Income Taxes

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2025

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

In the third quarter of 2025, we implemented the relevant provisions of the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”), enacted on July 4, 2025. As a result, we recognized a reduction in our R&D tax credit and we have accelerated the expense recognition of certain previously capitalized R&D costs.

Effective Tax Rate

The overall effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2025 was 113.9%, significantly higher than the federal statutory rate due to lower pre-tax book income in the current period, magnifying the relative impact of permanent and discrete items. A major driver of the increase in rate was the enactment of the OBBBA in the quarter, which resulted in a reduction in our R&D tax credit. The effective tax rate was favorably impacted by a $15.4 million net tax benefit related to stock-based compensation for stock awards that vested during the three months ended September 30, 2025.

By comparison, our overall effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2024 was 15.8%. This rate differed from the federal statutory rate due to the net favorable impacts of stock-based compensation and R&D tax credits. The effective tax rate was favorably impacted by a $5.6 million net tax benefit related to stock-based compensation for stock awards that vested during the three months ended September 30, 2024.

Our overall effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was (43.1)%. This rate differs from the federal statutory rate due to the net favorable impacts of stock-based compensation and R&D tax credits, partially offset by an increase in uncertain tax positions. The effective tax rate was favorably impacted by a $84.2 million net tax benefit related to stock-based compensation for stock awards that vested during the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

By comparison, our overall effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was 18.6%. This rate differed from the federal statutory rate due to the net favorable impact of stock-based compensation, R&D tax credits, and a net gain related to an investment transaction not recognized for tax purposes. The effective tax rate was favorably impacted by a $13.0 million net tax benefit related to stock-based compensation for stock awards that vested during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Deferred Tax Assets

The change in deferred tax balances from $301.9 million as of December 31, 2024 to $342.7 million as of September 30, 2025, was primarily driven by a reduction and realization of previous unrealized mark-to-market gains, increase in stock-based-compensation expense not deductible until vest; partially offset by the reversal of certain deferred tax assets through additional paid-in-capital, associated with the partial repurchase of our 2027 Notes.