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Loans
12 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2021
Loans [Abstract]  
Loans
Note 4.  Loans

Loan segments and classes at June 30, 2021 and 2020 are summarized as follows:

  
At June 30,
 
(In thousands)
 
2021
  
2020
 
Residential real estate:
      
   Residential real estate
 
$
325,167
  
$
279,332
 
   Residential construction and land
  
10,185
   
11,847
 
   Multi-family
  
41,951
   
25,104
 
Commercial real estate:
        
   Commercial real estate
  
472,887
   
381,415
 
   Commercial construction
  
62,763
   
74,920
 
Consumer loan:
        
   Home equity
  
18,285
   
22,106
 
   Consumer installment
  
4,942
   
4,817
 
Commercial loans
  
172,228
   
213,119
 
Total gross loans
  
1,108,408
   
1,012,660
 
Allowance for loan losses
  
(19,668
)
  
(16,391
)
Deferred (fees) and costs
  
(2,793
)
  
(2,747
)
Loans receivable, net
 
$
1,085,947
  
$
993,522
 

At June 30, 2021 and 2020, loans to related parties including officers and directors were immaterial as a percentage of our loan portfolio.

The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act, or CARES Act, was signed into law on March 27, 2020, and provides over $2.0 trillion in emergency economic relief to individuals and businesses impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic.  The CARES Act authorized the Small Business Administration (“SBA”) to temporarily guarantee loans under a new 7(a) loan program called the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”).   An eligible business could apply for a PPP loan up to the greater of: (1) 2.5 times its average monthly “payroll costs”; or (2) $10.0 million.  PPP loans have: (a) an interest rate of 1.0%, (b) a 2-5 year loan term to maturity, and (c) principal and interest payments deferred for six months from the date of disbursement. The Consolidated Appropriations Act (“CAA”) was signed into law on December 27, 2020. The CAA, extended the life of the PPP, creating a second round of PPP loans for eligible businesses. The Company participated in the CAA’s second round of PPP lending.  The SBA guarantees 100% of the PPP loans made to eligible borrowers.  The entire principal amount of the borrower’s PPP loan, including any accrued interest, is eligible to be reduced by the loan forgiveness amount under the PPP so long as employee and compensation levels of the business are maintained and at least 60% of the loan proceeds are used for payroll expenses, with the remaining 40%, or less, of the loan proceeds used for other qualifying expenses.  The Bank of Greene County originated these loans to support local businesses for fiscal year ended June 30, 2021 and 2020.  The Company disbursed 1,003 and 1,267 PPP loans totaling $62.0 million and $99.8 million during the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.  The Company received fees from the SBA for originating these loans totaling $3.5 million and $3.9 million for the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.  These fees have been deferred and will be recognized in income on a level-yield basis as the loans are repaid or forgiven by the SBA. As of the fiscal year ended June 30, 2021, the Company recognized $4.1 million in fee income and did not recognize any income as of the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020.

Loans serving as collateral

Loans designated as qualified collateral and pledged for borrowing and stand-by letters of credit to the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (“FHLB”) amounted to approximately $405.3 million and $321.5 million of its residential and commercial mortgage portfolios, respectively.

 Credit Quality Indicators

Management closely monitors the quality of the loan portfolio and has established a loan review process designed to help grade the quality and profitability of the Company’s loan portfolio.  The credit quality grade helps management make a consistent assessment of each loan relationship’s credit risk. Consistent with regulatory guidelines, The Bank of Greene County provides for the classification of loans considered being of lesser quality.  Such ratings coincide with the “Substandard,” “Doubtful” and “Loss” classifications used by federal regulators in their examination of financial institutions. Generally, an asset is considered Substandard if it is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligors and/or the collateral pledged. Substandard assets include those characterized by the distinct possibility that the insured financial institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Assets classified as Doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in assets classified Substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses present make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, highly questionable and improbable. Assets classified as Loss are those considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as assets without the establishment of a full loss reserve and/or charge-off is not warranted. Assets that do not currently expose the Company to sufficient risk to warrant classification in one of the aforementioned categories but otherwise possess weaknesses are designated “Special Mention.”

When The Bank of Greene County classifies problem assets as either Substandard or Doubtful, it generally establishes a specific valuation allowance or “loss reserve” in an amount deemed prudent by management.  General allowances represent loss allowances that have been established to recognize the inherent risk associated with lending activities, but which, unlike specific allowances, have not been allocated to particular loans.  When The Bank of Greene County identifies problem loans as being impaired, it is required to evaluate whether the Bank will be able to collect all amounts due either through repayments or the liquidation of the underlying collateral.  If it is determined that impairment exists, the Bank is required either to establish a specific allowance for losses equal to the amount of impairment of the assets, or to charge-off such amount.  The Bank of Greene County’s determination as to the classification of its loans and the amount of its valuation allowance is subject to review by its regulatory agencies, which can order the establishment of additional general or specific loss allowances.  The Bank of Greene County reviews its portfolio quarterly to determine whether any assets require classification in accordance with applicable regulations.

The Bank primarily has four segments within its loan portfolio that it considers when measuring credit quality: residential real estate loans, commercial real estate loans, consumer loans and commercial loans.  The residential real estate portfolio consists of residential, construction, and multi-family loan classes. Commercial real estate loans consist of commercial real estate and commercial construction loan classes. Consumer loans consist of home equity loan and consumer installment loan classes. The inherent risk within the loan portfolio varies depending upon each of these loan types.

Residential mortgage loans, including home equity loans, which are collateralized by residences are generally made in amounts up to 85.0% of the appraised value of the property.  In the event of default by the borrower, The Bank of Greene County will acquire and liquidate the underlying collateral.  By originating the loan at a loan-to-value ratio of 85.0% or less, The Bank of Greene County limits its risk of loss in the event of default.  However, the market values of the collateral may be adversely impacted by declines in the economy.  Home equity loans may have an additional inherent risk if The Bank of Greene County does not hold the first mortgage.  The Bank of Greene County may stand in a secondary position in the event of collateral liquidation resulting in a greater chance of insufficiency to meet all obligations.

Construction lending generally involves a greater degree of risk than other residential mortgage lending.  The repayment of the construction loan is, to a great degree, dependent upon the successful and timely completion of the construction of the subject property within specified cost limits.  The Bank of Greene County completes inspections during the construction phase prior to any disbursements.  The Bank of Greene County limits its risk during the construction as disbursements are not made until the required work for each advance has been completed.  Construction delays may further impair the borrower’s ability to repay the loan.

Loans collateralized by commercial real estate, and multi-family dwellings, such as apartment buildings generally are larger than residential loans and involve a greater degree of risk. Commercial real estate loans often involve large loan balances to single borrowers or groups of related borrowers. Payments on these loans depend to a large degree on the results of operations and management of the properties or underlying businesses, and may be affected to a greater extent by adverse conditions in the real estate market or the economy in general. Accordingly, the nature of commercial real estate loans makes them more difficult for management to monitor and evaluate.

Consumer loans generally have shorter terms and higher interest rates than residential mortgage loans. In addition, consumer loans expand the products and services offered by The Bank of Greene County to better meet the financial services needs of its customers.  Consumer loans generally involve greater credit risk than residential mortgage loans because of the difference in the nature of the underlying collateral.  Repossessed collateral for a defaulted consumer loan may not provide an adequate source of repayment of the outstanding loan balance because of the greater likelihood of damage, loss or depreciation in the underlying collateral. The remaining deficiency often does not warrant further substantial collection efforts against the borrower beyond obtaining a deficiency judgment. In addition, consumer loan collections depend on the borrower’s personal financial stability.  Furthermore, the application of various federal and state laws, including federal and state bankruptcy and insolvency laws, may limit the amount that can be recovered on such loans.

Commercial lending generally involves greater risk than residential mortgage lending and involves risks that are different from those associated with residential and commercial real estate mortgage lending. Real estate lending is generally considered to be collateral-based, with loan amounts based on fixed loan-to-collateral values, and liquidation of the underlying real estate collateral is viewed as the primary source of repayment in the event of borrower default. Although commercial loans may be collateralized by equipment or other business assets, the liquidation of collateral in the event of a borrower default is often an insufficient source of repayment because equipment and other business assets may be obsolete or of limited use, among other things. Accordingly, the repayment of a commercial loan depends primarily on the creditworthiness of the borrower (and any guarantors), while liquidation of collateral is a secondary and often insufficient source of repayment.   The Bank of Greene County has formed relationships with other community banks within our region to participate in larger commercial loan relationships.  These types of loans are generally considered to be riskier due to the size and complexity of the loan relationship.  By entering into a participation agreement with the other bank, The Bank of Greene County can obtain the loan relationship while limiting its exposure to credit loss.  Management completes its due diligence in underwriting these loans and monitors the servicing of these loans.  During the years ended June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020, The Bank of Greene County originated PPP loans in accordance with the CARES Act, which are unsecured commercial loans and are 100% guaranteed by the Small Business Administration.

Loan balances by internal credit quality indicator as of June 30, 2021 are shown below.

(In thousands)
 
Performing
  
Special Mention
  
Substandard
  
Total
 
Residential real estate
 
$
321,826
  
$
88
  
$
3,253
  
$
325,167
 
Residential construction and land
  
10,185
   
-
   
-
   
10,185
 
Multi-family
  
41,589
   
-
   
362
   
41,951
 
Commercial real estate
  
441,004
   
9,690
   
22,193
   
472,887
 
Commercial construction
  
55,819
   
5,944
   
1,000
   
62,763
 
Home equity
  
17,727
   
-
   
558
   
18,285
 
Consumer installment
  
4,942
   
-
   
-
   
4,942
 
Commercial loans
  
165,649
   
963
   
5,616
   
172,228
 
Total gross loans
 
$
1,058,741
  
$
16,685
  
$
32,982
  
$
1,108,408
 

Loan balances by internal credit quality indicator as of June 30, 2020 are shown below.

(In thousands)
 
Performing
  
Special Mention
  
Substandard
  
Total
 
Residential real estate
 
$
275,599
  
$
996
  
$
2,737
  
$
279,332
 
Residential construction and land
  
11,847
   
-
   
-
   
11,847
 
Multi-family
  
23,336
   
1,645
   
123
   
25,104
 
Commercial real estate
  
364,884
   
13,189
   
3,342
   
381,415
 
Commercial construction
  
67,844
   
6,974
   
102
   
74,920
 
Home equity
  
21,466
   
-
   
640
   
22,106
 
Consumer installment
  
4,817
   
-
   
-
   
4,817
 
Commercial loans
  
210,081
   
2,675
   
363
   
213,119
 
Total gross loans
 
$
979,874
  
$
25,479
  
$
7,307
  
$
1,012,660
 

The Company had no loans classified doubtful or loss at June 30, 2021 or June 30, 2020.  During the year ended June 30, 2021, the Company further downgraded construction, commercial real estate and commercial loans from pass and special mention to substandard due to deterioration in borrower cash flows, delinquent payments and further financial deterioration or not improving financial performance.  Management continues to monitor these loan relationships closely. In total there were 11 commercial real estate loan relationships, 11 commercial loan relationships and 1 commercial construction loan relationship that have been downgraded to special mention, and there were 3 commercial real estate loan relationships, 4 commercial loan relationships and 1 commercial construction loan relationship that have been downgraded to substandard during the year ended June 30, 2021.   At June 30, 2021, these loans were all performing. Management continues to monitor these loan relationships closely.

The table below detail loans that have been modified as a troubled debt restructuring during the year ended June 30, 2021.

(Dollars in thousands)
 
Number of Contracts
  
Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment
  
Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment
  
Current
Outstanding Recorded Investment
 
For the year ended June 30, 2021
            
Commercial loans
  
5
  
$
3,001
  
$
2,903
  
$
2,896
 
Commercial real estate
  
3
   
1,325
   
1,287
   
1,284
 
Residential
  
1
   
70
   
70
   
69
 

During the year ended June 30, 2021, there were four commercial loans and two commercial real estate loans that were modified to reduce the interest rate and the maturity date was extended, thereby reducing the monthly payments for the borrower.  There was one commercial loan, one commercial real estate loan, and one residential loan which the maturity date was extended, thereby reducing the monthly payments for the borrower.  The Company recognized a partial charge-off on one commercial loan and one commercial real estate loan during the year ended June 30, 2021. There were no loans that had been modified as a troubled debt restructuring during the twelve months prior to June 30, 2020 or 2019, which have subsequently defaulted during the twelve months ended June 30, 2021 or 2020, respectively.  There were no loans modified as a trouble debt restructuring during the year ended June 30, 2020.

In order to assist borrowers through the COVID-19 pandemic, The Bank of Greene County has instituted a loan deferment program whereby deferral of payments were provided.  Payment deferrals consisted of either principal deferrals or full payment deferrals.  As allowed under the CARES Act, and as amended by Section 541 of the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021, the Company will not report these loans as delinquent and Trouble Debt Restructuring disclosures. The Company will continue to recognize interest income during the deferral period as long as they are deemed collectible.  These loans will be closely monitored to determine collectability and accrual and delinquency status will be updated as deemed appropriate.  The following table details loans that have payments deferred as of June 30, 2021.

 
Full Payment Deferral
 
Principal Payment Deferral
 
Total Deferral
 
(Dollars in thousands)
Balance
  
Number
of Loans
 
Balance
  
Number
of Loans
 
Balance
  
Number
of Loans
 
                
Commercial real estate
  
6,119
   
3
   
1,346
   
3
   
7,465
   
6
 
Commercial loans
  
572
   
2
   
-
   
-
   
572
   
2
 
Total
 
$
6,691
   
5
  
$
1,346
   
3
  
$
8,037
   
8
 

Nonaccrual Loans

Management places loans on nonaccrual status once the loans have become 90 days or more delinquent.  A nonaccrual loan is defined as a loan in which collectability is questionable and therefore interest on the loan will no longer be recognized on an accrual basis.  A loan is not placed back on accrual status until the borrower has demonstrated the ability and willingness to make timely payments on the loan.  A loan does not have to be 90 days delinquent in order to be classified as nonaccrual. Loans on nonaccrual status totaled $2.3 million at June 30, 2021 of which $260,000 were in the process of foreclosure.  At June 30, 2021, there were two residential loans totaling $158,000 and one commercial real estate loan for $102,000 in the process of foreclosure. Included in nonaccrual loans were $1.2 million of loans which were less than 90 days past due at June 30, 2021, but have a recent history of delinquency greater than 90 days past due. These loans will be returned to accrual status once they have demonstrated a history of timely payments.  Loans on nonaccrual status totaled $4.1 million at June 30, 2020 of which $1.3 million were in the process of foreclosure. At June 30, 2020, there were eight residential loans in the process of foreclosure totaling $1.0 million. Included in nonaccrual loans were $1.4 million of loans which were less than 90 days past due at June 30, 2020, but have a recent history of delinquency greater than 90 days past due. These loans will be returned to accrual status once they have demonstrated a history of timely payments.

The following table sets forth information regarding delinquent and/or nonaccrual loans as of June 30, 2021:

(In thousands)
 
30-59 days
past due
  
60-89
days
past due
  
90 days
or more past due
  
Total
past due
     
Current
  
Total Loans
  
Loans on Non-accrual
 
Residential real estate
 
$
-
  
$
630
  
$
650
  
$
1,280
  
$
$
   
323,887
  
$
325,167
  
$
1,324
 
Residential construction and land
  
-
   
-
   
-
   
-
       
10,185
   
10,185
   
-
 
Multi-family
  
-
   
-
   
-
   
-
       
41,951
   
41,951
   
-
 
Commercial real estate
  
-
   
5,266
   
123
   
5,389
       
467,498
   
472,887
   
444
 
Commercial construction
  
-
   
-
   
-
   
-
       
62,763
   
62,763
   
-
 
Home equity
  
33
   
40
   
224
   
297
       
17,988
   
18,285
   
237
 
Consumer installment
  
26
   
13
   
-
   
39
       
4,903
   
4,942
   
-
 
Commercial loans
  
-
   
230
   
117
   
347
       
171,881
   
172,228
   
296
 
Total gross loans
 
$
59
  
$
6,179
  
$
1,114
  
$
7,352
  
$
$
   
1,101,056
  
$
1,108,408
  
$
2,301
 

The following table sets forth information regarding delinquent and/or nonaccrual loans as of June 30, 2020:

(In thousands)
 
30-59 days
past due
  
60-89
days
past due
  
90 days
or more past due
  
Total
past due
  
Current
  
Total Loans
  
Loans on Non-accrual
 
Residential real estate
 
$
871
  
$
345
  
$
1,691
  
$
2,907
  
$
276,425
  
$
279,332
  
$
2,513
 
Residential construction and land
  
-
   
-
   
-
   
-
   
11,847
   
11,847
   
-
 
Multi-family
  
-
   
-
   
151
   
151
   
24,953
   
25,104
   
151
 
Commercial real estate
  
393
   
189
   
374
   
956
   
380,459
   
381,415
   
781
 
Commercial construction
  
-
   
-
   
-
   
-
   
74,920
   
74,920
   
-
 
Home equity
  
29
   
-
   
238
   
267
   
21,839
   
22,106
   
319
 
Consumer installment
  
36
   
25
   
-
   
61
   
4,756
   
4,817
   
-
 
Commercial loans
  
48
   
72
   
245
   
365
   
212,754
   
213,119
   
313
 
Total gross loans
 
$
1,377
  
$
631
  
$
2,699
  
$
4,707
  
$
1,007,953
  
$
1,012,660
  
$
4,077
 

The Bank of Greene County had no accruing loans delinquent 90 days or more at June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020.  The borrowers have made arrangements with the Bank to bring the loans current within a specified time period and have made a series of payments as agreed. The increase from June 30, 2020 to June 30, 2021 in 60-89 days past due for commercial real estate was attributable to one large loan that is classified as substandard.

The table below details additional information related to nonaccrual loans:

(In thousands)
 
2021
  
2020
 
Interest income that would have been recorded if loans had been performing in accordance with original terms
 
$
188
  
$
296
 
Interest income that was recorded on nonaccrual loans
  
134
   
193
 

Impaired Loan Analysis

The Company identifies impaired loans and measures the impairment in accordance with FASB ASC subtopic “Receivables – Loan Impairment.”  Management may consider a loan impaired once it is classified as nonaccrual and when it is probable that the borrower will be unable to repay the loan according to the original contractual terms of the loan agreement or the loan is restructured in a troubled debt restructuring.  It should be noted that management does not evaluate all loans individually for impairment.  Generally, The Bank of Greene County considers residential mortgages, home equity loans and installment loans as small, homogeneous loans, which are evaluated for impairment collectively based on historical loan experience and other factors.  In contrast, large commercial mortgage, construction, multi-family, business loans and select larger balance residential mortgage loans or nonaccrual loans that are over $100 thousand and all trouble debt restructured loans are reviewed individually and considered impaired if it is probable that The Bank of Greene County will not be able to collect scheduled payments of principal and interest when due, according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement.  The measurement of impaired loans is generally based on the fair value of the underlying collateral.  The majority of The Bank of Greene County loans, including most nonaccrual loans, are small homogeneous loan types adequately supported by collateral.  Management considers the payment status of loans in the process of evaluating the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses among other factors.  Based on this evaluation, a delinquent loan’s risk rating may be downgraded to either pass-watch, special mention, or substandard, and the allocation of the allowance for loan loss is based upon the risk associated with such designation.

The tables below detail additional information on impaired loans at the date or periods indicated:

  
As of June 30, 2021
  
For the year ended June 30, 2021
 
(In thousands)
 
Recorded Investment
  
Unpaid Principal
  
Related Allowance
  
Average Recorded Investment
  
Interest Income Recognized
 
With no related allowance recorded:
          
Residential real estate
 
$
370
  
$
370
  
$
-
  
$
387
  
$
14
 
Multi-family
  
-
   
-
   
-
   
30
   
-
 
Commercial real estate
  
281
   
281
   
-
   
313
   
4
 
Home equity
  
224
   
224
   
-
   
186
   
-
 
Commercial loans
  
95
   
95
   
-
   
148
   
8
 
Impaired loans with no allowance
  
970
   
970
   
-
   
1,064
   
26
 
                     
With an allowance recorded:
                    
Residential real estate
  
723
   
723
   
103
   
971
   
32
 
Multi-family
  
-
   
-
   
-
   
-
   
-
 
Commercial real estate
  
945
   
945
   
58
   
236
   
4
 
Commercial construction
  
102
   
102
   
1
   
102
   
-
 
Home equity
  
321
   
321
   
73
   
366
   
18
 
Commercial Loans
  
3,234
   
3,234
   
156
   
1,121
   
135
 
Impaired loans with allowance
  
5,325
   
5,325
   
391
   
2,796
   
189
 
                     
Total impaired:
                    
Residential real estate
  
1,093
   
1,093
   
103
   
1,358
   
46
 
Multi-family
  
-
   
-
   
-
   
30
   
-
 
Commercial real estate
  
1,226
   
1,226
   
58
   
549
   
8
 
Commercial construction
  
102
   
102
   
1
   
102
   
-
 
Home equity
  
545
   
545
   
73
   
552
   
18
 
Commercial loans
  
3,329
   
3,329
   
156
   
1,269
   
143
 
Total impaired loans
 
$
6,295
  
$
6,295
  
$
391
  
$
3,860
  
$
215
 


  
As of June 30, 2020
  
For the year ended June 30, 2020
 
(In thousands)
 
Recorded Investment
  
Unpaid Principal
  
Related Allowance
  
Average Recorded Investment
  
Interest Income Recognized
 
With no related allowance recorded:
          
Residential real estate
 
$
868
  
$
868
  
$
-
  
$
719
  
$
70
 
Multi-family
  
123
   
123
   
-
   
42
   
-
 
Commercial real estate
  
344
   
344
   
-
   
499
   
14
 
Home equity
  
128
   
128
   
-
   
168
   
-
 
Commercial loans
  
145
   
145
   
-
   
137
   
1
 
Impaired loans with no allowance
  
1,608
   
1,608
   
-
   
1,565
   
85
 
                     
With an allowance recorded:
                    
Residential real estate
  
995
   
995
   
127
   
1,184
   
47
 
Multi-family
  
-
   
-
   
-
   
54
   
1
 
Commercial real estate
  
-
   
-
   
-
   
26
   
3
 
Commercial construction
  
102
   
102
   
15
   
102
   
-
 
Home equity
  
431
   
431
   
73
   
418
   
24
 
Commercial Loans
  
134
   
134
   
13
   
147
   
9
 
Impaired loans with allowance
  
1,662
   
1,662
   
228
   
1,931
   
84
 
                     
Total impaired loans:
                    
Residential real estate
  
1,863
   
1,863
   
127
   
1,903
   
117
 
Multi-family
  
123
   
123
   
-
   
96
   
1
 
Commercial real estate
  
344
   
344
   
-
   
525
   
17
 
Commercial construction
  
102
   
102
   
15
   
102
   
-
 
Home equity
  
559
   
559
   
73
   
586
   
24
 
Commercial loans
  
279
   
279
   
13
   
284
   
10
 
Total impaired loans
 
$
3,270
  
$
3,270
  
$
228
  
$
3,496
  
$
169
 

Allowance for Loan Losses

The allowance for loan losses is established through a provision for loan losses based on management’s evaluation of the risk inherent in the loan portfolio, the composition of the loan portfolio, specific impaired loans and current economic conditions.  Such evaluation, which includes a review of certain identified loans on which full collectability may not be reasonably assured, considers among other matters, the estimated net realizable value or the fair value of the underlying collateral, economic conditions, payment status of the loan, historical loan loss experience and other factors that warrant recognition in providing for the loan loss allowance.  In addition, various regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review The Bank of Greene County’s allowance for loan losses.  Such agencies may require The Bank of Greene County to recognize additions to the allowance based on their judgment about information available to them at the time of their examination. The Bank of Greene County disaggregates its loan portfolio as noted in the below allowance for loan losses tables to evaluate for impairment collectively based on historical loss experience.  The Bank of Greene County evaluates nonaccrual loans that are over $100 thousand and all trouble debt restructured loans individually for impairment, if it is probable that The Bank of Greene County will not be able to collect scheduled payments of principal and interest when due, according to the contractual terms of the loan agreements. Loans that are guaranteed, such as SBA loans, are excluded from the homogeneous pool of loans and no allowance is allocated to this segment of the portfolio.  The measurement of impaired loans is generally based on the fair value of the underlying collateral.  The Bank of Greene County charges loans off against the allowance for credit losses when it becomes evident that a loan cannot be collected within a reasonable amount of time or that it will cost the Bank more than it will receive, and all possible avenues of repayment have been analyzed, including the potential of future cash flow, the value of the underlying collateral, and strength of any guarantors or co-borrowers.  Generally, consumer loans and smaller business loans (not secured by real estate) in excess of 90 days are charged-off against the allowance for loan losses, unless equitable arrangements are made. Included within consumer installment loan charge-offs and recoveries are deposit accounts that have been overdrawn in excess of 60 days. With continued growth in the number of deposit accounts, charge-off activity within this category has also grown, as can be seen from the tables below. For loans secured by real estate, a charge-off is recorded when it is determined that the collection of all or a portion of a loan may not be collected and the amount of that loss can be reasonably estimated. The allowance for loan losses is increased by a provision for loan losses (which results in a charge to expense) and recoveries of loans previously charged off and is reduced by charge-offs.

The Bank of Greene County recognizes that depending upon the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic and the adequacy of strategies in place by local and federal governments, borrowers may not have the ability to repay their debts which may ultimately result in losses to The Bank of Greene County.  Management continues to closely monitor credit relationships, particularly those on payment deferral or adversely classified.

The following tables set forth the activity and allocation of the allowance for loan losses by loan class during and at the periods indicated.  The allowance is allocated to each loan class based on historical loss experience, current economic conditions, and other considerations.

 
Activity for the year ended June 30, 2021
 
(In thousands)
 
Balance June 30, 2020
  
Charge-offs
  
Recoveries
  
Provision
  
Balance June 30, 2021
 
Residential real estate
 
$
2,091
  
$
26
  
$
13
  
$
(66
)
 
$
2,012
 
Residential construction and land
  
141
   
-
   
-
   
(35
)
  
106
 
Multi-family
  
176
   
-
   
-
   
10
   
186
 
Commercial real estate
  
8,634
   
-
   
-
   
4,415
   
13,049
 
Commercial construction
  
2,053
   
-
   
-
   
(518
)
  
1,535
 
Home equity
  
295
   
-
   
-
   
(130
)
  
165
 
Consumer installment
  
197
   
309
   
124
   
255
   
267
 
Commercial loans
  
2,804
   
500
   
1
   
43
   
2,348
 
Total
 
$
16,391
  
$
835
  
$
138
  
$
3,974
  
$
19,668
 
                     
                     
 
Activity for the year ended June 30, 2020
 
(In thousands)
 
Balance June 30, 2019
  
Charge-offs
  
Recoveries
  
Provision
  
Balance June 30, 2020
 
Residential real estate
 
$
2,026
  
$
102
  
$
16
  
$
151
  
$
2,091
 
Residential construction and land
  
87
   
-
   
-
   
54
   
141
 
Multi-family
  
180
   
-
   
-
   
(4
)
  
176
 
Commercial real estate
  
7,110
   
-
   
-
   
1,524
   
8,634
 
Commercial construction
  
872
   
-
   
-
   
1,181
   
2,053
 
Home equity
  
314
   
-
   
-
   
(19
)
  
295
 
Consumer installment
  
250
   
459
   
130
   
276
   
197
 
Commercial loans
  
2,361
   
335
   
36
   
742
   
2,804
 
Total
 
$
13,200
  
$
896
  
$
182
  
$
3,905
  
$
16,391
 

  
Allowance for Loan Losses
  
Loans Receivable
 
  
Ending Balance June 30, 2021
Impairment Analysis
  
Ending Balance June 30, 2021 Impairment Analysis
 
(In thousands)
 
Individually Evaluated
  
Collectively Evaluated
  
Individually Evaluated
  
Collectively Evaluated
 
Residential real estate
 
$
103
  
$
1,909
  
$
1,093
  
$
324,074
 
Residential construction and land
  
-
   
106
   
-
   
10,185
 
Multi-family
  
-
   
186
   
-
   
41,951
 
Commercial real estate
  
58
   
12,991
   
1,226
   
471,661
 
Commercial construction
  
1
   
1,534
   
102
   
62,661
 
Home equity
  
73
   
92
   
545
   
17,740
 
Consumer installment
  
-
   
267
   
-
   
4,942
 
Commercial loans
  
156
   
2,192
   
3,329
   
168,899
 
Total
 
$
391
  
$
19,277
  
$
6,295
  
$
1,102,113
 

  
Allowance for Loan Losses
  
Loans Receivable
 
  
Ending Balance June 30, 2020
Impairment Analysis
  
Ending Balance June 30, 2020 Impairment Analysis
 
(In thousands)
 
Individually Evaluated
  
Collectively Evaluated
  
Individually Evaluated
  
Collectively Evaluated
 
Residential real estate
 
$
127
  
$
1,964
  
$
1,863
  
$
277,469
 
Residential construction and land
  
-
   
141
   
-
   
11,847
 
Multi-family
  
-
   
176
   
123
   
24,981
 
Commercial real estate
  
-
   
8,634
   
344
   
381,071
 
Commercial construction
  
15
   
2,038
   
102
   
74,818
 
Home equity
  
73
   
222
   
559
   
21,547
 
Consumer installment
  
-
   
197
   
-
   
4,817
 
Commercial loans
  
13
   
2,791
   
279
   
212,840
 
Total
 
$
228
  
$
16,163
  
$
3,270
  
$
1,009,390
 

Foreclosed real estate (FRE)

FRE consists of properties acquired through mortgage loan foreclosure proceedings or in full or partial satisfaction of loans. The following table sets forth information regarding FRE as of June 30, 2021 and 2020:

(in thousands)
 
2021
  
2020
 
Residential real estate
 
$
64
  
$
-
 
Total foreclosed real estate
 
$
64
  
$
-