Income Taxes

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

We file income tax returns for federal purposes and in most states, as well as in multiple foreign jurisdictions. Our tax filings remain subject to examination by applicable tax authorities for a certain length of time, generally three to four years, but can be up to ten years in some jurisdictions following the tax year to which these filings relate.

Deferred Tax Assets

Net deferred income tax assets at September 30, 2024, primarily include R&D capitalization net of amortization, deferred revenue, convertible debt net of amortization, accruals and reserves, and stock-based compensation expense, partially offset by accelerated depreciation expense, amortization of intangibles, unrealized gains on certain investments, and valuation allowance reserves. Our total net deferred tax assets at September 30, 2024 were $244.3 million.

In preparing our condensed consolidated financial statements, management assesses the likelihood that its deferred tax assets will be realized from future taxable income. In evaluating our ability to recover our deferred income tax assets, management considers all available positive and negative evidence, including our operating results, ongoing tax planning and forecasts of future taxable income on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis. A valuation allowance is established if it is determined that it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the net deferred tax assets will not be realized. Management exercises significant judgment in determining our provisions for income taxes, our deferred tax assets and liabilities, and our future taxable income for purposes of assessing our ability to utilize any future tax benefit from our deferred tax assets.

As of September 30, 2024, management continues to believe the positive evidence from projected future earnings outweighs the negative evidence and a valuation allowance is only needed on specific deferred tax assets. We have concluded that a valuation allowance is necessary against unrealized investment losses as well as transaction costs incurred in connection with certain investments. Additionally, we have Arizona R&D tax credits expiring unutilized each year; therefore, management has concluded that it is more likely than not that our Arizona R&D deferred tax asset will not be realized, and a valuation allowance has been recorded against this net asset.

In Australia, we have determined that sufficient deferred tax liabilities will reverse in order to realize all assets except one long-lived intangible where there is not an expectation that the asset may be realized. Therefore, we continue to recognize a partial valuation allowance for Australia.

We complete R&D tax credit studies for each year that an R&D tax credit is claimed for federal and state income tax purposes. Management has made the determination that it is more likely than not that the full benefit of the R&D tax credit will not be sustained on examination and recorded a liability for unrecognized tax benefits of $27.4 million as of September 30, 2024. Should the unrecognized benefit of $27.4 million be recognized, our effective tax rate would be favorably impacted. Approximately $6.8 million of the unrecognized tax benefit, net of federal benefit, associated with R&D credits has been netted against the R&D deferred tax asset.

Effective Tax Rate

Our overall effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, after discrete period adjustments, was 18.6%. Before discrete adjustments, the estimated annual effective tax rate was 23.3%, which differs from the federal statutory rate due to the impact of state taxes net of federal benefit and executive compensation limitation under IRC Section 162(m) on projected pre-tax income for the year, partially offset by R&D tax credits and a net gain related to an investment transaction not recognized for tax. The effective tax rate was favorably impacted by a net $13.0 million discrete tax benefit associated with net windfalls related to stock-based compensation for RSUs and PSUs that vested, in addition to non-qualified stock options that were exercised during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.