The following table summarizes restructuring reserve activity for the period indicated (in millions):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023
Accrued liability, beginning of period	$	102	$	—
Charges	—		141
Payments	(84)		(39)
Adjustments	(8)		—
Accrued liability, end of period	$	10	$	102

During the first quarter of 2023, management approved plans to drive operational improvement that included the reduction of workforce. The reduction was substantially completed in the first quarter of 2023 and resulted in a pre-tax charge of $42 million.

During the fourth quarter of 2023, management approved plans to drive operational improvement that included the reduction of workforce that resulted in a pre-tax charge of $99 million. The reduction was substantially completed in the second quarter of 2024.

The restructuring charges incurred in 2024, 2023 and 2022 are included in “General and administrative” expenses in the consolidated statement of income.