “our”) were organized to discover and develop innovative immunotherapies for cancer. The Company has developed DCVax® platform technologies for both operable and inoperable solid tumor cancers. The Company has wholly owned subsidiaries in Boston, the U.K., the Netherlands and Germany. On August 28, 2020, the Company acquired Flaskworks, LLC (“Flaskworks”), a company that has developed a system designed to close and automate the manufacturing of cell therapy products such as DCVax®. On July 24, 2023, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary changed its name from Aracaris Ltd to Northwest Biotherapeutics Limited.

The Company relies upon contract manufacturers for production of its DCVax products, research and development services, distribution and logistics, and related services, in compliance with the Company’s specifications and the applicable regulatory requirements.

The Company has completed a Phase 3 clinical trial of its DCVax®-L product for glioblastoma brain cancer, has publicly reported the results in a peer reviewed publication in a medical journal as well as at a medical conference, and is working on final preparations for filing an application for regulatory approval of the product.

2. Financial Condition, Going Concern and Management Plans

The Company has incurred annual net operating losses since its inception. The Company had a net loss of $45.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The Company used approximately $36.7 million of cash in its operating activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

The Company does not expect to generate material revenue in the near future from the sale of products and is subject to all of the risks and uncertainties that are typically faced by biotechnology companies that devote substantially all of their efforts to research and development (“R&D”) and clinical trials and do not yet have commercial products. The Company expects to continue incurring annual losses for the foreseeable future. The Company’s existing liquidity is not sufficient to fund its operations, anticipated capital expenditures, working capital and other financing requirements until the Company reaches significant revenues. Until that time, the Company will need to obtain additional equity and/or debt financing, especially if the Company experiences downturns in its business that are more severe or longer than anticipated, or if the Company experiences significant increases in expense levels resulting from being a publicly-traded company or from expansion of operations. If the Company attempts to obtain additional equity or debt financing, the Company cannot assume that such financing will be available to the Company on favorable terms, or at all.

Because of recurring operating losses and operating cash flow deficits, there is substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for at least one year from the date of this filing. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern, however, they do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets, or the amounts and classification of liabilities that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. Certain immaterial reclassifications have been made to prior period amounts to conform to the current period presentation.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with the accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and pursuant to the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 8 of Regulation S-X of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and on the same basis as the Company uses to prepare its annual audited consolidated financial statements. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2023, condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, condensed consolidated statement of stockholders’ deficit for the three and nine months ended September

9

NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS

30, 2023 and 2022, and the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 are unaudited, but include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, which the Company considers necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position, operating results and cash flows for the periods presented. The results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2023 or for any future interim period. The condensed consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2022 has been derived from audited financial statements; however, it does not include all of the information and notes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 and notes thereto included in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K (the “2022 Annual Report”), which was filed with the SEC on February 28, 2023.

Use of Estimates

In preparing condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Due to inherent uncertainty involved in making estimates, actual results reported in future periods may be affected by changes in these estimates.

On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates and judgments, including valuing equity securities in share-based payment arrangements, estimating the fair value of financial instruments recorded as derivative liabilities, useful lives of depreciable assets, and whether impairment charges may apply. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could differ from those estimates, particularly given the significant social and economic disruptions and uncertainties associated with the ongoing coronavirus pandemic (“COVID-19”) and the COVID-19 control responses.

Significant Accounting Policies

There have been no material changes in the Company’s significant accounting policies from those previously disclosed in the 2022 Annual Report other than those discussed below.

Sequencing

The Company adopted a sequencing policy under ASC 815-40-35 to determine if reclassification of contracts from equity to liabilities is necessary pursuant to ASC 815 due to the Company’s inability to demonstrate it has sufficient authorized shares. Certain contracts were classified as liabilities as the result of the instruments containing a potentially indeterminable number of shares and, most recently, due to the Company entering into agreements providing for the potential issuance of more shares than authorized. While temporary suspensions are in place to keep the potential exercises beneath the number authorized, certain instruments are classified as liabilities, after allocating available authorized shares on the basis of the earliest grant date of potentially dilutive instruments. Pursuant to ASC 815, issuance of stock-based awards to the Company’s employees, non-employees or directors are not subject to the sequencing policy.

On January 9, 2023, the Company filed a Certificate of Amendment of its Seventh Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the “Certificate of Amendment”) with the Secretary of the State of Delaware, which effected an increase in the Company’s authorized shares of common stock, from 1.2 billion to 1.7 billion, par value $0.001 per share. As a result of this increase in authorized shares, the liability-classified warrants were reclassified to equity. Approximately 141 million warrants, with a value of approximately $76.3 million, to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock were reclassified from liabilities to equity on January 9, 2023. The remaining balance of $1.0 million in warrant liability as of September 30, 2023 was related to certain conditional rights to independently purchase shares from the Company in a future raise of capital (the “Piggy-back Rights”).

Modification of Equity Classified Warrants

A change in the terms or conditions of a warrant is accounted for as a modification. For a warrant modification accounted for under ASC 815, the effect of a modification shall be measured as the difference between the fair value of the modified warrant and the fair value of the original warrant immediately before its terms are modified, with each measured on the modification date. The accounting for incremental fair value of the modified warrants over the original warrants is based on the specific facts and circumstances related to

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS

the modification. When a modification is directly attributable to an equity offering, the incremental change in fair value of the warrants is accounted for as an equity issuance cost. When a modification is directly attributable to a debt offering, the incremental change in fair value of the warrants is accounted for as a debt discount or debt issuance cost. For all other modifications, the incremental change in fair value is recognized as a deemed dividend.

Convertible Notes under Fair Value Option

The Company accounts for certain convertible notes issued in August and September 2023 on an instrument-by-instrument basis under the fair value option (“FVO”) election of ASC Topic 825, Financial Instruments (“ASC 825”). The convertible notes accounted for under the FVO election are each debt host financial instruments containing embedded features wherein the entire financial instrument is initially measured at its issue-date estimated fair value and then subsequently remeasured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis at each reporting period date. Changes in the estimated fair value of the convertible notes are recorded as a component of Other (expense) income in the consolidated statements of operations, except that the change in estimated fair value attributable to a change in the instrument-specific credit risks is recognized as a component of other comprehensive income. As a result of electing the FVO, issuance costs related to the convertible notes are expensed as incurred.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions

In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-03, ASC Subtopic 820 “Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions”. The FASB is issuing this Update (1) to clarify the guidance in Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement, when measuring the fair value of an equity security subject to contractual restrictions that prohibit the sale of an equity security, (2) to amend a related illustrative example, and (3) to introduce new disclosure requirements for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions that are measured at fair value in accordance with Topic 820.

For public business entities, the amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for both interim and annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance.

The Company is still evaluating the impact of this pronouncement on the consolidated financial statements.

4. Fair Value Measurements

In accordance with ASC 820 (Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures), the Company uses various inputs to measure the fair value of liabilities related to certain embedded conversion features associated with convertible debt, share liability (receivable), and the contingent payable to Cognate BioServices on a recurring basis to determine the fair value of these liabilities. The Company also elects the FVO for certain eligible financial instruments, such as convertible notes, in order to simplify the accounting treatment.

ASC 820 establishes a hierarchy categorizing inputs into three levels used to measure and disclose fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices available in active markets and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs. An explanation of each level in the hierarchy is described below:

Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical instruments that are accessible by the Company on the measurement date.

Level 2 - Quoted prices in markets that are not active or inputs which are either directly or indirectly observable.

Level 3 - Unobservable inputs for the instrument requiring the development of assumptions by the Company.

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS

The following table classifies the Company’s liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis into the fair value hierarchy as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

	Fair value measured at September 30, 2023
			Quoted prices in active		Significant other		Significant
	Fair value at		markets		observable inputs		unobservable inputs
	September 30, 2023		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Share receivable	$	610	$	—	$	—	$	610
Warrant liability	$	1,019	$	—	$	—	$	1,019
Contingent payable derivative liability		8,882		—		—		8,882
Convertible notes		10,250						10,250
Total fair value	$	20,151	$	—	$	—	$	20,151

	Fair value measured at December 31, 2022
			Quoted prices in active		Significant other		Significant
	Fair value at		markets		observable inputs		unobservable inputs
	December 31, 2022		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Warrant liability	$	80,559	$	—	$	—	$	80,559
Embedded redemption option		807		—		—		807
Contingent payable derivative liability		8,668		—		—		8,668
Share liability		678						678
Total fair value	$	90,712	$	—	$	—	$	90,712

There were no transfers between Level 1, 2 or 3 during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023.

The following table presents changes in Level 3 liabilities measured at fair value for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023. Both observable and unobservable inputs were used to determine the fair value of positions that the Company has classified within the Level 3 category. Unrealized gains and losses associated with liabilities within the Level 3 category include changes in fair value that were attributable to both observable (e.g., changes in market interest rates) and unobservable (e.g., changes in unobservable long- dated volatilities) inputs (in thousands).

	Warrant			Embedded		Contingent Payable		Liability			Convertible
	Liability			Redemption Option		Derivative Liability		(Receivable)			Notes	Total
Balance - January 1, 2023	$	80,559		$	807	$	8,668	$	678	$	—	$	90,712
Additional share liability		—			—		—		508		—		508
Additional convertible notes at fair value		—			—		—		—		10,250		10,250
Redemption of share liability		—			—		—		(1,262)		—		(1,262)
Reclassification of warrant liabilities		(76,258)			—		—		—		—		(76,258)
Change in fair value		(3,282)			(807)		214		(534)		—		(4,409)
Balance - September 30, 2023	$	1,019	(1)	$	—	$	8,882	$	(610)	$	10,250	$	19,541

(1) The remaining balance of $1.0 million in warrant liability as of September 30, 2023 was related to certain conditional rights to independently purchase shares from the Company in a future raise of capital (the “Piggy-back Rights”). The Company accounted for the Piggy-back Rights as a freestanding financial instrument, which was classified as a liability at fair value on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

(2) The convertible notes issued between August and September 2023 with a principal amount of $10.3 million at September 30, 2023 were accounted for using the FVO election. Under the FVO election, the financial instrument is initially measured at its issue-date estimated fair value and subsequently re-measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis at each reporting period date. Items for which the FVO has been elected are presented at fair value in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The change in fair value for the three months ended September 30, 2023 was de-minimis.

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS

On January 9, 2023, the Company reclassified the fair value of the warrant liability of $76.3 million into the additional paid-in capital. The change in fair value of the common stock warrant liability of $2.3 million between December 31, 2022 and January 9, 2023 is reflected in “Change in fair value of derivative liabilities” in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

A summary of the weighted average (in aggregate) significant unobservable inputs (Level 3 inputs) used in measuring the Company’s warrant liabilities and embedded conversion feature that are categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy as of September 30, 2023, January 9, 2023 (the reclassification date) and December 31, 2022 is as follows:

	As of September 30, 2023						As of January 9, 2023
	Share			Contingent Payable			Warrant
	Receivable			Derivative Liability			Liability
Strike price	$	0.56		$	0.91	*	$	0.31
Contractual term (years)		0.04			1.13			1.46
Volatility (annual)		73	%		73	%		87	%
Risk-free rate		5.6	%		5.5	%		4.3	%
Dividend yield (per share)		0	%		0	%		0	%

	As of December 31, 2022
	Warrant			Share			Contingent Payable
	Liability			Liability			Derivative Liability
Strike price	$	0.31		$	0.78	*	$	0.78	*
Contractual term (years)		1.5			0.1			0.6
Volatility (annual)		86	%		76	%		77	%
Risk-free rate		4.3	%		2.0	%		4.8	%
Dividend yield (per share)		0	%		0	%		0	%

* The strike price assumes the current stock price as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022

The key unobservable inputs for Piggy-back rights that was included in the warrant liability as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was the assumption of the estimated remaining life which was based on the estimate of the next qualified financing.

5. Stock-based Compensation

The following table summarizes total stock-based compensation expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands).

	For the three months ended				For the nine months ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Research and development	$	1,118	$	921	$	1,562	$	2,072
Research and development - related party
Milestones achieved (1)		9		195		578		2,120
Future milestones (2)		24		1,205		115		4,620
General and administrative		471		1,040		578		929
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	1,622	$	3,361	$	2,833	$	9,741

The related party amounts were for milestone incentives that either were earned or are deemed probable to be achieved in the future and become issuable at that time (as detailed below in Restricted Stock Awards).

(1) During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized the remaining $0.6 million stock-based compensation related to the achieved milestones (obtaining a commercial manufacturing license from the MHRA and completion of drafting key

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS

portions of the application for product approval). The Company had previously recognized  $2.6 million stock-based compensation related to these two milestones as of December 31, 2022.

The $2.1 million expense recognized in 2022 covered 3 one-time milestones: 2 required licenses for the Sawston facility (licenses from the Human Tissue Authority and from the MHRA for manufacturing for clinical trials and compassionate use cases) and a workstream related to Fill/Finish.

(2) During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized and expensed (but did not issue shares for) the pro-rata portion of the remaining one-time milestone stock awards for submission the application for product approval to MHRA of $24,000 and $0.1 million, respectively.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recognized and expensed (but did not issue shares for) the pro-rata portion of 6 one-time milestones (partly stock): 5 workstreams (Comparability, Stability, Potency, Product Profile and Mechanism of Action) and one-time milestone for drafting and submission of key portions of the application for product approval of $1.2 million and $4.6 million, respectively.

The Black-Scholes option pricing model is used to estimate the fair value of stock options granted. The weighted average assumptions used in calculating the fair values of stock options that were granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 was as follows:

	For the nine months ended
	September 30,
	2023			2022
Exercise price	$	0.51		$	0.65
Expected term (years)		6.4			3.9
Expected stock price volatility		84	%		99	%
Risk-free rate		4.5	%		3.3	%
Dividend yield (per share)		0	%		0	%

The total unrecognized stock compensation (primarily for consultants) cost was approximately $6.2 million as of September 30, 2023 and will be recognized over the next 1.9 years.

Stock Options

The following table summarizes stock option activity for options granted to key external experts during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 (amount in thousands, except per share number):

				Weighted Average
		Weighted		Remaining
	Number of	Average		Contractual Life	Total Intrinsic
	Shares	Exercise Price		(in years)	Value
Outstanding as of January 1, 2023	301,263	$	0.34	7.0	$	135,225
Granted(1)	20,220		0.51	6.3		—
Cashless exercised	(2,507)		0.45	—		—
Expired	(300)		0.83	—		—
Outstanding as of September 30, 2023	318,676	$	0.34	6.3	$	180,794
Options vested (2)	281,209	$	0.33	6.3	$	163,974

(1) During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company granted 20.2 million stock options (the “2023 Options”) with an exercise price ranging from $0.47 to $0.57 per share, to key external consultants who provide services to the Company. The 2023 Options contain both service and performance vesting conditions, which will vest over a service period, generally during the term of consulting agreement, or upon achievement of specific milestones.

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS

(2) An aggregate 153 million stock options held by Ms. Linda Powers, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, and Mr. Leslie Goldman, the Company’s Senior Vice President, General Consul are subject to an agreement (the “Blocker Letter Agreement”) under which they cannot exercise any options or warrants except upon at least 61 days’ prior notice.

Restricted Stock Awards

Advent SOW 6

As previously reported, during April 2022, the Company’s Board approved, and the Company entered into a Statement of Work #6 (the “SOW 6”) with Advent BioServices, a related party of the Company, for five workstreams that are prerequisites for an application for regulatory approval of DCVax-L, for three required licenses for the Sawston facility and for drafting of key portions of the application for approval. The SOW provides for baseline costs and for one-time milestone incentives for successful completion of each of the workstreams, for the completion and submission of each application for product approval, and for obtaining regulatory approval of each of the three Sawston licenses. The milestone incentives will be a combination of cash and stock and are not paid until they are achieved. As also previously reported, the Company amended the SOW6 on September 26, 2022 (the “Amended SOW6”) to (1) extend the service period through September 30, 2023, and (2) clarify the assessment and application of the milestones, and (3) add a sixth workstream. (The potential cost for all unearned stock awards for milestones not yet achieved was re-measured on the modification date and will be further re-measured until the date the milestone award is achieved and the stock awards are earned.) If all of the 10 one-time milestones are achieved (i.e., for all six workstreams that are prerequisites for an application for product approval, for obtaining all three licenses required for the Sawston facility, and for the completion of key portions of the application for product approval), the aggregate stock-based compensation under the Amended SOW 6 will be 13.5 million shares (including the shares already earned and issued for the milestones already achieved) for an aggregate fair value of $10.1 million.

As of December 31, 2022, seven milestones were completed, including five workstreams and the regulatory approvals of two licenses required for the Sawston facility. An eighth milestone was partly completed and the stock component of that milestone was earned, but the cash portion of that eighth milestone was not yet earned.

On September 26, 2023, the Company further amended the SOW 6 (the “Second Amended SOW 6”) to extend the service period through March 31, 2024. As of the amendment date, the remaining unvested one-time milestone for submission of the application to MHRA for approval of DCVax-L was accounted as a Type I modification (probable to probable under FASB ASC Topic 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”). The previously remaining unrecognized compensation expense for total $17,000 is expected to be fully recognized by end of November 2023.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, milestones related to the workstream for Mechanism of Action, obtaining the commercial manufacturing license from the MHRA and completion of key portions of the application for product approval were completed. For this manufacturing license milestone, the Company recognized the remaining $0.5 million in expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss and issued 3.0 million common shares. For the completion of the drafting of the MHRA application milestone, the Company recognized the remaining $0.1 million in expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss and issued 1.5 million common shares.

Employee Compensation

In August 2023, the Company issued 0.6 million shares of common stock as a bonus payment to two staff employees. These shares were fully vested on the grant date. However, 0.3 million shares are subject to lock-up restrictions, prohibiting their sale or transfer within six months of the grant date. The Company recognized $0.3 million stock-based compensation which is based on the Company’s closing stock price on the grant date.

Other Service Agreement

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company issued 16,000 shares of Series C convertible preferred stock to an unrelated vendor who provided professional services for the Company. The fair value of the Series C convertible preferred stock on the issuance date was approximately $0.1 million, which will be expensed over a four-month service period. During the three and nine

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS

months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized approximately $0.1  million and $0.2 million, respectively as part of general and administrative expenses.

6. Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment consist of the following at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

	September 30,		December 31,		Estimated
	2023		2022		Useful Life
Leasehold improvements	$	17,088	$	13,070	Lesser of lease term or estimated useful life
Office furniture and equipment		460		300	3-5 years
Computer and manufacturing equipment and software		2,487		2,238	3-5 years
Land in the United Kingdom		83		82	NA
		20,118		15,690	NA
Less: accumulated depreciation		(3,367)		(2,272)
Total property, plant and equipment, net	$	16,751	$	13,418
Construction in progress	$	—	$	2,028

The construction works related to expanding the operational portion of its UK facility (Phase 1B) were completed and placed in service as of September 30, 2023. All costs associated with the Phase 1B build out were reclassified from construction in progress to leasehold improvements effective June 2023 and are being amortized over the estimated useful life of the facility.

Depreciation expense was approximately $1.1 million and $0.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

7. Outstanding Debt

The following two tables summarize outstanding debt as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively (amount in thousands):

		Stated
		Interest			Conversion					Remaining		Carrying
	Maturity Date	Rate			Price			Face Value		Debt Discount		Value
Short term convertible notes payable
6% unsecured	Due		6	%	$	3.09		$	135	$	—	$	135
8% unsecured	Various		8	%	$	0.50-$0.70	*		3,332		(516)		2,816
10% unsecured	7/11/2024		10	%	$	0.50	*		500		—		500
									3,967		(516)		3,451
Short term convertible notes at fair value
11% unsecured	Various		11	%	$	0.40-$0.49	*		10,250		—		10,250
Short term notes payable
8% unsecured	Various		8	%		N/A			7,862		(226)		7,636
12% unsecured	On Demand		12	%		N/A			562		—		562
									8,424		(226)		8,198
Long term notes payable
8% unsecured	1/2/2025		8	%		N/A			11,005		(688)		10,317
6% secured	3/25/2025		6	%		N/A			721		—		721
									11,726		(688)		11,038
Ending balance as of September 30, 2023								$	34,367	$	(1,430)	$	32,937

*These convertible notes are convertible into Series C preferred shares at $10.00 - $17.50 per share. Each Series C preferred share is convertible into common shares with 30 days’ restriction period. The conversion price in common share equivalent is at $0.40 and $0.70 per share.

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS

		Stated									Embedded
		Interest			Conversion				Remaining		Redemption		Carrying
	Maturity Date	Rate			Price		Face Value		Debt Discount		Option		Value
Short term convertible notes payable
6% unsecured	Due		6	%	$	3.09	$	135	$	—	$	—	$	135
								135		—		—		135
Short term notes payable
8% unsecured	Various		8	%		N/A		14,540		(1,300)		807		14,047
9% unsecured	Various		9	%		N/A		793		—		—		793
12% unsecured	On Demand		12	%		N/A		563		—		—		563
								15,896		(1,300)		807		15,403
Long term notes payable
8% unsecured	7/26/2024		8	%		N/A		5,505		(432)		—		5,073
6% secured	3/25/2025		6	%		N/A		918		—		—		918
								6,423		(432)		—		5,991
Ending balance as of December 31, 2022							$	22,454	$	(1,732)	$	807	$	21,529

Promissory Note

On March 2, 2023, the Company entered into a Commercial Loan Agreement (the “Commercial Loan”) with a commercial lender for an aggregate principal amount of $11.0 million. The Commercial Loan bears interest at 8% per annum with a 22-month term. There are no principal repayments during the first eight months of the term. The Commercial Loan is amortized in 14 installments starting on November 2, 2023. The Commercial Loan carries an original issue discount of $1.0 million.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company issued approximately 27.6 million shares of common stock with a fair value of $17.5 million to certain lenders in lieu of cash payments of $13.2 million of debt, including $1.0 million of accrued interest. In addition, pursuant to exchange agreements executed with various holders, the Company is required to potentially issue additional common stock (the “Share liability”) if the stock price is less than the price, defined in the exchange agreement as of the true-up date (the “True-up Price”), or the lender is required to return common shares to the Company (the “Share receivable”) if the stock price is greater than the True-up Price as of the true-up date. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company extinguished Share liabilities of $1.3 million and recognized additional $0.5 million in Share liabilities. The Company recognized an approximately $3.5 million debt extinguishment loss during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 from the debt redemption.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company issued approximately 56,000 shares of Series C preferred stock with a fair value of $1.0 million to certain lenders in lieu of cash payments of $0.9 million in debt, including $0.1 million of accrued interest. The Company recognized an approximately $0.1 million debt extinguishment loss.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized $0.8 million change in fair value of embedded redemption option as this embedded feature had de minimis value based on the remaining life of the note and the next qualified financing.

Convertible Notes

In April 2023, the Company entered into several ten-month convertible notes (the “April Convertible Notes”) with multiple investors (the “Holders”) with an aggregate principal amount of $0.9 million for a purchase price of $0.8 million. The April Convertible Notes bear interest at 8% per annum and are convertible into Series C preferred shares at $13.75 per share at the Holders’ sole option. The Series C preferred shares are convertible into common stock 30 days after the debt conversion date. Each Series C preferred share is convertible into 25 shares of common stock. The Company reclassed $0.7 million Investor advances that were received from the Holders in December 2022 to Convertible notes payable on the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2023. As a result, the Company received net cash proceeds of $0.1 million.

As consideration for entering into the April Convertible Notes, the Company also agreed to amend the investors’ existing outstanding warrants. The exercise price of certain warrants was amended from $2.00 per share to $0.55 per share, and the maturity date was extended

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS

for an additional 9 months. The incremental change in fair value resulting from the amendment was approximately $0.2 million, which was recognized as an additional debt discount to the April Convertible Notes.

On June 30, 2023, the Company entered into a one-year convertible note (the “June Convertible Note”) with an individual investor (the “Holder”) with principal amount of $1.0 million. The Company received $1.0 million cash from the June Convertible Note. The June Convertible Note bears interest at 8% per annum and is convertible into Series C preferred shares at $12.50 per share at the Holder’s sole option. The Series C preferred shares are convertible into common stock 30 days after the debt conversion date. Each Series C preferred share is convertible into 25 shares of common stock.

On July 11, 2023, the Company entered into another one-year convertible note (the “July Convertible Note”) with the same investor as the June Convertible Note with principal amount of $0.5 million. The Company received $0.5 million cash from the July Convertible Note. The July Convertible Note bears interest at 10% per annum and has same conversion feature and conversion price as the June Convertible Note.

During the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company entered into several one-year convertible notes (the “Convertible Notes”) with multiple investors (the “Holders”) with an aggregate principal amount of $1.4 million for a purchase price of $1.3 million. The Convertible Notes bear interest at 8% per annum and are convertible into Series C preferred shares between $13.75 and $17.50 per share at the Holders’ sole option.  The Series C preferred shares are convertible into common stock 30 days after the debt conversion date. Each Series C preferred share is convertible into 25 shares of common stock. The Company reclassed $0.5 million Investor advances that were received from the Holders in December 2022 to Convertible notes payable on the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2023. As a result, the Company received net cash proceeds of $0.8 million. As additional consideration for entering into the Convertible Notes, the Company also agreed to amend the Holders’ existing outstanding warrants. The exercise price of certain existing warrants was amended from $2.00 per share to price between $0.55 and $0.70 per share, and the maturity date was extended for an additional 10 months. The incremental change in fair value resulting from the amendment was approximately $0.3 million, which was recognized as an additional debt discount to the Convertible Notes.

Convertible Notes at Fair Value

Between August and September 2023, the Company entered into several one-year convertible notes (the “August & September Convertible Notes”) with multiple individual investors (the “Holders”) with an aggregate principal amount of $10.3 million. The August & September Convertible Notes bear interest at 11% per annum and are convertible into Series C preferred shares between $10.00 and $12.25 per share at the Holder’s sole option.  The Series C preferred shares are convertible into common stock 30 days after the debt conversion date. Each Series C preferred share is convertible into 25 shares of common stock. In addition, the Holders have an alternative option to convert the August & September Convertible Notes into a non-dilutive financial instrument, which has the same terms at those in the non-dilutive funding agreements as described in Note 12.

One of the August & September Convertible Notes also contains a conversion feature to allow the holder to convert the outstanding debt in lieu of cash payment to purchase common shares via cash exercise of the holder’s existing warrants. In addition, the Company also agreed to amend the holder’s existing warrants to extend the term of the warrant maturity date for an additional 3 months.

The Company elected the FVO to fair value the August & September Convertible Notes under the guidance in ASC 825. The fair value of the August & September Convertible Notes on the issuance date and as of September 30, 2023 was approximately the same. As a result of electing the FVO, issuance costs related to the convertible notes are expensed as incurred. Therefore, the incremental change in fair value resulting from the warrant amendment for $0.3 million was recognized as part of interest expenses on the condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.

For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, interest expense related to outstanding debt totaled approximately $1.7 million and $0.5 million including amortization of debt discounts totaling $0.7 million and $0.6 million, respectively.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, interest expense related to outstanding debt totaled approximately $4.0 million and $4.8 million including amortization of debt discounts totaling $2.0 million and $2.1 million, respectively.

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS

8. Net Loss per Share Applicable to Common Stockholders

Basic loss per common share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the reporting period. Diluted loss per common share would be computed similar to basic loss per common share except that it reflects the potential dilution that could occur if dilutive securities or other obligations to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock. Because of the net loss from operations for each period, inclusion of such securities in the computation of loss per share would be anti-dilutive and thus they are excluded. Potentially dilutive weighted average common shares include common stock potentially issuable under the Company’s convertible notes and preferred stock, warrants and vested and unvested stock options.

The following securities were not included in the diluted net loss per share calculation because their effect was anti-dilutive as of the periods presented (in thousands):

	For the nine months ended
	September 30,
	2023	2022
Series C convertible preferred stock	44,328	22,129
Common stock options	318,676	304,596
Common stock warrants	105,444	145,417
Convertible notes and accrued interest	32,049	76
Potentially dilutive securities	500,497	472,218

9. Related Party Transactions

The Company had three operational programs with Advent: (a) an ongoing development and manufacturing program at the GMP facility in London, (b) an ongoing development and manufacturing program at the Sawston GMP facility, and (c) a one-time program for specialized work, organized into 10 sets of one-time milestones, for the following:

● Qualifying for and obtaining 3 required licenses for the Sawston facility: a license from the Human Tissue Authority to collect and process human cells and tissues, a license from the MHRA for manufacturing for clinical trials and compassionate use cases, and a license from the MHRA for commercial manufacturing.

● 6 workstreams relating to product matters required for an application for regulatory approval of DCVax-L, including Comparability, Stability, Potency, Product Profile, Mechanism of Action and Fill/Finish.

● Drafting and submission of key portions of the application for product approval itself.

Each of the three operational programs is covered by a separate contract. The ongoing manufacturing in the London facility is covered by a Manufacturing Services Agreement (“MSA”) entered into on May 14, 2018. The development and manufacturing program at the Sawston facility is covered by an Ancillary Services Agreement entered into on November 18, 2019. The specialized work associated with the 10 one-time milestones is covered by an SOW 6 entered into under the Ancillary Services Agreement as of April 1, 2022 and amended on September 26, 2022 and September 26, 2023. The 2023 amendment extended the SOW 6 service period for about 6 months, through March 31, 2024.

The Ancillary Services Agreement establishes a structure under which the Company and Advent negotiate and agree upon the scope and terms for Statements of Work (“SOWs”) for facility development activities and compassionate use program activities. After an SOW is agreed and approved by the Company, Advent will proceed with, or continue, the applicable services and will invoice the Company pursuant to the SOW. Since both the facility development and the compassionate use program involve pioneering and uncertainties in most aspects, the invoicing under the Ancillary Services Agreement is on the basis of costs incurred plus fifteen percent. The SOWs may involve ongoing activities or specialized one-time projects and related one-time milestone payments. The current Ancillary Services Agreement ended in September 2023. The Company subsequently extended the term by 12 months to July 2024 with no other changes.

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS

SOW 6 provides for ongoing baseline costs for manufacturing at the Sawston facility and one-time milestone incentives for (a) regulatory approval of each of the 3 licenses required for the Sawston facility, (b) successful completion of each of the 6 workstreams and (c) completion of drafting key portions of an application for product approval. The milestone incentives are a combination of cash and stock, and are not paid until the milestone is achieved and earned.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company paid an aggregate of $3.5 million in cash, of which $1.0 million was related to two milestones that were completed and fully expensed in 2022, but was unpaid as of December 31, 2022, and the other $2.5 million was payment for two completed one-time milestones (MAA workstream for mechanism of Action and obtaining a commercial manufacturing license from the MHRA on March 2023). The Company issued 4.5 million common shares as a result of completion of the two one-time milestones (obtaining a commercial manufacturing license from the MHRA and completion of drafting application) at fair value of $3.2 million, of which $0.6 million was recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and $2.6 million had already been recognized (but not paid) in 2022.

The following table summarizes total research and development costs from Advent for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively (in thousands).

	For the three months ended				For the nine months ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Advent BioServices
Manufacturing cost in London	$	1,554	$	1,334	$	4,857	$	4,161
Manufacturing cost at Sawston facility		2,247		1,404		6,057		4,105
SOW 6 one-time milestones - Shares
Expensed and paid (milestone complete) (1)		9		195		578		2,120
Expensed but unpaid, not yet due (milestone not yet complete) (2)		24		1,205		115		4,620
SOW 6 one-time milestones - Cash
Expensed and paid (milestone complete) (3)		—		—		551		1,500
Expensed and due, but unpaid (milestone complete) (4)		18		226		111		500
Expensed but unpaid, not yet due (milestone not yet complete) (5)		13		1,230		130		3,270
Total	$	3,865	$	5,594	$	12,399	$	20,276

(1) The payment for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 covers the one-time milestone for obtaining a commercial manufacturing license from the MHRA, and covers 2 other one-time milestones for 2 other required licenses for the Sawston facility (licenses from the Human Tissue Authority and from the MHRA for manufacturing for clinical trials and compassionate use cases).

(2) The expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 covers the one-time milestone for drafting key portions of the application for product approval, and also covers 6 one-time milestones: 5 workstreams (Comparability, Stability, Potency, Product Profile and Fill/Finish) and 1 one-time milestone for drafting key portions of the application for product approval.

(3) This covers one-time milestone: a required license for the Sawston facility from the Human Tissue Authority.

(4) The expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 covers the one-time milestone workstream for Mechanism of Action and also covers a one-time milestone for a required license for the Sawston facility from the MHRA for manufacturing for clinical trials and compassionate use cases.

(5) The expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 covers the one-time milestone for drafting key portions of the application for product approval, and also covers 6 one-time milestones: 5 workstreams (Comparability, Stability, Potency, Product Profile and Fill/Finish) and one-time milestone for drafting key portions of the application for product approval.

Advent BioServices Sublease Agreement

On December 31, 2021, the Company entered into a Sub-lease Agreement (the “Agreement”) with Advent. The Agreement permits use by Advent of a portion of the space in the Sawston facility, which is leased by the Company under a separate head lease with a different counterparty (Huawei) that commenced on December 14, 2018. The Company subleased approximately 14,459 square feet of

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NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS

the 88,000 square foot building interior space, plus corresponding support space and parking. The lease payments amount under the Agreement are two times the amount payable by the Company under the head lease (which is currently  £5.75 or approximately $7.02 per square foot based on exchange rate as of September 30, 2023), but subject to a cap of $10 per square foot. Accordingly, the monthly lease payments under the Sublease are based on $145,000 annually for 2023. The total lease payments paid by the Company to Huawei for the 88,000 square foot facility, exterior spaces and parking under the head lease are £500,000 (approximately $610,000) per year. The term of the Agreement shall end on the same date as the head lease term ends.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized sub-lease income of $36,000 and $108,000, respectively.

Related Party Accounts Payable

As of September 30, 2023, there was approximately $0.2 million of unpaid board compensation to one of our Directors that was included in the accounts payable to related party on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

As of September 30, 2023, there were outstanding unpaid accounts payable and accrued expenses owed to Advent as summarized in the following table (in thousands). These unpaid amounts are part of the Related Party expenses reported in the above section.

	September 30,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Advent BioServices - amount invoiced but unpaid	$	2,451	$	1,844
Advent BioServices - amount accrued but unpaid		2,027		4,736
Total payable and accrued, but unpaid to Advent BioServices	$	4,478	$	6,580

10. Preferred Stock

Series C Convertible Preferred Stock

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company entered into various Subscription Agreements (the “Series C Subscription Agreements”) with certain investors (the “Series C Investors”). Pursuant to the Series C Subscription Agreements, the Company issued the Series C Investors an aggregate of 0.7 million shares of the Company’s Series C convertible preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Series C Shares”), at a weighted purchase price of $13.58 per share for proceeds of approximately $9.9 million.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company issued approximately 56,000 Series C Shares with a fair value of $1.0 million to certain lenders in lieu of cash payments of $0.9 million in debt, including $0.1 million accrued interest. The Company recognized an approximately $0.1 million debt extinguishment loss.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, approximately 0.4 million Series C Shares with a book value of $6.5 million were converted into 11.1 million common shares at a ratio of 1:25.

The Company determined that the Series C Shares contain contingent redemption provisions allowing redemption by the holder upon certain defined events (“deemed liquidation events”). As the event that may trigger the redemption of the Series C Shares is not solely within the Company’s control, the Series C Shares are classified as mezzanine equity (temporary equity) in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.

11. Stockholders’ Deficit

Common Stock

On January 9, 2023, the Company filed a Certificate of Amendment of its Seventh Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the “Certificate of Amendment”) with the Secretary of the State of Delaware, which effected an increase in the Company’s authorized shares of common stock, from 1.2  billion to 1.7 billion, par value $0.001 per share.

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company received $2.8 million from the exercise of outstanding warrants with an exercise price between $0.153 and $0.85, of which $1.2 million was received in December 2022 as investor advances. The Company issued approximately 12.4 million shares of common stock upon these warrant exercises.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, certain options and warrants holders elected to exercise some of their options and warrants pursuant to cashless exercise formulas. The Company issued approximately 20.4 million shares of common stock upon exercise of 22.9 million warrants at exercise prices between $0.17 and $0.22 per share, and 2.5 million options at exercise prices between $0.25 and $0.55 per share.

The Company issued approximately 27.6 million shares of common stock with a fair value of $17.5 million to certain lenders in lieu of cash payments of $13.2 million of debt, including $1.0 million of accrued interest, and settled $1.3 million true-up provision (see Note 7).

Stock Purchase Warrants

The following is a summary of warrant activity for the three months ended September 30, 2023 (dollars in thousands, except per share data):

	Number of	Weighted Average		Remaining
	Warrants	Exercise Price		Contractual Term
Outstanding as of January 1, 2023	141,048	$	0.31	1.16
Warrants exercised for cash	(12,447)		0.22	—
Cashless warrrants exercise	(22,907)		0.20	—
Warrants expired and cancellation	(250)		1.36	—
Outstanding as of September 30, 2023	105,444	$	0.32	1.92

The options and warrants held by Ms. Powers and Mr. Goldman are subject to an ongoing suspension on a rolling basis pursuant to the Blocker Letter Agreement.

At September 30, 2023, of the approximately 105 million total outstanding warrants listed above, approximately 100 million warrants were under the Blocker Letter Agreement or suspension agreements.

Warrant Modifications

Between January 10 and September 30, 2023, the Company amended multiple warrants whereby the maturity dates of certain warrants were extended for an additional approximately 3 months. The value of these modifications were calculated using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model based on the following weighted average assumptions.

	Post-modification			Pre-modification
Exercise price	$	0.30		$	0.31
Expected term (in years)		1.8			1.5
Volatility		73	%		90	%
Risk-free interest rate		4.9	%		4.9	%
Dividend yield		0	%		0	%

The incremental fair value attributable to the modified awards compared to the original awards immediately prior to the modification was calculated at $2.2 million, of which $0.8 million was associated with debt financing and was recognized as an additional debt discount and interest expense (see Note 7), and the remaining $1.4 million was treated as a deemed dividend and is reflected as “Deemed dividend related to warrant modifications” in the accompanying condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS

12. Commitments and Contingencies

Operating Lease- Lessee Arrangements

The Company has operating leases for corporate offices in the U.S. and U.K., and for manufacturing facilities in the U.K. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded in the balance sheet. The Company has elected the practical expedient to account for each separate lease component of a contract and its associated non-lease components as a single lease component, thus causing all fixed payments to be capitalized. The Company also elected the package of practical expedients permitted within the new standard, which among other things, allows the Company to carry forward historical lease classification. The lease renewal options have not been included in the calculation of the lease liabilities and right-of-use (“ROU”) assets as the Company has not yet determined whether to exercise the options. Variable lease payment amounts that cannot be determined at the commencement of the lease such as increases in lease payments based on changes in index rates or usage, are not included in the ROU assets or liabilities. These are expensed as incurred and recorded as variable lease expense.

At September 30, 2023, the Company had operating lease liabilities of approximately $4.5 million for both the 20-year lease of the building for the manufacturing facility in Sawston, U.K., and the current office lease in the U.S. and ROU assets of approximately $4.0 million for the Sawston lease and U.S. office lease are included in the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

The following summarizes quantitative information about the Company’s operating leases (amount in thousands):

	For the Nine Months ended
	September 30, 2023
	U.K			U.S			Total
Lease cost
Operating lease cost	$	443		$	190		$	633
Short-term lease cost		62			—			62
Variable lease cost		—			10			10
Sub-lease income		(108)			—			(108)
Total	$	397		$	200		$	597
Other information
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	(467)		$	(224)		$	(691)
Weighted-average remaining lease term – operating leases		8.1			0.7
Weighted-average discount rate – operating leases		12	%		12	%

	For the Nine Months ended
	September 30, 2022
	U.K			U.S			Total
Lease cost
Operating lease cost	$	448		$	195		$	643
Short-term lease cost		56			—			56
Variable lease cost		—			9			9
Sub-lease income		(110)			—			(110)
Total	$	394		$	204		$	598
Other information
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	(472)		$	(217)		$	(689)
Weighted-average remaining lease term – operating leases		8.6			1.4
Weighted-average discount rate – operating leases		12	%		12	%

The Company recorded lease costs as a component of general and administrative expense during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

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NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS

Maturities of our operating leases, excluding short-term leases and sublease agreement, are as follows:

Three months ended December 31, 2023	$	228
Year ended December 31, 2024		815
Year ended December 31, 2025		610
Year ended December 31, 2026		610
Year ended December 31, 2027		610
Thereafter		6,692
Total		9,565
Less present value discount		(5,062)
Operating lease liabilities included in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet at September 30, 2023	$	4,503

Maturities of our operating leases under the sublease agreement, are as follows:

Three months ended December 31, 2023	$	36
Year ended December 31, 2024		145
Year ended December 31, 2025		145
Year ended December 31, 2026		145
Thereafter		1,740
Total	$	2,211

Advent BioServices Services Agreement

On May 14, 2018, the Company entered into a DCVax®-L Manufacturing and Services Agreement (“MSA”) with Advent BioServices, a related party which was formerly part of Cognate BioServices and was spun off separately as part of an institutional financing of Cognate. The MSA provides for manufacturing of DCVax-L products at an existing facility in London. The MSA is structured in the same manner as the Company’s prior agreements with Cognate BioServices. The MSA provides for certain payments for achievement of milestones and, as was the case under the prior agreement with Cognate BioServices, the Company is required to pay certain fees for dedicated production capacity reserved exclusively for DCVax production and pay for manufacturing of DCVax-L products for a certain minimum number of patients, whether or not the Company fully utilizes the dedicated capacity and number of patients. The MSA remains in force until five years after the first commercial sales of DCVax-L products pursuant to a marketing authorization, accelerated approval or other commercial approval, unless cancelled. Either party may terminate the MSA on twelve months’ notice, to allow for transition arrangements by both parties. During the notice period services would still be provided. Minimum required payments for this notice period are anticipated to total approximately £4.5 million ($5.5 million).

The Company entered into SOW 6 with Advent, which was incorporated into the Ancillary Services Agreement, on April 1, 2022, and amended it on September 26, 2022 and again on September 26, 2023. The milestone incentives involve a combination of cash and stock and are not paid until they are achieved and earned, as described in Note 9.

German Tax Matter

The German tax authorities have audited our wholly owned subsidiary, NW Bio GmbH, for 2013-2015 and assessed additional tax against the subsidiary. NW Bio GmbH submitted substantial documentation to refute certain aspects of the assessments and the German tax authorities agreed in principle with the Company’s proposed revised approach and settlement offer. A final settlement bill was received from the German Tax Authority confirming that only a portion of the original bill was owed, €277,000 (approximately $293,000), for corporate taxes, interest, and reduced penalty for the period under audit, which the Company paid on September 2, 2021. The Company also received and paid the final settlement bill from the local authority for trade taxes for the audit period in the amount of €231,000 (approximately $244,000). On November 4, 2021, the Company received a letter from the local tax authorities asking for additional late fees of €513,000 (now approximately $542,000) on reimbursable withholding taxes that had been waived during the settlement process. On December 8, 2021, the Company appealed the assessment of additional late fees. Additionally,

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NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS

the Company requested that NW Bio GmbH be deregistered from the trade register, as it no longer had current operations. The deregistration was granted effective December 31, 2021. Between January 2022 and July 2022, the Company received tax bills for the corporate and trade taxes for the 2016-2020 tax years that totaled approximately €222,000 (approximately $235,000). On July 27, 2022, the Company was informed that the German Tax Authorities were prepared to waive €135,000 (approximately $143,000) of the penalties. The Company offered to pay this reduced penalty if an extended payment plan was approved. A response was received dated November 14, 2022 indicating that the tax authority would not be able to grant a further deferral of payment of these penalties. In a letter dated December 27, 2022, the Leipzig tax authority sent letters to the former and current managing directors of NW Bio GmbH giving 30 days to respond to a tax liability questionnaire. Based on the responses to the liability questionnaires the tax authorities have currently not directed any further measures against former and current managing directors of NW Bio GmbH with respect to tax liability proceedings. The Company currently has accrued for the current amounts owed for these penalties of €377,000 (approximately $399,000) as well as for all unpaid taxes as of September 30, 2023. Subsequently on October 12, 2023, the Company paid €189,000 (approximately $200,000), which represents 50% of the total penalties. The Company is expecting to make the other half payment by end of November 2023. Based on the Company’s current operating state in Germany and the negotiations, the Company believes, based on its evaluation under ASC 740, that the resolution of these tax matters will not likely result in a net material charge to the Company.

Other Contingent Payment Obligation

Between May and September 2023, the Company entered into certain non-dilutive funding agreements with multiple investors, pursuant to which the Company received funding of $4.6 million related to a gain contingency. These agreements are accounted for under ASC 470 and are recognized as contingent payment obligations on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet. The Company’s payment obligations only apply when such are received by the Company.

13. Subsequent Events

Between October 1, 2023 and November 6, 2023, the Company received $1.9 million in funding from the sale of preferred shares, proceeds from warrant and option exercise, proceeds of debt arrangements.

Between October 1, 2023 and November 6, 2023, the Company issued approximately 80,000 shares of Series C preferred stock for proceeds of $1.2 million.

Between October 1, 2023 and November 6, 2023, the Company received $0.1 million from the exercise of 0.2 million outstanding warrants and options. The Company also issued 0.6 million shares of common stock from a cashless exercise of 0.8 million options.

Between October 1, 2023 and November 6, 2023, approximately 0.2 million Series C Shares with a book value of $3.6 million were converted into 6.1 million common shares in accordance with their terms at a ratio of 1:25.

In October 2023, the Company issued approximately 1.9 million net shares of common stock to a lender in lieu of cash payments on $1.6 million of outstanding debt, which is offset by a settlement of $0.7 million shares receivable.

On October 4, 2023, the Company entered into a one-year convertible note (the “Convertible Note”) with an investor (the “Holder”) with an aggregate principal amount of $154,000 for a purchase price of $140,000. The Convertible Note bear interest at 8% per annum and is convertible into Series C preferred shares at $17.50 per share at the Holder’s sole option.  As additional consideration for entering into the Convertible Note, the Company also extended the holder’s existing warrants maturity date for additional 8.5 months.

On October 20, 2023, the Company received $0.5 million cash from issuance a one-year convertible note. The note has same conversion features as the August & September Note (see Note 7).

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the notes to those statements included with this report. In addition to historical information, this report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Such forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected. The words “believe,” “expect,” “intend,” “anticipate,” and similar expressions are used to identify forward-looking statements, but some forward-looking statements are expressed differently. Many factors could affect our actual results, including those factors described under “Risk Factors” in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 and in Part II Item 1A of this report. These factors, among others, could cause results to differ materially from those presently anticipated by us. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.

Overview

We are a biotechnology company focused on developing personalized immune therapies for cancer. We have developed a platform technology, DCVax®, which uses activated dendritic cells to mobilize a patient’s own immune system to attack their cancer.

Our lead product, DCVax®-L, is designed to treat solid tumor cancers in which the tumor can be surgically removed. We have completed a 331-patient international Phase III trial of DCVax-L for glioblastoma brain cancer (GBM).

The trial results were presented at a scientific conference in May 2022, and were reported in a peer reviewed publication in JAMA Oncology, a top scientific and medical journal.

In June 2023, the Company presented substantial information from analyses conducted by independent experts on the underlying biology and mechanism of action of its DCVax technology at an Industry Theater presentation during the ASCO (American Society of Clinical Oncology) conference. The Company is pursuing further analyses by independent experts and plans to present further information at an appropriate future conference.

The Company is now in the final stages of preparing an application to the U.K. regulatory authority for approval of DCVax-L. The Company is working with teams of specialized consultants on preparation of the application package as well as related activities.

In parallel with preparing the application for approval of DCVax-L, the Company is working with the contract research organization (CRO) and with specialized consultants on preparing the Trial Master File and trial sites to be inspection-ready for regulators.

The Company and the CRO continue to conduct long-term follow-up in connection with the Phase III trial of DCVax-L, as there are still patients alive.

The Company is pursuing preparations for the pediatric clinical trials that are required to be conducted in connection with an application for approval of a new medicine for adult patients.

The non-proprietary name for the Company’s DCVax-L product, murcidencel, was finalized and published in rINN List 90 in October 2023. The name was originally assigned by the WHO on May 6, 2022, and then had to go through a series of additional steps and notice periods to become final.

The Company and Advent are working together to prepare for potential commercial operations. The buildout of Phase 1B of the Sawston facility, which had been under way since last year, has been completed. On July 24, 2023, the Company changed the name of its UK subsidiary from Aracaris Limited to Northwest Biotherapeutics Limited.

The Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, Flaskworks, is continuing its development work to optimize a system for closed and automated manufacturing of DCVax-L products, including to optimize yields. The Company views this as a centerpiece of efforts toward scale-up for potential commercial operations.

Supply chain issues and equipment backlogs continue to be factors affecting operations both for Advent and for Flaskworks. This includes months-long backlogs for certain equipment and materials. However, the work is progressing in spite of the backlogs.

26

The Company is in active discussions in regard to certain combination treatment regimens and is planning for certain strategic trials with such combination treatments.

In the future, we plan to conduct clinical trials of DCVax-L for other types of solid tumor cancers, beyond brain cancer, when resources permit. Our second product, DCVax®-Direct, is designed to treat inoperable solid tumors. A 40-patient Phase I trial has been completed and it included treatment of a diverse range of more than a dozen types of cancers. We plan to work on preparations for Phase II trials of DCVax-Direct as resources permit. We are pursuing the prosecution of existing patent applications and adding intellectual property that we consider complementary to our existing intellectual property.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect our reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses.

On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments, including those related to derivative liabilities, accrued expenses and stock-based compensation. We based our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could differ from those estimates, particularly given the significant social and economic disruptions and uncertainties associated with the lingering effects from the coronavirus pandemic (“COVID-19”) and the COVID-19 control responses.

Our critical accounting policies and significant estimates are detailed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. Our critical accounting policies and significant estimates have not changed substantially from those previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 other than those included below.

Sequencing

The Company adopted a sequencing policy under ASC 815-40-35 to determine if reclassification of contracts from equity to liabilities is necessary pursuant to ASC 815 due to the Company’s inability to demonstrate if it has sufficient authorized shares. Certain contracts were classified as liabilities as the result of the instruments containing a potentially indeterminable number of shares and, most recently, due to the Company entering into agreements providing for the potential issuance of more shares than authorized. While temporary agreements are in place to keep the potential exercises beneath the number authorized, certain instruments are classified as liabilities, after allocating available authorized shares on the basis of the earliest grant date of potentially dilutive instruments. Pursuant to ASC 815, issuance of stock-based awards to the Company’s employees, non-employees or directors are not subject to the sequencing policy.

On January 9, 2023, the Company filed a Certificate of Amendment of its Seventh Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the “Certificate of Amendment”) with the Secretary of the State of Delaware, which effected an increase in the Company’s authorized shares of common stock, from 1.2 billion to 1.7 billion, par value $0.001 per share. As a result of this increase in authorized shares, the liability-classified warrants were reclassified to equity. Approximate 141 million warrants to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock were classified as liabilities through January 8, 2023.

Modification of Equity Classified Warrants

A change in the terms or conditions of a warrant is accounted for as a modification. For a warrant modification accounted for under ASC 815, the effect of a modification shall be measured as the difference between the fair value of the modified warrant over and the fair value of the original warrant immediately before its terms are modified, with each measured on the modification date. The accounting for any incremental fair value of the modified warrants over the original warrants is based on the specific facts and circumstances related to the modification. When a modification is directly attributable to an equity offering, the incremental change in fair value of the warrants is accounted for as an equity issuance cost. When a modification is directly attributable to a debt financing, the incremental change in fair value of the warrants is accounted for as a debt discount or debt issuance cost. For all other modifications, the incremental change in fair value is recognized as a deemed dividend.

Convertible Notes under Fair Value Option

The Company accounts for certain convertible notes issued in August and September 2023 on an instrument-by-instrument basis under the fair value option (“FVO”) election of ASC Topic 825, Financial Instruments (“ASC 825”). The convertible notes accounted for

27

under the FVO election are each debt host financial instruments containing embedded features wherein the entire financial instrument is initially measured at its issue-date estimated fair value and then subsequently remeasured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis at each reporting period date. Changes in the estimated fair value of the convertible notes are recorded as a component of Other (expense) income in the consolidated statements of operations, except that the change in estimated fair value attributable to a change in the instrument-specific credit risks is recognized as a component of other comprehensive income. As a result of electing the FVO, issuance costs related to the convertible notes are expensed as incurred.

Results of Operations

Operating costs:

Our operating costs and expenses consist primarily of research and development (R&D) expenses. R&D expenses include clinical trial expenses, and increased costs after completion of a Phase III trial, especially for the extensive preparations, and teams of expert consultants, required for an application for product approval.

In addition to clinical trial and post-trial costs, our operating costs may include ongoing work relating to our DCVax products, including R&D, product characterization, manufacturing process development, quality control process development, and related matters. Additional substantial costs relate to the development and expansion of manufacturing capacity.

Our operating costs also include the costs of preparations for the launch of new or expanded clinical trial programs, such as our anticipated trials of combination treatment regimens. The preparation costs include payments to regulatory consultants, lawyers, statisticians, sites and others, evaluation of potential investigators, the clinical trial sites and the CROs managing the trials and other service providers, and expenses related to institutional approvals, clinical trial agreements (business contracts with sites), training of medical and other site personnel, trial supplies and other.

Our operating costs also include legal and accounting costs in operating the Company.

The foregoing operating costs include the costs for Flaskworks’ ongoing operations and intellectual property filings, and the operations of our subsidiaries in the U.K., the Netherlands and Germany.

Research and development:

R&D expenses include costs for substantial external scientific personnel, technical and regulatory advisers, and others, costs of laboratory supplies used in our internal research and development projects, travel, regulatory compliance, and expenditures for preclinical and clinical trial operation and management when we are actively engaged in clinical trials.

Because we are a pre-revenue company, we do not allocate R&D costs on a project basis. We adopted this policy, in part, due to the unreasonable cost burden associated with accounting at such a level of detail and our limited number of financial and personnel resources.

General and administrative:

General and administrative expenses include personnel related salary and benefit expenses, cost of facilities, insurance, travel, legal services, property and equipment and amortization of stock options and warrants.

Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022

We recognized a net loss of $19.1 million and $32.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Research and Development Expense

For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, research and development expenses were $7.2 million and $7.7 million, respectively. The decrease in 2023 was mainly related to the following factors:

● We incurred $0.1 million and $2.9 million R&D expense related to one-time milestone activities under the SOW 6 with Advent BioServices for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of September 30, 2023, the only unvested

28

milestone was to submit an application to a regulatory which is expected to take place during November 2023. Most expenses related to the completed milestones were recognized in prior periods and in 2022.

● The stock-based compensation in research and development related to stock options and Flaskworks performance-based awards that were increased by $0.2 million during the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022, which was mainly related to additional awards that were granted to various key external consultants in the third quarter of 2023.

● An increased level of research and development activities in 2023 compared to 2022, which resulted in other R&D expenses increased by approximate $2.1 million.

General and Administrative Expense

For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, general and administrative expenses were $7.0 million and $8.10 million, respectively. The decrease in 2023 was mainly related to a decrease of $0.5 million in stock-based compensation, which was related to less amortization related to previously granted awards,

Change in Fair Value of Derivatives

We recognized a non-cash loss of $0.1 million and a non-cash loss of $12.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The loss was primarily due to an increase of stock price as of September 30, 2023 compared to June 30, 2023, and stock price as of September 30, 2022 compared to June 30, 2022.

Debt Extinguishment

During the three months ended September 30, 2023, we recognized a $1.8 million debt extinguishment loss from the redemption of $5.8 million outstanding debt. During the three months ended September 30, 2022, we recognized a $0.5 million debt extinguishment loss from the redemption of $4.8 million outstanding debt.

Interest Expense

During the three months ended and September 30, 2023 and 2022, we recorded interest expense of $1.7 million and $1.5 million, respectively. The decrease in interest expense in 2023 was mainly related to a decrease of outstanding debt as a result of the redemption of approximate $18.1 million debt in 2022.

Foreign currency transaction loss

During the three months ended and September 30, 2023 and 2022, we recognized foreign currency transaction loss of $1.7 million and loss of $3.1 million, respectively. The loss was due to the strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to the British pound sterling.

Nine months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022

We recognized a net loss of $43.7 million and $76.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Research and Development Expense

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, research and development expenses were $20.3 million and $26.2 million, respectively. The decrease in 2023 was mainly related to the followings:

● We incurred $1.5 million and $12.0 million R&D expense related to one-time milestone activities under the SOW 6 with Advent BioServices for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Advent had completed 7 out of the total 10 one-time milestones as of December 31, 2022, and the majority of the one-time R&D expense was recognized in 2022. Therefore, we only expensed $1.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 related to the remaining 3 milestones. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we expensed $5.3 million (but only paid $1.5 million) for one-time cash milestones and $6.7 million (but only issued 2.5 million shares of common stock at fair value of $2.1 million) for one-time stock-based milestones that we believe are probable to be achieved and hence to become payable during the contract period.

29

● The stock-based compensation in research and development related to stock options and Flaskworks performance-based awards that were reduced by $0.5 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022, which was related to less amortization related to previously granted awards.

● An increased level of research and development activities in 2023 compared to 2022, which resulted in other R&D expenses increasing by approximately $5.1 million.

General and Administrative Expense

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, general and administrative expenses were $21.6 million and $23.9 million, respectively. The decrease in 2023 was mainly related to a decrease of $1.7 million in consulting, legal and stock-based compensation, and $0.7 million reduction in our D&O insurance.

Change in Fair Value of Derivatives

We recognized a non-cash gain of $3.9 million and a non-cash loss of $15.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The gain was mainly due to majority of revaluation expense was recognized as of January 9, 2023, when we reclassed all warrants from liability classified to equity classified. The stock price on January 9, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was $0.71 and $0.78 per share, respectively. The decrease of stock price resulted a gain in change in fair value.

The 2022 loss was primarily due to the extension of certain warrants and an increase of stock price as of September 30, 2022 compared to December 31, 2021.

Debt Extinguishment

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we issued approximately 27.6 million shares of common stock with a fair value of $17.5 million to certain lenders in lieu of cash payments of $13.2 million of debt, including $1.0 million of accrued interest. We also extinguished Share liabilities of $1.3 million and recognized additional $0.5 million in Share liabilities. We recognized an approximately $3.5 million debt extinguishment loss during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 from the debt redemption.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we issued approximately 56,000 shares of Series C preferred stock with a fair value of $1.0 million to certain lenders in lieu of cash payments of $0.9 million in debt, including $0.1 million of accrued interest. We recognized an approximately $0.1 million debt extinguishment loss.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we recognized debt extinguishment loss of $0.2 million. We incurred $0.4 million gain from the forgiveness of two PPP loans and offset by a loss of $0.6 million from redemption of certain loans during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Interest Expense

During the nine months ended and September 30, 2023 and 2022, we recorded interest expense of $4.0 million and $4.8 million, respectively. The decrease in interest expense in 2023 was mainly related to a decrease of outstanding debt as a result of the redemption of approximate $18.1 million debt in 2022.

Foreign currency transaction loss

During the nine months ended and September 30, 2023 and 2022, we recognized foreign currency transaction loss of $0.1 million and $6.8 million, respectively. The loss was due to the strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to the British pound sterling.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have experienced recurring losses from operations since inception. We have not yet established an ongoing source of revenues and must cover our operating expenses through debt and equity financings to allow us to continue as a going concern. Our ability to continue as a going concern depends on the ability to obtain adequate capital to fund operating losses until we generate adequate cash flows from operations to fund our operating costs and obligations. If we are unable to obtain adequate capital, we could be forced to cease operations.

30

We depend upon our ability, and will continue to attempt, to secure equity and/or debt financing. We cannot be certain that additional funding will be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Our management determined that there was substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern for at least one year after the annual consolidated financial statements were issued, and management’s concerns about our ability to continue as a going concern within the year following this report persist.

Cash Flow

Operating Activities

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, net cash outflows from operations were approximately $36.7 million and $43.9 million, respectively. The decrease in cash used in operating activities was primarily attributable to a reduction in payments to external service providers as well as a reduction in interest payments to certain note holders.

Investing Activities

We spent approximately $3.0 million and $0.7 million in cash for the purchase of additional equipment and our build out in Sawston, UK during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Financing Activities

We received approximately $9.9 million of cash from issuance of 0.7 million shares of Series C convertible preferred stock during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.  We received approximately $11.0 million cash from issuance of 0.7 million shares of Series C convertible preferred stock during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

We received approximately $10.0 million and $5.0 million of cash from issuance the issuance of a loan to a commercial lender during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we also received $0.6 million of cash from issuance of notes to multiple individual investors.

We received approximately $1.6 million and $10.0 million of cash from the exercise of warrants during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

We received approximately $9.5 million of cash from issuance of 13.1 million shares of common stock during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

We received approximately $12.7 million of cash from issuance of convertible notes to individual lenders during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

We received $4.6 million from issuance of non-dilutive funding agreements during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

We made aggregate debt payments of $0.2 million and $5.4 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

We made repayment of $0.2 million of investor advances during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Other factors affecting our ongoing funding requirements include the number of staff we employ, the number of sites, number of patients and amount of activity in our clinical trial programs, the costs of further product and process development work relating to our DCVax products, the costs of preparations for Phase II trials, the costs of expansion of manufacturing, and unanticipated developments. The extent of resources available to us will determine which programs can move forward and at what pace.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

Since our inception, we have not engaged in any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined in the rules and regulations of the SEC.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Market risk represents the risk of loss that may result from the change in value of financial instruments due to fluctuations in its market price. Market risk is inherent in all financial instruments. Market risk may be exacerbated in times of trading illiquidity when market

31

participants refrain from transacting in normal quantities and/or at normal bid-offer spreads. Our exposure to market risk is directly related to derivatives, debt and equity linked instruments related to our financing activities.

Our assets and liabilities are overwhelmingly denominated in U.S. dollars. We do not use foreign currency contracts or other derivative instruments to manage changes in currency rates. We do not now, nor do we plan to, use derivative financial instruments for speculative or trading purposes. However, these circumstances might change.

The primary quantifiable market risk associated with our financial instruments is sensitivity to changes in interest rates. Interest rate risk represents the potential loss from adverse changes in market interest rates. We use an interest rate sensitivity simulation to assess our interest rate risk exposure. For purposes of presenting the possible earnings effect of a hypothetical, adverse change in interest rates over the 12-month period from our reporting date, we assume that all interest rate sensitive financial instruments will be impacted by a hypothetical, immediate 100 basis point increase in interest rates as of the beginning of the period. The sensitivity is based upon the hypothetical assumption that all relevant types of interest rates that affect our results would increase instantaneously, simultaneously and to the same degree. We do not believe that our cash and equivalents have significant risk of default or illiquidity.

The sensitivity analyses of the interest rate sensitive financial instruments are hypothetical and should be used with caution. Changes in fair value based on a 1% or 2% variation in an estimate generally cannot be extrapolated because the relationship of the change in the estimate to the change in fair value may not be linear. Also, the effect of a variation in a particular estimate on the fair value of financial instruments is calculated independent of changes in any other estimate; in practice, changes in one factor may result in changes in another factor, which might magnify or counteract the sensitivities. In addition, the sensitivity analyses do not consider any action that we may take to mitigate the impact of any adverse changes in the key estimates.

Based on our analysis, as of September 30, 2023, the effect of a 100+/- basis point change in interest rates on the value of our financial instruments and the resultant effect on our net loss are considered immaterial.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation as of September 30, 2023, of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such terms are defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e). Based on this evaluation, management concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in our Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

No change in internal control over financial reporting occurred during the most recent quarter with respect to our operations, which materially affected, or is reasonable likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.

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Part II - Other Information

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

On December 1, 2022, we filed a Complaint in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York against certain market makers. The Complaint alleges that the defendants engaged in manipulation of the Company’s stock, in violation of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and common law fraud, over a period of years. On March 20, 2023, the defendants filed a Motion to Dismiss the Complaint. On April 10, 2023 we filed an Amended Complaint against Canaccord Genuity LLC, Citadel Securities LLC, G1 Execution Services LLC, GTS Securities LLC, Instinet LLC, Lime Trading Corp., and Virtu Americas LLC (Northwest Biotherapeutics Inc. v. Canaccord, et al., No. 1:22-cv-10185-GHW-GWG). The Company plans to pursue this case vigorously.

As previously reported, three stockholders filed in the Delaware Court of Chancery three similar derivative lawsuits against the Company and certain of its directors and officers, including J. Cofer Black, Marnix L. Bosch, Alton L. Boynton, Leslie J. Goldman, Jerry Jasinowski, Navid Malik, and Linda F. Powers (the “Individual Defendants”), alleging the Individual Defendants (i) breached their fiduciary duties, and (ii) were unjustly enriched by director and officer compensation awarded in 2020 to the Individual Defendants—notwithstanding the fact that approximately 90% of shareholders voted to approve of the Company’s executive compensation (the same compensation that these three stockholders are seeking to challenge) through its Say on Pay vote at the Company’s Annual Meeting in 2021, and the director awards were subject to shareholder approval. On March 31, 2022, the Delaware Court of Chancery consolidated these actions into a single action under the caption In re Northwest Biotherapeutics, Inc. Stockholder Litigation (the “Derivative Action”).

On December 30, 2022, shareholders again approved the same 2020 executive compensation with approximately 90% of the votes, and also approved the directors compensation with approximately 90% of the votes.

The Company believes this case is baseless and is vigorously contesting it. The Company is expecting a decision in November 2023.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Applicable risk factors are set forth in the Company’s report on Form 10-K for 2022.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

In April 2023, the Company entered into several ten-month convertible notes (the “April Convertible Notes”) with multiple investors (the “Holders”) with an aggregate principal amount of $0.9 million for a purchase price of $0.8 million. The April Convertible Notes bear interest at 8% per annum and are convertible into Series C preferred shares at $13.75 per share at the Holders’ sole option. The Series C preferred shares are convertible into common stock 30 days after the debt conversion date. Each Series C preferred share is convertible into 25 shares of common stock.

On June 30, 2023, the Company entered into a one-year convertible note (the “June Convertible Note”) with an individual investor (the “Holder”) with principal amount of $1.0 million. The Company received $1.0 million cash from the June Convertible Note. The June Convertible Note bears interest at 8% per annum and is convertible into Series C preferred shares at $12.50 per share at the Holder’s sole option. The Series C preferred shares are convertible into common stock 30 days after the debt conversion date. Each Series C preferred share is convertible into 25 shares of common stock.

On July 11, 2023, the Company entered into another one-year convertible note (the “July Convertible Note”) with the same investor as the June Convertible Note with principal amount of $0.5 million. The Company received $0.5 million cash from the July Convertible Note. The July Convertible Note bears interest at 10% per annum and has same conversion feature and conversion price as the June Convertible Note.

During the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company entered into several one-year convertible notes (the “Convertible Notes”) with multiple investors (the “Holders”) with an aggregate principal amount of $1.4 million for a purchase price of $1.3 million. The Convertible Notes bear interest at 8% per annum and are convertible into Series C preferred shares between $13.75 and $17.50 per share at the Holders’ sole option.  The Series C preferred shares are convertible into common stock 30 days after the debt conversion date. Each Series C preferred share is convertible into 25 shares of common stock.

Between August and September 2023, the Company entered into several one-year convertible notes (the “August & September Convertible Notes”) with multiple individual investors (the “Holders”) with an aggregate principal amount of $10.3 million. The August

33

& September Convertible Notes bear interest at 11% per annum and are convertible into Series C preferred shares between $10.00 and $12.50 per share at the Holder’s sole option.  The Series C preferred shares are convertible into common stock 30 days after the debt conversion date. Each Series C preferred share is convertible into 25 shares of common stock. In addition, the Holders have an alternative option to convert the August & September Convertible Notes into a non-dilutive financial instrument, which has the same terms at those in the non-dilutive funding agreements as described in Note 12.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

Not Applicable.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

None.

Item 6. Exhibits

21.1	Subsidiaries of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 21.1 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q on August 9, 2023).
21.2	Certificate of Incorporation on Change of Name (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 21.2 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q on August 9, 2023).
31.1	Certification of President (Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer), Pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1	Certification of President, Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Schema Document.
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Presentation Linkbase Document.
104	The cover page from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2023, formatted in Inline XBRL (included as Exhibit 101).

*    Filed herewith

**  Furnished herewith

34

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC
Dated: November 9, 2023	By:	/s/ Linda F. Powers
		Name:	Linda F. Powers
		Title:	President and Chief Executive Officer
			Principal Executive Officer
			Principal Financial and Accounting Officer

35

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Linda F. Powers, certify that:

(1) I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Northwest Biotherapeutics, Inc.;

(2) Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

(3) Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

(4) I am responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)), and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15 (f)), for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under my supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to me by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under my supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

(5) I have disclosed, based on my most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s Board of Directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November 9, 2023

By:	/s/ Linda F. Powers
	Name:	Linda F. Powers
	Title:	President and Chief Executive Officer
		Principal Executive Officer
		Principal Financial and Accounting Officer

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the quarterly report of Northwest Biotherapeutics, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2023, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Report”), I, Linda F. Powers, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: November 9, 2023

By:	/s/ Linda F. Powers
	Name:	Linda F. Powers
	Title:	President and Chief Executive Officer
		Principal Executive Officer
		Principal Financial and Accounting Officer

XML

Document and Entity Information - shares	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Nov. 06, 2023
Document and Entity Information
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Sep. 30, 2023
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	001-35737
Entity Registrant Name	NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	94-3306718
Entity Address, Address Line One	4800 Montgomery Lane
Entity Address, Address Line Two	Suite 800
Entity Address, City or Town	Bethesda
Entity Address, State or Province	MD
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	20814
City Area Code	240
Local Phone Number	497-9024
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share
Trading Symbol	NWBO
Security Exchange Name	NONE
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		1,153,846,907
Entity Central Index Key	0001072379
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q3
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Amendment Flag	false

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 6,097	$ 6,965
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	1,745	2,460
Share receivable	610
Total current assets	8,452	9,425
Non-current assets:
Property, plant and equipment, net	16,751	13,418
Construction in progress		2,028
Right-of-use asset, net	4,014	4,189
Indefinite-lived intangible asset	1,292	1,292
Goodwill	626	626
Other assets	357	345
Total non-current assets	23,040	21,898
TOTAL ASSETS	31,492	31,323
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	12,331	10,687
Accounts payable and accrued expenses to related parties and affiliates	4,716	6,955
Convertible notes, net	3,451	135
Convertible notes at fair value	10,250
Notes payable, net	8,198	15,403
Contingent payable derivative liability	8,882	8,668
Warrant liability	1,019	80,559
Investor advances	7	2,566
Share liability		678
Lease liabilities	369	354
Total current liabilities	49,223	126,005
Non-current liabilities:
Notes payable, net of current portion, net	11,038	5,991
Lease liabilities, net of current portion	4,134	4,370
Contingent payment obligation	4,550
Total non-current liabilities	19,722	10,361
Total liabilities	68,945	136,366
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Note 12)
Stockholders' deficit:
Preferred stock ($0.001 par value); 100,000,000 shares authorized as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively
Common stock ($0.001 par value); 1,700,000,000 shares authorized; 1,145.1 million and 1,068.4 million shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively	1,145	1,068
Additional paid-in capital	1,271,327	1,164,885
Stock subscription receivable	(79)	(79)
Accumulated deficit	(1,340,802)	(1,297,122)
Accumulated other comprehensive income	3,290	3,145
Total stockholders' deficit	(65,119)	(128,103)
TOTAL LIABILITIES, MEZZANINE EQUITY AND STOCKHOLDERS' DEFICIT	31,492	31,323
Series C Convertible Preferred Stock
Mezzanine equity:
Series C Convertible Preferred Stock, 10,000,000 shares designated; 1.8 million and 1.4 million shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively; aggregate liquidation preference of $26.0 million and $22.3 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively	$ 27,666	$ 23,060

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Preferred stock, shares authorized	100,000,000	100,000,000
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Common stock, shares authorized	1,700,000,000	1,700,000,000
Common stock, shares issued	1,145,100,000	1,068,400,000
Common stock, shares outstanding	1,145,100,000	1,068,400,000
Series C Convertible Preferred Stock
Temporary equity, shares designated	10,000,000	10,000,000
Temporary equity, shares issued	1,800,000	1,400,000
Temporary equity, shares outstanding	1,773,000	1,415,000
Temporary equity, aggregate liquidation preference	$ 26.0	$ 22.3

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Revenues:
Research and other	$ 406	$ 206	$ 1,487	$ 1,086
Total revenues	406	206	1,487	1,086
Operating costs and expenses:
Research and development	7,201	7,694	20,276	26,159
General and administrative	7,030	8,130	21,577	23,930
Total operating costs and expenses	14,231	15,824	41,853	50,089
Loss from operations	(13,825)	(15,618)	(40,366)	(49,003)
Other income (expense):
Change in fair value of derivative liabilities	(112)	(12,169)	3,875	(15,883)
Change in fair value of share receivable	487		534
Loss from extinguishment of debt	(1,768)	(456)	(3,648)	(156)
Interest expense	(1,670)	(1,512)	(3,999)	(4,847)
Foreign currency transaction loss	(1,692)	(3,097)	(76)	(6,845)
Total other loss	(4,755)	(17,234)	(3,314)	(27,731)
Net loss	(18,580)	(32,852)	(43,680)	(76,734)
Deemed dividend related to warrant modification	(519)		(1,433)
Net loss attributable to common stockholders	(19,099)	(32,852)	(45,113)	(76,734)
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Foreign currency translation adjustment	1,397	2,773	145	5,956
Total comprehensive loss	$ (17,702)	$ (30,079)	$ (44,968)	$ (70,778)
Net loss per share applicable to common stockholders, Basic	$ (0.02)	$ (0.03)	$ (0.04)	$ (0.08)
Net loss per share applicable to common stockholders, Diluted	$ (0.02)	$ (0.03)	$ (0.04)	$ (0.08)
Weighted average shares used in computing basic loss per share	1,134,359	1,040,982	1,106,111	1,001,703
Weighted average shares used in computing diluted loss per share	1,134,359	1,040,982	1,106,111	1,001,703

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' DEFICIT - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Series C Convertible Preferred Stock	Common Stock [Member]	Additional Paid-in Capital [Member]	Subscription Receivable [Member]	Retained Earnings [Member]	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)	Total
Increase (Decrease) in Temporary Equity Deficit
Issuance of stock for cash (in shares)	704
Issuance of stock for cash	$ 10,904
Issuance of stock in lieu of debt redemption (in shares)	126
Issuance of stock in lieu of debt redemption	$ 1,978
Issuance of stock by common stock warrant exercise (in shares)	55
Issuance of stock by common stock warrant exercise	$ 329
Reclassification of warrant liabilities related to warrants exercised for cash							$ 26,800
Balance at the end (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2022	885
Balance at the end at Sep. 30, 2022	$ 13,746
Balance at the beginning at Dec. 31, 2021		$ 948	$ 1,066,873	$ (79)	$ (1,192,090)	$ 357	(123,991)
Balance at the beginning (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021		948,445
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Deficit
Issuance of stock for cash	$ 10,904
Issuance of stock for cash (in shares)	704
Issuance of stock in lieu of debt redemption	$ 1,978
Issuance of stock in lieu of debt redemption (in shares)	126
Issuance of stock by common stock warrant exercise	$ 329
Issuance of stock by common stock warrant exercise (in shares)	55
Issuance of common stock for cash		$ 13	9,676				9,689
Issuance of common stock for cash ( in shares)		13,147
Warrants exercised for cash		$ 41	9,945				9,986
Warrants exercised for cash (in shares)		40,929
Issuance of common stock and warrants for conversion of debt and accrued interest		$ 11	7,602				7,613
Issuance of common stock and warrants for conversion of debt and accrued interest (in shares)		10,374
Reclassification of warrant liabilities related to warrants exercised for cash	$ 535		22,090				22,090
Cashless warrants and stock options exercise		$ 34	(34)
Cashless warrants and stock options exercise (in shares)		34,224
Stock-based compensation		$ 4	9,737				9,741
Stock-based compensation (in shares)		4,141
Reclassification of warrant liabilities related to cashless warrants exercise			26,800				26,800
Cumulative translation adjustment						5,956	5,956
Net loss					(76,734)		(76,734)
Balance at the end at Sep. 30, 2022		$ 1,051	1,152,689	(79)	(1,268,824)	6,313	(108,850)
Balance at the end (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2022		1,051,260
Increase (Decrease) in Temporary Equity Deficit
Issuance of stock for cash (in shares)	704
Issuance of stock for cash	$ 10,904
Issuance of stock in lieu of debt redemption (in shares)	126
Issuance of stock in lieu of debt redemption	$ 1,978
Issuance of stock by common stock warrant exercise (in shares)	55
Issuance of stock by common stock warrant exercise	$ 329
Balance at the end (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2022	885
Balance at the end at Sep. 30, 2022	$ 13,746
Balance at the beginning at Jun. 30, 2022		$ 1,034	1,139,811	(79)	(1,235,972)	3,540	(91,666)
Balance at the beginning (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2022		1,034,475
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Deficit
Issuance of stock for cash	$ 10,904
Issuance of stock for cash (in shares)	704
Issuance of stock in lieu of debt redemption	$ 1,978
Issuance of stock in lieu of debt redemption (in shares)	126
Issuance of stock by common stock warrant exercise	$ 329
Issuance of stock by common stock warrant exercise (in shares)	55
Warrants exercised for cash		$ 2	428				430
Warrants exercised for cash (in shares)		1,926
Issuance of common stock and warrants for conversion of debt and accrued interest		$ 7	5,274				5,281
Issuance of common stock and warrants for conversion of debt and accrued interest (in shares)		6,892
Reclassification of warrant liabilities related to warrants exercised for cash	$ 535		2,402				2,402
Cashless warrants and stock options exercise		$ 5	(5)
Cashless warrants and stock options exercise (in shares)		5,321
Stock-based compensation		$ 3	3,358				3,361
Stock-based compensation (in shares)		2,636
Reclassification of warrant liabilities related to cashless warrants exercise			1,421				1,421
Cumulative translation adjustment						2,773	2,773
Fractional shares adjustment		10
Net loss					(32,852)		(32,852)
Balance at the end at Sep. 30, 2022		$ 1,051	1,152,689	(79)	(1,268,824)	6,313	(108,850)
Balance at the end (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2022		1,051,260
Balance at the beginning (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022	1,415
Balance at the beginning at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 23,060
Increase (Decrease) in Temporary Equity Deficit
Issuance of stock for cash (in shares)	729
Issuance of stock for cash	$ 9,899
Issuance of stock in lieu of debt redemption (in shares)	56
Issuance of stock in lieu of debt redemption	$ 1,013
Issuance of stock by common stock warrant exercise	$ (6,536)
Convertible preferred stock conversion		$ 11	6,525				6,536
Convertible preferred stock conversion (in shares)	(443)	11,081
Stock Based Compensation	$ 230
Balance at the end (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2023	1,773
Balance at the end at Sep. 30, 2023	$ 27,666
Balance at the beginning at Dec. 31, 2022		$ 1,068	1,164,885	(79)	(1,297,122)	3,145	(128,103)
Balance at the beginning (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022		1,068,394
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Deficit
Issuance of stock for cash	$ 9,899
Issuance of stock for cash (in shares)	729
Issuance of stock in lieu of debt redemption	$ 1,013
Issuance of stock in lieu of debt redemption (in shares)	56
Issuance of stock by common stock warrant exercise	$ (6,536)
Convertible preferred stock conversion		$ 11	6,525				6,536
Convertible preferred stock conversion (in shares)	(443)	11,081
Warrants exercised for cash		$ 12	2,789				$ 2,801
Warrants exercised for cash (in shares)		12,448
Cashless stock options exercise		$ 21	(21)
Cashless stock options exercise (in shares)		20,433					2,507
Reclassification of warrant liabilities to stockholders' deficit			76,258				$ 76,258
Issuance of common stock and warrants for conversion of debt and accrued interest		$ 28	17,456				17,484
Issuance of common stock and warrants for conversion of debt and accrued interest (in shares)		27,563
Stock-based compensation		$ 5	2,668				2,673
Stock-based compensation (in shares)	16	5,164
Cumulative translation adjustment						145	145
Warrants modification			2,200				2,200
Deemed dividend related to warrants modification			(1,433)				(1,433)
Net loss					(43,680)		(43,680)
Balance at the end at Sep. 30, 2023		$ 1,145	1,271,327	(79)	(1,340,802)	3,290	(65,119)
Balance at the end (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2023		1,145,083
Balance at the beginning (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2023	1,546
Balance at the beginning at Jun. 30, 2023	$ 25,385
Increase (Decrease) in Temporary Equity Deficit
Issuance of stock for cash (in shares)	405
Issuance of stock for cash	$ 5,143
Issuance of stock by common stock warrant exercise	$ (2,974)
Convertible preferred stock conversion		$ 4	2,970				2,974
Convertible preferred stock conversion (in shares)	(186)	4,651
Stock Based Compensation	$ 112
Balance at the end (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2023	1,773
Balance at the end at Sep. 30, 2023	$ 27,666
Balance at the beginning at Jun. 30, 2023		$ 1,115	1,258,259	(79)	(1,322,222)	1,893	(61,034)
Balance at the beginning (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2023		1,115,183
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Deficit
Issuance of stock for cash	$ 5,143
Issuance of stock for cash (in shares)	405
Issuance of stock by common stock warrant exercise	$ (2,974)
Convertible preferred stock conversion		$ 4	2,970				2,974
Convertible preferred stock conversion (in shares)	(186)	4,651
Warrants exercised for cash			32				32
Warrants exercised for cash (in shares)		128
Cashless stock options exercise		$ 11	(11)
Cashless stock options exercise (in shares)		10,554
Issuance of common stock and warrants for conversion of debt and accrued interest		$ 13	7,907				7,920
Issuance of common stock and warrants for conversion of debt and accrued interest (in shares)		12,403
Stock-based compensation		$ 2	1,563				1,565
Stock-based compensation (in shares)	8	2,164
Cumulative translation adjustment						1,397	1,397
Warrants modification			1,126				1,126
Deemed dividend related to warrants modification			(519)				(519)
Net loss					(18,580)		(18,580)
Balance at the end at Sep. 30, 2023		$ 1,145	$ 1,271,327	$ (79)	$ (1,340,802)	$ 3,290	$ (65,119)
Balance at the end (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2023		1,145,083

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net loss	$ (43,680)	$ (76,734)
Reconciliation of net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	1,101	934
Amortization of debt discount	2,006	2,111
Change in fair value of derivatives	(3,875)	15,883
Change in fair value of share receivable	(534)
Loss from extinguishment of debt	3,648	156
Amortization of operating lease right-of-use asset	211	184
Stock-based compensation for services	2,833	9,741
Warrant modifications associated with convertible notes under fair value option	287
Subtotal of non-cash charges	5,677	29,009
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	802	(310)
Other non-current assets	(13)	633
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	2,657	1,251
Related party accounts payable and accrued expenses	(2,239)	2,127
Lease liabilities	117	98
Net cash used in operating activities	(36,679)	(43,926)
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Purchase of equipment and construction in progress	(3,019)	(742)
Net cash used in investing activities	(3,019)	(742)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Proceeds from issuance of Series C convertible preferred stock by common stock warrant exercise, net of debt redemption		52
Proceeds from issuance of common stock		9,465
Proceeds from exercise of warrants	1,598	9,986
Proceeds from investor advance	7
Proceeds from issuance of notes payable, net	10,000	5,600
Proceeds from issuance of convertible notes payable, net	12,699
Proceeds from contingent payment obligation	4,550
Repayment of notes payable	(210)	(5,390)
Repayment of investor advances	(200)
Net cash provided by financing activities	38,343	30,617
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	487	8,307
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents	(868)	(5,744)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of the period	6,965	15,169
Cash and cash equivalents, end of the period	6,097	9,425
Supplemental schedule of non-cash investing and financing activities:
Cashless warrants and stock options exercise	21	34
Reclassification of warrant liabilities related to warrants exercised for cash		22,625
Reclassification of warrant liabilities to stockholders' deficit	76,258
Reclassification of warrant liabilities related to cashless warrants exercise		26,800
Reclassification of investor advances to convertible notes payable	1,163
Reclassification of investor advances to stockholders' deficit	1,203
Issuance of common stock for conversion of debt and accrued interest	17,484	7,054
Issuance of Series C convertible preferred stock in lieu of debt redemption	1,013	1,978
Exercise common stock warrants by debt redemption		277
Series C convertible preferred stock conversion	6,536
Capital expenditures included in accounts payable	71	4
Reclassification between shares payable and equity		250
Deemed dividend related to warrant modification	1,433
Convertible notes payable
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information
Interest payments on notes payable	(30)	(912)
Series C convertible preferred stock
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Proceeds from issuance of Series C convertible preferred stock	$ 9,899	$ 10,904

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Organization and Description of Business

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Organization and Description of Business

Organization and Description of Business

1. Organization and Description of Business

Northwest Biotherapeutics, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries Flaskworks, Northwest Biotherapeutics Limited (formerly known as Aracaris Ltd), Aracaris Capital, Ltd, Northwest Biotherapeutics B.V., and NW Bio GmbH (collectively, the “Company”, “we”, “us” and “our”) were organized to discover and develop innovative immunotherapies for cancer. The Company has developed DCVax® platform technologies for both operable and inoperable solid tumor cancers. The Company has wholly owned subsidiaries in Boston, the U.K., the Netherlands and Germany. On August 28, 2020, the Company acquired Flaskworks, LLC (“Flaskworks”), a company that has developed a system designed to close and automate the manufacturing of cell therapy products such as DCVax®. On July 24, 2023, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary changed its name from Aracaris Ltd to Northwest Biotherapeutics Limited.

The Company relies upon contract manufacturers for production of its DCVax products, research and development services, distribution and logistics, and related services, in compliance with the Company’s specifications and the applicable regulatory requirements.

The Company has completed a Phase 3 clinical trial of its DCVax®-L product for glioblastoma brain cancer, has publicly reported the results in a peer reviewed publication in a medical journal as well as at a medical conference, and is working on final preparations for filing an application for regulatory approval of the product.

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Financial Condition, Going Concern and Management Plans

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Financial Condition, Going Concern and Management Plans

Financial Condition, Going Concern and Management Plans

2. Financial Condition, Going Concern and Management Plans

The Company has incurred annual net operating losses since its inception. The Company had a net loss of $45.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The Company used approximately $36.7 million of cash in its operating activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

The Company does not expect to generate material revenue in the near future from the sale of products and is subject to all of the risks and uncertainties that are typically faced by biotechnology companies that devote substantially all of their efforts to research and development (“R&D”) and clinical trials and do not yet have commercial products. The Company expects to continue incurring annual losses for the foreseeable future. The Company’s existing liquidity is not sufficient to fund its operations, anticipated capital expenditures, working capital and other financing requirements until the Company reaches significant revenues. Until that time, the Company will need to obtain additional equity and/or debt financing, especially if the Company experiences downturns in its business that are more severe or longer than anticipated, or if the Company experiences significant increases in expense levels resulting from being a publicly-traded company or from expansion of operations. If the Company attempts to obtain additional equity or debt financing, the Company cannot assume that such financing will be available to the Company on favorable terms, or at all.

Because of recurring operating losses and operating cash flow deficits, there is substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for at least one year from the date of this filing. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern, however, they do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets, or the amounts and classification of liabilities that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. Certain immaterial reclassifications have been made to prior period amounts to conform to the current period presentation.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with the accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and pursuant to the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 8 of Regulation S-X of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and on the same basis as the Company uses to prepare its annual audited consolidated financial statements. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2023, condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, condensed consolidated statement of stockholders’ deficit for the three and nine months ended September

30, 2023 and 2022, and the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 are unaudited, but include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, which the Company considers necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position, operating results and cash flows for the periods presented. The results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2023 or for any future interim period. The condensed consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2022 has been derived from audited financial statements; however, it does not include all of the information and notes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 and notes thereto included in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K (the “2022 Annual Report”), which was filed with the SEC on February 28, 2023.

Use of Estimates

In preparing condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Due to inherent uncertainty involved in making estimates, actual results reported in future periods may be affected by changes in these estimates.

On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates and judgments, including valuing equity securities in share-based payment arrangements, estimating the fair value of financial instruments recorded as derivative liabilities, useful lives of depreciable assets, and whether impairment charges may apply. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could differ from those estimates, particularly given the significant social and economic disruptions and uncertainties associated with the ongoing coronavirus pandemic (“COVID-19”) and the COVID-19 control responses.

Significant Accounting Policies

There have been no material changes in the Company’s significant accounting policies from those previously disclosed in the 2022 Annual Report other than those discussed below.

Sequencing

The Company adopted a sequencing policy under ASC 815-40-35 to determine if reclassification of contracts from equity to liabilities is necessary pursuant to ASC 815 due to the Company’s inability to demonstrate it has sufficient authorized shares. Certain contracts were classified as liabilities as the result of the instruments containing a potentially indeterminable number of shares and, most recently, due to the Company entering into agreements providing for the potential issuance of more shares than authorized. While temporary suspensions are in place to keep the potential exercises beneath the number authorized, certain instruments are classified as liabilities, after allocating available authorized shares on the basis of the earliest grant date of potentially dilutive instruments. Pursuant to ASC 815, issuance of stock-based awards to the Company’s employees, non-employees or directors are not subject to the sequencing policy.

On January 9, 2023, the Company filed a Certificate of Amendment of its Seventh Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the “Certificate of Amendment”) with the Secretary of the State of Delaware, which effected an increase in the Company’s authorized shares of common stock, from 1.2 billion to 1.7 billion, par value $0.001 per share. As a result of this increase in authorized shares, the liability-classified warrants were reclassified to equity. Approximately 141 million warrants, with a value of approximately $76.3 million, to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock were reclassified from liabilities to equity on January 9, 2023. The remaining balance of $1.0 million in warrant liability as of September 30, 2023 was related to certain conditional rights to independently purchase shares from the Company in a future raise of capital (the “Piggy-back Rights”).

Modification of Equity Classified Warrants

A change in the terms or conditions of a warrant is accounted for as a modification. For a warrant modification accounted for under ASC 815, the effect of a modification shall be measured as the difference between the fair value of the modified warrant and the fair value of the original warrant immediately before its terms are modified, with each measured on the modification date. The accounting for incremental fair value of the modified warrants over the original warrants is based on the specific facts and circumstances related to

the modification. When a modification is directly attributable to an equity offering, the incremental change in fair value of the warrants is accounted for as an equity issuance cost. When a modification is directly attributable to a debt offering, the incremental change in fair value of the warrants is accounted for as a debt discount or debt issuance cost. For all other modifications, the incremental change in fair value is recognized as a deemed dividend.

Convertible Notes under Fair Value Option

The Company accounts for certain convertible notes issued in August and September 2023 on an instrument-by-instrument basis under the fair value option (“FVO”) election of ASC Topic 825, Financial Instruments (“ASC 825”). The convertible notes accounted for under the FVO election are each debt host financial instruments containing embedded features wherein the entire financial instrument is initially measured at its issue-date estimated fair value and then subsequently remeasured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis at each reporting period date. Changes in the estimated fair value of the convertible notes are recorded as a component of Other (expense) income in the consolidated statements of operations, except that the change in estimated fair value attributable to a change in the instrument-specific credit risks is recognized as a component of other comprehensive income. As a result of electing the FVO, issuance costs related to the convertible notes are expensed as incurred.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions

In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-03, ASC Subtopic 820 “Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions”. The FASB is issuing this Update (1) to clarify the guidance in Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement, when measuring the fair value of an equity security subject to contractual restrictions that prohibit the sale of an equity security, (2) to amend a related illustrative example, and (3) to introduce new disclosure requirements for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions that are measured at fair value in accordance with Topic 820.

For public business entities, the amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for both interim and annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance.

The Company is still evaluating the impact of this pronouncement on the consolidated financial statements.

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Fair Value Measurements

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements

4. Fair Value Measurements

In accordance with ASC 820 (Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures), the Company uses various inputs to measure the fair value of liabilities related to certain embedded conversion features associated with convertible debt, share liability (receivable), and the contingent payable to Cognate BioServices on a recurring basis to determine the fair value of these liabilities. The Company also elects the FVO for certain eligible financial instruments, such as convertible notes, in order to simplify the accounting treatment.

ASC 820 establishes a hierarchy categorizing inputs into three levels used to measure and disclose fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices available in active markets and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs. An explanation of each level in the hierarchy is described below:

Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical instruments that are accessible by the Company on the measurement date.

Level 2 - Quoted prices in markets that are not active or inputs which are either directly or indirectly observable.

Level 3 - Unobservable inputs for the instrument requiring the development of assumptions by the Company.

The following table classifies the Company’s liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis into the fair value hierarchy as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

	Fair value measured at September 30, 2023
			Quoted prices in active		Significant other		Significant
	Fair value at		markets		observable inputs		unobservable inputs
	September 30, 2023		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Share receivable	$	610	$	—	$	—	$	610
Warrant liability	$	1,019	$	—	$	—	$	1,019
Contingent payable derivative liability		8,882		—		—		8,882
Convertible notes		10,250						10,250
Total fair value	$	20,151	$	—	$	—	$	20,151

	Fair value measured at December 31, 2022
			Quoted prices in active		Significant other		Significant
	Fair value at		markets		observable inputs		unobservable inputs
	December 31, 2022		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Warrant liability	$	80,559	$	—	$	—	$	80,559
Embedded redemption option		807		—		—		807
Contingent payable derivative liability		8,668		—		—		8,668
Share liability		678						678
Total fair value	$	90,712	$	—	$	—	$	90,712

There were no transfers between Level 1, 2 or 3 during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023.

The following table presents changes in Level 3 liabilities measured at fair value for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023. Both observable and unobservable inputs were used to determine the fair value of positions that the Company has classified within the Level 3 category. Unrealized gains and losses associated with liabilities within the Level 3 category include changes in fair value that were attributable to both observable (e.g., changes in market interest rates) and unobservable (e.g., changes in unobservable long- dated volatilities) inputs (in thousands).

	Warrant			Embedded		Contingent Payable		Liability			Convertible
	Liability			Redemption Option		Derivative Liability		(Receivable)			Notes	Total
Balance - January 1, 2023	$	80,559		$	807	$	8,668	$	678	$	—	$	90,712
Additional share liability		—			—		—		508		—		508
Additional convertible notes at fair value		—			—		—		—		10,250		10,250
Redemption of share liability		—			—		—		(1,262)		—		(1,262)
Reclassification of warrant liabilities		(76,258)			—		—		—		—		(76,258)
Change in fair value		(3,282)			(807)		214		(534)		—		(4,409)
Balance - September 30, 2023	$	1,019	(1)	$	—	$	8,882	$	(610)	$	10,250	$	19,541

(1) The remaining balance of $1.0 million in warrant liability as of September 30, 2023 was related to certain conditional rights to independently purchase shares from the Company in a future raise of capital (the “Piggy-back Rights”). The Company accounted for the Piggy-back Rights as a freestanding financial instrument, which was classified as a liability at fair value on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

(2) The convertible notes issued between August and September 2023 with a principal amount of $10.3 million at September 30, 2023 were accounted for using the FVO election. Under the FVO election, the financial instrument is initially measured at its issue-date estimated fair value and subsequently re-measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis at each reporting period date. Items for which the FVO has been elected are presented at fair value in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The change in fair value for the three months ended September 30, 2023 was de-minimis.

On January 9, 2023, the Company reclassified the fair value of the warrant liability of $76.3 million into the additional paid-in capital. The change in fair value of the common stock warrant liability of $2.3 million between December 31, 2022 and January 9, 2023 is reflected in “Change in fair value of derivative liabilities” in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

A summary of the weighted average (in aggregate) significant unobservable inputs (Level 3 inputs) used in measuring the Company’s warrant liabilities and embedded conversion feature that are categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy as of September 30, 2023, January 9, 2023 (the reclassification date) and December 31, 2022 is as follows:

	As of September 30, 2023						As of January 9, 2023
	Share			Contingent Payable			Warrant
	Receivable			Derivative Liability			Liability
Strike price	$	0.56		$	0.91	*	$	0.31
Contractual term (years)		0.04			1.13			1.46
Volatility (annual)		73	%		73	%		87	%
Risk-free rate		5.6	%		5.5	%		4.3	%
Dividend yield (per share)		0	%		0	%		0	%

	As of December 31, 2022
	Warrant			Share			Contingent Payable
	Liability			Liability			Derivative Liability
Strike price	$	0.31		$	0.78	*	$	0.78	*
Contractual term (years)		1.5			0.1			0.6
Volatility (annual)		86	%		76	%		77	%
Risk-free rate		4.3	%		2.0	%		4.8	%
Dividend yield (per share)		0	%		0	%		0	%

* The strike price assumes the current stock price as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022

The key unobservable inputs for Piggy-back rights that was included in the warrant liability as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was the assumption of the estimated remaining life which was based on the estimate of the next qualified financing.

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Stock-based Compensation

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Stock-based Compensation

Stock-based Compensation

5. Stock-based Compensation

The following table summarizes total stock-based compensation expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands).

	For the three months ended				For the nine months ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Research and development	$	1,118	$	921	$	1,562	$	2,072
Research and development - related party
Milestones achieved (1)		9		195		578		2,120
Future milestones (2)		24		1,205		115		4,620
General and administrative		471		1,040		578		929
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	1,622	$	3,361	$	2,833	$	9,741

The related party amounts were for milestone incentives that either were earned or are deemed probable to be achieved in the future and become issuable at that time (as detailed below in Restricted Stock Awards).

(1) During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized the remaining $0.6 million stock-based compensation related to the achieved milestones (obtaining a commercial manufacturing license from the MHRA and completion of drafting key

portions of the application for product approval). The Company had previously recognized  $2.6 million stock-based compensation related to these two milestones as of December 31, 2022.

The $2.1 million expense recognized in 2022 covered 3 one-time milestones: 2 required licenses for the Sawston facility (licenses from the Human Tissue Authority and from the MHRA for manufacturing for clinical trials and compassionate use cases) and a workstream related to Fill/Finish.

(2) During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized and expensed (but did not issue shares for) the pro-rata portion of the remaining one-time milestone stock awards for submission the application for product approval to MHRA of $24,000 and $0.1 million, respectively.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recognized and expensed (but did not issue shares for) the pro-rata portion of 6 one-time milestones (partly stock): 5 workstreams (Comparability, Stability, Potency, Product Profile and Mechanism of Action) and one-time milestone for drafting and submission of key portions of the application for product approval of $1.2 million and $4.6 million, respectively.

The Black-Scholes option pricing model is used to estimate the fair value of stock options granted. The weighted average assumptions used in calculating the fair values of stock options that were granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 was as follows:

	For the nine months ended
	September 30,
	2023			2022
Exercise price	$	0.51		$	0.65
Expected term (years)		6.4			3.9
Expected stock price volatility		84	%		99	%
Risk-free rate		4.5	%		3.3	%
Dividend yield (per share)		0	%		0	%

The total unrecognized stock compensation (primarily for consultants) cost was approximately $6.2 million as of September 30, 2023 and will be recognized over the next 1.9 years.

Stock Options

The following table summarizes stock option activity for options granted to key external experts during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 (amount in thousands, except per share number):

				Weighted Average
		Weighted		Remaining
	Number of	Average		Contractual Life	Total Intrinsic
	Shares	Exercise Price		(in years)	Value
Outstanding as of January 1, 2023	301,263	$	0.34	7.0	$	135,225
Granted(1)	20,220		0.51	6.3		—
Cashless exercised	(2,507)		0.45	—		—
Expired	(300)		0.83	—		—
Outstanding as of September 30, 2023	318,676	$	0.34	6.3	$	180,794
Options vested (2)	281,209	$	0.33	6.3	$	163,974

(1) During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company granted 20.2 million stock options (the “2023 Options”) with an exercise price ranging from $0.47 to $0.57 per share, to key external consultants who provide services to the Company. The 2023 Options contain both service and performance vesting conditions, which will vest over a service period, generally during the term of consulting agreement, or upon achievement of specific milestones.

(2) An aggregate 153 million stock options held by Ms. Linda Powers, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, and Mr. Leslie Goldman, the Company’s Senior Vice President, General Consul are subject to an agreement (the “Blocker Letter Agreement”) under which they cannot exercise any options or warrants except upon at least 61 days’ prior notice.

Restricted Stock Awards

Advent SOW 6

As previously reported, during April 2022, the Company’s Board approved, and the Company entered into a Statement of Work #6 (the “SOW 6”) with Advent BioServices, a related party of the Company, for five workstreams that are prerequisites for an application for regulatory approval of DCVax-L, for three required licenses for the Sawston facility and for drafting of key portions of the application for approval. The SOW provides for baseline costs and for one-time milestone incentives for successful completion of each of the workstreams, for the completion and submission of each application for product approval, and for obtaining regulatory approval of each of the three Sawston licenses. The milestone incentives will be a combination of cash and stock and are not paid until they are achieved. As also previously reported, the Company amended the SOW6 on September 26, 2022 (the “Amended SOW6”) to (1) extend the service period through September 30, 2023, and (2) clarify the assessment and application of the milestones, and (3) add a sixth workstream. (The potential cost for all unearned stock awards for milestones not yet achieved was re-measured on the modification date and will be further re-measured until the date the milestone award is achieved and the stock awards are earned.) If all of the 10 one-time milestones are achieved (i.e., for all six workstreams that are prerequisites for an application for product approval, for obtaining all three licenses required for the Sawston facility, and for the completion of key portions of the application for product approval), the aggregate stock-based compensation under the Amended SOW 6 will be 13.5 million shares (including the shares already earned and issued for the milestones already achieved) for an aggregate fair value of $10.1 million.

As of December 31, 2022, seven milestones were completed, including five workstreams and the regulatory approvals of two licenses required for the Sawston facility. An eighth milestone was partly completed and the stock component of that milestone was earned, but the cash portion of that eighth milestone was not yet earned.

On September 26, 2023, the Company further amended the SOW 6 (the “Second Amended SOW 6”) to extend the service period through March 31, 2024. As of the amendment date, the remaining unvested one-time milestone for submission of the application to MHRA for approval of DCVax-L was accounted as a Type I modification (probable to probable under FASB ASC Topic 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”). The previously remaining unrecognized compensation expense for total $17,000 is expected to be fully recognized by end of November 2023.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, milestones related to the workstream for Mechanism of Action, obtaining the commercial manufacturing license from the MHRA and completion of key portions of the application for product approval were completed. For this manufacturing license milestone, the Company recognized the remaining $0.5 million in expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss and issued 3.0 million common shares. For the completion of the drafting of the MHRA application milestone, the Company recognized the remaining $0.1 million in expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss and issued 1.5 million common shares.

Employee Compensation

In August 2023, the Company issued 0.6 million shares of common stock as a bonus payment to two staff employees. These shares were fully vested on the grant date. However, 0.3 million shares are subject to lock-up restrictions, prohibiting their sale or transfer within six months of the grant date. The Company recognized $0.3 million stock-based compensation which is based on the Company’s closing stock price on the grant date.

Other Service Agreement

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company issued 16,000 shares of Series C convertible preferred stock to an unrelated vendor who provided professional services for the Company. The fair value of the Series C convertible preferred stock on the issuance date was approximately $0.1 million, which will be expensed over a four-month service period. During the three and nine

months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized approximately $0.1  million and $0.2 million, respectively as part of general and administrative expenses.

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Property, Plant and Equipment

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, Plant and Equipment

6. Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment consist of the following at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

	September 30,		December 31,		Estimated
	2023		2022		Useful Life
Leasehold improvements	$	17,088	$	13,070	Lesser of lease term or estimated useful life
Office furniture and equipment		460		300	3-5 years
Computer and manufacturing equipment and software		2,487		2,238	3-5 years
Land in the United Kingdom		83		82	NA
		20,118		15,690	NA
Less: accumulated depreciation		(3,367)		(2,272)
Total property, plant and equipment, net	$	16,751	$	13,418
Construction in progress	$	—	$	2,028

The construction works related to expanding the operational portion of its UK facility (Phase 1B) were completed and placed in service as of September 30, 2023. All costs associated with the Phase 1B build out were reclassified from construction in progress to leasehold improvements effective June 2023 and are being amortized over the estimated useful life of the facility.

Depreciation expense was approximately $1.1 million and $0.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

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Outstanding Debt

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Outstanding Debt

Outstanding Debt

7. Outstanding Debt

The following two tables summarize outstanding debt as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively (amount in thousands):

		Stated
		Interest			Conversion					Remaining		Carrying
	Maturity Date	Rate			Price			Face Value		Debt Discount		Value
Short term convertible notes payable
6% unsecured	Due		6	%	$	3.09		$	135	$	—	$	135
8% unsecured	Various		8	%	$	0.50-$0.70	*		3,332		(516)		2,816
10% unsecured	7/11/2024		10	%	$	0.50	*		500		—		500
									3,967		(516)		3,451
Short term convertible notes at fair value
11% unsecured	Various		11	%	$	0.40-$0.49	*		10,250		—		10,250
Short term notes payable
8% unsecured	Various		8	%		N/A			7,862		(226)		7,636
12% unsecured	On Demand		12	%		N/A			562		—		562
									8,424		(226)		8,198
Long term notes payable
8% unsecured	1/2/2025		8	%		N/A			11,005		(688)		10,317
6% secured	3/25/2025		6	%		N/A			721		—		721
									11,726		(688)		11,038
Ending balance as of September 30, 2023								$	34,367	$	(1,430)	$	32,937

*These convertible notes are convertible into Series C preferred shares at $10.00 - $17.50 per share. Each Series C preferred share is convertible into common shares with 30 days’ restriction period. The conversion price in common share equivalent is at $0.40 and $0.70 per share.

		Stated									Embedded
		Interest			Conversion				Remaining		Redemption		Carrying
	Maturity Date	Rate			Price		Face Value		Debt Discount		Option		Value
Short term convertible notes payable
6% unsecured	Due		6	%	$	3.09	$	135	$	—	$	—	$	135
								135		—		—		135
Short term notes payable
8% unsecured	Various		8	%		N/A		14,540		(1,300)		807		14,047
9% unsecured	Various		9	%		N/A		793		—		—		793
12% unsecured	On Demand		12	%		N/A		563		—		—		563
								15,896		(1,300)		807		15,403
Long term notes payable
8% unsecured	7/26/2024		8	%		N/A		5,505		(432)		—		5,073
6% secured	3/25/2025		6	%		N/A		918		—		—		918
								6,423		(432)		—		5,991
Ending balance as of December 31, 2022							$	22,454	$	(1,732)	$	807	$	21,529

Promissory Note

On March 2, 2023, the Company entered into a Commercial Loan Agreement (the “Commercial Loan”) with a commercial lender for an aggregate principal amount of $11.0 million. The Commercial Loan bears interest at 8% per annum with a 22-month term. There are no principal repayments during the first eight months of the term. The Commercial Loan is amortized in 14 installments starting on November 2, 2023. The Commercial Loan carries an original issue discount of $1.0 million.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company issued approximately 27.6 million shares of common stock with a fair value of $17.5 million to certain lenders in lieu of cash payments of $13.2 million of debt, including $1.0 million of accrued interest. In addition, pursuant to exchange agreements executed with various holders, the Company is required to potentially issue additional common stock (the “Share liability”) if the stock price is less than the price, defined in the exchange agreement as of the true-up date (the “True-up Price”), or the lender is required to return common shares to the Company (the “Share receivable”) if the stock price is greater than the True-up Price as of the true-up date. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company extinguished Share liabilities of $1.3 million and recognized additional $0.5 million in Share liabilities. The Company recognized an approximately $3.5 million debt extinguishment loss during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 from the debt redemption.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company issued approximately 56,000 shares of Series C preferred stock with a fair value of $1.0 million to certain lenders in lieu of cash payments of $0.9 million in debt, including $0.1 million of accrued interest. The Company recognized an approximately $0.1 million debt extinguishment loss.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized $0.8 million change in fair value of embedded redemption option as this embedded feature had de minimis value based on the remaining life of the note and the next qualified financing.

Convertible Notes

In April 2023, the Company entered into several ten-month convertible notes (the “April Convertible Notes”) with multiple investors (the “Holders”) with an aggregate principal amount of $0.9 million for a purchase price of $0.8 million. The April Convertible Notes bear interest at 8% per annum and are convertible into Series C preferred shares at $13.75 per share at the Holders’ sole option. The Series C preferred shares are convertible into common stock 30 days after the debt conversion date. Each Series C preferred share is convertible into 25 shares of common stock. The Company reclassed $0.7 million Investor advances that were received from the Holders in December 2022 to Convertible notes payable on the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2023. As a result, the Company received net cash proceeds of $0.1 million.

As consideration for entering into the April Convertible Notes, the Company also agreed to amend the investors’ existing outstanding warrants. The exercise price of certain warrants was amended from $2.00 per share to $0.55 per share, and the maturity date was extended

for an additional 9 months. The incremental change in fair value resulting from the amendment was approximately $0.2 million, which was recognized as an additional debt discount to the April Convertible Notes.

On June 30, 2023, the Company entered into a one-year convertible note (the “June Convertible Note”) with an individual investor (the “Holder”) with principal amount of $1.0 million. The Company received $1.0 million cash from the June Convertible Note. The June Convertible Note bears interest at 8% per annum and is convertible into Series C preferred shares at $12.50 per share at the Holder’s sole option. The Series C preferred shares are convertible into common stock 30 days after the debt conversion date. Each Series C preferred share is convertible into 25 shares of common stock.

On July 11, 2023, the Company entered into another one-year convertible note (the “July Convertible Note”) with the same investor as the June Convertible Note with principal amount of $0.5 million. The Company received $0.5 million cash from the July Convertible Note. The July Convertible Note bears interest at 10% per annum and has same conversion feature and conversion price as the June Convertible Note.

During the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company entered into several one-year convertible notes (the “Convertible Notes”) with multiple investors (the “Holders”) with an aggregate principal amount of $1.4 million for a purchase price of $1.3 million. The Convertible Notes bear interest at 8% per annum and are convertible into Series C preferred shares between $13.75 and $17.50 per share at the Holders’ sole option.  The Series C preferred shares are convertible into common stock 30 days after the debt conversion date. Each Series C preferred share is convertible into 25 shares of common stock. The Company reclassed $0.5 million Investor advances that were received from the Holders in December 2022 to Convertible notes payable on the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2023. As a result, the Company received net cash proceeds of $0.8 million. As additional consideration for entering into the Convertible Notes, the Company also agreed to amend the Holders’ existing outstanding warrants. The exercise price of certain existing warrants was amended from $2.00 per share to price between $0.55 and $0.70 per share, and the maturity date was extended for an additional 10 months. The incremental change in fair value resulting from the amendment was approximately $0.3 million, which was recognized as an additional debt discount to the Convertible Notes.

Convertible Notes at Fair Value

Between August and September 2023, the Company entered into several one-year convertible notes (the “August & September Convertible Notes”) with multiple individual investors (the “Holders”) with an aggregate principal amount of $10.3 million. The August & September Convertible Notes bear interest at 11% per annum and are convertible into Series C preferred shares between $10.00 and $12.25 per share at the Holder’s sole option.  The Series C preferred shares are convertible into common stock 30 days after the debt conversion date. Each Series C preferred share is convertible into 25 shares of common stock. In addition, the Holders have an alternative option to convert the August & September Convertible Notes into a non-dilutive financial instrument, which has the same terms at those in the non-dilutive funding agreements as described in Note 12.

One of the August & September Convertible Notes also contains a conversion feature to allow the holder to convert the outstanding debt in lieu of cash payment to purchase common shares via cash exercise of the holder’s existing warrants. In addition, the Company also agreed to amend the holder’s existing warrants to extend the term of the warrant maturity date for an additional 3 months.

The Company elected the FVO to fair value the August & September Convertible Notes under the guidance in ASC 825. The fair value of the August & September Convertible Notes on the issuance date and as of September 30, 2023 was approximately the same. As a result of electing the FVO, issuance costs related to the convertible notes are expensed as incurred. Therefore, the incremental change in fair value resulting from the warrant amendment for $0.3 million was recognized as part of interest expenses on the condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.

For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, interest expense related to outstanding debt totaled approximately $1.7 million and $0.5 million including amortization of debt discounts totaling $0.7 million and $0.6 million, respectively.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, interest expense related to outstanding debt totaled approximately $4.0 million and $4.8 million including amortization of debt discounts totaling $2.0 million and $2.1 million, respectively.

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Net Loss per Share Applicable to Common Stockholders

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Net Loss per Share Applicable to Common Stockholders

Net Loss per Share Applicable to Common Stockholders

8. Net Loss per Share Applicable to Common Stockholders

Basic loss per common share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the reporting period. Diluted loss per common share would be computed similar to basic loss per common share except that it reflects the potential dilution that could occur if dilutive securities or other obligations to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock. Because of the net loss from operations for each period, inclusion of such securities in the computation of loss per share would be anti-dilutive and thus they are excluded. Potentially dilutive weighted average common shares include common stock potentially issuable under the Company’s convertible notes and preferred stock, warrants and vested and unvested stock options.

The following securities were not included in the diluted net loss per share calculation because their effect was anti-dilutive as of the periods presented (in thousands):

	For the nine months ended
	September 30,
	2023	2022
Series C convertible preferred stock	44,328	22,129
Common stock options	318,676	304,596
Common stock warrants	105,444	145,417
Convertible notes and accrued interest	32,049	76
Potentially dilutive securities	500,497	472,218

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Related Party Transactions

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Related Party Transactions

Related Party Transactions

9. Related Party Transactions

The Company had three operational programs with Advent: (a) an ongoing development and manufacturing program at the GMP facility in London, (b) an ongoing development and manufacturing program at the Sawston GMP facility, and (c) a one-time program for specialized work, organized into 10 sets of one-time milestones, for the following:

● Qualifying for and obtaining 3 required licenses for the Sawston facility: a license from the Human Tissue Authority to collect and process human cells and tissues, a license from the MHRA for manufacturing for clinical trials and compassionate use cases, and a license from the MHRA for commercial manufacturing.

● 6 workstreams relating to product matters required for an application for regulatory approval of DCVax-L, including Comparability, Stability, Potency, Product Profile, Mechanism of Action and Fill/Finish.

● Drafting and submission of key portions of the application for product approval itself.

Each of the three operational programs is covered by a separate contract. The ongoing manufacturing in the London facility is covered by a Manufacturing Services Agreement (“MSA”) entered into on May 14, 2018. The development and manufacturing program at the Sawston facility is covered by an Ancillary Services Agreement entered into on November 18, 2019. The specialized work associated with the 10 one-time milestones is covered by an SOW 6 entered into under the Ancillary Services Agreement as of April 1, 2022 and amended on September 26, 2022 and September 26, 2023. The 2023 amendment extended the SOW 6 service period for about 6 months, through March 31, 2024.

The Ancillary Services Agreement establishes a structure under which the Company and Advent negotiate and agree upon the scope and terms for Statements of Work (“SOWs”) for facility development activities and compassionate use program activities. After an SOW is agreed and approved by the Company, Advent will proceed with, or continue, the applicable services and will invoice the Company pursuant to the SOW. Since both the facility development and the compassionate use program involve pioneering and uncertainties in most aspects, the invoicing under the Ancillary Services Agreement is on the basis of costs incurred plus fifteen percent. The SOWs may involve ongoing activities or specialized one-time projects and related one-time milestone payments. The current Ancillary Services Agreement ended in September 2023. The Company subsequently extended the term by 12 months to July 2024 with no other changes.

SOW 6 provides for ongoing baseline costs for manufacturing at the Sawston facility and one-time milestone incentives for (a) regulatory approval of each of the 3 licenses required for the Sawston facility, (b) successful completion of each of the 6 workstreams and (c) completion of drafting key portions of an application for product approval. The milestone incentives are a combination of cash and stock, and are not paid until the milestone is achieved and earned.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company paid an aggregate of $3.5 million in cash, of which $1.0 million was related to two milestones that were completed and fully expensed in 2022, but was unpaid as of December 31, 2022, and the other $2.5 million was payment for two completed one-time milestones (MAA workstream for mechanism of Action and obtaining a commercial manufacturing license from the MHRA on March 2023). The Company issued 4.5 million common shares as a result of completion of the two one-time milestones (obtaining a commercial manufacturing license from the MHRA and completion of drafting application) at fair value of $3.2 million, of which $0.6 million was recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and $2.6 million had already been recognized (but not paid) in 2022.

The following table summarizes total research and development costs from Advent for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively (in thousands).

	For the three months ended				For the nine months ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Advent BioServices
Manufacturing cost in London	$	1,554	$	1,334	$	4,857	$	4,161
Manufacturing cost at Sawston facility		2,247		1,404		6,057		4,105
SOW 6 one-time milestones - Shares
Expensed and paid (milestone complete) (1)		9		195		578		2,120
Expensed but unpaid, not yet due (milestone not yet complete) (2)		24		1,205		115		4,620
SOW 6 one-time milestones - Cash
Expensed and paid (milestone complete) (3)		—		—		551		1,500
Expensed and due, but unpaid (milestone complete) (4)		18		226		111		500
Expensed but unpaid, not yet due (milestone not yet complete) (5)		13		1,230		130		3,270
Total	$	3,865	$	5,594	$	12,399	$	20,276

(1) The payment for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 covers the one-time milestone for obtaining a commercial manufacturing license from the MHRA, and covers 2 other one-time milestones for 2 other required licenses for the Sawston facility (licenses from the Human Tissue Authority and from the MHRA for manufacturing for clinical trials and compassionate use cases).

(2) The expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 covers the one-time milestone for drafting key portions of the application for product approval, and also covers 6 one-time milestones: 5 workstreams (Comparability, Stability, Potency, Product Profile and Fill/Finish) and 1 one-time milestone for drafting key portions of the application for product approval.

(3) This covers one-time milestone: a required license for the Sawston facility from the Human Tissue Authority.

(4) The expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 covers the one-time milestone workstream for Mechanism of Action and also covers a one-time milestone for a required license for the Sawston facility from the MHRA for manufacturing for clinical trials and compassionate use cases.

(5) The expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 covers the one-time milestone for drafting key portions of the application for product approval, and also covers 6 one-time milestones: 5 workstreams (Comparability, Stability, Potency, Product Profile and Fill/Finish) and one-time milestone for drafting key portions of the application for product approval.

Advent BioServices Sublease Agreement

On December 31, 2021, the Company entered into a Sub-lease Agreement (the “Agreement”) with Advent. The Agreement permits use by Advent of a portion of the space in the Sawston facility, which is leased by the Company under a separate head lease with a different counterparty (Huawei) that commenced on December 14, 2018. The Company subleased approximately 14,459 square feet of

the 88,000 square foot building interior space, plus corresponding support space and parking. The lease payments amount under the Agreement are two times the amount payable by the Company under the head lease (which is currently  £5.75 or approximately $7.02 per square foot based on exchange rate as of September 30, 2023), but subject to a cap of $10 per square foot. Accordingly, the monthly lease payments under the Sublease are based on $145,000 annually for 2023. The total lease payments paid by the Company to Huawei for the 88,000 square foot facility, exterior spaces and parking under the head lease are £500,000 (approximately $610,000) per year. The term of the Agreement shall end on the same date as the head lease term ends.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized sub-lease income of $36,000 and $108,000, respectively.

Related Party Accounts Payable

As of September 30, 2023, there was approximately $0.2 million of unpaid board compensation to one of our Directors that was included in the accounts payable to related party on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

As of September 30, 2023, there were outstanding unpaid accounts payable and accrued expenses owed to Advent as summarized in the following table (in thousands). These unpaid amounts are part of the Related Party expenses reported in the above section.

	September 30,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Advent BioServices - amount invoiced but unpaid	$	2,451	$	1,844
Advent BioServices - amount accrued but unpaid		2,027		4,736
Total payable and accrued, but unpaid to Advent BioServices	$	4,478	$	6,580

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Preferred Stock

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Preferred Stock.

Preferred Stock

10. Preferred Stock

Series C Convertible Preferred Stock

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company entered into various Subscription Agreements (the “Series C Subscription Agreements”) with certain investors (the “Series C Investors”). Pursuant to the Series C Subscription Agreements, the Company issued the Series C Investors an aggregate of 0.7 million shares of the Company’s Series C convertible preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Series C Shares”), at a weighted purchase price of $13.58 per share for proceeds of approximately $9.9 million.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company issued approximately 56,000 Series C Shares with a fair value of $1.0 million to certain lenders in lieu of cash payments of $0.9 million in debt, including $0.1 million accrued interest. The Company recognized an approximately $0.1 million debt extinguishment loss.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, approximately 0.4 million Series C Shares with a book value of $6.5 million were converted into 11.1 million common shares at a ratio of 1:25.

The Company determined that the Series C Shares contain contingent redemption provisions allowing redemption by the holder upon certain defined events (“deemed liquidation events”). As the event that may trigger the redemption of the Series C Shares is not solely within the Company’s control, the Series C Shares are classified as mezzanine equity (temporary equity) in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.

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Stockholders' Deficit

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Stockholders' Deficit

Stockholders' Deficit

11. Stockholders’ Deficit

Common Stock

On January 9, 2023, the Company filed a Certificate of Amendment of its Seventh Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the “Certificate of Amendment”) with the Secretary of the State of Delaware, which effected an increase in the Company’s authorized shares of common stock, from 1.2  billion to 1.7 billion, par value $0.001 per share.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company received $2.8 million from the exercise of outstanding warrants with an exercise price between $0.153 and $0.85, of which $1.2 million was received in December 2022 as investor advances. The Company issued approximately 12.4 million shares of common stock upon these warrant exercises.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, certain options and warrants holders elected to exercise some of their options and warrants pursuant to cashless exercise formulas. The Company issued approximately 20.4 million shares of common stock upon exercise of 22.9 million warrants at exercise prices between $0.17 and $0.22 per share, and 2.5 million options at exercise prices between $0.25 and $0.55 per share.

The Company issued approximately 27.6 million shares of common stock with a fair value of $17.5 million to certain lenders in lieu of cash payments of $13.2 million of debt, including $1.0 million of accrued interest, and settled $1.3 million true-up provision (see Note 7).

Stock Purchase Warrants

The following is a summary of warrant activity for the three months ended September 30, 2023 (dollars in thousands, except per share data):

	Number of	Weighted Average		Remaining
	Warrants	Exercise Price		Contractual Term
Outstanding as of January 1, 2023	141,048	$	0.31	1.16
Warrants exercised for cash	(12,447)		0.22	—
Cashless warrrants exercise	(22,907)		0.20	—
Warrants expired and cancellation	(250)		1.36	—
Outstanding as of September 30, 2023	105,444	$	0.32	1.92

The options and warrants held by Ms. Powers and Mr. Goldman are subject to an ongoing suspension on a rolling basis pursuant to the Blocker Letter Agreement.

At September 30, 2023, of the approximately 105 million total outstanding warrants listed above, approximately 100 million warrants were under the Blocker Letter Agreement or suspension agreements.

Warrant Modifications

Between January 10 and September 30, 2023, the Company amended multiple warrants whereby the maturity dates of certain warrants were extended for an additional approximately 3 months. The value of these modifications were calculated using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model based on the following weighted average assumptions.

	Post-modification			Pre-modification
Exercise price	$	0.30		$	0.31
Expected term (in years)		1.8			1.5
Volatility		73	%		90	%
Risk-free interest rate		4.9	%		4.9	%
Dividend yield		0	%		0	%

The incremental fair value attributable to the modified awards compared to the original awards immediately prior to the modification was calculated at $2.2 million, of which $0.8 million was associated with debt financing and was recognized as an additional debt discount and interest expense (see Note 7), and the remaining $1.4 million was treated as a deemed dividend and is reflected as “Deemed dividend related to warrant modifications” in the accompanying condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.

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Commitments and Contingencies

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Commitments and Contingencies.

Commitments and Contingencies

12. Commitments and Contingencies

Operating Lease- Lessee Arrangements

The Company has operating leases for corporate offices in the U.S. and U.K., and for manufacturing facilities in the U.K. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded in the balance sheet. The Company has elected the practical expedient to account for each separate lease component of a contract and its associated non-lease components as a single lease component, thus causing all fixed payments to be capitalized. The Company also elected the package of practical expedients permitted within the new standard, which among other things, allows the Company to carry forward historical lease classification. The lease renewal options have not been included in the calculation of the lease liabilities and right-of-use (“ROU”) assets as the Company has not yet determined whether to exercise the options. Variable lease payment amounts that cannot be determined at the commencement of the lease such as increases in lease payments based on changes in index rates or usage, are not included in the ROU assets or liabilities. These are expensed as incurred and recorded as variable lease expense.

At September 30, 2023, the Company had operating lease liabilities of approximately $4.5 million for both the 20-year lease of the building for the manufacturing facility in Sawston, U.K., and the current office lease in the U.S. and ROU assets of approximately $4.0 million for the Sawston lease and U.S. office lease are included in the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

The following summarizes quantitative information about the Company’s operating leases (amount in thousands):

	For the Nine Months ended
	September 30, 2023
	U.K			U.S			Total
Lease cost
Operating lease cost	$	443		$	190		$	633
Short-term lease cost		62			—			62
Variable lease cost		—			10			10
Sub-lease income		(108)			—			(108)
Total	$	397		$	200		$	597
Other information
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	(467)		$	(224)		$	(691)
Weighted-average remaining lease term – operating leases		8.1			0.7
Weighted-average discount rate – operating leases		12	%		12	%

	For the Nine Months ended
	September 30, 2022
	U.K			U.S			Total
Lease cost
Operating lease cost	$	448		$	195		$	643
Short-term lease cost		56			—			56
Variable lease cost		—			9			9
Sub-lease income		(110)			—			(110)
Total	$	394		$	204		$	598
Other information
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	(472)		$	(217)		$	(689)
Weighted-average remaining lease term – operating leases		8.6			1.4
Weighted-average discount rate – operating leases		12	%		12	%

The Company recorded lease costs as a component of general and administrative expense during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Maturities of our operating leases, excluding short-term leases and sublease agreement, are as follows:

Three months ended December 31, 2023	$	228
Year ended December 31, 2024		815
Year ended December 31, 2025		610
Year ended December 31, 2026		610
Year ended December 31, 2027		610
Thereafter		6,692
Total		9,565
Less present value discount		(5,062)
Operating lease liabilities included in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet at September 30, 2023	$	4,503

Maturities of our operating leases under the sublease agreement, are as follows:

Three months ended December 31, 2023	$	36
Year ended December 31, 2024		145
Year ended December 31, 2025		145
Year ended December 31, 2026		145
Thereafter		1,740
Total	$	2,211

Advent BioServices Services Agreement

On May 14, 2018, the Company entered into a DCVax®-L Manufacturing and Services Agreement (“MSA”) with Advent BioServices, a related party which was formerly part of Cognate BioServices and was spun off separately as part of an institutional financing of Cognate. The MSA provides for manufacturing of DCVax-L products at an existing facility in London. The MSA is structured in the same manner as the Company’s prior agreements with Cognate BioServices. The MSA provides for certain payments for achievement of milestones and, as was the case under the prior agreement with Cognate BioServices, the Company is required to pay certain fees for dedicated production capacity reserved exclusively for DCVax production and pay for manufacturing of DCVax-L products for a certain minimum number of patients, whether or not the Company fully utilizes the dedicated capacity and number of patients. The MSA remains in force until five years after the first commercial sales of DCVax-L products pursuant to a marketing authorization, accelerated approval or other commercial approval, unless cancelled. Either party may terminate the MSA on twelve months’ notice, to allow for transition arrangements by both parties. During the notice period services would still be provided. Minimum required payments for this notice period are anticipated to total approximately £4.5 million ($5.5 million).

The Company entered into SOW 6 with Advent, which was incorporated into the Ancillary Services Agreement, on April 1, 2022, and amended it on September 26, 2022 and again on September 26, 2023. The milestone incentives involve a combination of cash and stock and are not paid until they are achieved and earned, as described in Note 9.

German Tax Matter

The German tax authorities have audited our wholly owned subsidiary, NW Bio GmbH, for 2013-2015 and assessed additional tax against the subsidiary. NW Bio GmbH submitted substantial documentation to refute certain aspects of the assessments and the German tax authorities agreed in principle with the Company’s proposed revised approach and settlement offer. A final settlement bill was received from the German Tax Authority confirming that only a portion of the original bill was owed, €277,000 (approximately $293,000), for corporate taxes, interest, and reduced penalty for the period under audit, which the Company paid on September 2, 2021. The Company also received and paid the final settlement bill from the local authority for trade taxes for the audit period in the amount of €231,000 (approximately $244,000). On November 4, 2021, the Company received a letter from the local tax authorities asking for additional late fees of €513,000 (now approximately $542,000) on reimbursable withholding taxes that had been waived during the settlement process. On December 8, 2021, the Company appealed the assessment of additional late fees. Additionally,

the Company requested that NW Bio GmbH be deregistered from the trade register, as it no longer had current operations. The deregistration was granted effective December 31, 2021. Between January 2022 and July 2022, the Company received tax bills for the corporate and trade taxes for the 2016-2020 tax years that totaled approximately €222,000 (approximately $235,000). On July 27, 2022, the Company was informed that the German Tax Authorities were prepared to waive €135,000 (approximately $143,000) of the penalties. The Company offered to pay this reduced penalty if an extended payment plan was approved. A response was received dated November 14, 2022 indicating that the tax authority would not be able to grant a further deferral of payment of these penalties. In a letter dated December 27, 2022, the Leipzig tax authority sent letters to the former and current managing directors of NW Bio GmbH giving 30 days to respond to a tax liability questionnaire. Based on the responses to the liability questionnaires the tax authorities have currently not directed any further measures against former and current managing directors of NW Bio GmbH with respect to tax liability proceedings. The Company currently has accrued for the current amounts owed for these penalties of €377,000 (approximately $399,000) as well as for all unpaid taxes as of September 30, 2023. Subsequently on October 12, 2023, the Company paid €189,000 (approximately $200,000), which represents 50% of the total penalties. The Company is expecting to make the other half payment by end of November 2023. Based on the Company’s current operating state in Germany and the negotiations, the Company believes, based on its evaluation under ASC 740, that the resolution of these tax matters will not likely result in a net material charge to the Company.

Other Contingent Payment Obligation

Between May and September 2023, the Company entered into certain non-dilutive funding agreements with multiple investors, pursuant to which the Company received funding of $4.6 million related to a gain contingency. These agreements are accounted for under ASC 470 and are recognized as contingent payment obligations on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet. The Company’s payment obligations only apply when such are received by the Company.

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Subsequent Events

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Subsequent Events

Subsequent Events

13. Subsequent Events

Between October 1, 2023 and November 6, 2023, the Company received $1.9 million in funding from the sale of preferred shares, proceeds from warrant and option exercise, proceeds of debt arrangements.

Between October 1, 2023 and November 6, 2023, the Company issued approximately 80,000 shares of Series C preferred stock for proceeds of $1.2 million.

Between October 1, 2023 and November 6, 2023, the Company received $0.1 million from the exercise of 0.2 million outstanding warrants and options. The Company also issued 0.6 million shares of common stock from a cashless exercise of 0.8 million options.

Between October 1, 2023 and November 6, 2023, approximately 0.2 million Series C Shares with a book value of $3.6 million were converted into 6.1 million common shares in accordance with their terms at a ratio of 1:25.

In October 2023, the Company issued approximately 1.9 million net shares of common stock to a lender in lieu of cash payments on $1.6 million of outstanding debt, which is offset by a settlement of $0.7 million shares receivable.

On October 4, 2023, the Company entered into a one-year convertible note (the “Convertible Note”) with an investor (the “Holder”) with an aggregate principal amount of $154,000 for a purchase price of $140,000. The Convertible Note bear interest at 8% per annum and is convertible into Series C preferred shares at $17.50 per share at the Holder’s sole option.  As additional consideration for entering into the Convertible Note, the Company also extended the holder’s existing warrants maturity date for additional 8.5 months.

On October 20, 2023, the Company received $0.5 million cash from issuance a one-year convertible note. The note has same conversion features as the August & September Note (see Note 7).

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. Certain immaterial reclassifications have been made to prior period amounts to conform to the current period presentation.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with the accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and pursuant to the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 8 of Regulation S-X of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and on the same basis as the Company uses to prepare its annual audited consolidated financial statements. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2023, condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, condensed consolidated statement of stockholders’ deficit for the three and nine months ended September

30, 2023 and 2022, and the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 are unaudited, but include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, which the Company considers necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position, operating results and cash flows for the periods presented. The results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2023 or for any future interim period. The condensed consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2022 has been derived from audited financial statements; however, it does not include all of the information and notes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 and notes thereto included in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K (the “2022 Annual Report”), which was filed with the SEC on February 28, 2023.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

In preparing condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Due to inherent uncertainty involved in making estimates, actual results reported in future periods may be affected by changes in these estimates.

On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates and judgments, including valuing equity securities in share-based payment arrangements, estimating the fair value of financial instruments recorded as derivative liabilities, useful lives of depreciable assets, and whether impairment charges may apply. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could differ from those estimates, particularly given the significant social and economic disruptions and uncertainties associated with the ongoing coronavirus pandemic (“COVID-19”) and the COVID-19 control responses.

Significant Accounting Policies

Significant Accounting Policies

There have been no material changes in the Company’s significant accounting policies from those previously disclosed in the 2022 Annual Report other than those discussed below.

Sequencing

Sequencing

The Company adopted a sequencing policy under ASC 815-40-35 to determine if reclassification of contracts from equity to liabilities is necessary pursuant to ASC 815 due to the Company’s inability to demonstrate it has sufficient authorized shares. Certain contracts were classified as liabilities as the result of the instruments containing a potentially indeterminable number of shares and, most recently, due to the Company entering into agreements providing for the potential issuance of more shares than authorized. While temporary suspensions are in place to keep the potential exercises beneath the number authorized, certain instruments are classified as liabilities, after allocating available authorized shares on the basis of the earliest grant date of potentially dilutive instruments. Pursuant to ASC 815, issuance of stock-based awards to the Company’s employees, non-employees or directors are not subject to the sequencing policy.

On January 9, 2023, the Company filed a Certificate of Amendment of its Seventh Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the “Certificate of Amendment”) with the Secretary of the State of Delaware, which effected an increase in the Company’s authorized shares of common stock, from 1.2 billion to 1.7 billion, par value $0.001 per share. As a result of this increase in authorized shares, the liability-classified warrants were reclassified to equity. Approximately 141 million warrants, with a value of approximately $76.3 million, to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock were reclassified from liabilities to equity on January 9, 2023. The remaining balance of $1.0 million in warrant liability as of September 30, 2023 was related to certain conditional rights to independently purchase shares from the Company in a future raise of capital (the “Piggy-back Rights”).

Modification of Equity Classified Warrants

Modification of Equity Classified Warrants

A change in the terms or conditions of a warrant is accounted for as a modification. For a warrant modification accounted for under ASC 815, the effect of a modification shall be measured as the difference between the fair value of the modified warrant and the fair value of the original warrant immediately before its terms are modified, with each measured on the modification date. The accounting for incremental fair value of the modified warrants over the original warrants is based on the specific facts and circumstances related to

the modification. When a modification is directly attributable to an equity offering, the incremental change in fair value of the warrants is accounted for as an equity issuance cost. When a modification is directly attributable to a debt offering, the incremental change in fair value of the warrants is accounted for as a debt discount or debt issuance cost. For all other modifications, the incremental change in fair value is recognized as a deemed dividend.

Convertible Notes under Fair Value Option

Convertible Notes under Fair Value Option

The Company accounts for certain convertible notes issued in August and September 2023 on an instrument-by-instrument basis under the fair value option (“FVO”) election of ASC Topic 825, Financial Instruments (“ASC 825”). The convertible notes accounted for under the FVO election are each debt host financial instruments containing embedded features wherein the entire financial instrument is initially measured at its issue-date estimated fair value and then subsequently remeasured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis at each reporting period date. Changes in the estimated fair value of the convertible notes are recorded as a component of Other (expense) income in the consolidated statements of operations, except that the change in estimated fair value attributable to a change in the instrument-specific credit risks is recognized as a component of other comprehensive income. As a result of electing the FVO, issuance costs related to the convertible notes are expensed as incurred.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions

In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-03, ASC Subtopic 820 “Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions”. The FASB is issuing this Update (1) to clarify the guidance in Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement, when measuring the fair value of an equity security subject to contractual restrictions that prohibit the sale of an equity security, (2) to amend a related illustrative example, and (3) to introduce new disclosure requirements for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions that are measured at fair value in accordance with Topic 820.

For public business entities, the amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for both interim and annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance.

The Company is still evaluating the impact of this pronouncement on the consolidated financial statements.

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Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Fair Value Measurements

Summary of fair value assets and liabilities measured on recurring basis

The following table classifies the Company’s liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis into the fair value hierarchy as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

	Fair value measured at September 30, 2023
			Quoted prices in active		Significant other		Significant
	Fair value at		markets		observable inputs		unobservable inputs
	September 30, 2023		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Share receivable	$	610	$	—	$	—	$	610
Warrant liability	$	1,019	$	—	$	—	$	1,019
Contingent payable derivative liability		8,882		—		—		8,882
Convertible notes		10,250						10,250
Total fair value	$	20,151	$	—	$	—	$	20,151

	Fair value measured at December 31, 2022
			Quoted prices in active		Significant other		Significant
	Fair value at		markets		observable inputs		unobservable inputs
	December 31, 2022		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Warrant liability	$	80,559	$	—	$	—	$	80,559
Embedded redemption option		807		—		—		807
Contingent payable derivative liability		8,668		—		—		8,668
Share liability		678						678
Total fair value	$	90,712	$	—	$	—	$	90,712

Summary of changes in Level 3 liabilities measured at fair value

The following table presents changes in Level 3 liabilities measured at fair value for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023. Both observable and unobservable inputs were used to determine the fair value of positions that the Company has classified within the Level 3 category. Unrealized gains and losses associated with liabilities within the Level 3 category include changes in fair value that were attributable to both observable (e.g., changes in market interest rates) and unobservable (e.g., changes in unobservable long- dated volatilities) inputs (in thousands).

	Warrant			Embedded		Contingent Payable		Liability			Convertible
	Liability			Redemption Option		Derivative Liability		(Receivable)			Notes	Total
Balance - January 1, 2023	$	80,559		$	807	$	8,668	$	678	$	—	$	90,712
Additional share liability		—			—		—		508		—		508
Additional convertible notes at fair value		—			—		—		—		10,250		10,250
Redemption of share liability		—			—		—		(1,262)		—		(1,262)
Reclassification of warrant liabilities		(76,258)			—		—		—		—		(76,258)
Change in fair value		(3,282)			(807)		214		(534)		—		(4,409)
Balance - September 30, 2023	$	1,019	(1)	$	—	$	8,882	$	(610)	$	10,250	$	19,541

(1) The remaining balance of $1.0 million in warrant liability as of September 30, 2023 was related to certain conditional rights to independently purchase shares from the Company in a future raise of capital (the “Piggy-back Rights”). The Company accounted for the Piggy-back Rights as a freestanding financial instrument, which was classified as a liability at fair value on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

(2) The convertible notes issued between August and September 2023 with a principal amount of $10.3 million at September 30, 2023 were accounted for using the FVO election. Under the FVO election, the financial instrument is initially measured at its issue-date estimated fair value and subsequently re-measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis at each reporting period date. Items for which the FVO has been elected are presented at fair value in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The change in fair value for the three months ended September 30, 2023 was de-minimis.

Summary of Company's warrant liabilities and embedded conversion feature that are categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy

	As of September 30, 2023						As of January 9, 2023
	Share			Contingent Payable			Warrant
	Receivable			Derivative Liability			Liability
Strike price	$	0.56		$	0.91	*	$	0.31
Contractual term (years)		0.04			1.13			1.46
Volatility (annual)		73	%		73	%		87	%
Risk-free rate		5.6	%		5.5	%		4.3	%
Dividend yield (per share)		0	%		0	%		0	%

	As of December 31, 2022
	Warrant			Share			Contingent Payable
	Liability			Liability			Derivative Liability
Strike price	$	0.31		$	0.78	*	$	0.78	*
Contractual term (years)		1.5			0.1			0.6
Volatility (annual)		86	%		76	%		77	%
Risk-free rate		4.3	%		2.0	%		4.8	%
Dividend yield (per share)		0	%		0	%		0	%

* The strike price assumes the current stock price as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022

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Stock-based Compensation (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Stock-based Compensation

Summary of total stock based compensation expense

The following table summarizes total stock-based compensation expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands).

	For the three months ended				For the nine months ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Research and development	$	1,118	$	921	$	1,562	$	2,072
Research and development - related party
Milestones achieved (1)		9		195		578		2,120
Future milestones (2)		24		1,205		115		4,620
General and administrative		471		1,040		578		929
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	1,622	$	3,361	$	2,833	$	9,741

The related party amounts were for milestone incentives that either were earned or are deemed probable to be achieved in the future and become issuable at that time (as detailed below in Restricted Stock Awards).

(1) During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized the remaining $0.6 million stock-based compensation related to the achieved milestones (obtaining a commercial manufacturing license from the MHRA and completion of drafting key

portions of the application for product approval). The Company had previously recognized  $2.6 million stock-based compensation related to these two milestones as of December 31, 2022.

The $2.1 million expense recognized in 2022 covered 3 one-time milestones: 2 required licenses for the Sawston facility (licenses from the Human Tissue Authority and from the MHRA for manufacturing for clinical trials and compassionate use cases) and a workstream related to Fill/Finish.

(2) During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized and expensed (but did not issue shares for) the pro-rata portion of the remaining one-time milestone stock awards for submission the application for product approval to MHRA of $24,000 and $0.1 million, respectively.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recognized and expensed (but did not issue shares for) the pro-rata portion of 6 one-time milestones (partly stock): 5 workstreams (Comparability, Stability, Potency, Product Profile and Mechanism of Action) and one-time milestone for drafting and submission of key portions of the application for product approval of $1.2 million and $4.6 million, respectively.

Schedule of weighted average assumptions for stock options modification

	For the nine months ended
	September 30,
	2023			2022
Exercise price	$	0.51		$	0.65
Expected term (years)		6.4			3.9
Expected stock price volatility		84	%		99	%
Risk-free rate		4.5	%		3.3	%
Dividend yield (per share)		0	%		0	%

Summary of stock option activity

The following table summarizes stock option activity for options granted to key external experts during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 (amount in thousands, except per share number):

				Weighted Average
		Weighted		Remaining
	Number of	Average		Contractual Life	Total Intrinsic
	Shares	Exercise Price		(in years)	Value
Outstanding as of January 1, 2023	301,263	$	0.34	7.0	$	135,225
Granted(1)	20,220		0.51	6.3		—
Cashless exercised	(2,507)		0.45	—		—
Expired	(300)		0.83	—		—
Outstanding as of September 30, 2023	318,676	$	0.34	6.3	$	180,794
Options vested (2)	281,209	$	0.33	6.3	$	163,974

(1) During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company granted 20.2 million stock options (the “2023 Options”) with an exercise price ranging from $0.47 to $0.57 per share, to key external consultants who provide services to the Company. The 2023 Options contain both service and performance vesting conditions, which will vest over a service period, generally during the term of consulting agreement, or upon achievement of specific milestones.

(2) An aggregate 153 million stock options held by Ms. Linda Powers, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, and Mr. Leslie Goldman, the Company’s Senior Vice President, General Consul are subject to an agreement (the “Blocker Letter Agreement”) under which they cannot exercise any options or warrants except upon at least 61 days’ prior notice.

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Property, Plant and Equipment (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Property, Plant and Equipment

Schedule of property and equipment

Property, plant and equipment consist of the following at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

	September 30,		December 31,		Estimated
	2023		2022		Useful Life
Leasehold improvements	$	17,088	$	13,070	Lesser of lease term or estimated useful life
Office furniture and equipment		460		300	3-5 years
Computer and manufacturing equipment and software		2,487		2,238	3-5 years
Land in the United Kingdom		83		82	NA
		20,118		15,690	NA
Less: accumulated depreciation		(3,367)		(2,272)
Total property, plant and equipment, net	$	16,751	$	13,418
Construction in progress	$	—	$	2,028

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Outstanding Debt (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Outstanding Debt

Schedule of outstanding debt

The following two tables summarize outstanding debt as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively (amount in thousands):

		Stated
		Interest			Conversion					Remaining		Carrying
	Maturity Date	Rate			Price			Face Value		Debt Discount		Value
Short term convertible notes payable
6% unsecured	Due		6	%	$	3.09		$	135	$	—	$	135
8% unsecured	Various		8	%	$	0.50-$0.70	*		3,332		(516)		2,816
10% unsecured	7/11/2024		10	%	$	0.50	*		500		—		500
									3,967		(516)		3,451
Short term convertible notes at fair value
11% unsecured	Various		11	%	$	0.40-$0.49	*		10,250		—		10,250
Short term notes payable
8% unsecured	Various		8	%		N/A			7,862		(226)		7,636
12% unsecured	On Demand		12	%		N/A			562		—		562
									8,424		(226)		8,198
Long term notes payable
8% unsecured	1/2/2025		8	%		N/A			11,005		(688)		10,317
6% secured	3/25/2025		6	%		N/A			721		—		721
									11,726		(688)		11,038
Ending balance as of September 30, 2023								$	34,367	$	(1,430)	$	32,937

*These convertible notes are convertible into Series C preferred shares at $10.00 - $17.50 per share. Each Series C preferred share is convertible into common shares with 30 days’ restriction period. The conversion price in common share equivalent is at $0.40 and $0.70 per share.

		Stated									Embedded
		Interest			Conversion				Remaining		Redemption		Carrying
	Maturity Date	Rate			Price		Face Value		Debt Discount		Option		Value
Short term convertible notes payable
6% unsecured	Due		6	%	$	3.09	$	135	$	—	$	—	$	135
								135		—		—		135
Short term notes payable
8% unsecured	Various		8	%		N/A		14,540		(1,300)		807		14,047
9% unsecured	Various		9	%		N/A		793		—		—		793
12% unsecured	On Demand		12	%		N/A		563		—		—		563
								15,896		(1,300)		807		15,403
Long term notes payable
8% unsecured	7/26/2024		8	%		N/A		5,505		(432)		—		5,073
6% secured	3/25/2025		6	%		N/A		918		—		—		918
								6,423		(432)		—		5,991
Ending balance as of December 31, 2022							$	22,454	$	(1,732)	$	807	$	21,529

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Net Loss per Share Applicable to Common Stockholders (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Net Loss per Share Applicable to Common Stockholders

Schedule of antidilutive securities were not included in the diluted net earnings (loss) per share

The following securities were not included in the diluted net loss per share calculation because their effect was anti-dilutive as of the periods presented (in thousands):

	For the nine months ended
	September 30,
	2023	2022
Series C convertible preferred stock	44,328	22,129
Common stock options	318,676	304,596
Common stock warrants	105,444	145,417
Convertible notes and accrued interest	32,049	76
Potentially dilutive securities	500,497	472,218

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Related Party Transactions (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Related Party Transactions

Summary of total research and development costs from related party

The following table summarizes total research and development costs from Advent for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively (in thousands).

	For the three months ended				For the nine months ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Advent BioServices
Manufacturing cost in London	$	1,554	$	1,334	$	4,857	$	4,161
Manufacturing cost at Sawston facility		2,247		1,404		6,057		4,105
SOW 6 one-time milestones - Shares
Expensed and paid (milestone complete) (1)		9		195		578		2,120
Expensed but unpaid, not yet due (milestone not yet complete) (2)		24		1,205		115		4,620
SOW 6 one-time milestones - Cash
Expensed and paid (milestone complete) (3)		—		—		551		1,500
Expensed and due, but unpaid (milestone complete) (4)		18		226		111		500
Expensed but unpaid, not yet due (milestone not yet complete) (5)		13		1,230		130		3,270
Total	$	3,865	$	5,594	$	12,399	$	20,276

(1) The payment for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 covers the one-time milestone for obtaining a commercial manufacturing license from the MHRA, and covers 2 other one-time milestones for 2 other required licenses for the Sawston facility (licenses from the Human Tissue Authority and from the MHRA for manufacturing for clinical trials and compassionate use cases).

(2) The expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 covers the one-time milestone for drafting key portions of the application for product approval, and also covers 6 one-time milestones: 5 workstreams (Comparability, Stability, Potency, Product Profile and Fill/Finish) and 1 one-time milestone for drafting key portions of the application for product approval.

(3) This covers one-time milestone: a required license for the Sawston facility from the Human Tissue Authority.

(4) The expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 covers the one-time milestone workstream for Mechanism of Action and also covers a one-time milestone for a required license for the Sawston facility from the MHRA for manufacturing for clinical trials and compassionate use cases.

(5) The expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 covers the one-time milestone for drafting key portions of the application for product approval, and also covers 6 one-time milestones: 5 workstreams (Comparability, Stability, Potency, Product Profile and Fill/Finish) and one-time milestone for drafting key portions of the application for product approval.

Summary of outstanding unpaid accounts payable and accrued expenses held by related parties

As of September 30, 2023, there were outstanding unpaid accounts payable and accrued expenses owed to Advent as summarized in the following table (in thousands). These unpaid amounts are part of the Related Party expenses reported in the above section.

	September 30,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Advent BioServices - amount invoiced but unpaid	$	2,451	$	1,844
Advent BioServices - amount accrued but unpaid		2,027		4,736
Total payable and accrued, but unpaid to Advent BioServices	$	4,478	$	6,580

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Stockholders' Deficit (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Stockholders' Deficit

Schedule of warrant activity

The following is a summary of warrant activity for the three months ended September 30, 2023 (dollars in thousands, except per share data):

	Number of	Weighted Average		Remaining
	Warrants	Exercise Price		Contractual Term
Outstanding as of January 1, 2023	141,048	$	0.31	1.16
Warrants exercised for cash	(12,447)		0.22	—
Cashless warrrants exercise	(22,907)		0.20	—
Warrants expired and cancellation	(250)		1.36	—
Outstanding as of September 30, 2023	105,444	$	0.32	1.92

Schedule of modifications to the warrants following weighted average assumptions

	As of September 30, 2023						As of January 9, 2023
	Share			Contingent Payable			Warrant
	Receivable			Derivative Liability			Liability
Strike price	$	0.56		$	0.91	*	$	0.31
Contractual term (years)		0.04			1.13			1.46
Volatility (annual)		73	%		73	%		87	%
Risk-free rate		5.6	%		5.5	%		4.3	%
Dividend yield (per share)		0	%		0	%		0	%

	As of December 31, 2022
	Warrant			Share			Contingent Payable
	Liability			Liability			Derivative Liability
Strike price	$	0.31		$	0.78	*	$	0.78	*
Contractual term (years)		1.5			0.1			0.6
Volatility (annual)		86	%		76	%		77	%
Risk-free rate		4.3	%		2.0	%		4.8	%
Dividend yield (per share)		0	%		0	%		0	%

* The strike price assumes the current stock price as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022

Warrants

Stockholders' Deficit

Schedule of modifications to the warrants following weighted average assumptions

	Post-modification			Pre-modification
Exercise price	$	0.30		$	0.31
Expected term (in years)		1.8			1.5
Volatility		73	%		90	%
Risk-free interest rate		4.9	%		4.9	%
Dividend yield		0	%		0	%

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Commitments and Contingencies (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Commitments and Contingencies.

Schedule of quantitative information about the company's operating leases

The following summarizes quantitative information about the Company’s operating leases (amount in thousands):

	For the Nine Months ended
	September 30, 2023
	U.K			U.S			Total
Lease cost
Operating lease cost	$	443		$	190		$	633
Short-term lease cost		62			—			62
Variable lease cost		—			10			10
Sub-lease income		(108)			—			(108)
Total	$	397		$	200		$	597
Other information
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	(467)		$	(224)		$	(691)
Weighted-average remaining lease term – operating leases		8.1			0.7
Weighted-average discount rate – operating leases		12	%		12	%

	For the Nine Months ended
	September 30, 2022
	U.K			U.S			Total
Lease cost
Operating lease cost	$	448		$	195		$	643
Short-term lease cost		56			—			56
Variable lease cost		—			9			9
Sub-lease income		(110)			—			(110)
Total	$	394		$	204		$	598
Other information
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	(472)		$	(217)		$	(689)
Weighted-average remaining lease term – operating leases		8.6			1.4
Weighted-average discount rate – operating leases		12	%		12	%

Schedule of maturities of our operating leases, excluding short-term leases

Maturities of our operating leases, excluding short-term leases and sublease agreement, are as follows:

Three months ended December 31, 2023	$	228
Year ended December 31, 2024		815
Year ended December 31, 2025		610
Year ended December 31, 2026		610
Year ended December 31, 2027		610
Thereafter		6,692
Total		9,565
Less present value discount		(5,062)
Operating lease liabilities included in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet at September 30, 2023	$	4,503

Maturities of our operating leases under the sublease agreement, are as follows:

Three months ended December 31, 2023	$	36
Year ended December 31, 2024		145
Year ended December 31, 2025		145
Year ended December 31, 2026		145
Thereafter		1,740
Total	$	2,211

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Financial Condition, Going Concern and Management Plans (Details) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)
Financial Condition, Going Concern and Management Plans
Net loss	$ (45.1)
Payments for operating activities	$ 36.7

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	Jan. 09, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023	Jan. 08, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Common stock, shares authorized	1,700,000,000	1,700,000,000	1,200,000,000	1,700,000,000
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.001	$ 0.001		$ 0.001
Number of warrants to purchase shares of common stock reclassified from liability to equity	141,000,000
Reclassification of fair value of the warrant liability to equity	$ 76.3
Remaining balance in warrant liability		$ 1.0

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Fair Value Measurements (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Fair Value Measurements
Share receivable	$ 610
Warrant liability	1,019	$ 80,559
Embedded redemption option		807
Contingent payable derivative liability	8,882	8,668
Convertible notes	10,250
Share liability		678
Total fair value	20,151	90,712
Fair value, transfer between level 1, 2 or 3	0
Level 3
Fair Value Measurements
Share receivable	610
Warrant liability	1,019	80,559
Embedded redemption option		807
Contingent payable derivative liability	8,882	8,668
Convertible notes	10,250
Share liability		678
Total fair value	$ 20,151	$ 90,712

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Fair Value Measurements - Changes in Level 3 liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		9 Months Ended
	Jan. 09, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Fair Value Measurements
Balance		$ 90,712
Additional share liability		508
Redemption of share liability		(1,262)
Reclassification of warrant liabilities		(76,258)
Change in fair value		(4,409)
Balance		19,541
Warrant liability related to purchase shares in a future raise of capital		1,000
Reclassification of fair value of the warrant liability into the additional paid-in capital	$ 76,300
Change in fair value of the common stock warrant liability	$ 2,300
Principal amount		34,367	$ 22,454
August & September Convertible Notes
Fair Value Measurements
Principal amount		10,300
Warrant Liability
Fair Value Measurements
Balance		80,559
Reclassification of warrant liabilities		(76,258)
Change in fair value		(3,282)
Balance		1,019
Embedded Redemption Option
Fair Value Measurements
Balance		807
Change in fair value		(807)
Contingent Payable Derivative Liability
Fair Value Measurements
Balance		8,668
Change in fair value		214
Balance		8,882
Share liability
Fair Value Measurements
Balance		678
Additional share liability		508
Redemption of share liability		(1,262)
Change in fair value		(534)
Balance		(610)
Convertible Notes
Fair Value Measurements
Additional share liability		10,250
Balance		$ 10,250

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Fair Value Measurements - Weighted average (in aggregate) significant unobservable inputs (Details) - Level 3 - $ / shares		9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jan. 09, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Warrant Liability
Fair Value Measurements
Strike price	$ 0.31		$ 0.31
Contractual term (years)	1 year 5 months 15 days		1 year 6 months
Volatility (annual)	87.00%		86.00%
Risk-free rate	4.30%		4.30%
Dividend yield (per share)	0.00%		0.00%
Contingent Payable Derivative Liability
Fair Value Measurements
Strike price		$ 0.91	$ 0.78
Contractual term (years)		1 year 1 month 17 days	7 months 6 days
Volatility (annual)		73.00%	77.00%
Risk-free rate		5.50%	4.80%
Dividend yield (per share)		0.00%	0.00%
Share liability
Fair Value Measurements
Strike price		$ 0.56	$ 0.78
Contractual term (years)		14 days	1 month 6 days
Volatility (annual)		73.00%	76.00%
Risk-free rate		5.60%	2.00%
Dividend yield (per share)		0.00%	0.00%

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Stock-based Compensation - Summary of stock-based compensation expense (Details)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($) item Milestone	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) Milestone	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($) item Milestone	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) item Milestone
Stock-based Compensation
Number of milestones completed | Milestone			2
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 1,622,000	$ 3,361,000	$ 2,833,000	$ 9,741,000
Total unrecognized stock compensation cost	6,200,000		6,200,000
Stock based compensation					$ 2,600,000
Milestone achieved
Stock-based Compensation
Total stock-based compensation expense			600,000
Research and development
Stock-based Compensation
Total stock-based compensation expense	1,118,000	921,000	1,562,000	2,072,000
Milestone achieved
Stock-based Compensation
Number of milestones | Milestone					3
Number of required licenses for the Sawston facility | item					2
Total stock-based compensation expense	9,000	$ 195,000	578,000	$ 2,120,000	$ 2,100,000
Future milestone
Stock-based Compensation
Number of milestones | Milestone		6		6
Number of workstreams | item		5		5
Total stock-based compensation expense	24,000	$ 1,205,000	115,000	$ 4,620,000
General and administrative
Stock-based Compensation
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 471,000	$ 1,040,000	$ 578,000	$ 929,000

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Stock-based Compensation - Stock option granted (Details) - $ / shares	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Stock-based Compensation
Exercise price	$ 0.51	$ 0.65
Expected term (years)	6 years 4 months 24 days	3 years 10 months 24 days
Expected stock price volatility	84.00%	99.00%
Risk-free rate	4.50%	3.30%
Dividend yield (per share)	0.00%	0.00%

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Stock-based Compensation - Restricted Stock Awards (Details) $ in Thousands		1 Months Ended		3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Sep. 26, 2022 USD ($) Milestone item shares	Aug. 31, 2023 USD ($) employee shares	Apr. 30, 2022 item	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) shares	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($) shares	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) item Milestone	Sep. 26, 2023 USD ($)
Stock-based Compensation
Proceeds from issuance of common stock to investors							$ 9,689
Stock-based compensation				$ 1,622	$ 3,361	$ 2,833	$ 9,741
Total intrinsic value of all outstanding options				180,794		$ 180,794		$ 135,225
Employees
Stock-based Compensation
Number of shares issued during the period | shares		600,000
Number of employees to whom the shares issued | employee		2
Number of shares subject to lock-up restrictions, prohibiting their sale or transfer | shares		300,000
Period for lock-up restrictions, prohibiting their sale or transfer		6 months
Stock-based compensation		$ 300
Common Stock
Stock-based Compensation
Number of shares issued during the period | shares							13,147,000
Proceeds from issuance of common stock to investors							$ 13
Amended Statement of Work 6
Stock-based Compensation
Number of milestones | Milestone	10
Other Service Agreement
Stock-based Compensation
Service period						4 months
General and administrative
Stock-based Compensation
Stock-based compensation				471	$ 1,040	$ 578	$ 929
General and administrative | Other Service Agreement
Stock-based Compensation
Stock-based compensation				$ 100		200
Restricted Stock Awards
Stock-based Compensation
Number of milestones | Milestone								7
Number of workstreams | Milestone								5
Number of required licenses for the Sawston facility | item								2
Total intrinsic value of all outstanding options	$ 10,100
Restricted Stock Awards | Amended Statement of Work 6
Stock-based Compensation
Number of workstreams | item	6
Number of required licenses for the Sawston facility | item	3
Amount recognized and expensed related to cash component						500
Share based compensation arrangement by share based payment award number of shares available for grant | shares	13,500,000
Restricted Stock Awards | Amended Statement of Work 6 | Common Stock
Stock-based Compensation
Stock issued						$ 3,000
Restricted Stock Awards | Other Service Agreement
Stock-based Compensation
Number of shares issued during the period | shares						16,000
Proceeds from issuance of common stock to investors						$ 100
Restricted Stock Awards | Second Amended SOW 6
Stock-based Compensation
Remaining unrecognized compensation expense									$ 17,000
Restricted Stock Awards | Manufacturing license milestone
Stock-based Compensation
Amount recognized and expensed related to cash component						100
Restricted Stock Awards | Completion of MHRA application milestone
Stock-based Compensation
Stock issued						$ 1,500
Restricted Stock Awards | Advent BioServices | Statement of Work 6
Stock-based Compensation
Number of workstreams | item			5
Number of required licenses for the Sawston facility | item			3

XML

Stock-based Compensation - Additional Information (Details) shares in Millions, $ in Millions	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) shares
Stock-based Compensation
Total unrecognized stock compensation cost | $	$ 6.2
Unrecognized compensation cost recognized period (in years)	1 year 10 months 24 days
Notice for exercising any option or warrant (in days)	61 days
Employee Stock Option
Stock-based Compensation
Number of Shares, Vested | shares	153

XML

Stock-based Compensation - Stock option activity (Details) $ / shares in Units, shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) $ / shares shares
Stock-based Compensation
Number of Shares, Outstanding | shares	301,263
Number of Shares, Granted | shares	20,220
Number of Shares, Cashless exercised | shares	(2,507)
Number of Shares, Expired | shares	300
Number of Shares, Outstanding | shares	318,676	301,263
Number of Shares, Options vested | shares	281,209
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Outstanding	$ 0.34
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Granted	0.51
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Cashless exercised	0.45
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Expired	0.83
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Outstanding	0.34	$ 0.34
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Options vested	$ 0.33
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years), Granted	6 years 3 months 18 days
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years), Outstanding	6 years 3 months 18 days	7 years
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years), Options vested	6 years 3 months 18 days
Total Intrinsic Value, Outstanding | $	$ 135,225
Total Intrinsic Value, Outstanding | $	180,794	$ 135,225
Total Intrinsic Value, Options vested | $	$ 163,974
Minimum
Stock-based Compensation
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Granted	$ 0.47
Maximum
Stock-based Compensation
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Granted	$ 0.57

XML

Property, Plant and Equipment (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Property, Plant and Equipment
Construction in progress		$ 2,028
Property, plant and equipment, net	$ 16,751	13,418
Domestic
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment, gross	20,118	15,690
Less: accumulated depreciation	(3,367)	(2,272)
Construction in progress		2,028
Leasehold improvements | Domestic
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment, gross	$ 17,088	13,070
Leasehold improvements useful life	Lesser of lease term or estimated useful life
Office furniture and equipment | Maximum
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment, useful life	5 years
Office furniture and equipment | Minimum
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment, useful life	3 years
Office furniture and equipment | Domestic
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment, gross	$ 460	300
Computer and manufacturing equipment and software | Maximum
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment, useful life	5 years
Computer and manufacturing equipment and software | Minimum
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment, useful life	3 years
Computer and manufacturing equipment and software | Domestic
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment, gross	$ 2,487	2,238
Land | U.K
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment, gross	$ 83	$ 82

XML

Property, Plant and Equipment - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Property, Plant and Equipment
Depreciation	$ 1.1	$ 0.9

XML

Outstanding Debt (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Outstanding Debt
Face Value	$ 34,367	$ 22,454
Remaining Debt Discount	(1,430)	(1,732)
Embedded Redemption Option		807
Carrying Value	32,937	21,529
Short term convertible notes payable
Outstanding Debt
Face Value	3,967	135
Remaining Debt Discount	(516)
Carrying Value	$ 3,451	$ 135
Short term convertible notes payable | 6% unsecured
Outstanding Debt
Maturity Date	Due	Due
Stated Interest Rate	6.00%	6.00%
Conversion price	$ 3.09
Face Value	$ 135	$ 135
Carrying Value	$ 135	135
Short term convertible notes payable | 8% unsecured
Outstanding Debt
Maturity Date	Various
Stated Interest Rate	8.00%
Face Value	$ 3,332
Remaining Debt Discount	(516)
Carrying Value	$ 2,816
Short term convertible notes payable | 8% unsecured due 1/31/2024
Outstanding Debt
Conversion price	$ 0.70
Short term convertible notes payable | 8% unsecured due 6/30/2024
Outstanding Debt
Conversion price	$ 0.40
Short term convertible notes payable | 10% unsecured
Outstanding Debt
Maturity Date	7/11/2024
Stated Interest Rate	10.00%
Conversion price	$ 0.50
Face Value	$ 500
Carrying Value	$ 500
Short term convertible notes payable | Minimum | 8% unsecured
Outstanding Debt
Conversion price	$ 0.50
Short term convertible notes payable | Maximum | 8% unsecured
Outstanding Debt
Conversion price	$ 0.70
Short term convertible note at fair value | 11% unsecured
Outstanding Debt
Maturity Date	Various
Stated Interest Rate	11.00%
Face Value	$ 10,250
Carrying Value	$ 10,250
Short term convertible note at fair value | Minimum | 11% unsecured
Outstanding Debt
Conversion price	$ 0.40
Short term convertible note at fair value | Maximum | 11% unsecured
Outstanding Debt
Conversion price	$ 0.49
Short term notes payable
Outstanding Debt
Face Value	$ 8,424	15,896
Remaining Debt Discount	(226)	(1,300)
Embedded Redemption Option		807
Carrying Value	$ 8,198	$ 15,403
Short term notes payable | 8% unsecured
Outstanding Debt
Maturity Date	Various	Various
Stated Interest Rate	8.00%	8.00%
Face Value	$ 7,862	$ 14,540
Remaining Debt Discount	(226)	(1,300)
Embedded Redemption Option		807
Carrying Value	$ 7,636	$ 14,047
Short term notes payable | 9% unsecured
Outstanding Debt
Maturity Date		Various
Stated Interest Rate		9.00%
Face Value		$ 793
Carrying Value		$ 793
Short term notes payable | 12% unsecured
Outstanding Debt
Maturity Date	On Demand	On Demand
Stated Interest Rate	12.00%	12.00%
Face Value	$ 562	$ 563
Carrying Value	562	563
Long term notes payable
Outstanding Debt
Face Value	11,726	6,423
Remaining Debt Discount	(688)	(432)
Carrying Value	$ 11,038	$ 5,991
Long term notes payable | 8% unsecured
Outstanding Debt
Maturity Date	1/2/2025	7/26/2024
Stated Interest Rate	8.00%	8.00%
Face Value	$ 11,005	$ 5,505
Remaining Debt Discount	(688)	(432)
Carrying Value	$ 10,317	$ 5,073
Long term notes payable | 6% secured
Outstanding Debt
Maturity Date	3/25/2025	3/25/2025
Stated Interest Rate	6.00%	6.00%
Face Value	$ 721	$ 918
Carrying Value	$ 721	$ 918

XML

Outstanding Debt - Additional Information (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands					1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) item $ / shares	Jul. 11, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 11, 2023	Mar. 02, 2023 USD ($) installment	Apr. 30, 2023 USD ($) item $ / shares	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) item $ / shares shares	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) item $ / shares shares	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Jul. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2023 $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Notes Payable
Debt discount	$ 1,430					$ 1,430		$ 1,430				$ 1,732
Conversion of share settled debt into common stock						2,974		6,536
Share liabilities extinguished								1,300
Additional share liability recognized								500
Gain (loss) from debt extinguishment								3,500
Change in fair value of embedded redemption option	800					800		800
Interest expense including amortization of debt discount						1,700	$ 500	4,000	$ 4,800
Amortization of debt discount							$ 600	2,000	$ 2,100
Principal amount	34,367					34,367		34,367				22,454
Amount reclassed from investor advances to convertible notes payable	3,451					3,451		3,451				135
Gain contingency	4,600					$ 4,600		4,600
Series C convertible preferred stock
Notes Payable
Cash payments								$ 900
Number of shares issued to lenders in lieu of cash payments | shares						(186,000)		(443,000)
Short term convertible notes payable
Notes Payable
Debt discount	516					$ 516		$ 516
Principal amount	3,967					3,967		3,967				$ 135
10% unsecured [Member] | Short term convertible notes payable
Notes Payable
Principal amount	$ 500					$ 500		$ 500
Interest rate (in percent)	10.00%					10.00%		10.00%
Conversion price | $ / shares	$ 0.50					$ 0.50		$ 0.50
8% unsecured [Member] | Short term convertible notes payable
Notes Payable
Debt discount	$ 516					$ 516		$ 516
Principal amount	$ 3,332					$ 3,332		$ 3,332
Interest rate (in percent)	8.00%					8.00%		8.00%
Period of which preferred stock can convert into common shares								30 days
8% unsecured due 1/31/2024 | Short term convertible notes payable
Notes Payable
Conversion price | $ / shares	$ 0.70					$ 0.70		$ 0.70
8% unsecured due 6/30/2024 | Short term convertible notes payable
Notes Payable
Conversion price | $ / shares	0.40					0.40		0.40
Minimum
Notes Payable
Exercise price | $ / shares	0.153					0.153		0.153
Minimum | 8% unsecured [Member] | Short term convertible notes payable
Notes Payable
Conversion price | $ / shares	0.50					0.50		0.50
Minimum | 8% unsecured [Member] | Short term convertible notes payable | Series C convertible preferred stock
Notes Payable
Conversion price | $ / shares	10.00					10.00		10.00
Maximum
Notes Payable
Exercise price | $ / shares	0.85					0.85		0.85
Maximum | 8% unsecured [Member] | Short term convertible notes payable
Notes Payable
Conversion price | $ / shares	0.70					0.70		0.70
Maximum | 8% unsecured [Member] | Short term convertible notes payable | Series C convertible preferred stock
Notes Payable
Conversion price | $ / shares	$ 17.50					$ 17.50		$ 17.50
Notes
Notes Payable
Cash payments		$ 10,000						$ 13,200
Number of shares issued to lenders in lieu of cash payments | shares								27,600,000
Conversion of share settled debt into common stock		500						$ 17,500
Accrued interest expense on debt								$ 1,000
Amortization of debt discount						$ 700
Notes | Series C convertible preferred stock
Notes Payable
Number of shares issued to lenders in lieu of cash payments | shares								56,000
Conversion of share settled debt into common stock								$ 1,000
Accrued interest expense on debt								100
Gain (loss) from debt extinguishment								100
Principal amount	$ 900					$ 900		$ 900
Notes | Senior convertible notes
Notes Payable
Number of shares issued to lenders in lieu of cash payments | shares								56,000
Conversion of share settled debt into common stock								$ 1,000
Interest rate (in percent)	11.00%					11.00%		11.00%
Commercial Loan
Notes Payable
Term of debt instrument				22 months
Principal amount				$ 11,000
Interest rate (in percent)				8.00%
Term when no principal repayments was made				8 months
Number of installments for amortization | installment				14
Original issue discount				$ 1,000
April convertible Notes
Notes Payable
Exercise price | $ / shares	$ 0.55					$ 0.55		$ 0.55			$ 2.00
Additional term (in months)								9 months
Debt discount	$ 200					$ 200		$ 200
Term of debt instrument					10 months
Principal amount					$ 900
Purchase price					$ 800
Interest rate (in percent)					8.00%
Amount reclassed from investor advances to convertible notes payable					$ 700
Cash proceeds								100
April convertible Notes | Series C convertible preferred stock
Notes Payable
Conversion price | $ / shares					$ 13.75
Period of which preferred stock can convert into common shares					30 days
Number of common stock shares issued upon conversion | item					25
June Convertible Note
Notes Payable
Term of debt instrument	1 year
Principal amount	$ 1,000					1,000		1,000
Purchase price	$ 1,000					$ 1,000		$ 1,000
Interest rate (in percent)	8.00%					8.00%		8.00%
June Convertible Note | Series C convertible preferred stock
Notes Payable
Conversion price | $ / shares	$ 12.50					$ 12.50		$ 12.50
Period of which preferred stock can convert into common shares	30 days
Number of common stock shares issued upon conversion | item	25
July Convertible Note
Notes Payable
Term of debt instrument			1 year
Principal amount		$ 500
August & September convertible notes
Notes Payable
Term of debt instrument								1 year
Principal amount	$ 10,300					$ 10,300		$ 10,300
Period of which preferred stock can convert into common shares								30 days
Number of common stock shares issued upon conversion | item								25
Interest Expense, Debt								$ 300
August & September convertible notes | Maximum | Series C convertible preferred stock
Notes Payable
Conversion price | $ / shares	$ 12.25					$ 12.25		$ 12.25
One year convertible notes
Notes Payable
Exercise price | $ / shares	$ 2.00					$ 2.00		$ 2.00
Additional term (in months)						10 months
Debt discount	$ 300					$ 300		$ 300
Term of debt instrument						1 year
Principal amount										$ 1,400
Purchase price	$ 1,300					$ 1,300		$ 1,300
Interest rate (in percent)	8.00%					8.00%		8.00%
Amount reclassed from investor advances to convertible notes payable	$ 500					$ 500		$ 500
Cash proceeds						$ 800
One year convertible notes | Series C convertible preferred stock
Notes Payable
Period of which preferred stock can convert into common shares						30 days
Number of common stock shares issued upon conversion | item						25
One year convertible notes | Minimum
Notes Payable
Exercise price | $ / shares	$ 0.55					$ 0.55		$ 0.55
Conversion price | $ / shares	13.75					13.75		13.75
One year convertible notes | Maximum
Notes Payable
Exercise price | $ / shares	0.70					0.70		0.70
Conversion price | $ / shares	$ 17.50					$ 17.50		$ 17.50

XML

Net Loss per Share Applicable to Common Stockholders (Details) - shares shares in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Net Loss per Share Applicable to Common Stockholders
Potentially dilutive securities	500,497	472,218
Series C convertible preferred stock
Net Loss per Share Applicable to Common Stockholders
Potentially dilutive securities	44,328	22,129
Common stock options
Net Loss per Share Applicable to Common Stockholders
Potentially dilutive securities	318,676	304,596
Common stock warrants
Net Loss per Share Applicable to Common Stockholders
Potentially dilutive securities	105,444	145,417
Convertible notes and accrued interest
Net Loss per Share Applicable to Common Stockholders
Potentially dilutive securities	32,049	76

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Related Party Transactions (Details) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) Program Milestone item shares	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Related Party Transactions
Percentage of margin	15.00%
Additional term of agreement	12 months
Amount paid in cash for milestones	$ 3.5
Number of milestones completed | Milestone	2
Amount of payment for milestone completed and fully expensed but unpaid	$ 1.0
Partial payment for milestone completed	$ 2.5
Shares issued for completion of milestone | shares	4.5
Fair value on milestone payable	$ 3.2
Stock-based compensation related to the achieved milestone	$ 0.6	$ 2.6
Advent Bio services agreement
Related Party Transactions
Number of operational programs | Program	3
Number of sets of one-time milestones | Milestone	10
Number of required licenses for the Sawston facility | item	3

XML

Related Party Transactions - Research and development Costs (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Related Party Transactions
Total operating costs and expenses	$ 14,231	$ 15,824	$ 41,853	$ 50,089
Advent BioServices
Related Party Transactions
Total operating costs and expenses	$ 3,865	$ 5,594	$ 12,399	$ 20,276
Operating Cost and Expense, Related Party, Type [Extensible Enumeration]	us-gaap:RelatedPartyMember	us-gaap:RelatedPartyMember	us-gaap:RelatedPartyMember	us-gaap:RelatedPartyMember
Advent BioServices | Manufacturing cost in London
Related Party Transactions
Related party costs, Manufacturing costs	$ 1,554	$ 1,334	$ 4,857	$ 4,161
Advent BioServices | Manufacturing cost at Sawston facility
Related Party Transactions
Related party costs, Manufacturing costs	2,247	1,404	6,057	4,105
Advent BioServices | Expensed and paid (milestone complete)
Related Party Transactions
Related party costs, SOW 6 one-time milestones - Shares	9	195	578	2,120
Related party costs, SOW 6 one-time milestones - Cash			551	1,500
Advent BioServices | Expensed and due, but unpaid (milestone complete)
Related Party Transactions
Related party costs, SOW 6 one-time milestones - Cash	18	226	111	500
Advent BioServices | Expensed but unpaid, not yet due (milestone not yet complete)
Related Party Transactions
Related party costs, SOW 6 one-time milestones - Shares	24	1,205	115	4,620
Related party costs, SOW 6 one-time milestones - Cash	$ 13	$ 1,230	$ 130	$ 3,270

XML

Related Party Transactions - Advent BioServices Sublease Agreement (Details)	3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) ft² item	Sep. 30, 2023 GBP (£) ft² item	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) ft² item	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)
Related Party Transactions
Total area of lease (in sqft) | ft²	88,000	88,000	88,000
Lease payments			$ 691,000	$ 689,000
Sub-lease income	$ 36,000		$ 108,000	$ 110,000
Advent BioServices
Related Party Transactions
Area of sublease (in sqft) | item	14,459	14,459	14,459
Total area of lease (in sqft) | ft²	88,000	88,000	88,000
Number of times calculated for lease payment under sub-lease | item		2	2
Rate per square foot under sub-lease		£ 5.75	$ 7.02
Cap rate per square foot under sub-lease			10
Sub-lease payments receivable			145,000
Lease payments | £		£ 500,000
Approximate lease payments			$ 610,000

XML

Related Party Transactions - Related Party Accounts Payable (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Accounts payable to related party
Related Party Transactions
Unpaid board compensation	$ 200
Advent BioServices - amount invoiced
Related Party Transactions
Invoiced but unpaid	2,451	$ 1,844
Advent BioServices - amount invoiced but unpaid
Related Party Transactions
Accrued and unpaid	2,027	4,736
Advent BioServices
Related Party Transactions
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	$ 4,478	$ 6,580
Accounts Payable, Related Party, Type [Extensible Enumeration]	us-gaap:RelatedPartyMember	us-gaap:RelatedPartyMember

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Preferred Stock (Details)		1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Jul. 11, 2023 USD ($)	Nov. 06, 2023 shares	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Sep. 30, 2022 shares	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Sep. 30, 2022 shares	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Preferred Stock
Conversion of share settled debt into common stock			$ 2,974,000		$ 6,536,000
Principal amount			$ 34,367,000		34,367,000		$ 22,454,000
Gain (loss) from debt extinguishment					$ 3,500,000
Notes
Preferred Stock
Number of shares issued to lenders in lieu of cash payments | shares					27,600,000
Conversion of share settled debt into common stock	$ 500,000				$ 17,500,000
Accrued interest expense on debt					$ 1,000,000.0
Notes | Senior convertible notes
Preferred Stock
Number of shares issued to lenders in lieu of cash payments | shares					56,000
Conversion of share settled debt into common stock					$ 1,000,000.0
Common Stock
Preferred Stock
Number of shares issued to lenders in lieu of cash payments | shares			4,651,000		11,081,000
Conversion of share settled debt into common stock			$ 4,000		$ 11,000
Common Stock | Notes
Preferred Stock
Number of shares issued to lenders in lieu of cash payments | shares					27,600,000
Conversion of share settled debt into common stock					$ 17,500,000
Accrued interest expense on debt					$ 1,000,000.0
Series C Subscription Agreements | Series C Investors
Preferred Stock
Temporary equity, par value | $ / shares			$ 0.001		$ 0.001
Series C Convertible Preferred Stock
Preferred Stock
Issuance of stock for cash (in shares) | shares			405,000	704,000	729,000	704,000
Number of shares issued to lenders in lieu of cash payments | shares			(186,000)		(443,000)
Series C Convertible Preferred Stock | Notes
Preferred Stock
Number of shares issued to lenders in lieu of cash payments | shares					56,000
Conversion of share settled debt into common stock					$ 1,000,000.0
Principal amount			$ 900,000		900,000
Accrued interest expense on debt					100,000
Gain (loss) from debt extinguishment					$ 100,000
Series C Convertible Preferred Stock | Common Stock
Preferred Stock
Number of shares converted | shares		200,000			400,000
Value of shares converted					$ 6,500,000
Number of shares issued on conversion | shares			11,100,000		11,100,000
Conversion ratio from preferred stock to common stock			0.04		0.04
Series C Convertible Preferred Stock | Series C Subscription Agreements | Series C Investors
Preferred Stock
Issuance of stock for cash (in shares) | shares					700,000
Purchase price | $ / shares			$ 13.58		$ 13.58
Gross proceeds from issuance of shares					$ 9,900,000
Price per share | $ / shares			$ 13.58		$ 13.58

XML

Stockholders' Deficit - Stock Purchase Warrants (Details) - $ / shares shares in Thousands	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Stockholders' Deficit
Number of Warrants, Outstanding	141,048
Number of Warrants, Warrants exercised for cash	(12,447)
Number of Warrants, Cashless warrants exercise	(22,907)
Number of Warrants, Warrants expired and cancellations	(250)
Number of Warrants, Outstanding	105,444	141,048
Weighted Average Exercise Price - Outstanding	$ 0.31
Weighted Average Exercise Price - Warrants exercised for cash	0.22
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Cashless warrants exercise	0.20
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Warrants expired and cancellations	1.36
Weighted Average Exercise Price - Outstanding	$ 0.32	$ 0.31
Remaining Contractual Term	1 year 11 months 1 day	1 year 1 month 28 days

XML

Stockholders' Deficit - Warrant Modifications (Details) - $ / shares	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Stock-based Compensation
Exercise price	$ 0.51	$ 0.65
Expected term (years)	6 years 4 months 24 days	3 years 10 months 24 days
Volatility	84.00%	99.00%
Risk-free rate	4.50%	3.30%
Dividend yield	0.00%	0.00%
Post Modification | Warrants
Stock-based Compensation
Exercise price	$ 0.30
Expected term (years)	1 year 9 months 18 days
Volatility	73.00%
Risk-free rate	4.90%
Dividend yield	0.00%
Pre Modification | Warrants
Stock-based Compensation
Exercise price	$ 0.31
Expected term (years)	1 year 6 months
Volatility	90.00%
Risk-free rate	4.90%
Dividend yield	0.00%

XML

Stockholders' Deficit - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands		3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jul. 11, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Jan. 09, 2023	Jan. 08, 2023
Stockholders' Deficit
Common stock, shares authorized		1,700,000,000	1,700,000,000	1,700,000,000	1,700,000,000	1,200,000,000
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)		$ 0.001	$ 0.001	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Proceeds from exercise of outstanding warrants			$ 2,800
Proceeds from investor advances for exercise of warrants				$ 1,200
Stock issued on exercise of warrants			12,400,000
Conversion of share settled debt into common stock		$ 2,974	$ 6,536
Number of options exercised in cashless			2,500,000
Number of warrants, cashless warrants exercise			22,907,000
Settled true-up provision			$ 1,300
Number of warrants outstanding		105,444,000	105,444,000	141,048,000
Class of warrant or right, extended in suspension			100,000,000
Modification cost associated with debt financing			$ 800
Deemed dividend related to warrant modification		$ 519	1,433
Pre Modification
Stockholders' Deficit
Incremental stock-based compensation for stock options modification			2,200
Notes
Stockholders' Deficit
Cash payments	$ 10,000		13,200
Conversion of share settled debt into common stock	$ 500		17,500
Accrued interest expense on debt			$ 1,000
Number of shares issued to lenders in lieu of cash payments			27,600,000
Warrants issued as consideration for warrants suspension
Stockholders' Deficit
Number of warrants outstanding		105,000,000	105,000,000
Cashless Warrants Exercise
Stockholders' Deficit
Number of warrants, cashless warrants exercise			22,900,000
Common Stock
Stockholders' Deficit
Shares of common stock issued on exercise of warrants and options			20,400,000
Conversion of share settled debt into common stock		$ 4	$ 11
Number of shares issued to lenders in lieu of cash payments		4,651,000	11,081,000
Common Stock | Notes
Stockholders' Deficit
Cash payments			$ 13,200
Conversion of share settled debt into common stock			17,500
Accrued interest expense on debt			$ 1,000
Number of shares issued to lenders in lieu of cash payments			27,600,000
Settled true-up provision			$ 1,300
Minimum
Stockholders' Deficit
Warrants exercise price		$ 0.153	$ 0.153
Minimum | Equity Option | Cashless Warrants Exercise
Stockholders' Deficit
Warrants exercise price		0.25	0.25
Minimum | Common Stock | Equity Option | Cashless Warrants Exercise
Stockholders' Deficit
Warrants exercise price		0.17	0.17
Maximum
Stockholders' Deficit
Warrants exercise price		0.85	0.85
Maximum | Common Stock | Cashless Warrants Exercise
Stockholders' Deficit
Warrants exercise price		0.55	0.55
Maximum | Common Stock | Equity Option | Cashless Warrants Exercise
Stockholders' Deficit
Warrants exercise price		$ 0.22	$ 0.22

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Commitments and Contingencies (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Lease cost
Operating lease cost		$ 633,000	$ 643,000
Short-term lease cost		62,000	56,000
Variable lease cost		10,000	9,000
Sub-lease income	$ (36,000)	(108,000)	(110,000)
Total		597,000	598,000
Other information
Operating cash flows from operating leases		(691,000)	(689,000)
U.K
Lease cost
Operating lease cost		443,000	448,000
Short-term lease cost		62,000	56,000
Sub-lease income		(108,000)	(110,000)
Total		397,000	394,000
Other information
Operating cash flows from operating leases		$ (467,000)	$ (472,000)
Weighted-average remaining lease term - operating leases	8 years 1 month 6 days	8 years 1 month 6 days	8 years 7 months 6 days
Weighted-average discount rate - operating leases	12.00%	12.00%	12.00%
U.S
Lease cost
Operating lease cost		$ 190,000	$ 195,000
Variable lease cost		10,000	9,000
Total		200,000	204,000
Other information
Operating cash flows from operating leases		$ (224,000)	$ (217,000)
Weighted-average remaining lease term - operating leases	8 months 12 days	8 months 12 days	1 year 4 months 24 days
Weighted-average discount rate - operating leases	12.00%	12.00%	12.00%

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Commitments and Contingencies - Maturities of our operating leases (Details) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)
Commitments and Contingencies
Three months ended December 31, 2023	$ 228
Year ended December 31, 2024	815
Year ended December 31, 2025	610
Year ended December 31, 2026	610
Year ended December 31, 2027	610
Thereafter	6,692
Total	9,565
Less present value discount	(5,062)
Operating lease liabilities included in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet at September 30, 2023	4,503
Sublease agreement
Commitments and Contingencies
Three months ended December 31, 2023	36
Year ended December 31, 2024	145
Year ended December 31, 2025	145
Year ended December 31, 2026	145
Thereafter	1,740
Total	$ 2,211

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Commitments and Contingencies - Additional Information (Details) £ in Millions									6 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Oct. 12, 2023 USD ($)	Oct. 12, 2023 EUR (€)	Jul. 27, 2022 USD ($)	Jul. 27, 2022 EUR (€)	Nov. 04, 2021 USD ($)	Nov. 04, 2021 EUR (€)	May 14, 2018 USD ($)	May 14, 2018 GBP (£)	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2022 EUR (€)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 EUR (€)	Sep. 30, 2023 EUR (€)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Commitments and Contingencies
Operating lease liabilities											$ 4,503,000
Lease, practical expedient, lessor single lease component [true false]											true		true
Operating lease, term of contract											20 years		20 years
ROU asset											$ 4,014,000			$ 4,189,000
Litigation settlement waiver of penalty			$ 143,000	€ 135,000
Loss contingency accrual											399,000		€ 377,000
Gain contingency											4,600,000
Subsequent event
Commitments and Contingencies
Loss contingency accrual payment	$ 200,000	€ 189,000
Loss contingency accrual payment (in percent)	50.00%	50.00%
Advent Bio services agreement
Commitments and Contingencies
Term of agreement							12 months	12 months
Advent Bio services agreement | Minimum
Commitments and Contingencies
Minimum required payments for this notice period							$ 5,500,000	£ 4.5
German tax authority
Commitments and Contingencies
Settlement expense											293,000	€ 277,000
Received tax bills									$ 235,000	€ 222,000
State and local jurisdiction
Commitments and Contingencies
Settlement expense											$ 244,000	€ 231,000
Additional late fees					$ 542,000	€ 513,000

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Subsequent Events (Details)					1 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Nov. 06, 2023 USD ($) shares	Oct. 20, 2023 USD ($)	Oct. 04, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares	Jun. 11, 2023	Nov. 06, 2023 USD ($) shares	Oct. 31, 2023 USD ($) shares	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) shares	Sep. 30, 2022 shares	Jul. 11, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Subsequent Events
Principal amount							$ 34,367,000			$ 22,454,000
Amount of funding received from contingent obligation							$ 4,550,000
Number of options exercised in cashless | shares							2,500,000
July Convertible Note
Subsequent Events
Term of debt (in years)				1 year
Principal amount									$ 500,000
Common Stock
Subsequent Events
Number of shares issued during the period | shares								13,147,000
Series C convertible preferred stock | Common Stock
Subsequent Events
Number of shares converted | shares					200,000		400,000
Value of shares converted							$ 6,500,000
Number of shares issued on conversion | shares							11,100,000
Conversion ratio from preferred stock to common stock							0.04
Subsequent event
Subsequent Events
Amount of funding from the sale of shares and proceeds of debt arrangements and contingent liability obligations					$ 1,900,000
Proceeds received from exercise of outstanding warrants and options	$ 100,000					$ 100,000
Number of outstanding warrants and options exercised | shares	200,000					200,000
Amount of settlement of share receivable						$ 700,000
Number of options exercised in cashless | shares					800,000
Subsequent event | July Convertible Note
Subsequent Events
Term of debt (in years)			1 year
Principal amount			$ 154,000,000
Interest rate (in percent)			8.00%
Subsequent event | Convertible Note
Subsequent Events
Term of debt (in years)		1 year
Purchase price			$ 140,000
Additional maturity period of warrants (in months)			8 months 15 days
Amount received from issuance		$ 500,000
Subsequent event | Common Stock
Subsequent Events
Number of common stock issued | shares					600,000
Subsequent event | Common Stock | Lieu
Subsequent Events
Number of shares issued during the period | shares						1,900,000
Cash payments						$ 1,600,000
Subsequent event | Series C convertible preferred stock
Subsequent Events
Preferred stock, shares issued | shares	80,000				80,000
Proceeds for preferred stock					$ 1,200,000
Value of shares converted					$ 3,600,000
Number of shares issued on conversion | shares	6,100,000				6,100,000
Subsequent event | Series C convertible preferred stock | July Convertible Note
Subsequent Events
Conversion price | $ / shares			$ 17.50
Subsequent event | Series C convertible preferred stock | Common Stock
Subsequent Events
Conversion ratio from preferred stock to common stock	25				25

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Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Pay vs Performance Disclosure
Net Income (Loss)	$ (18,580)	$ (32,852)	$ (43,680)	$ (76,734)

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Insider Trading Arrangements	3 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Trading Arrangements, by Individual
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false