Employee Benefit Plans

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Retirement Benefits [Abstract]

Employee Benefit Plans

10. Employee Benefit Plans:

Many of our defined benefit pension and profit sharing plans have been frozen and replaced with defined contribution plans. We have a liability for the benefits earned under these inactive plans prior to the date the benefits were frozen. We also have several active defined benefit plans that provide benefits based on years of service. Our defined contribution plans generally include both company and employee contributions which are based on predetermined percentages of compensation earned by the employee.

In addition to freezing the benefits of our defined benefit pension plans, we have also eliminated nearly all of our post-retirement medical benefits.

Defined Contribution Plans

We recorded the following contributions to our defined contribution plans (in millions):

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
Contributions to defined contribution plans	$	26.9	$	22.5	$	22.7

Pension and Post-retirement Benefit Plans

Benefit Obligations, Fair Value of Plan Assets, Funded Status, and Balance Sheet Position

The following tables set forth amounts recognized in our financial statements and the plans’ funded status for our pension and post-retirement benefit plans (dollars in millions):

	Pension Benefits
	2024		2023
Accumulated benefit obligation	$	161.4	$	176.9
Changes in projected benefit obligation:
Benefit obligation at beginning of year	$	179.1	$	174.3
Service cost	1.5		2.1
Interest cost	8.5		8.9
Actuarial loss (gain)	(9.9)		4.5
Effect of exchange rates	(0.9)		1.1
Adjustment upon sale of businesses	(1.2)		(4.8)
Settlements	(9.5)		(0.5)
Benefits paid	(5.5)		(6.5)
Benefit obligation at end of year	$	162.1	$	179.1
Changes in plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year	$	156.5	$	131.1
Actual return on plan assets	(4.9)		16.4
Employer contributions	9.3		15.0
Effect of exchange rates	(0.9)		1.0
Plan settlements	(9.5)		(0.5)
Benefits paid	(5.5)		(6.5)
Fair value of plan assets at end of year	145.0		156.5
Funded status / net amount recognized	$	(17.1)	$	(22.6)
Net amount recognized consists of:
Non-current assets	$	8.2	$	11.1
Current liability	(6.4)		(11.2)
Non-current liability	(18.9)		(22.5)
Net amount recognized	$	(17.1)	$	(22.6)

Plans with Benefit Obligations in Excess of Plan Assets

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2024		2023
Pension plans with a benefit obligation in excess of plan assets:
Projected benefit obligation	$	25.3	$	38.9
Accumulated benefit obligation	24.6		36.9
Fair value of plan assets	—		—

Net Periodic Benefit Cost

Our U.S.-based pension plans comprised approximately 88% of the projected benefit obligation and 85% of plan assets as of December 31, 2024.

	Pension Benefits
	2024		2023		2022
Components of net periodic benefit cost as of December 31:
Service cost	$	1.5	$	2.1	$	3.8
Interest cost	8.5		8.9		6.2
Expected return on plan assets	(7.6)		(9.4)		(9.1)
Amortization of prior service costs	0.1		0.1		0.1
Recognized actuarial loss	1.1		1.1		5.3
Settlements	0.4		0.8		(0.2)
Other	—		(0.4)		(0.1)
Net periodic benefit cost	$	4.0	$	3.2	$	6.0

Amounts recognized in AOCL and Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The following table sets forth amounts recognized in AOCL and Other comprehensive income (loss) in our financial statements for 2024 and 2023 (in millions):

	Pension Benefits
	2024		2023
Amounts recognized in AOCL:
Prior service costs	$	(0.2)	$	(0.3)
Pension adjustments upon sale of businesses	—		(1.8)
Actuarial loss	(54.7)		(52.6)
Subtotal	(54.9)		(54.7)
Deferred taxes	13.5		14.7
Net amount recognized	$	(41.4)	$	(40.0)
Changes recognized in other comprehensive income (loss):
Current year actuarial gain	2.5		(1.8)
Effect of exchange rates	(0.5)		0.4
Amortization of prior service costs	(0.1)		(0.1)
Amortization of actuarial loss, including settlements and other	(1.5)		(1.5)
Total recognized in other comprehensive income (loss)	$	0.5	$	(3.0)
Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost and other comprehensive income	$	4.5	$	0.2

The estimated prior service costs and actuarial losses for pension benefits that will be amortized from AOCL in 2025 are $0.1 million and $1.4 million, respectively.

Assumptions

The following tables set forth the weighted-average assumptions used to determine Benefit obligations and Net periodic benefit cost for the U.S.-based plans in 2024 and 2023:

	Pension Benefits
	2024		2023
Weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations as of December 31:
Discount rate	5.68	%	5.23	%
Rate of compensation increase	3.95	%	4.02	%

	Pension Benefits
	2024		2023		2022
Weighted-average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost for the years ended December 31:
Discount rate - service cost	5.23	%	5.39	%	2.53	%
Discount rate - interest cost	5.15	%	5.38	%	2.48	%
Expected long-term return on plan assets	4.50	%	6.50	%	6.50	%
Rate of compensation increase	4.02	%	4.02	%	4.13	%

The following tables set forth the weighted-average assumptions used to determine Benefit obligations and Net periodic benefit cost for the non-U.S.-based plans in 2024 and 2023:

	Pension Benefits
	2024		2023
Weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations as of December 31:
Discount rate	5.16	%	4.30	%
Rate of compensation increase	3.75	%	3.07	%

	Pension Benefits
	2024		2023		2022
Weighted-average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost for the years ended December 31:
Discount rate - service cost	—	%	3.75	%	0.86	%
Discount rate - interest cost	4.62	%	4.79	%	2.07	%
Expected long-term return on plan assets	4.53	%	4.94	%	2.75	%
Rate of compensation increase	3.07	%	3.11	%	3.14	%

To develop the expected long-term rate of return on assets assumption for the U.S. plans, we considered the historical returns for each asset category, as well as the target asset allocation of the pension portfolio and the effect of periodic balancing. These results were adjusted for the payment of reasonable expenses of the plan from plan assets. This resulted in the selection of the 4.50% long-term rate of return on assets assumption. A similar process was followed for the non-U.S.-based plans.

To select a discount rate for the purpose of valuing the plan obligations for the U.S. plans, we performed an analysis in which the projected cash flows from defined benefit and retiree healthcare plans was matched with a yield curve based on the appropriate universe of high-quality corporate bonds that were available. We used the results of the yield curve analysis to select the discount rate for each plan. The analysis was completed separately for each U.S. pension and other post-employment benefits (“OPEB”) plan. A similar process was followed for the non-U.S.-based plans with sufficient corporate bond information. In other countries, the discount rate was selected based on the approximate duration of plan obligations.

Assumed health care cost trend rates have an effect on the amounts reported for our healthcare plan. The following table sets forth the healthcare trend rate assumptions used:

	2024		2023
Assumed health care cost trend rates as of December 31:
Health care cost trend rate assumed for next year	7.50	%	6.50	%
Rate to which the cost rate is assumed to decline (the ultimate trend rate)	4.50	%	5.00	%
Year that the rate reaches the ultimate trend rate	2037		2030

Expected future benefit payments are shown in the table below (in millions):

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2025		2026		2027		2028		2029		2030-2034
Pension benefits	$	12.3	$	8.0	$	16.3	$	10.9	$	12.8	$	51.4

Composition of Pension Plan Assets

In the fourth quarter of 2023, based on the strong funded status of our U.S. pension plan, we opted to make a $12.2 million voluntary contribution to the plan to increase the funded status and fully fund the plan. With the U.S. pension plan fully funded, the asset allocation was changed from a blend of 50% equities and 50% fixed income to 100% fixed income in order to align changes in asset values with changes in liabilities, therefore reducing funded status volatility, which effectively placed the plan in hibernation status. As a result, we reduced the expected long-term rate of return for our U.S. pension plan assets to 4.5%. Our U.S. pension plan represents 85%, our Canadian pension plan 7%, and our United Kingdom (“U.K.”) pension plan 8% of the total fair value of our plan assets as of December 31, 2024.

Our U.S. pension plans’ weighted-average asset allocations as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, by asset category, were as follows:

	Plan Assets as of December 31,
Asset Category:	2024		2023
U.S. equity	—	%	—	%
International equity	—	%	—	%
Fixed income	100.0	%	100.0	%
Money market/cash	—	%	—	%
Total	100.0	%	100.0	%

Our U.S. pension plans’ assets were invested according to the following targets:

Asset Category:	Target
U.S. equity	—	%
International equity	—	%
Fixed income	100.0	%

Similarly, in 2023, based on the strong funded status of our Canadian pension plans, the asset allocation was adjusted as well, with the Salaried plan moving from 75% fixed income and 25% equity to 100% fixed income, and the Hourly plan moving from 75% fixed income and 25% equity to 90% fixed income and 10% equity. As with the U.S. pension plan, this change in asset allocation will greatly reduce funded status volatility.

Our U.K. pension plan was invested in fixed income securities, including corporate and government bonds.

The fair values of our pension plan assets, by asset category, were as follows (in millions):

	Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2024
	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Total
Asset Category:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	0.1	$	—	$	—	$	0.1
Commingled pools / Collective trusts:
Fixed income (1)	—		122.7		—		122.7
Balanced pension trust: (2)
International equity	—		4.7		—		4.7
Fixed income	—		5.0		—		5.0
Pension fund:
Fixed income (3)	—		12.5		—		12.5
Total	$	0.1	$	144.9	$	—	$	145.0

	Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2023
	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Total
Asset Category:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	0.1	$	—	$	—	$	0.1
Commingled pools / Collective trusts:
Fixed income (1)	—		130.8		—		130.8
Balanced pension trust: (2)
International equity	—		0.5		—		0.5
Fixed income	—		11.1		—		11.1
Pension fund:
Fixed income (3)	—		14.0		—		14.0
Total	$	0.1	$	156.4	$	—	$	156.5

(1)	This category includes investments in U.S. investment grade and high yield fixed income securities, international fixed income securities and emerging markets fixed income securities.
(2)	The investment objectives of the plan are to provide long-term capital growth and income by investing primarily in a well-diversified, balanced portfolio of Canadian common stocks, bonds and money market securities. The plan also holds a portion of its assets in international equities, a portion of which may be invested in U.S. securities.
(3)	This category includes investments in U.K. government index-linked securities (index-linked gilts) that have maturity periods of 5 years or longer with a derivatives overlay and investment grade corporate bonds denominated in sterling. The plan also holds a portion of its assets in international instruments, a portion of which may be invested in U.S. securities.

Additional information about assets measured at Net Asset Value (“NAV”) per share (in millions):

	As of December 31, 2024
	Fair Value		Redemption Frequency (if currently eligible)	Redemption Notice Period
Asset Category:
Commingled pools / Collective trusts:
Fixed income (1)	122.7		Daily	5 days
Balanced pension trust: (2)
International equity	4.7		Daily	3-5 days
Fixed income	5.0		Daily	3-5 days
Pension fund:
Fixed income (3)	12.5		Daily	1-3 days
Total	$	144.9

	As of December 31, 2023
	Fair Value		Redemption Frequency (if currently eligible)	Redemption Notice Period
Asset Category:
Commingled pools / Collective trusts:
Fixed income (1)	130.8		Daily	5 days
Balanced pension trust: (2)
International equity	0.5		Daily	3-5 days
Fixed income	11.1		Daily	3-5 days
Pension fund:
Fixed income (3)	14.0		Daily	1-3 days
Total	$	156.4

(1)	This category includes investments in U.S. investment grade and high yield fixed income securities, international fixed income securities and emerging markets fixed income securities.
(2)	The investment objectives of the plan are to provide long-term capital growth and income by investing primarily in a well-diversified, balanced portfolio of Canadian common stocks, bonds and money market securities. The plan also holds a portion of its assets in international equities, a portion of which may be invested in U.S. securities.
(3)	This category includes investments in U.K. government index-linked securities (index-linked gilts) that have maturity periods of 5 years or longer with a derivatives overlay and investment grade corporate bonds denominated in sterling. The plan also holds a portion of its assets in international instruments, a portion of which may be invested in U.S. securities.

The majority of our commingled pool/collective trusts, mutual funds, balanced pension trusts and pension funds are managed by professional investment advisors. The NAVs per share are furnished in monthly and/or quarterly statements received from the investment advisors and reflect valuations based upon their pricing policies. We assessed the fair value classification of these investments as Level 2 for commingled pool/collective trusts, balanced pension trusts and pension funds based on an examination of their pricing policies and the related controls and procedures. The fair values we report are based on the pool, trust or fund’s NAV per share. The NAVs per share are calculated periodically (daily or no less than one time per month) as the aggregate value of each pool or trust’s underlying assets divided by the number of units owned. See Note 16 for information about our fair value hierarchies and valuation techniques.