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Restructuring
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2019
Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]  
Restructuring Restructuring

The following table summarizes restructuring reserve activity during 2019 (in millions):

 
Employee Severance and Benefits
Accrued liability as of January 1, 2019
$
8

Charges
77

Payments
(49
)
Accrued liability as of December 31, 2019
$
36



During the first quarter of 2019, management approved a plan to drive operational improvement that included the reduction of workforce, primarily in our Marketplace segment. The reduction was substantially completed in the first quarter of 2019 and resulted in pre-tax restructuring charges of approximately $41 million. During the fourth quarter of 2019, management approved a plan to drive operational improvement that included the reduction of workforce, primarily in our Marketplace segment. We incurred a pre-tax charge of $36 million, which was primarily related to employee severance and benefits.

In June 2018, management approved a plan to implement a strategic reduction of our existing global workforce, primarily in our Marketplace segment. The reduction was substantially completed in the second quarter of 2018 and resulted in pre-tax restructuring charges of approximately $86 million.

No restructuring charges were recognized in 2017.

The restructuring charges incurred in 2019 and 2018 were aggregated in general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statement of income.