Significant Accounting and Reporting Policies (Policies)

6 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Principles of consolidation

(a) Principles of consolidation

Consolidated subsidiaries

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and all of its subsidiaries. VIEs, for which the Company and its subsidiaries are the primary beneficiaries, are also included in the consolidated financial statements.

In a transaction that results in the loss of control, the gain or loss recognized in income includes the realized gain or loss related to the portion of ownership interest sold and the gain or loss on the remeasurement to fair value of the interest retained. On the other hand, additional acquisition of the parent’s ownership interest in subsidiaries and partial sale of such interest where the parent continues to retain control of the subsidiary are accounted for as equity transactions.

A certain overseas subsidiary consolidates subsidiaries determined as investment companies under ASC 946 (“Financial Services – Investment Companies”). Investments held by the investment company subsidiaries are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in earnings.

All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in preparing our consolidated financial statements.

Equity method investees

(1) Investment in corporate entities

Investments in corporate entities, in which the Company and its subsidiaries have 20% – 50% ownership or has the ability to exercise significant influence, are accounted for by using the equity method except for those for which the fair value option has been elected. When the Company holds majority voting interests of an entity but noncontrolling shareholders hold substantive participating rights to make decisions on activities that occur over the ordinary course of the business, an equity method investee is recognized.

(2) Investment in real estate joint ventures

Investments in real estate joint ventures, which includes contracts for the development and operation of real estate, are accounted for by using the equity method.

(3) Investment in partnerships and other investments

Investments in partnerships and other investments, in which the Company and its subsidiaries have more than 3% to 5% ownership or over which the Company and its subsidiaries can exercise significant influence, are accounted for by using the equity method except for those for which the fair value option has been elected.

Equity method investments are recorded at cost plus/minus the Company and its subsidiaries’ portion of equity in undistributed earnings. If the value of an investment has declined and is judged to be other-than-temporary, the investment is written down to its fair value.

When an equity method investee issues stocks, which price per share is more or less than the Company and its subsidiaries’ average carrying amount per share, to unrelated third parties, the Company and its subsidiaries adjust the carrying amount of its equity method investee and recognize the gain or loss in the consolidated statements of income in the year in which the change in ownership interest occurs.

A lag period of up to three months is used on a consistent basis for recognizing the results of certain consolidated subsidiaries and equity method investees.

Use of estimates

(b) Use of estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The Company has identified eleven areas where it believes estimates are particularly critical to the financial statements. The Company makes estimates and assumptions to the selection of valuation techniques and determination of assumptions used in fair value measurements, fair value measurement of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination, the determination and periodic reassessment of the unguaranteed residual value for finance leases and operating leases, the determination and reassessment of insurance policy liabilities and deferred policy acquisition costs, the determination of the allowance for credit losses (including the allowance for off-balance sheet credit exposures), the recognition and measurement of impairment of long-lived assets, the recognition and measurement of impairment of investment in securities, the determination of the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets and the evaluation of tax positions, the assessment and measurement of effectiveness in hedging relationship using derivative financial instruments, the determination of benefit obligation and net periodic pension cost and the recognition and measurement of impairment of goodwill and other intangible assets.

Foreign currencies translation

(c) Foreign currencies translation

The Company and its subsidiaries maintain their accounting records in their functional currency. Transactions in foreign currencies are recorded in the entity’s functional currency based on the prevailing exchange rates on the transaction date. Monetary assets and liabilities in foreign currencies are recorded in the entity’s functional currency based on the prevailing exchange rates at the end of each reporting period.

The financial statements of overseas subsidiaries and equity method investees are translated into Japanese yen by applying the exchange rates in effect at the end of each reporting period to all assets and liabilities. Income and expenses are translated at the average rates of exchange prevailing during the fiscal year. The currencies in which the operations of the overseas subsidiaries and equity method investees are conducted are regarded as the functional currencies of these companies. Foreign currency translation adjustments reflected in other comprehensive income (loss), net of applicable income taxes, arise from the translation of foreign currency financial statements into Japanese yen.

Revenue recognition

(d) Revenue recognition

The Company and its subsidiaries recognize revenues from only contracts with customers, such as sales of goods and real estate, and services income, revenues are recognized to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in the amounts that reflect the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Revenues are recognized net of discount, incentives and estimated sales returns. In case that the Company and its subsidiaries receive payment from customers before satisfying performance obligations, the amounts are recognized as contract liabilities. In transactions that involve third parties, if the Company and its subsidiaries control the goods or services before they are transferred to the customers, revenue is recognized on gross amount as the principal.

Excluding the aforementioned policy, the policies as specifically described hereinafter are applied for each of revenue items.

Finance Revenues—Finance revenues mainly include revenues from finance leases, installment loans, and financial guarantees.

(1) Revenues from finance leases

Lessor leases consist of leases for various equipment types, including office equipment, industrial machinery, transportation equipment and real estates. Net investment in leases includes sales-type leases and direct financing leases which are full-payout leases. Leases not qualifying as sales-type leases or direct financing leases are accounted for as operating leases. Interest income on net investment in leases is recognized over the life of each respective lease using the interest method. When lease payment is variable, it is accounted for as income in profit or loss in the period when the changes in facts and circumstances on which the variable payment is based occur. When providing leasing services, the Company and its subsidiaries simultaneously conduct supplementary businesses, such as handling taxes and paying insurance on leased assets on behalf of lessees. The repayment of lessor costs received from lessees are recognized in revenues from finance leases and those underlying costs are recognized in other (income) and expense. The estimated unguaranteed residual value represents estimated proceeds from the disposition of equipment at the time the lease is terminated. Estimates of residual values are determined based on market values of used equipment, estimates of when and the extent to which equipment will become obsolete and actual recovery being experienced for similar used equipment. Initial direct costs of sales-type leases and direct financing leases are being deferred and amortized as a yield adjustment over the life of the related lease by using interest method. The unamortized balance of initial direct costs of sales-type leases and direct financing leases is reflected as a component of net investment in leases.

(2) Revenues from installment loans

Interest income on installment loans is recognized on an accrual basis. Certain related direct loan origination costs, net of loan origination fees, are being deferred and amortized over the contractual term of the loan as an adjustment of the related loan’s yield using the interest method. Interest payments received on loans other than purchased loans are recorded as interest income unless the collection of the remaining investment is doubtful at which time payments received are recorded as reductions of principal. For purchased loans, although the acquired assets may remain loans in legal form, collections on these loans often do not reflect the normal historical experience of collecting delinquent accounts, and the need to tailor individual collateral-realization strategies often makes it difficult to reliably estimate the amount, timing, or nature of collections. Accordingly, the Company and its subsidiaries use the cost recovery method of income recognition for such purchased loans.

(3) Revenues from financial guarantees

At the inception of a guarantee, fair value for the guarantee is recognized as a liability in the consolidated balance sheets. The Company and its subsidiaries recognize revenue mainly over the term of guarantee by a systematic and rational amortization method as the Company and its subsidiaries are released from the risk of the obligation.

(4) Non-accrual policy

In common with all classes, for net investment in leases and installment loans, past-due financing receivables are receivables for which principal or interest is past-due 30 days or more. Loans whose terms have been modified are not classified as past-due financing receivables if the principals and interests are not past-due 30 days or more in accordance with the modified terms. The Company and its subsidiaries suspend accruing revenues on past-due installment loans and net investment in leases when principal or interest is past-due 90 days or more, or earlier, if management determines that their collections are doubtful based on factors such as individual debtors’ creditworthiness, historical loss experience, current delinquencies and delinquency trends. However, delinquencies during the relevant period of past-due financing receivables are out of the scope of the suspension of revenue recognition unless their collections are doubtful when the government issues a request for grace of repayment within a maximum of 6 months due to reasons that cannot be attributed to the obligor, such as a disaster, or when similar requests are made by public bodies. Accrued but uncollected interest is reclassified to net investment in leases or installment loans in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and becomes subject to the allowance for credit losses process. The Company and its subsidiaries return non-accrual loans and net investment in leases to accrual status when it becomes probable that the Company and its subsidiaries will be able to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of these loans and receivables, as evidenced by continual payments from the debtors. The period of such continual payments before returning to accrual status varies depending on factors that we consider are relevant in assessing the debtors’ creditworthiness, such as the debtors’ business characteristics and financial conditions as well as relevant economic conditions and trends.

Operating leases—Revenues from operating leases are recognized on a straight-line basis over the contract terms. When lease payment is variable, it is accounted for as income in profit or loss in the period when the changes in facts and circumstances on which the variable payment is based occur. In principle, any conditions changed from original lease agreement should be accounted for as a lease modification.

In providing leasing services, the Company and its subsidiaries simultaneously conduct supplementary businesses, such as handling taxes and paying insurance on leased assets on behalf of lessees. The compensations for those lessor costs received from lessees are recognized in operating lease revenues and those costs are recognized in costs of operating leases. Investment in operating leases is recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation, which was ¥936,001 million and ¥950,230 million as of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2024, respectively. In addition, operating lease assets are depreciated over their estimated useful lives mainly on a straight-line basis. Depreciation expenses are included in costs of operating leases. Gains or losses arising from dispositions of operating lease assets are included in operating lease revenues.

Estimates of residual values are based on market values of used equipment, estimates of when and the extent to which equipment will become obsolete and actual recovery being experienced for similar used equipment. Initial direct costs of operating leases are being deferred and amortized as a straight-line basis over the life of the related lease. The unamortized balance of initial direct costs is reflected as investment in operating leases.

Insurance and reinsurance transactions

(e) Insurance and reinsurance transactions

Premium income from life insurance policies, net of premiums on reinsurance ceded, is recognized as earned premiums when due.

Life insurance benefits are recorded as expenses when they are incurred. The policies are classified as long-duration contracts and mainly consist of whole life, term life, endowments, medical insurance and individual annuity insurance contracts. The calculation of liabilities for future policy benefits other than individual annuities is computed using the same contract groupings (also referred to as cohorts) by policy year, currency, payment method (full term payment or limited payment) and product category and the liabilities for future policy benefits are computed using the net level premium method based on expected future policy benefit payments. A liability is recorded for the present value of expected future policy insurance benefits to be paid and certain related costs, less the present value of expected future net premium to be earned, at the time the premium revenue recognized. For limited payment contracts, the excess of gross premiums received over net premium is recorded as a deferred profit liability.

The liabilities for future policy benefits are measured using assumptions such as mortality, morbidity, lapse, expense and discount rates. These assumptions are determined based on historical experience, industry data and other factors. Certain subsidiaries review and update future cash flow assumptions at least annually except for expense assumptions. Certain subsidiaries elected to lock in and not to update expense assumptions after expense assumptions are determined based on the most recent actual results at the time of contract issuance. The net premium ratios for calculating the liabilities for future policy benefits are also updated quarterly reflecting actual cash flows. Certain subsidiaries remeasure the liabilities for future policy benefits using the updated net premium ratios as of the beginning of the reporting period in which the assumptions are updated and record the change from the remeasurement as gains or losses in life insurance costs in the consolidated statements of income. For periods subsequent to the remeasurement, the Company and its subsidiaries calculate the liabilities for future policy benefits using updated net premium ratios. If net premiums exceed gross premiums, the liabilities for future policy benefits are increased and the excess is recognized immediately in earnings through life insurance costs in the consolidated statement of income.

The Company and its subsidiaries use a yield curve based on the yields on single-A rated fixed-income instruments as upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yields with durations similar to the liabilities for future policy benefits to determine discount rate assumptions. The yields on single-A rated fixed-income instruments are referenced in the index provided by a third-party pricing vendor. The discount rate assumptions are updated quarterly and are used for remeasurement of the liability at the reporting date. Changes in the liabilities for future policy benefits resulting from updates of discount rate assumptions are recognized in other comprehensive income (loss), net of applicable income tax. For periods beyond the observable period of the referenced index, the discount rate yield curve beyond the observable period of the referenced index is interpolated to the ultimate forward rate using the Smith-Wilson method.

The insurance contracts sold by certain subsidiaries include variable annuity, variable life and fixed annuity insurance contracts. Certain subsidiaries manage investment assets on behalf of variable annuity and variable life policyholders, which consist of equity securities and are included in investment in securities in the consolidated balance sheets. These investment assets are measured at fair value with realized and unrealized gains or losses recognized in life insurance premiums and related investment income in the consolidated statements of income. Certain subsidiaries elected the fair value option for the entire variable annuity and variable life insurance contracts with changes in the fair value recognized in life insurance costs.

Certain subsidiaries provide minimum guarantees to variable annuity and variable life policyholders under which it is exposed to the risk of compensating losses incurred by the policyholders to the extent contractually required. To mitigate the risk, a portion of the minimum guaranteed risk related to variable annuity and variable life insurance contracts is ceded to reinsurance companies and the remaining risk is economically hedged by entering into derivative contracts. The reinsurance contracts do not relieve certain subsidiaries from the obligation as the primary obligor to compensate certain losses incurred by the policyholders, and the default of the reinsurance companies may impose additional losses on certain subsidiaries. Certain subsidiaries have elected the fair value option for certain reinsurance contracts relating to variable annuity and variable life insurance contracts, which are included in other assets in the consolidated balance sheets.

Policy liabilities and policy account balances for fixed annuity insurance contracts are measured based on the single-premiums plus interest based on expected rate and fair value adjustments relating to the acquisition of certain subsidiaries, less withdrawals, expenses and other charges. The credited interest is recorded in life insurance costs in the consolidated statements of income.

Certain costs related directly to the successful acquisition of new or renewal insurance contracts are deferred. Deferred policy acquisition costs consist primarily of agent commissions, except for policy maintenance costs, and underwriting expenses. For amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs, insurance contracts are grouped by contract year, currency, payment method (full term payment or limited payment) and product category, using the same contract groupings for the calculation of the liabilities for future policy benefits.

Deferred policy acquisition costs are amortized at constant-level basis for each cohort over the expected term of the policies, and the amortization is recorded in life insurance costs in the consolidated statements of income.

For all cohorts, the number of policies in force for the amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs is projected using mortality and lapse rates estimated based on historical experience, industry data and other factors, which are consistent with those assumptions used for calculating the liabilities for future policy benefits. When mortality and lapse rates are updated, the effects on the amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs are derived by updating the projected number of policies in force and recognized prospectively over the expected term of the policies.

Allowance for credit losses

(f) Allowance for credit losses

The allowance for credit losses estimates credit losses expected to occur in the future over the remaining life of net investment in leases, financial assets measured at amortized cost, such as installment loans and other receivables, and is recognized based on management judgement. Expected prepayments are reflected in the remaining life. The allowance for credit losses is increased by provision charged to income and is decreased by charge-offs, net of recoveries mainly.

Developing the allowance for credit losses is subject to numerous estimates and judgments. In evaluating the appropriateness of the allowance, management considers various factors, including the business characteristics and financial conditions of the obligors, prior charge-off experience, current delinquencies and delinquency trends, value of underlying collateral and guarantees, current economic and business conditions and expected outlook in the future.

The Company and its subsidiaries estimate the allowance for credit losses by using various methods according to these estimates and judgments. When certain financial assets have similar risk characteristics to other financial assets, these financial assets are collectively evaluated as a pool. On the contrary, when financial assets do not have similar risk characteristics to other financial assets, the financial assets are evaluated individually. The Company and its subsidiaries select the most appropriate calculation method based on available information, such as the nature and related risk characteristics on financial assets, the prior charge-off experience and future forecast scenario with correlated economic indicators.

The Company and its subsidiaries charge off doubtful receivables when the likelihood of any future collection is believed to be minimal considering debtors’ creditworthiness and the liquidation status of collateral, etc.

In addition, if the entity has a present contractual obligation to extend the credit and the obligation is not unconditionally cancelable by the entity, credit losses related the loan commitments of card loans and installment loans and financial guarantees are in the scope of the allowance for credit losses. For the loan commitments of card loans and installment loans, credit losses are recognized on the loan commitments for the portion expected to be drawn. For financial guarantees, the allowance is recognized for the contingent obligation which generates credit risk exposures. These allowance for off-balance sheet credit exposures is measured using the same measurement objectives as the allowance for loans and net investment leases, considering quantitative and qualitative factors including historical loss experience, current economic and business conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The allowance for off-balance sheet credit exposure is accounted for in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

Impairment of long-lived assets

(g) Impairment of long-lived assets

The Company and its subsidiaries perform a recoverability test for long-lived assets to be held and used in operations, including tangible assets and intangible assets being depreciated or amortized, consisting primarily of office buildings, condominiums, aircraft, ships, mega solar facilities and other properties under facility operations, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicated that the assets might be impaired. The assets are considered not recoverable when the undiscounted future cash flows estimated to be generated by those assets are less than the carrying amount of those assets. The carrying amount of assets not recoverable is reduced to fair value if lower than the carrying amount. The Company and its subsidiaries determine the fair value using appraisals prepared by independent third party appraisers or our own staff of qualified appraisers, and others based on recent transactions involving sales of similar assets or other valuation techniques such as discounted cash flows methodologies using future cash flows estimated to be generated from operation of the existing assets or completion of development projects, as appropriate.

Investment in securities

(h) Investment in securities

Equity securities are generally reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in income. Equity securities without readily determinable fair values are recorded at fair value at its cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes under the election of the measurement alternative, except for investments which are valued at net asset value per share.

Equity securities elected to apply the measurement alternative are written down to its fair value with losses included in income if a qualitative assessment indicates that the investment is impaired and the fair value of the investment is less than its carrying value.

In addition, investments are recorded at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in income if certain subsidiaries elect the fair value option.

Trading debt securities are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in income.

Available-for-sale debt securities are reported at fair value, and unrealized gains or losses are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss), net of applicable income taxes, except for investments which are recorded at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in income by electing the fair value option.

For available-for-sale debt securities, if the fair value is less than the amortized cost, the debt securities are impaired. The Company and its subsidiaries identify per each impaired security whether the decline of fair value is due to credit losses component or non-credit losses component. Impairment related to credit losses is recognized in earnings through an allowance for credit losses. Impairment related to other factors than credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss), net of applicable income taxes. In estimating an allowance for credit losses, the Company and its subsidiaries consider that credit losses exist when the present value of estimated cash flows is less than the amortized cost basis. When the Company and its subsidiaries intend to sell the debt securities for which an allowance for credit losses is previously established or it is more likely than not that the Company and its subsidiaries will be required to sell the debt securities before recovery of the amortized cost basis, the allowance for credit losses is fully written off and the amortized cost is reduced to the fair value after recognizing additional impairment in earnings. In addition, the Company and its subsidiaries recognize in earnings the full difference between the amortized cost and the fair value of the debt securities by direct write-down, without any allowance for credit losses, if the debt securities are expected to be sold and the fair value is less than the amortized cost.

Held-to-maturity debt securities are recorded at amortized cost. Held-to-maturity debt securities are in the scope of ASC 326 (“Financial Instruments—Credit Losses”), see Note 2 “Significant Accounting and Reporting Policies (f) Allowance for credit losses.”

Income taxes

(i) Income taxes

The Company, in general, determines its provision for income taxes for the six months ended September 30, 2023 and 2024 by applying the estimated effective tax rate for the full fiscal year to the actual year-to-date income before income taxes. The estimated effective tax rate is determined by dividing the estimated provision for income taxes for the full fiscal year by the estimated income before income taxes for the full fiscal year.

At the fiscal year end, income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, and for tax loss carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rate is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company and its subsidiaries release to earnings stranded income tax effects in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) resulting from changes in tax laws or rates or changes in judgment about realization of a valuation allowance on a specific identification basis when the individual items are completely sold or terminated. A valuation allowance is recognized if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is “more likely than not” that some portion or all of the deferred tax asset will not be realized.

The effective income tax rates for the six months ended September 30, 2023 and 2024 were approximately 29.2% and 29.1%, respectively. For the six months ended September 30, 2023 and 2024, the Company and its subsidiaries in Japan were subject to a National Corporate tax of approximately 24%, an Inhabitant tax of approximately 4% and a deductible Enterprise tax of approximately 4%, which in the aggregate result in a statutory income tax rate of approximately 31.5%. The effective income tax rate is different from the statutory tax rate primarily because of certain nondeductible expenses for tax purposes, non-taxable income for tax purposes, changes in valuation allowance, the effect of lower tax rates on certain subsidiaries and the effect of investor taxes on earnings of subsidiaries. The Company and its certain subsidiaries have applied Japanese Group Relief System for National Corporation tax purposes.

The Company and its subsidiaries file tax returns in Japan and certain foreign tax jurisdictions and recognize the financial statement effects of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return when it is more likely than not, based on the technical merits, that the position will be sustained upon tax examination, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, and measure tax positions that meet the recognition threshold at the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely to be realized upon settlement with the taxing authority. The Company and its subsidiaries present an unrecognized tax benefit as either a reduction of a deferred tax asset or a liability, based on the intended method of settlement. The Company and its subsidiaries classify penalties and interest expense related to income taxes as part of provision for income taxes in the consolidated statements of income.

Securitized assets

(j) Securitized assets

The Company and its subsidiaries have securitized and sold to investors various financial assets such as lease receivables and loan receivables. In the securitization process, the assets to be securitized are sold to SPEs that issue asset-backed beneficial interests and securities to the investors.

SPEs used in securitization transactions are consolidated if the Company and its subsidiaries are the primary beneficiary of the SPEs, and the transfers of the financial assets to those consolidated SPEs are not accounted for as sales. Assets held by consolidated SPEs continue to be accounted for as lease receivables or loan receivables, as they were before the transfer, and asset-backed beneficial interests and securities issued to the investors are accounted for as debt. When the Company and its subsidiaries have transferred financial assets to a transferee that is not subject to consolidation, the Company and its subsidiaries account for the transfer as a sale if control over the transferred assets is surrendered.

The Company and certain subsidiaries originate and sell loans into the secondary market, while retaining the obligation to service those loans. In addition, a certain subsidiary undertakes obligations to service loans originated by others. The subsidiary recognizes servicing assets if it expects the benefit of servicing to more than adequately compensate it for performing the servicing or recognizes servicing liabilities if it expects the benefit of servicing to less than adequately compensate it. These servicing assets and liabilities are initially recognized at fair value and subsequently accounted for using the amortization method whereby the assets and liabilities are amortized in proportion to and over the period of estimated net servicing income or net servicing loss. On a quarterly basis, servicing assets and liabilities are evaluated for impairment or increased obligations. The fair value of servicing assets and liabilities is estimated using an internal valuation model, or by obtaining an opinion of value from an independent third-party vendor. Both methods are based on calculating the present value of estimated future net servicing cash flows, taking into consideration discount rates, prepayment rates and servicing costs. The internal valuation model is validated at least semiannually through third-party valuations.

Derivative financial instruments

(k) Derivative financial instruments

The Company and its subsidiaries recognize all derivatives on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value. The accounting treatment of subsequent changes in the fair value depends on their use, and whether they qualify as effective “hedges” for accounting purposes. Derivatives for the purpose of trading or economic hedge that are not qualified for hedge accounting are adjusted to fair value through the consolidated statements of income. If derivatives are qualified for hedge accounting, then depending on its nature, changes in its fair value will be either offset against changes in the fair value of hedged assets or liabilities through the consolidated statements of income, or recorded in other comprehensive income (loss), net of applicable income taxes.

If a derivative is held as a hedge of the variability of fair value related to a recognized asset or liability or an unrecognized firm commitment (“fair value” hedge), changes in the fair value of the derivative are recorded in earnings along with the changes in the fair value of the hedged item.

If a derivative is held as a hedge of the variability of cash flows related to a forecasted transaction or a recognized asset or liability (“cash flow” hedge), changes in the fair value of the derivative are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss), net of applicable income taxes, until earnings are affected by the variability in cash flows of the designated hedged item.

If a derivative is held as a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation, changes in the fair value of the derivative are recorded in the foreign currency translation adjustments account within other comprehensive income (loss), net of applicable income taxes.

The Company and its subsidiaries select either the amortization approach or the fair value approach, depending on the type of hedging activity, for the initial value of the component excluded from the assessment of effectiveness, and recognize it through the consolidated statements of income. When the amortization approach is adopted, the change in fair value is recognized in earnings using a systematic and rational method over the life of the hedging instrument and then any difference between the change in fair value and the amount recognized in earnings is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss), net of applicable income taxes. When the fair value approach is adopted, the change in the fair value is immediately recognized through the consolidated statements of income.

For all hedging relationships that are designated and qualified for hedge accounting, at the inception of the hedge, the Company and its subsidiaries formally document the details of the hedging relationship and the hedging activity. The Company and its subsidiaries formally assess, both at the hedge’s inception and on an ongoing basis, the effectiveness of the hedge relationship. The Company and its subsidiaries cease hedge accounting prospectively when the derivative no longer qualifies for hedge accounting.

Pension plans

(l) Pension plans

The Company and certain subsidiaries have contributory and non-contributory pension plans covering substantially all of their employees. Among the plans, the costs of defined benefit pension plans are accrued based on amounts determined using actuarial methods, with assumptions of discount rate, rate of increase in compensation level, expected long-term rate of return on plan assets and others.

The Company and its subsidiaries also recognize the funded status of pension plans, measured as the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the benefit obligation, on the consolidated balance sheets. Changes in that funded status are recognized in the year in which the changes occur through other comprehensive income (loss), net of applicable income taxes.

Stock-based compensation

(m) Stock-based compensation

In principle, the Company and its subsidiaries measure stock-based compensation expense as consideration for services provided by employees based on the fair value on the grant date. The costs are recognized over the requisite service period.

Cash and cash equivalents

(n) Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, deposits placed with banks and short-term highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less.

Installment loans

(o) Installment loans

Certain loans, for which the Company and its subsidiaries have the intent and ability to sell to outside parties in the foreseeable future, are considered held for sale and are carried at the lower of cost or market value determined on an individual basis, except loans held for sale for which the fair value option was elected. A subsidiary elected the fair value option on its loans held for sale. The subsidiary enters into forward sale agreements to offset the change in the fair value of loans held for sale, and the election of the fair value option allows the subsidiary to recognize both the change in the fair value of the loans and the change in the fair value of the forward sale agreements due to changes in interest rates in the same accounting period.

Loans held for sale are included in installment loans, and the outstanding balances of these loans as of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2024 were ¥137,179 million and ¥149,858 million, respectively. There were ¥129,959 million and ¥130,873 million of loans held for sale as of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2024, respectively, measured at fair value by electing the fair value option.

Property under facility operations

(p) Property under facility operations

Property under facility operations consist primarily of operating facilities (including hotels) and environmental assets (including mega solar facilities, wind power plants and coal-biomass co-fired power plants), which are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation, and depreciation is calculated mainly on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Accumulated depreciation was ¥205,320 million and ¥221,351 million as of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2024, respectively.

Inventories

(q) Inventories

Inventories consist primarily of residential condominiums under development, completed residential condominiums (including those waiting to be delivered to buyers under the contract for sale), and merchandise for sale. Residential condominiums under development are carried at cost less any impairment losses, and completed residential condominiums and merchandise for sale are stated at the lower of cost or fair value less cost to sell. The cost of inventories that are unique and not interchangeable is determined on the specific identification method and the cost of other inventories is principally determined on the average method. As of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2024, residential condominiums under development were ¥118,458 million and ¥126,919 million, respectively, and completed residential condominiums and merchandise for sale were ¥108,901 million and ¥89,991 million, respectively.

Office facilities

(r) Office facilities

Office facilities are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated on a declining-balance basis or straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Accumulated depreciation was ¥84,364 million and ¥84,267 million as of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2024, respectively.

Right-of-use assets

(s) Right-of-use assets

The Company and its subsidiaries record the Right-of-use assets (hereinafter, “ROU assets”) recognized from the lessee’s lease transaction as investment in operating leases, property under facility operations and office facilities. Lease liabilities are included in other liabilities.

ROU assets are consisted of the amount of the initial measurement of the lease liability and any lease payments made to the lessor at or before the commencement date and stated at cost less accumulated amortization. The initial measurement of the lease liability is at the present value of the lease payments not yet paid, discounted using the lessee’s incremental borrowing rate at lease commencement. ROU assets of finance leases are amortized mainly on a straight-line basis over the lease term. ROU assets of operating leases are amortized over the lease term by the fixed term operating cost minus the interest cost. Amortization of ROU assets of finance leases and operating leases expenses are included in costs of operating leases, services expense and selling, general and administrative expenses.

Other assets

(t) Other assets

Other assets consist primarily of goodwill and other intangible assets in acquisitions, reinsurance recoverables in relation to reinsurance contracts, deferred insurance policy acquisition costs which are amortized over the contract periods, leasehold deposits, advance payments made in relation to construction of real estate under operating leases and property under facility operations, prepaid benefit cost, prepaid expenses for property tax, maintenance fees and insurance premiums in relation to lease contracts, servicing assets, derivative assets, contract assets related to real estate contract works and deferred tax assets.

Business combinations

(u) Business combinations

The Company and its subsidiaries account for all business combinations using the acquisition method. Under the acquisition method, the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recognized and measured based on their fair values at the date control is obtained. The Company and its subsidiaries recognize intangible assets acquired in a business combination apart from goodwill if the intangible assets meet one of two criteria—either the contractual-legal criterion or the separately identifiable criterion. Goodwill is measured as an excess of the aggregate of consideration transferred and the fair value of noncontrolling interests over the net of the acquisition-date amounts of the identifiable assets acquired and the liabilities assumed in the business combination measured at fair value. The Company and its subsidiaries would recognize a bargain purchase gain when the amount of recognized net assets exceeds the sum of consideration transferred and the fair value of noncontrolling interests. In a business combination achieved in stages, the Company and its subsidiaries remeasure their previously held equity interest at their acquisition-date fair value and recognize the resulting gain or loss, if any, in earnings.

The measurement of the fair value of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination may require significant judgments, assumptions, and estimates. For intangible assets acquired in a business combination, when observable market values are not available, the Company and its subsidiaries measure fair value using valuation techniques such as the excess earnings method and the royalty exemption method, which use future sales growth rates, operating margins, discount rates, etc.

Goodwill and other intangible assets

(v) Goodwill and other intangible assets

The Company and its subsidiaries perform an impairment test for goodwill and any indefinite-lived intangible assets at least annually. Additionally, if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired, the Company and its subsidiaries test for impairment whenever such events or changes occur.

The Company and its subsidiaries have the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount before we perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test. The Company and its subsidiaries perform the qualitative assessment for some goodwill but bypass the qualitative assessment and proceed directly to the quantitative impairment test for other goodwill. For the goodwill for which the qualitative assessment is performed, if, after assessing the totality of events or circumstances, the Company and/or subsidiaries determine that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then the Company and/or subsidiaries do not perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. However, if the Company and/or subsidiaries conclude otherwise or determine to bypass the qualitative assessment, the Company and/or subsidiaries proceed to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. The quantitative goodwill impairment test calculates the fair value of the reporting unit and compares the fair value with the carrying amount of the reporting unit. If the fair value of the reporting unit falls below its carrying amount, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to the difference. The Company and its subsidiaries test the goodwill at the reporting unit which is either the same level as an operating segment level or one level below an operating segment.

The Company and its subsidiaries have the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that an indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired before we perform a quantitative impairment test. The Company and its subsidiaries perform the qualitative assessment for some indefinite-lived intangible assets but bypass the qualitative assessment and perform the quantitative impairment test for other indefinite-lived intangible assets. For those indefinite-lived intangible assets for which the qualitative assessment is performed, if, after assessing the totality of events and circumstances, the Company and/or subsidiaries conclude that it is not more likely than not that the indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired, then the Company and/or subsidiaries do not perform the quantitative impairment test. However, if the Company and/or subsidiaries conclude otherwise or determine to bypass the qualitative assessment, the Company and/or subsidiaries calculate the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset and perform the quantitative impairment test. We compare the fair value with the carrying amount of the indefinite-lived intangible asset. If the carrying amount of the indefinite-lived intangible asset exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess.

Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their useful lives and tested for impairment. The Company and its subsidiaries perform a recoverability test for the intangible assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the assets might be impaired. The intangible assets are considered not recoverable when the undiscounted future cash flows estimated to be generated by those assets are less than the carrying amount of those assets, and the net carrying amount of assets not recoverable is reduced to fair value if lower than the carrying amount and an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to the difference.

The amount of goodwill was ¥631,770 million and ¥627,690 million as of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2024, respectively.

The amount of other intangible assets was ¥532,950 million and ¥518,942 million as of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2024, respectively.

Other Liabilities

(w) Other Liabilities

Other liabilities include primarily lease liabilities recognized from the lessee’s lease transaction, accrued expenses related to interest and bonus, accrued benefit liability, advances received from lessees in relation to lease contracts, deposits received from real estate transaction, contract liabilities mainly related to automobile maintenance services and software services, and derivative liabilities and allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures.

Earnings per share

(x) Earnings per share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to ORIX Corporation shareholders by the weighted average number of shares of outstanding common stock in each period. Diluted earnings per share is calculated by reflecting the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts issuing common stock were exercised or converted into common stock.

Redeemable noncontrolling interests

(y) Redeemable noncontrolling interests

Noncontrolling interests in a certain subsidiary are redeemable interests which are subject to call and put rights upon certain equity holder events. As redemption of the noncontrolling interest is not solely in the control of the subsidiary, it is recorded between liabilities and equity on the consolidated balance sheets at its estimated redemption value.

New accounting pronouncements

(z) New accounting pronouncements

In March 2020, Accounting Standards Update 2020-04 (“Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting”—ASC 848 (“Reference Rate Reform”)) was issued, and related amendments were issued thereafter. These updates provide companies with optional expedients and exceptions to contract, hedging relationships and other transactions that reference London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. These updates are effective as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2024. The Company and its subsidiaries adopted certain optional expedients to relevant contract modifications and hedge accounting relationships from the three months ended December 31, 2021, mainly in order to ease the administrative burden of accounting for contract modifications that replace a reference rate impacted by reference rate reform. The adoption of these updates had no material impact on the Company and its subsidiaries’ results of operations or financial position. Also, we do not expect a material impact in future reporting periods.

In June 2022, Accounting Standards Update 2022-03 (“Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions”—ASC 820 (“Fair Value Measurement”)) was issued. This update clarifies that a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account of the equity security and, therefore, is not considered in measuring fair value of an equity security. This update also clarifies that an entity cannot, as a separate unit of account, recognize and measure a contractual sale restriction. This update also requires new disclosures for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions. The new disclosure shall include: (1) the fair value of equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions reflected in the balance sheet, (2) the nature and remaining duration of the restrictions, and (3) the circumstances that could cause a lapse in the restrictions. This update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. This update should be applied prospectively for fair value measurement and disclosures from the adoption of the amendments. The Company and its subsidiaries adopted this update on April 1, 2024. The adoption of this update had no material effect on the Company and its subsidiaries’ results of operations, financial position, or disclosures.

In March 2023, Accounting Standards Update 2023-01 (“Common Control Arrangements”) was issued as the amendments to ASC 842 (“Leases”). This update requires that leasehold improvements associated with common control leases are amortized by the lessee over the useful life of the leasehold improvements to the common control group (regardless of the lease term), as long as the lessee controls the use of the underlying asset (the leased asset) through a lease. And this update provides a practical expedient for private companies to determine whether a related party arrangement between entities under common control is a lease, or to determine the classification of and accounting for that lease when the arrangement is a lease. This update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company and its subsidiaries adopted this update on April 1, 2024 choosing the option to apply the amendments prospectively to leases that commence or are modified on or after the date that an entity first applies the amendments. The adoption of this update had no material impact on the Company and its subsidiaries’ results of operations or financial position.

In March 2023, Accounting Standards Update 2023-02 (“Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method”) was issued as the amendments to ASC 323 (“Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures”). This update expands the investments eligible to elect to apply the proportional amortization method to tax equity investments in similar tax credit programs other than the low-income housing tax credit (LIHTC). Disclosures are required on an interim and annual basis for tax equity investments in tax credit programs for which the proportional amortization method (including investments within that elected program that do not meet the conditions to apply the proportional amortization method) is elected. This update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company and its subsidiaries adopted this update on April 1, 2024 on a modified retrospective transition method, resulting in a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the fiscal year of adoption. The effects of adopting this update on the Company and its subsidiaries’ financial position at the adoption date were a decrease of ¥157 million in other assets and a decrease of ¥157 million in retained earnings in the consolidated balance sheets. The adoption of this update did not have any material effect on the Company and its subsidiaries’ disclosures.

In August 2023, Accounting Standards Update 2023-05 (“Recognition and Initial Measurement”—Subtopic 805-60 (“Business Combinations—Joint Venture Formations”) was issued. This update clarifies the basis of accounting for joint ventures upon formation and requires a joint venture to recognize and initially measure its assets and liabilities at fair value on its formation date. This update also requires joint ventures to make disclosures related to their formation. This update does not amend the definition of a joint venture or the accounting by an equity method investor for its investment in a joint venture. This update is effective prospectively for all joint venture formations with a formation date on or after January 1, 2025. Early adoption is permitted. The Company and its subsidiaries will adopt this update on January 1, 2025. The Company and its subsidiaries are currently evaluating the effect that the adoption of this update will have on the Company and its subsidiaries’ results of operations or financial position.

In November 2023, Accounting Standards Update 2023-07 (“Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures”) was issued. This update requires improved disclosures for reportable segments, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. This update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The Company and its subsidiaries will adopt this update on April 1, 2024 for the fiscal year and on April 1, 2025 for the interim periods. Since this update relates to disclosure requirements, the adoption will not have an effect on the Company and its subsidiaries’ results of operations or financial position.

In December 2023, Accounting Standards Update 2023-08 (“Accounting for and Disclosure of Crypto Assets”—Subtopic 350-60 (“Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Crypto Assets”)) was issued. This update requires that crypto assets within the scope of this Subtopic generally be remeasured at fair value at the end of the reporting period and that changes in carrying amount due to remeasurement be recognized in the income statement. It also requires new disclosures about crypto assets within the scope of this Subtopic. This update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company and its subsidiaries will adopt this update on April 1, 2025. The Company and its subsidiaries are currently evaluating the effect that the adoption of this update will have on the Company and its subsidiaries’ results of operations or financial position, as well as changes in disclosures required by this update.

In December 2023, Accounting Standards Update 2023-09 (“Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures”—ASC740 (“Income Taxes”)) was issued. This update requires annual disclosure of income taxes. It requires disclosure of specific categories in the rate reconciliation and separate disclosure and additional information for reconciliation items that are equal to or greater than 5% of the amount computed by multiplying pretax income (or loss) by applicable statutory income tax rate. It also requires disclosure of the amount of income taxes paid for each national, local and foreign tax. Additionally, it requires separate disclosure of the amount of income taxes paid disaggregated by each tax jurisdiction in which income taxes paid is equal to or greater than 5% of the total income taxes paid. This update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The Company and its subsidiaries will adopt this update that require the annual disclosure on April 1, 2025. The Company and its subsidiaries are currently evaluating the effect that the adoption of this update will have on the Company and its subsidiaries’ changes in disclosures required by this update.

In March 2024, Accounting Standards Update 2024-01 (“Scope Application of Profits Interest and Similar Awards”—ASC 718 (“Compensation—Stock Compensation”)) was issued. This update clarifies how an entity should apply the scope guidance to determine whether profits interest and similar awards (“profits interests awards” from hereafter) should be accounted for in accordance with ASC 718 (“Compensation—Stock Compensation”). This update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. This update will either be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements or prospectively to profits interest and similar awards granted or modified on or after the date at which the entity first applies the amendments. The Company and its subsidiaries expect to adopt this update on April 1, 2025. The Company and its subsidiaries are currently evaluating the effect that the adoption of this update will have on the Company and its subsidiaries’ results of operations or financial position, as well as changes in disclosures required by this update.