Note 4. Loans

Loan segments and classes at June 30, 2019 and 2018 are summarized as follows:

	At June 30,
(In thousands)	2019			2018
Residential real estate:
Residential real estate	$	267,802		$	255,848
Residential construction and land		7,462			9,951
Multi-family		24,592			14,961
Commercial real estate:
Commercial real estate		329,668			283,935
Commercial construction		36,361			39,366
Consumer loan:
Home equity		23,185			21,919
Consumer installment		5,481			5,017
Commercial loans		103,554			84,644
Total gross loans		798,105			715,641
Allowance for loan losses		(13,200	)		(12,024	)
Deferred fees and costs		833			814
Loans receivable, net	$	785,738		$	704,431

At June 30, 2019 and 2018, loans to related parties including officers and directors were immaterial as a percentage of our loan portfolio.

Credit Quality Indicators

Management closely monitors the quality of the loan portfolio and has established a loan review process designed to help grade the quality and profitability of the Company’s loan portfolio. The credit quality grade helps management make a consistent assessment of each loan relationship’s credit risk. Consistent with regulatory guidelines, The Bank of Greene County provides for the classification of loans considered being of lesser quality. Such ratings coincide with the “Substandard,” “Doubtful” and “Loss” classifications used by federal regulators in their examination of financial institutions. Generally, an asset is considered Substandard if it is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligors and/or the collateral pledged. Substandard assets include those characterized by the distinct possibility that the insured financial institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Assets classified as Doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in assets classified Substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses present make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, highly questionable and improbable. Assets classified as Loss are those considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as assets without the establishment of a full loss reserve and/or charge-off is not warranted. Assets that do not currently expose the Company to sufficient risk to warrant classification in one of the aforementioned categories but otherwise possess weaknesses are designated “Special Mention.” Management also maintains a listing of loans designated “Watch.” These loans represent borrowers with declining earnings, strained cash flow, increasing leverage and/or weakening market fundamentals that indicate above average risk.

When The Bank of Greene County classifies problem assets as either Substandard or Doubtful, it generally establishes a specific valuation allowance or “loss reserve” in an amount deemed prudent by management. General allowances represent loss allowances that have been established to recognize the inherent risk associated with lending activities, but which, unlike specific allowances, have not been allocated to particular loans. When The Bank of Greene County identifies problem loans as being impaired, it is required to evaluate whether the Bank will be able to collect all amounts due either through repayments or the liquidation of the underlying collateral. If it is determined that impairment exists, the Bank is required either to establish a specific allowance for losses equal to the amount of impairment of the assets, or to charge-off such amount. The Bank of Greene County’s determination as to the classification of its loans and the amount of its valuation allowance is subject to review by its regulatory agencies, which can order the establishment of additional general or specific loss allowances. The Bank of Greene County reviews its portfolio monthly to determine whether any assets require classification in accordance with applicable regulations.

The Bank primarily has four segments within its loan portfolio that it considers when measuring credit quality: residential real estate loans, commercial real estate loans, consumer loans and commercial loans. The residential real estate portfolio consists of residential, construction, and multi-family loan classes. Commercial real estate loans consist of commercial real estate and commercial construction loan classes. Consumer loans consist of home equity loan and consumer installment loan classes. The inherent risk within the loan portfolio varies depending upon each of these loan types.

The Bank of Greene County’s primary lending activity historically has been the origination of residential mortgage loans, including home equity loans, which are collateralized by residences. Generally, residential mortgage loans are made in amounts up to 89.9% of the appraised value of the property. However, The Bank of Greene County will originate residential mortgage loans with loan-to-value ratios of up to 95.0%, with private mortgage insurance. In the event of default by the borrower, The Bank of Greene County will acquire and liquidate the underlying collateral. By originating the loan at a loan-to-value ratio of 89.9% or less or obtaining private mortgage insurance, The Bank of Greene County limits its risk of loss in the event of default. However, the market values of the collateral may be adversely impacted by declines in the economy. Home equity loans may have an additional inherent risk if The Bank of Greene County does not hold the first mortgage. The Bank of Greene County may stand in a secondary position in the event of collateral liquidation resulting in a greater chance of insufficiency to meet all obligations.

Construction lending generally involves a greater degree of risk than other residential mortgage lending. The repayment of the construction loan is, to a great degree, dependent upon the successful and timely completion of the construction of the subject property within specified cost limits. The Bank of Greene County completes inspections during the construction phase prior to any disbursements. The Bank of Greene County limits its risk during the construction as disbursements are not made until the required work for each advance has been completed. Construction delays may further impair the borrower’s ability to repay the loan.

Loans collateralized by commercial real estate, and multi-family dwellings, such as apartment buildings generally are larger than residential loans and involve a greater degree of risk. Commercial real estate loans often involve large loan balances to single borrowers or groups of related borrowers. Payments on these loans depend to a large degree on the results of operations and management of the properties or underlying businesses, and may be affected to a greater extent by adverse conditions in the real estate market or the economy in general. Accordingly, the nature of commercial real estate loans makes them more difficult for management to monitor and evaluate.

Consumer loans generally have shorter terms and higher interest rates than residential mortgage loans. In addition, consumer loans expand the products and services offered by The Bank of Greene County to better meet the financial services needs of its customers. Consumer loans generally involve greater credit risk than residential mortgage loans because of the difference in the nature of the underlying collateral. Repossessed collateral for a defaulted consumer loan may not provide an adequate source of repayment of the outstanding loan balance because of the greater likelihood of damage, loss or depreciation in the underlying collateral. The remaining deficiency often does not warrant further substantial collection efforts against the borrower beyond obtaining a deficiency judgment. In addition, consumer loan collections depend on the borrower’s personal financial stability. Furthermore, the application of various federal and state laws, including federal and state bankruptcy and insolvency laws, may limit the amount that can be recovered on such loans.

Commercial lending generally involves greater risk than residential mortgage lending and involves risks that are different from those associated with residential and commercial real estate mortgage lending. Real estate lending is generally considered to be collateral-based, with loan amounts based on fixed loan-to-collateral values, and liquidation of the underlying real estate collateral is viewed as the primary source of repayment in the event of borrower default. Although commercial loans may be collateralized by equipment or other business assets, the liquidation of collateral in the event of a borrower default is often an insufficient source of repayment because equipment and other business assets may be obsolete or of limited use, among other things. Accordingly, the repayment of a commercial loan depends primarily on the creditworthiness of the borrower (and any guarantors), while liquidation of collateral is a secondary and often insufficient source of repayment. Over the past few years, The Bank of Greene County has shifted more focus on the origination of commercial loans including commercial real estate. The Bank of Greene County has also formed relationships with other community banks within our region to participate in larger commercial loan relationships. These types of loans are generally considered to be riskier due to the size and complexity of the loan relationship. By entering into a participation agreement with the other bank, The Bank of Greene County can obtain the loan relationship while limiting its exposure to credit loss. Management completes its due diligence in underwriting these loans and monitors the servicing of these loans.

Loan balances by internal credit quality indicator as of June 30, 2019 are shown below.

(In thousands)	Performing		Watch		Special Mention		Substandard		Total
Residential real estate	$	264,138	$	874	$	86	$	2,704	$	267,802
Residential construction and land		7,462		-		-		-		7,462
Multi-family		22,544		137		1,835		76		24,592
Commercial real estate		318,703		616		7,435		2,914		329,668
Commercial construction		36,259		-		-		102		36,361
Home equity		22,392		20		-		773		23,185
Consumer installment		5,461		14		-		6		5,481
Commercial loans		102,103		261		1,082		108		103,554
Total gross loans	$	779,062	$	1,922	$	10,438	$	6,683	$	798,105

Loan balances by internal credit quality indicator as of June 30, 2018 are shown below.

(In thousands)	Performing		Watch		Special Mention		Substandard		Total
Residential real estate	$	252,811	$	577	$	88	$	2,372	$	255,848
Residential construction and land		9,951		-		-		-		9,951
Multi-family		12,743		-		2,132		86		14,961
Commercial real estate		273,077		317		8,994		1,547		283,935
Commercial construction		39,190		-		-		176		39,366
Home equity		21,170		128		-		621		21,919
Consumer installment		4,969		30		-		18		5,017
Commercial loans		83,148		195		457		844		84,644
Total gross loans	$	697,059	$	1,247	$	11,671	$	5,664	$	715,641

The Company had no loans classified Doubtful or Loss at June 30, 2019 or 2018.

Nonaccrual Loans

Management places loans on nonaccrual status once the loans have become 90 days or more delinquent. A nonaccrual loan is defined as a loan in which collectability is questionable and therefore interest on the loan will no longer be recognized on an accrual basis. A loan is not placed back on accrual status until the borrower has demonstrated the ability and willingness to make timely payments on the loan. A loan does not have to be 90 days delinquent in order to be classified as nonaccrual. Loans on nonaccrual status totaled $3.6 million at June 30, 2019 of which $1.6 million were in the process of foreclosure. At June 30, 2019, there were 12 residential loans in the process of foreclosure totaling $1.5 million. Included in nonaccrual loans were $1.8 million of loans which were less than 90 days past due at June 30, 2019, but have a recent history of delinquency greater than 90 days past due. These loans will be returned to accrual status once they have demonstrated a history of timely payments. Included in total loans past due were $175,000 of loans which were making payments pursuant to forbearance agreements. Loans on nonaccrual status totaled $3.5 million at June 30, 2018 of which $1.9 million were in the process of foreclosure. At June 30, 2018, there were 11 residential loans in the process of foreclosure totaling $1.2 million. Included in nonaccrual loans were $1.3 million of loans which were less than 90 days past due at June 30, 2018, but have a recent history of delinquency greater than 90 days past due.

The following table sets forth information regarding delinquent and/or nonaccrual loans as of June 30, 2019:

(In thousands)	30-59 days past due		60-89 days past due		90 days or more past due		Total past due		Current		Total Loans		Loans on Non- accrual
Residential real estate	$	2,144	$	870	$	1,385	$	4,399	$	263,403	$	267,802	$	2,474
Residential construction and land		-		-		-		-		7,462		7,462		-
Multi-family		1		137		-		138		24,454		24,592		-
Commercial real estate		280		1,108		102		1,490		328,178		329,668		598
Commercial construction		-		-		-		-		36,361		36,361		-
Home equity		16		136		309		461		22,724		23,185		452
Consumer installment		32		14		6		52		5,429		5,481		6
Commercial loans		430		342		28		800		102,754		103,554		108
Total gross loans	$	2,903	$	2,607	$	1,830	$	7,340	$	790,765	$	798,105	$	3,638

The following table sets forth information regarding delinquent and/or nonaccrual loans as of June 30, 2018:

(In thousands)	30-59 days past due		60-89 days past due		90 days or more past due		Total past due		Current		Total Loans		Loans on Non- accrual
Residential real estate	$	1,617	$	458	$	1,211	$	3,286	$	252,562	$	255,848	$	1,778
Residential construction and land		-		-		-		-		9,951		9,951		-
Multi-family		-		-		-		-		14,961		14,961		-
Commercial real estate		1,568		487		568		2,623		281,312		283,935		1,147
Commercial construction		-		-		-		-		39,366		39,366		-
Home equity		38		128		299		465		21,454		21,919		298
Consumer installment		3		30		8		41		4,976		5,017		18
Commercial loans		250		195		182		627		84,017		84,644		276
Total gross loans	$	3,476	$	1,298	$	2,268	$	7,042	$	708,599	$	715,641	$	3,517

The Bank of Greene County had no accruing loans delinquent 90 days or more at June 30, 2019 and $62,000 at June 30, 2018. The loans delinquent more than 90 days and accruing consist of loans that are well collateralized and the borrowers have demonstrated the ability and willingness to pay. The borrowers have made arrangements with the Bank to bring the loans current within a specified time period and have made a series of payments as agreed.

The table below details additional information related to nonaccrual loans:

(In thousands)	2019		2018
Interest income that would have been recorded if loans had been performing in accordance with original terms	$	257	$	230
Interest income that was recorded on nonaccrual loans		146		125

Impaired Loan Analysis

The Company identifies impaired loans and measures the impairment in accordance with FASB ASC subtopic “Receivables – Loan Impairment.” Management may consider a loan impaired once it is classified as nonaccrual and when it is probable that the borrower will be unable to repay the loan according to the original contractual terms of the loan agreement or the loan is restructured in a troubled debt restructuring. It should be noted that management does not evaluate all loans individually for impairment. Generally, The Bank of Greene County considers residential mortgages, home equity loans and installment loans as small, homogeneous loans, which are evaluated for impairment collectively based on historical loan experience and other factors. In contrast, large commercial mortgage, construction, multi-family, business loans and select larger balance residential mortgage loans are reviewed individually and considered impaired if it is probable that The Bank of Greene County will not be able to collect scheduled payments of principal and interest when due, according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. The measurement of impaired loans is generally based on the fair value of the underlying collateral. The majority of The Bank of Greene County loans, including most nonaccrual loans, are small homogenous loan types adequately supported by collateral. Management considers the payment status of loans in the process of evaluating the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses among other factors. Based on this evaluation, a delinquent loan’s risk rating may be downgraded to either pass-watch, special mention, or substandard, and the allocation of the allowance for loan loss is based upon the risk associated with such designation.

The tables below detail additional information on impaired loans at the date or periods indicated:

	As of June 30, 2019						For the year ended June 30, 2019
(In thousands)	Recorded Investment		Unpaid Principal		Related Allowance		Average Recorded Investment		Interest Income Recognized
With no related allowance recorded:
Residential real estate	$	727	$	727	$	-	$	170	$	20
Commercial real estate		717		717		-		915		57
Commercial Construction		-		-		-		34		-
Home equity		309		309		-		288		-
Commercial loans		141		141		-		150		-
Impaired loans with no allowance		1,894		1,894		-		1,557		77

With an allowance recorded:
Residential real estate		1,420		1,420		188		1,809		61
Commercial real estate		-		-		-		91		-
Commercial construction		102		102		2		111		-
Home equity		348		348		59		338		19
Commercial Loans		130		130		13		76		3
Impaired loans with allowance		2,000		2,000		262		2,425		83

Total impaired:
Residential real estate		2,147		2,147		188		1,979		81
Commercial real estate		717		717		-		1,006		57
Commercial construction		102		102		2		145		-
Home equity		657		657		59		626		19
Commercial loans		271		271		13		226		3
Total impaired loans	$	3,894	$	3,894	$	262	$	3,982	$	160

	As of June 30, 2018						For the year ended June 30, 2018
(In thousands)	Recorded Investment		Unpaid Principal		Related Allowance		Average Recorded Investment		Interest Income Recognized
With no related allowance recorded:
Residential real estate	$	22	$	22	$	-	$	2	$	3
Commercial real estate		799		799		-		803		29
Home equity		181		181		-		182		-
Commercial loans		347		347		-		328		-
Impaired loans with no allowance		1,349		1,349		-		1,315		32

With an allowance recorded:
Residential real estate		1,922		1,922		332		1,731		52
Commercial real estate		379		379		60		409		-
Commercial construction		176		176		29		176		-
Home equity		322		322		61		324		16
Impaired loans with allowance		2,799		2,799		482		2,640		68

Total impaired loans:
Residential real estate		1,944		1,944		332		1,733		55
Commercial real estate		1,178		1,178		60		1,212		29
Commercial construction		176		176		29		176		-
Home equity		503		503		61		506		16
Commercial loans		347		347		-		328		-
Total impaired loans	$	4,148	$	4,148	$	482	$	3,955	$	100

The tables below detail loans that have been modified as a troubled debt restructuring during the periods indicated.

(Dollars in thousands)	Number of Contracts		Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment		Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment		Current outstanding Recorded Investment
For the year ended June 30, 2019
Commercial loans		1	$	127	$	131	$	131
Residential		1		294		169		169

(Dollars in thousands)	Number of Contracts		Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment		Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment		Current outstanding Recorded Investment
For the year ended June 30, 2018
Residential		1	$	184	$	184	$	184
Home equity		1		325		325		322

There were two loans modified as a troubled debt restructuring during the year ended June 30, 2019. During the year ended June 30, 2019, a commercial loan and residential loan were both modified to reduce the interest rate thereby reducing the monthly payments for the borrower. The Company recognized a partial charge-off on this loan during the year ended June 30, 2019. There were no loans that had been modified as a troubled debt restructuring during the twelve months prior to June 30, 2019 or 2018 which have subsequently defaulted during the twelve months ended June 30, 2019 or 2018, respectively.

Allowance for Loan Losses

The allowance for loan losses is established through a provision for loan losses based on management’s evaluation of the risk inherent in the loan portfolio, the composition of the loan portfolio, specific impaired loans and current economic conditions. Such evaluation, which includes a review of certain identified loans on which full collectability may not be reasonably assured, considers among other matters, the estimated net realizable value or the fair value of the underlying collateral, economic conditions, payment status of the loan, historical loan loss experience and other factors that warrant recognition in providing for the loan loss allowance. In addition, various regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review The Bank of Greene County’s allowance for loan losses. Such agencies may require The Bank of Greene County to recognize additions to the allowance based on their judgment about information available to them at the time of their examination. The Bank of Greene County considers smaller balance residential mortgages, home equity loans, commercial loans and installment loans to customers as small, homogeneous loans, which are evaluated for impairment collectively based on historical loss experience. Larger balance residential, commercial mortgage and business loans are viewed individually and considered impaired if it is probable that The Bank of Greene County will not be able to collect scheduled payments of principal and interest when due, according to the contractual terms of the loan agreements. The measurement of impaired loans is generally based on the fair value of the underlying collateral. The Bank of Greene County charges loans off against the allowance for credit losses when it becomes evident that a loan cannot be collected within a reasonable amount of time or that it will cost the Bank more than it will receive, and all possible avenues of repayment have been analyzed, including the potential of future cash flow, the value of the underlying collateral, and strength of any guarantors or co-borrowers. Generally, consumer loans and smaller business loans (not secured by real estate) in excess of 90 days are charged-off against the allowance for loan losses, unless equitable arrangements are made. Included within consumer installment loan charge-offs and recoveries are deposit accounts that have been overdrawn in excess of 60 days. With continued growth in the number of deposit accounts, charge-off activity within this category has also grown, as can be seen from the tables below. For loans secured by real estate, a charge-off is recorded when it is determined that the collection of all or a portion of a loan may not be collected and the amount of that loss can be reasonably estimated. The allowance for loan losses is increased by a provision for loan losses (which results in a charge to expense) and recoveries of loans previously charged off and is reduced by charge-offs.

The following tables set forth the activity and allocation of the allowance for loan losses by loan class during and at the periods indicated. The allowance is allocated to each loan class based on historical loss experience, current economic conditions, and other considerations.

	Activity for the year ended June 30, 2019
(In thousands)	Balance June 30, 2018		Charge-offs		Recoveries		Provision			Balance June 30, 2019
Residential real estate	$	2,116	$	287	$	13	$	184		$	2,026
Residential construction and land		114		-		-		(27	)		87
Multi-family		162		-		-		18			180
Commercial real estate		5,979		74		-		1,205			7,110
Commercial construction		950		-		-		(78	)		872
Home equity		317		-		-		(3	)		314
Consumer installment		224		374		137		263			250
Commercial loans		2,128		51		153		131			2,361
Unallocated		34		-		-		(34	)		-
Total	$	12,024	$	786	$	303	$	1,659		$	13,200

	Activity for the year ended June 30, 2018
(In thousands)	Balance June 30, 2017		Charge-offs		Recoveries		Provision			Balance June 30, 2018
Residential real estate	$	2,289	$	141	$	-	$	(32	)	$	2,116
Residential construction and land		89		-		-		25			114
Multi-family		43		-		-		119			162
Commercial real estate		5,589		-		-		390			5,979
Commercial construction		687		-		-		263			950
Home equity		234		-		-		83			317
Consumer installment		231		318		85		226			224
Commercial loans		1,680		159		5		602			2,128
Unallocated		180		-		-		(146	)		34
Total	$	11,022	$	618	$	90	$	1,530		$	12,024

	Allowance for Loan Losses				Loans Receivable
	Ending Balance June 30, 2019 Impairment Analysis				Ending Balance June 30, 2019 Impairment Analysis
(In thousands)	Individually Evaluated		Collectively Evaluated		Individually Evaluated		Collectively Evaluated
Residential real estate	$	188	$	1,838	$	2,147	$	265,655
Residential construction and land		-		87		-		7,462
Multi-family		-		180		-		24,592
Commercial real estate		-		7,110		717		328,951
Commercial construction		2		870		102		36,259
Home equity		59		255		657		22,528
Consumer installment		-		250		-		5,481
Commercial loans		13		2,348		271		103,283
Unallocated		-		-		-		-
Total	$	262	$	12,938	$	3,894	$	794,211

	Allowance for Loan Losses				Loans Receivable
	Ending Balance June 30, 2018 Impairment Analysis				Ending Balance June 30, 2018 Impairment Analysis
(In thousands)	Individually Evaluated		Collectively Evaluated		Individually Evaluated		Collectively Evaluated
Residential real estate	$	332	$	1,784	$	1,944	$	253,904
Residential construction and land		-		114		-		9,951
Multi-family		-		162		-		14,961
Commercial real estate		60		5,919		1,178		282,757
Commercial construction		29		921		176		39,190
Home equity		61		256		503		21,416
Consumer installment		-		224		-		5,017
Commercial loans		-		2,128		347		84,297
Unallocated		-		34		-		-
Total	$	482	$	11,542	$	4,148	$	711,493

Foreclosed real estate (FRE)

FRE consists of properties acquired through mortgage loan foreclosure proceedings or in full or partial satisfaction of loans. The following table sets forth information regarding FRE as of June 30, 2019 and 2018:

(in thousands)	2019		2018
Residential real estate	$	53	$	119
Total foreclosed real estate	$	53	$	119