Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	12 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2016
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	Note 1. Summary of significant accounting policies Basis of Presentation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Greene County Bancorp, Inc. (the “Company”) and its subsidiaries, The Bank of Greene County (the “Bank”) and Greene Risk Management, Inc., and the Bank’s subsidiaries Greene County Commercial Bank and Greene Property Holdings, Ltd. All material inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Amounts in the prior year’s consolidated financial statements have been reclassified whenever necessary to conform to the current year’s presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on net income or shareholders’ equity as previously reported. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). These consolidated financial statements consider events that occurred through the date the consolidated financial statements were issued. Nature of Operations Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s primary business is the ownership and operation of its subsidiaries. The Bank of Greene County has 13 full-service offices and an operations center located in its market area consisting of the Hudson Valley of New York. The Bank of Greene County is primarily engaged in the business of attracting deposits from the general public in The Bank of Greene County’s market area, and investing such deposits, together with other sources of funds, in loans and investment securities. Greene County Commercial Bank’s primary business is to attract deposits from, and provide banking services to, local municipalities. Greene Property Holdings, Ltd. was formed as a New York corporation that has elected under the Internal Revenue Code to be a real estate investment trust. Currently, certain mortgages and loan notes held by The Bank of Greene County are transferred and beneficially owned by Greene Property Holdings, Ltd. The Bank of Greene County continues to service these loans. Greene Risk Management, Inc. was formed in December 2014 as a pooled captive insurance company subsidiary of Greene County Bancorp, Inc., incorporated in the State of Nevada. The purpose of this company is to provide additional insurance coverage for the Company and its subsidiaries related to the operations of the Company for which insurance may not be economically feasible. Charter Greene County Bancorp, Inc. and its parent mutual holding company (the “MHC”) are federally chartered and regulated and examined by the Federal Reserve Board. The Bank of Greene County, the subsidiary of Greene County Bancorp, Inc., is also federally chartered and regulated and examined by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (the “OCC”). Greene County Commercial Bank is a New York State-chartered financial institution, regulated and examined by the New York State Banking Department. Greene Property Holdings, Ltd. is a New York corporation. As a federal savings association, The Bank of Greene County must satisfy the qualified thrift lender, or “QTL”, requirement by meeting one of two tests: the Home Owners’ Loan Act (“HOLA”) QTL test or the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Domestic Building and Loan Association (DBLA) test. The federal savings association may use either test to qualify and may switch from one test to the other. Under the HOLA QTL test, The Bank of Greene County must maintain at least 65% of its “portfolio assets” in “qualified thrift investments” in at least nine of the most recent 12-month period. “Portfolio assets” generally means total assets of a savings institution, less the sum of specified liquid assets up to 20% of total assets, goodwill and other intangible assets, and the value of property used in the conduct of the savings association’s business. “Qualified thrift investments” include various types of loans made for residential and housing purposes, investments related to such purposes, including certain mortgage-backed and related securities, and loans for personal, family, household and certain other purposes up to a limit of 20% of portfolio assets. “Qualified thrift investments” also include 100% of an institution’s credit card loans, education loans and small business loans. The Bank of Greene County also may satisfy the QTL test by qualifying as a “domestic building and loan association” as defined in the Internal Revenue Code. Under the IRS DBLA test, the Bank must meet the business operations test and the 60% of assets test. The business operations test requires that the federal savings association’s business consists primarily of acquiring the savings of the public (75% of its deposits, withdrawable shares, and other obligations must be held by the general public) and investing in loans (more than 75% of its gross income consists of interest on loans and government obligations and various other specified types of operating income that federal savings associations ordinarily earn). For the 60% of assets test, the Bank must maintain at least 60% of its total in “qualified investments” as of the close of the taxable year or, at the option of the taxpayer, may be computed on the basis of the average assets outstanding during the taxable year. A savings association that fails the qualified thrift lender test must either convert to a bank charter or operate under specified restrictions. During the years ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, The Bank of Greene County opted to utilize the HOLA QTL test and satisfied the requirements of this test for the entire 12-month period. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term relate to the determination of the allowance for loan losses and the assessment of other-than-temporary security impairment. While management uses available information to recognize losses on loans, future additions to the allowance for loan losses (the “Allowance”) may be necessary, based on changes in economic conditions, asset quality or other factors. In addition, various regulatory authorities, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the Allowance. Such authorities may require the Company to recognize additions to the Allowance based on their judgments of information available to them at the time of their examination. Greene County Bancorp, Inc. makes an assessment to determine whether there have been any events or economic circumstances to indicate that a security on which there is an unrealized loss is impaired on an other-than-temporary basis. The Company considers many factors including the severity and duration of the impairment; the intent and ability of the Company to hold the security for a period of time sufficient for a recovery in value; recent events specific to the issuer or industry; and for debt securities, intent to sell the security, whether it is more likely than not we will be required to sell the security before recovery, whether loss is expected, external credit ratings and recent downgrades. Securities on which there is an unrealized loss that is deemed to be other-than-temporary are written down to fair value through earnings. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, amounts due from banks, interest-bearing deposits at other financial institutions, investments (with original maturity of three months or less), and overnight federal funds sold. The amounts of interest-bearing deposits included as cash equivalents at June 30, 2016 and 2015 were $6.0 million and $7.0 million, respectively. Securities Greene County Bancorp, Inc. has classified its investments in debt and equity securities as either available-for-sale or held-to-maturity. Available-for-sale securities are reported at fair value, with net unrealized gains and losses reflected in the accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) component of shareholders’ equity, net of applicable income taxes. Held-to-maturity securities are those debt securities which management has the intent the ability to hold to maturity and are reported at amortized cost. The Company does not have trading securities in its portfolio. Realized gains or losses on security transactions are reported in earnings and computed using the specific identification cost basis. Fair values of securities are based on quoted market prices, where available. Valuation of securities is further described in Note 16, Fair Value Measurements and Fair Value of Financial Instruments. Amortization of bond premiums and accretion of bond discounts are amortized over the expected life of the securities using the interest method. When the fair value of a held-to-maturity or available-for-sale security is less than its amortized cost basis, an assessment is made as to whether other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) is present. The Company considers numerous factors when determining whether a potential OTTI exists and the period over which the debt security is expected to recover. The principal factors considered are (1) the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than the amortized cost basis, (2) the financial condition of the issuer (and guarantor, if any) and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, industry or geographic area, (3) failure of the issuer of the security to make scheduled interest or principal payments, (4) any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and (5) the presence of credit enhancements, if any, including the guarantee of the federal government or any of its agencies. For debt securities, OTTI is considered to have occurred if (1) the Company intends to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, (2) it is more likely than not the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, or (3) if the present value of expected cash flows is not sufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis. In determining the present value of expected cash flows, the Company discounts the expected cash flows at the effective interest rate implicit in the security at the date of acquisition. In estimating cash flows expected to be collected, the Company uses available information with respect to security prepayment speeds, default rates and severity. In determining whether OTTI has occurred for equity securities, the Company considers the applicable factors described above and the intent and ability of the Company to retain its investment in the issuer for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value. For debt securities, credit-related OTTI is recognized in earnings while noncredit related OTTI on securities not expected to be sold is recognized in other comprehensive income/loss (“OCI”). Credit-related OTTI is measured as the difference between the present value of an impaired security’s expected cash flows and its amortized cost basis. Noncredit-related OTTI is measured as the difference between the fair value of the security and its amortized cost less any credit-related losses recognized. For securities classified as held-to-maturity, the amount of OTTI recognized in OCI is accreted to the credit-adjusted expected cash flow amounts of the securities over future periods. For equity securities, the entire amount of OTTI is recognized in earnings. Loans Loans are stated at unpaid principal balances, less the allowance for loan losses and net deferred loan origination fees and costs. Interest on loans is accrued and credited to income based upon the principal amount outstanding. Unearned discount on installment loans is recognized as income over the term of the loan, principally using a method that approximates the effective yield method. Nonrefundable loan fees and related direct costs are deferred and amortized over the life of the loan as an adjustment to loan yield using the effective interest method. Allowance for Loan Losses The allowance for loan losses is maintained by a provision for loan losses charged to expense, reduced by net charge-offs and increased by recoveries of loans previously charged off. The level of the allowance is based on management’s evaluation of the collectability of the loan portfolio, including the nature of the portfolio, credit concentrations, trends in historical loss experience, specific impaired loans, payment status of the loan and economic conditions. The Bank of Greene County considers smaller balance residential mortgages, home equity loans, commercial real estate, business loans and installment loans to customers as small, homogeneous loans, which are evaluated for impairment collectively based on historical loss experience. Larger balance residential, commercial real estate mortgage and business loans are reviewed individually and considered impaired if it is probable that The Bank of Greene County will not be able to collect scheduled payments of principal and interest when due, according to the contractual terms of the loan agreements. The measurement of impaired loans is generally based on the fair value of the underlying collateral, less estimated costs to sell. The majority of The Bank of Greene County loans, including most nonaccrual loans, are small homogenous loan types adequately supported by collateral. As a result, the level of impaired loans may only be a portion of nonaccrual loans. Loans that are delinquent or slow paying may not be impaired. Management considers the payment status of loans in the process of evaluating the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses among other factors. Based on this evaluation, a delinquent loan’s risk rating may be downgraded to either pass-watch, special mention, or substandard, and the allocation of the allowance for loan loss is based upon the risk associated with such designation. Income Recognition on Impaired and Nonaccrual loans The Bank of Greene County generally places a loan, including impaired loans, on nonaccrual status when it is specifically determined to be impaired or when principal and interest is delinquent for 90 days or more. Any unpaid interest previously accrued on these loans is reversed from income. When a loan is specifically determined to be impaired, collection of interest and principal are generally applied as a reduction to principal outstanding until the collection of the remaining balance is reasonably assured. Interest income on all nonaccrual loans is recognized on a cash basis. Foreclosed Real Estate (FRE) FRE consists of properties acquired through mortgage loan foreclosure proceedings or in full or partial satisfaction of loans. FRE is initially recorded at fair value (less estimated costs to sell) at the date the collateral is acquired establishing a new cost basis and any shortfall is charged to the allowance for loan losses at this time. Subsequently, management reviews the value of FRE and write-downs, if any, are charged to expense. All expenses and income related to FRE are included in consolidated results of operations as part of noninterest expense. Premises and Equipment Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using principally the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets (39 years for building and improvements, 3-8 years for furniture and equipment). Maintenance and repairs are typically charged to expense when incurred. Gains and losses from sales or other dispositions of premises and equipment are included in consolidated results of operations. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the lesser of the related terms of the leases or their useful life. Treasury Stock Common stock repurchases are recorded at cost and then held as treasury stock. From time to time, Greene County Bancorp, Inc. may repurchase shares of common stock under an approved plan if, in its judgment, such shares are an attractive investment, in view of the current price at which the common stock is trading relative to Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s earnings per share, book value per share and general market and economic factors. The Company has a stock repurchase program which allows for the repurchase of up to 181,692 shares. As of June 30, 2016, 124,956 shares had been repurchased under this plan. There were no shares repurchased during fiscal 2016 or 2015. The Company currently does not intend to repurchase any additional shares under this stock repurchase program. Common stock may also be acquired in order to have shares available for issuance under the Stock Option Plans. For more information regarding these plans see Note 10, Stock-Based Compensation of this Report. No repurchases of stock were made during the year ended June 30, 2016 or 2015. Federal Home Loan Bank Stock Federal law requires a member institution of the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) system to hold stock of its district FHLB according to a predetermined formula. This stock is restricted in that it can only be sold to the FHLB or to another member institution, and all sales of FHLB stock must be at par. As a result of these restrictions, FHLB stock is carried at cost. FHLB stock is held as a long-term investment and its value is determined based on the ultimate recoverability of the par value. Impairment of this investment is evaluated quarterly and is a matter of judgment that reflects management’s view of the FHLB’s long-term performance, which includes factors such as the following: its operating performance; the severity and duration of declines in the fair value of its net assets related to its capital stock amount; its commitment to make payments required by law or regulation and the level of such payments in relation to its operating performance; the impact of legislative and regulatory changes on the FHLB, and accordingly, on the members of the FHLB; and its liquidity and funding position. After evaluating these considerations, Greene County Bancorp, Inc. concluded that the par value of its investment in FHLB stock will be recovered and, therefore, no other-than-temporary impairment charge was recorded during the years ended June 30, 2016 or 2015. Advertising Greene County Bancorp, Inc. follows a policy of charging the costs of advertising to expense as incurred. Advertising costs included in other operating expenses were $373,000 and $294,000 for the years ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Transfers of Financial Assets Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (1) the assets have been isolated from the Company, (2) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of the right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity. Off-Balance Sheet Credit Related Financial Instruments In the ordinary course of business, the Company has entered into commitments to extend credit, including commitments under lines of credit. Such financial instruments are recorded when they are funded. Income Taxes Provisions for income taxes are based on taxes currently payable or refundable and deferred income taxes on temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are reported at currently enacted income tax rates applicable to the period in which the deferred tax assets and liabilities are expected to be realized or settled. Earnings Per Share (EPS) Basic EPS is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is computed in a manner similar to that of basic earnings per share except that the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding is increased to include the number of incremental common shares that would have been outstanding under the treasury stock method if all potentially dilutive common shares (such as stock options) issued became vested during the period. Unallocated common shares held by the ESOP are not included in the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for either the basic or diluted earnings per share calculations. Impact of Recent Accounting Pronouncements In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued an Accounting Standard Update (“ASU) (ASU 2014-09) to amend its guidance on “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). The objective of the ASU is to align the recognition of revenue with the transfer of promised goods or services provided to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. This ASU will replace most existing revenue recognition guidance under GAAP when it becomes effective. In August, 2015, the FASB issued an amendment (ASU 2015-14) which defers the effective date of this new guidance by one year. More detailed implementation guidance on Topic 606 was issued in March 2016 (ASU 2016-08), April 2016 (ASU 2016-10) and May 2016 (ASU 2016-12), and the effective date and transition requirements for these ASUs are the same as the effective date and transition requirements of ASU 2014-09. The amendments in ASU 2014-09 are effective for public business entities for annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company has not yet determined the effect of the standard on its ongoing financial reporting. In August 2014, the FASB issued an amendment (ASU 2014-14) to its guidance on “Receivables – Troubled Debt Restructurings by Creditors (Subtopic 310-40)”. The objective of the ASU is to reduce the diversity in how creditors classify government-guaranteed mortgage loans, including FHA or VA guaranteed loans, upon foreclosure, to provide more decision-useful information about a creditor’s foreclosed mortgage loans that are expected to be recovered, at least in part, through government guarantees. The amendments in this Update are effective for public business entities for annual periods, and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2017. Public entities would be permitted to elect to early adopt for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations or financial position. In January 2015, the FASB issued an Update (ASU 2015-01) to its guidance on “Income Statement-Extraordinary and Unusual Items (Subtopic 225-20)”. The objective of the ASU is to simplify the income statement presentation by eliminating the concept of extraordinary items, and will align GAAP more closely with International Accounting Standards which prohibits the presentation and disclosure of extraordinary items. The amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2015. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations or financial position. In January 2016, the FASB issued an Update (ASU 2016-01) to its guidance on “Financial Instruments (Subtopic 825-10)”. This amendment addresses certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of financial instruments. These amendments require equity securities to be measured at fair value with changes in the fair value to be recognized through net income. The amendments also simplify the impairment assessment of equity investments without readily determinable fair values by requiring assessment for impairment qualitatively at each reporting period. For public business entities, the amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption of the amendments in this Update is not permitted. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations or financial position. In February 2016, the FASB issued an Update (ASU 2016-02) to its guidance on “Leases (Topic 842)”. The new leases standard applies a right-of-use (ROU) model that requires a lessee to record, for all leases with a lease term of more than 12 months, an asset representing its right to use the underlying asset and a liability to make lease payments. For leases with a term of 12 months or less, a practical expedient is available whereby a lessee may elect, by class of underlying asset, not to recognize an ROU asset or lease liability. The new leases standard requires a lessor to classify leases as either sales-type, direct financing or operating, similar to existing U.S. GAAP. Classification depends on the same five criteria used by lessees plus certain additional factors. The subsequent accounting treatment for all three lease types is substantially equivalent to existing U.S. GAAP for sales-type leases, direct financing leases, and operating leases. However, the new standard updates certain aspects of the lessor accounting model to align it with the new lessee accounting model, as well as with the new revenue standard under Topic 606. Lessees and lessors are required to provide certain qualitative and quantitative disclosures to enable users of financial statements to assess the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. The amendments are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact on our consolidated results of operations or financial position. In March 2016, the FASB issued an Update (ASU 2016-09) to its guidance on “Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting”. This amendment is intended to simplify the accounting for stock compensation. The areas for simplification in this Update involve several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, and classification on the statement of cash flows. For public business entities, the amendments in this Update are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted for any entity in any interim or annual period. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations or financial position. In June 2016, the FASB issued an Update (ASU 2016-13) to its guidance on “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. ASU 2016-13 requires credit losses on most financial assets measured at amortized cost and certain other instruments to be measured using an expected credit loss model (referred to as the current expected credit loss (CECL) model). Under this model, entities will estimate credit losses over the entire contractual term of the instrument (considering estimated prepayments, but not expected extensions or modifications unless reasonable expectation of a troubled debt restructuring exists) from the date of initial recognition of that instrument. The ASU also replaces the current accounting model for purchased credit impaired loans and debt securities. The allowance for credit losses for purchased financial assets with a more-than insignificant amount of credit deterioration since origination (“PCD assets”), should be determined in a similar manner to other financial assets measured on an amortized cost basis. However, upon initial recognition, the allowance for credit losses is added to the purchase price (“gross up approach”) to determine the initial amortized cost basis. The subsequent accounting for PCD financial assets is the same expected loss model described above. Further, the ASU made certain targeted amendments to the existing impairment model for available-for-sale (AFS) debt securities. For an AFS debt security for which there is neither the intent nor a more-likely-than-not requirement to sell, an entity will record credit losses as an allowance rather than a write-down of the amortized cost basis. For public business entities that are U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filers, the amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. All entities may adopt the amendments in this Update earlier as of the fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. An entity will apply the amendments in this Update through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective (that is, a modified-retrospective approach). The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact on our consolidated results of operations or financial position.

Note 1. Summary of significant accounting policies

Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Greene County Bancorp, Inc. (the “Company”) and its subsidiaries, The Bank of Greene County (the “Bank”) and Greene Risk Management, Inc., and the Bank’s subsidiaries Greene County Commercial Bank and Greene Property Holdings, Ltd. All material inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Amounts in the prior year’s consolidated financial statements have been reclassified whenever necessary to conform to the current year’s presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on net income or shareholders’ equity as previously reported. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). These consolidated financial statements consider events that occurred through the date the consolidated financial statements were issued.

Nature of Operations

Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s primary business is the ownership and operation of its subsidiaries. The Bank of Greene County has 13 full-service offices and an operations center located in its market area consisting of the Hudson Valley of New York. The Bank of Greene County is primarily engaged in the business of attracting deposits from the general public in The Bank of Greene County’s market area, and investing such deposits, together with other sources of funds, in loans and investment securities. Greene County Commercial Bank’s primary business is to attract deposits from, and provide banking services to, local municipalities. Greene Property Holdings, Ltd. was formed as a New York corporation that has elected under the Internal Revenue Code to be a real estate investment trust. Currently, certain mortgages and loan notes held by The Bank of Greene County are transferred and beneficially owned by Greene Property Holdings, Ltd. The Bank of Greene County continues to service these loans. Greene Risk Management, Inc. was formed in December 2014 as a pooled captive insurance company subsidiary of Greene County Bancorp, Inc., incorporated in the State of Nevada. The purpose of this company is to provide additional insurance coverage for the Company and its subsidiaries related to the operations of the Company for which insurance may not be economically feasible.

Charter

Greene County Bancorp, Inc. and its parent mutual holding company (the “MHC”) are federally chartered and regulated and examined by the Federal Reserve Board. The Bank of Greene County, the subsidiary of Greene County Bancorp, Inc., is also federally chartered and regulated and examined by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (the “OCC”).

Greene County Commercial Bank is a New York State-chartered financial institution, regulated and examined by the New York State Banking Department. Greene Property Holdings, Ltd. is a New York corporation.

As a federal savings association, The Bank of Greene County must satisfy the qualified thrift lender, or “QTL”, requirement by meeting one of two tests: the Home Owners’ Loan Act (“HOLA”) QTL test or the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Domestic Building and Loan Association (DBLA) test. The federal savings association may use either test to qualify and may switch from one test to the other.

Under the HOLA QTL test, The Bank of Greene County must maintain at least 65% of its “portfolio assets” in “qualified thrift investments” in at least nine of the most recent 12-month period. “Portfolio assets” generally means total assets of a savings institution, less the sum of specified liquid assets up to 20% of total assets, goodwill and other intangible assets, and the value of property used in the conduct of the savings association’s business.

“Qualified thrift investments” include various types of loans made for residential and housing purposes, investments related to such purposes, including certain mortgage-backed and related securities, and loans for personal, family, household and certain other purposes up to a limit of 20% of portfolio assets. “Qualified thrift investments” also include 100% of an institution’s credit card loans, education loans and small business loans. The Bank of Greene County also may satisfy the QTL test by qualifying as a “domestic building and loan association” as defined in the Internal Revenue Code.

Under the IRS DBLA test, the Bank must meet the business operations test and the 60% of assets test. The business operations test requires that the federal savings association’s business consists primarily of acquiring the savings of the public (75% of its deposits, withdrawable shares, and other obligations must be held by the general public) and investing in loans (more than 75% of its gross income consists of interest on loans and government obligations and various other specified types of operating income that federal savings associations ordinarily earn). For the 60% of assets test, the Bank must maintain at least 60% of its total in “qualified investments” as of the close of the taxable year or, at the option of the taxpayer, may be computed on the basis of the average assets outstanding during the taxable year.

A savings association that fails the qualified thrift lender test must either convert to a bank charter or operate under specified restrictions. During the years ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, The Bank of Greene County opted to utilize the HOLA QTL test and satisfied the requirements of this test for the entire 12-month period.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term relate to the determination of the allowance for loan losses and the assessment of other-than-temporary security impairment.

While management uses available information to recognize losses on loans, future additions to the allowance for loan losses (the “Allowance”) may be necessary, based on changes in economic conditions, asset quality or other factors. In addition, various regulatory authorities, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the Allowance. Such authorities may require the Company to recognize additions to the Allowance based on their judgments of information available to them at the time of their examination.

Greene County Bancorp, Inc. makes an assessment to determine whether there have been any events or economic circumstances to indicate that a security on which there is an unrealized loss is impaired on an other-than-temporary basis. The Company considers many factors including the severity and duration of the impairment; the intent and ability of the Company to hold the security for a period of time sufficient for a recovery in value; recent events specific to the issuer or industry; and for debt securities, intent to sell the security, whether it is more likely than not we will be required to sell the security before recovery, whether loss is expected, external credit ratings and recent downgrades. Securities on which there is an unrealized loss that is deemed to be other-than-temporary are written down to fair value through earnings.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, amounts due from banks, interest-bearing deposits at other financial institutions, investments (with original maturity of three months or less), and overnight federal funds sold. The amounts of interest-bearing deposits included as cash equivalents at June 30, 2016 and 2015 were $6.0 million and $7.0 million, respectively.

Securities

Greene County Bancorp, Inc. has classified its investments in debt and equity securities as either available-for-sale or held-to-maturity. Available-for-sale securities are reported at fair value, with net unrealized gains and losses reflected in the accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) component of shareholders’ equity, net of applicable income taxes. Held-to-maturity securities are those debt securities which management has the intent the ability to hold to maturity and are reported at amortized cost. The Company does not have trading securities in its portfolio.

Realized gains or losses on security transactions are reported in earnings and computed using the specific identification cost basis. Fair values of securities are based on quoted market prices, where available. Valuation of securities is further described in Note 16, Fair Value Measurements and Fair Value of Financial Instruments. Amortization of bond premiums and accretion of bond discounts are amortized over the expected life of the securities using the interest method.

When the fair value of a held-to-maturity or available-for-sale security is less than its amortized cost basis, an assessment is made as to whether other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) is present. The Company considers numerous factors when determining whether a potential OTTI exists and the period over which the debt security is expected to recover. The principal factors considered are (1) the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than the amortized cost basis, (2) the financial condition of the issuer (and guarantor, if any) and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, industry or geographic area, (3) failure of the issuer of the security to make scheduled interest or principal payments, (4) any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and (5) the presence of credit enhancements, if any, including the guarantee of the federal government or any of its agencies.

For debt securities, OTTI is considered to have occurred if (1) the Company intends to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, (2) it is more likely than not the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, or (3) if the present value of expected cash flows is not sufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis. In determining the present value of expected cash flows, the Company discounts the expected cash flows at the effective interest rate implicit in the security at the date of acquisition. In estimating cash flows expected to be collected, the Company uses available information with respect to security prepayment speeds, default rates and severity. In determining whether OTTI has occurred for equity securities, the Company considers the applicable factors described above and the intent and ability of the Company to retain its investment in the issuer for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value.

For debt securities, credit-related OTTI is recognized in earnings while noncredit related OTTI on securities not expected to be sold is recognized in other comprehensive income/loss (“OCI”). Credit-related OTTI is measured as the difference between the present value of an impaired security’s expected cash flows and its amortized cost basis. Noncredit-related OTTI is measured as the difference between the fair value of the security and its amortized cost less any credit-related losses recognized. For securities classified as held-to-maturity, the amount of OTTI recognized in OCI is accreted to the credit-adjusted expected cash flow amounts of the securities over future periods. For equity securities, the entire amount of OTTI is recognized in earnings.

Loans

Loans are stated at unpaid principal balances, less the allowance for loan losses and net deferred loan origination fees and costs. Interest on loans is accrued and credited to income based upon the principal amount outstanding. Unearned discount on installment loans is recognized as income over the term of the loan, principally using a method that approximates the effective yield method. Nonrefundable loan fees and related direct costs are deferred and amortized over the life of the loan as an adjustment to loan yield using the effective interest method.

Allowance for Loan Losses

The allowance for loan losses is maintained by a provision for loan losses charged to expense, reduced by net charge-offs and increased by recoveries of loans previously charged off. The level of the allowance is based on management’s evaluation of the collectability of the loan portfolio, including the nature of the portfolio, credit concentrations, trends in historical loss experience, specific impaired loans, payment status of the loan and economic conditions. The Bank of Greene County considers smaller balance residential mortgages, home equity loans, commercial real estate, business loans and installment loans to customers as small, homogeneous loans, which are evaluated for impairment collectively based on historical loss experience. Larger balance residential, commercial real estate mortgage and business loans are reviewed individually and considered impaired if it is probable that The Bank of Greene County will not be able to collect scheduled payments of principal and interest when due, according to the contractual terms of the loan agreements. The measurement of impaired loans is generally based on the fair value of the underlying collateral, less estimated costs to sell. The majority of The Bank of Greene County loans, including most nonaccrual loans, are small homogenous loan types adequately supported by collateral. As a result, the level of impaired loans may only be a portion of nonaccrual loans. Loans that are delinquent or slow paying may not be impaired. Management considers the payment status of loans in the process of evaluating the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses among other factors. Based on this evaluation, a delinquent loan’s risk rating may be downgraded to either pass-watch, special mention, or substandard, and the allocation of the allowance for loan loss is based upon the risk associated with such designation.

Income Recognition on Impaired and Nonaccrual loans

The Bank of Greene County generally places a loan, including impaired loans, on nonaccrual status when it is specifically determined to be impaired or when principal and interest is delinquent for 90 days or more. Any unpaid interest previously accrued on these loans is reversed from income. When a loan is specifically determined to be impaired, collection of interest and principal are generally applied as a reduction to principal outstanding until the collection of the remaining balance is reasonably assured. Interest income on all nonaccrual loans is recognized on a cash basis.

Foreclosed Real Estate (FRE)

FRE consists of properties acquired through mortgage loan foreclosure proceedings or in full or partial satisfaction of loans. FRE is initially recorded at fair value (less estimated costs to sell) at the date the collateral is acquired establishing a new cost basis and any shortfall is charged to the allowance for loan losses at this time. Subsequently, management reviews the value of FRE and write-downs, if any, are charged to expense. All expenses and income related to FRE are included in consolidated results of operations as part of noninterest expense.

Premises and Equipment

Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using principally the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets (39 years for building and improvements, 3-8 years for furniture and equipment). Maintenance and repairs are typically charged to expense when incurred. Gains and losses from sales or other dispositions of premises and equipment are included in consolidated results of operations. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the lesser of the related terms of the leases or their useful life.

Treasury Stock

Common stock repurchases are recorded at cost and then held as treasury stock. From time to time, Greene County Bancorp, Inc. may repurchase shares of common stock under an approved plan if, in its judgment, such shares are an attractive investment, in view of the current price at which the common stock is trading relative to Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s earnings per share, book value per share and general market and economic factors. The Company has a stock repurchase program which allows for the repurchase of up to 181,692 shares. As of June 30, 2016, 124,956 shares had been repurchased under this plan. There were no shares repurchased during fiscal 2016 or 2015. The Company currently does not intend to repurchase any additional shares under this stock repurchase program. Common stock may also be acquired in order to have shares available for issuance under the Stock Option Plans. For more information regarding these plans see Note 10, Stock-Based Compensation of this Report. No repurchases of stock were made during the year ended June 30, 2016 or 2015.

Federal Home Loan Bank Stock

Federal law requires a member institution of the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) system to hold stock of its district FHLB according to a predetermined formula. This stock is restricted in that it can only be sold to the FHLB or to another member institution, and all sales of FHLB stock must be at par. As a result of these restrictions, FHLB stock is carried at cost. FHLB stock is held as a long-term investment and its value is determined based on the ultimate recoverability of the par value. Impairment of this investment is evaluated quarterly and is a matter of judgment that reflects management’s view of the FHLB’s long-term performance, which includes factors such as the following: its operating performance; the severity and duration of declines in the fair value of its net assets related to its capital stock amount; its commitment to make payments required by law or regulation and the level of such payments in relation to its operating performance; the impact of legislative and regulatory changes on the FHLB, and accordingly, on the members of the FHLB; and its liquidity and funding position. After evaluating these considerations, Greene County Bancorp, Inc. concluded that the par value of its investment in FHLB stock will be recovered and, therefore, no other-than-temporary impairment charge was recorded during the years ended June 30, 2016 or 2015.

Advertising

Greene County Bancorp, Inc. follows a policy of charging the costs of advertising to expense as incurred. Advertising costs included in other operating expenses were $373,000 and $294,000 for the years ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Transfers of Financial Assets

Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (1) the assets have been isolated from the Company, (2) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of the right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity.

Off-Balance Sheet Credit Related Financial Instruments

In the ordinary course of business, the Company has entered into commitments to extend credit, including commitments under lines of credit. Such financial instruments are recorded when they are funded.

Income Taxes

Provisions for income taxes are based on taxes currently payable or refundable and deferred income taxes on temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are reported at currently enacted income tax rates applicable to the period in which the deferred tax assets and liabilities are expected to be realized or settled.

Earnings Per Share (EPS)

Basic EPS is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is computed in a manner similar to that of basic earnings per share except that the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding is increased to include the number of incremental common shares that would have been outstanding under the treasury stock method if all potentially dilutive common shares (such as stock options) issued became vested during the period. Unallocated common shares held by the ESOP are not included in the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for either the basic or diluted earnings per share calculations.

Impact of Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued an Accounting Standard Update (“ASU) (ASU 2014-09) to amend its guidance on “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). The objective of the ASU is to align the recognition of revenue with the transfer of promised goods or services provided to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. This ASU will replace most existing revenue recognition guidance under GAAP when it becomes effective. In August, 2015, the FASB issued an amendment (ASU 2015-14) which defers the effective date of this new guidance by one year. More detailed implementation guidance on Topic 606 was issued in March 2016 (ASU 2016-08), April 2016 (ASU 2016-10) and May 2016 (ASU 2016-12), and the effective date and transition requirements for these ASUs are the same as the effective date and transition requirements of ASU 2014-09. The amendments in ASU 2014-09 are effective for public business entities for annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company has not yet determined the effect of the standard on its ongoing financial reporting.

In August 2014, the FASB issued an amendment (ASU 2014-14) to its guidance on “Receivables – Troubled Debt Restructurings by Creditors (Subtopic 310-40)”. The objective of the ASU is to reduce the diversity in how creditors classify government-guaranteed mortgage loans, including FHA or VA guaranteed loans, upon foreclosure, to provide more decision-useful information about a creditor’s foreclosed mortgage loans that are expected to be recovered, at least in part, through government guarantees. The amendments in this Update are effective for public business entities for annual periods, and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2017. Public entities would be permitted to elect to early adopt for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations or financial position.

In January 2015, the FASB issued an Update (ASU 2015-01) to its guidance on “Income Statement-Extraordinary and Unusual Items (Subtopic 225-20)”. The objective of the ASU is to simplify the income statement presentation by eliminating the concept of extraordinary items, and will align GAAP more closely with International Accounting Standards which prohibits the presentation and disclosure of extraordinary items. The amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2015. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations or financial position.

In January 2016, the FASB issued an Update (ASU 2016-01) to its guidance on “Financial Instruments (Subtopic 825-10)”. This amendment addresses certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of financial instruments. These amendments require equity securities to be measured at fair value with changes in the fair value to be recognized through net income. The amendments also simplify the impairment assessment of equity investments without readily determinable fair values by requiring assessment for impairment qualitatively at each reporting period. For public business entities, the amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption of the amendments in this Update is not permitted. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations or financial position.

In February 2016, the FASB issued an Update (ASU 2016-02) to its guidance on “Leases (Topic 842)”. The new leases standard applies a right-of-use (ROU) model that requires a lessee to record, for all leases with a lease term of more than 12 months, an asset representing its right to use the underlying asset and a liability to make lease payments. For leases with a term of 12 months or less, a practical expedient is available whereby a lessee may elect, by class of underlying asset, not to recognize an ROU asset or lease liability. The new leases standard requires a lessor to classify leases as either sales-type, direct financing or operating, similar to existing U.S. GAAP. Classification depends on the same five criteria used by lessees plus certain additional factors. The subsequent accounting treatment for all three lease types is substantially equivalent to existing U.S. GAAP for sales-type leases, direct financing leases, and operating leases. However, the new standard updates certain aspects of the lessor accounting model to align it with the new lessee accounting model, as well as with the new revenue standard under Topic 606. Lessees and lessors are required to provide certain qualitative and quantitative disclosures to enable users of financial statements to assess the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. The amendments are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact on our consolidated results of operations or financial position.

In March 2016, the FASB issued an Update (ASU 2016-09) to its guidance on “Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting”. This amendment is intended to simplify the accounting for stock compensation. The areas for simplification in this Update involve several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, and classification on the statement of cash flows. For public business entities, the amendments in this Update are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted for any entity in any interim or annual period. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations or financial position.

In June 2016, the FASB issued an Update (ASU 2016-13) to its guidance on “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. ASU 2016-13 requires credit losses on most financial assets measured at amortized cost and certain other instruments to be measured using an expected credit loss model (referred to as the current expected credit loss (CECL) model). Under this model, entities will estimate credit losses over the entire contractual term of the instrument (considering estimated prepayments, but not expected extensions or modifications unless reasonable expectation of a troubled debt restructuring exists) from the date of initial recognition of that instrument. The ASU also replaces the current accounting model for purchased credit impaired loans and debt securities. The allowance for credit losses for purchased financial assets with a more-than insignificant amount of credit deterioration since origination (“PCD assets”), should be determined in a similar manner to other financial assets measured on an amortized cost basis. However, upon initial recognition, the allowance for credit losses is added to the purchase price (“gross up approach”) to determine the initial amortized cost basis. The subsequent accounting for PCD financial assets is the same expected loss model described above. Further, the ASU made certain targeted amendments to the existing impairment model for available-for-sale (AFS) debt securities. For an AFS debt security for which there is neither the intent nor a more-likely-than-not requirement to sell, an entity will record credit losses as an allowance rather than a write-down of the amortized cost basis. For public business entities that are U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filers, the amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. All entities may adopt the amendments in this Update earlier as of the fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. An entity will apply the amendments in this Update through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective (that is, a modified-retrospective approach). The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact on our consolidated results of operations or financial position.