Property and Equipment

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

In accordance with our capitalization policy, expenditures made to expand the existing operating and/or earnings capacity of our assets are capitalized, as are certain costs directly related to the construction of such assets, including related internal labor costs, engineering costs and interest costs. We also capitalize expenditures for the replacement and/or refurbishment of partially or fully depreciated assets in order to maintain the operating and/or earnings capacity of our existing assets. Repair and maintenance expenditures incurred in order to maintain the day to day operation of our existing assets are expensed as incurred.

Property and equipment, net is stated at cost and consisted of the following (in millions):


	Estimated Useful Lives (Years)	December 31,
		2023		2022
Crude oil pipeline systems	10 - 50	$	14,265	$	13,303
Crude oil storage and terminal facilities	10 - 50	2,664		2,631
NGL storage, terminal, fractionation and processing facilities	10 - 50	2,554		2,445
NGL pipeline systems	10 - 50	506		458
Office property and equipment and rolling stock	2 - 50	556		656
Construction in progress	N/A	257		201
Land and other	N/A	341		326
Property and equipment, gross (1)		21,143		20,020
Accumulated depreciation		(5,361)		(4,770)
Property and equipment, net		$	15,782	$	15,250

(1)We include rights-of-way, which are intangible assets, within property and equipment.

We calculate our depreciation using the straight-line method, based on estimated useful lives and salvage values of our assets. Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $733 million, $707 million and $652 million, respectively.

As of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we incurred liabilities of $55 million, $46 million and $48 million, respectively, for construction in progress that had not been paid.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets (Held and Used)

Long-lived assets with recorded values that are not expected to be recovered through future cash flows are written down to estimated fair value in accordance with FASB guidance with respect to the accounting for the impairment or disposal of long-lived assets. Under this guidance, a long-lived asset is tested for impairment when events or circumstances indicate that its carrying value may not be recoverable. The carrying value of a long-lived asset is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset. If the carrying value exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows, an impairment loss equal to the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the asset is recognized.

We periodically evaluate property and equipment and other long-lived assets for impairment when events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of these assets may not be recoverable. The evaluation is highly dependent on the underlying assumptions of related cash flows. The subjective assumptions used to determine the existence of an impairment in carrying value include:

•whether there is an indication of impairment;

•the grouping of assets;

•the intention of “holding,” “abandoning” or “selling” an asset;

•the forecast of undiscounted expected future cash flow over the asset’s estimated useful life; and

•if an impairment exists, the fair value of the asset or asset group.

In addition, when we evaluate property and equipment and other long-lived assets for recoverability, it may also be necessary to review related depreciation estimates and methods.

We did not recognize any material impairments during the year ended December 31, 2023.

During the third quarter of 2022, we temporarily ceased service on a crude oil pipeline in California as a precautionary measure following a routine inspection and initiated a program of additional tests and inspections. After assessing the results of such tests and the changing operating conditions of our California assets, we determined that we had a triggering event due to the effect on future cash flows for certain of our assets that required us to assess the recoverability of our carrying value of our California crude oil assets (which includes the temporarily idled pipeline) reported in our Crude Oil segment. As a result of our impairment review, we wrote off the portion of the carrying amount of these long-lived assets that exceeded their fair value. We recognized a non-cash loss of approximately $330 million, which amount is reflected in “(Gains)/losses on asset sales and asset impairments, net” on our Consolidated Statement of Operations. Our estimated fair values (which we consider a Level 3 measurement in the fair value hierarchy) were based upon a discounted cash flow approach utilizing various assumptions and the application of a discount rate of approximately 15%, which represents our estimate of the cost of capital of a theoretical market participant for the asset group. Such assumptions included (but were not limited to) (i) future commodity volumes (consistent with historical information and estimates of future drilling and completion activity), (ii) tariff rates, (iii) estimated fixed and variable costs, (iv) the length of time the assets operate and (v) the amount for which assets in the asset group could be sold.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized approximately $220 million of non-cash impairment losses related to certain crude oil storage terminal assets included in our Crude Oil segment. This amount is reflected in “(Gains)/losses on asset sales and asset impairments, net” on our Consolidated Statements of Operations. Decreased demand for our services related to changing market conditions resulted in decreases in expected future cash flows for certain of our assets, which was a triggering event that required us to assess the recoverability of our carrying value of such long-lived assets. As a result of our impairment review, we wrote off the portion of the carrying amount of these long-lived assets that exceeded their fair value. Our estimated fair value (which we consider a Level 3 measurement in the fair value hierarchy) was primarily based upon an assumption for the amount for which the relevant assets and land could be sold.