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SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Policies)
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2019
SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES  
Accounting Guidance Not Yet Adopted
Accounting Guidance Not Yet Adopted

In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued guidance, ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which changed the accounting for credit losses for certain instruments, including trade receivables, from an incurred loss method to a current expected loss method.  The measurement of expected credit losses is based on relevant information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts.  The guidance, and subsequent guidance related to the topic, is effective for our annual and interim periods beginning in 2023, and must be adopted on a modified retrospective approach through cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of January 1, 2023.  Based on the nature of our current receivables and our credit loss history, we do not expect the adoption of the guidance to have a significant impact on our results of operations, financial position, and cash flows.
Recently Adopted Accounting Guidance
Recently Adopted Accounting Guidance

In February 2016, the FASB issued guidance which changed the accounting for leases, ASU 2016-02, Leases.  Under prior GAAP, the recognition, measurement and presentation of expenses and cash flows arising from a lease depended primarily on the lease’s classification as a finance or operating lease.  For both types of leases, we recognized a right-of-use asset and a lease liability.  For finance leases, we recognized amortization of the right-of-use asset separately from interest expense on the lease liability.  On January 1, 2019, we adopted the guidance, and subsequent guidance related to the topic in ASU 2018-11, using the modified retrospective method.  Upon completing our implementation assessment of the guidance, we concluded that no adjustment was required to our retained earnings as of January 1, 2019.  We elected the package of practical expedients in transition for leases that commenced prior to January 1, 2019, and therefore did not reassess (i) whether any expired or existing contracts are, or contain, leases, (ii) the lease classification for any expired or existing leases, and (iii) initial direct costs for any existing leases.  We did not elect to use hindsight for transition when considering judgments and estimates such as assessments of lease options to extend, or terminate, a lease, or to purchase the underlying asset.  We have no land easements.  For all asset classes, we elected to (i) not recognize a right-of-use asset and lease liability for leases with a term of 12 months or less and (ii) not separate nonlease components from lease components, and we have accounted for combined lease and nonlease components as a single lease component.  As of January 1, 2019, we recorded operating lease right-of-use assets of $3.0 million and operating lease liabilities of $3.3 million, with the difference being a reduction to existing liabilities.  The comparative information has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods, other than finance leases, which are now separately classified and are no longer classified as long-term debt.  Additional disclosures required by the guidance are presented within the “Leases” policy disclosure below and Note 11.

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-07, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting.  The guidance was issued to simplify the accounting for share-based transactions by expanding the scope of Topic 718 from only being applicable to share-based payments to employees to also include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from nonemployees.  As a result, nonemployee share-based transactions are measured by estimating the fair value of the equity instruments at the grant date, taking into consideration the probability of satisfying performance conditions. We adopted ASU 2018-07 on January 1, 2019.  The guidance did not change the way we recognize expense for director awards.  Adoption of the standard only impacted the recognition of expense, on a prospective basis, for one vendor’s awards which were subject to performance conditions.  Adoption of the guidance did not have a material impact on our financial statements for the three or nine months ended September 30, 2019.  Additional disclosures required by the guidance are presented within the “Share-Based Compensation” policy disclosure below.
Reclassifications
Reclassifications

Certain reclassifications have been made to amounts reported for the prior period to achieve consistent presentation with the current period with no impact on previously reported shareholders’ equity or net loss.
Leases
Leases – The following summarizes our leases accounting policy effective January 1, 2019:

We lease certain buildings, land and corporate office space under operating leases with monthly or annual rent payments.  We lease certain machinery and equipment under finance leases with monthly rent payments.  We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception.  Operating lease assets are presented as operating lease right-of-use assets and the related liabilities are presented as operating lease liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets.  Finance lease assets are included in property and equipment, net, and the related liabilities are included as finance lease liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets.

We recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term, beginning at the commencement date, for leases exceeding a year.  Minimum lease payments include the fixed lease components of the lease and any variable rate payments that depend on an index, initially measured using the index at the lease commencement date.  Lease terms may include options to renew when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option.  We combine lease and nonlease components and account for them as a single lease component.  Certain leases contain rent escalation clauses, rent holidays, capital improvement funding or other lease concessions.

In determining our right-of-use assets and lease liabilities, we apply a discount rate to the minimum lease payments within each lease.  When we cannot readily determine the discount rate implicit in a lease, we utilize our incremental borrowing rate, the rate of interest that we would incur to borrow, on a collateralized basis over a similar term, an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment.  To estimate the incremental borrowing rate we reference a market yield curve consistent with our credit quality.

We recognize operating lease expense related to the minimum lease payments on a straight-line basis over the lease term.  For finance leases, we recognize amortization expense related to the minimum lease payments on a straight-line basis over the lease term while interest expense is recognized using the effective interest method.  Expense related to variable lease payments that do not depend on a rate or index and short-term rentals, on leases with terms less than a year, are expensed as incurred.
Share-Based Compensation
Share-Based Compensation – The following summarizes our share-based compensation accounting policy effective January 1, 2019:

Share-based compensation expense for stock options granted to employees is calculated at the grant date using the Black-Scholes-Merton valuation model based on awards ultimately expected to vest and expensed on a straight-line basis over the service period of the grant.   We recognize forfeitures as they occur.  The Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model requires us to estimate key assumptions such as expected life, volatility, risk-free interest rates and dividend yield to determine the fair value of share-based awards, based on both historical information and management’s judgment regarding market factors and trends.  We will use alternative valuation models if grants have characteristics that cannot be reasonably estimated using the Black-Scholes-Merton model.

For awards of nonvested stock, share-based compensation is measured based on the fair value of the award on the date of grant and the corresponding expense is recognized over the period during which an employee is required to provide service in exchange for the reward.  Compensation expense related to service-based awards are recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award.

For restricted stock units with market conditions, share-based compensation is measured based on the fair value of the award on the date of grant using a binomial simulation model and expense is recognized over the derived service period determined by the simulation.  The binomial simulation model requires us to estimate key assumptions such as stock volatility, risk-free interest rates and dividend yields based on both historical information and management’s judgment regarding market factors and trends.

Share-based compensation for awards to nonemployees is calculated as of the grant date, taking into consideration the probability of satisfaction of performance conditions, in a manner consistent with awards to employees.  The expense associated with share-based awards for service is recognized over the term of service.  In the event services are terminated early or we require no specific future performance, the entire amount is expensed.  The expense associated with share-based awards made in exchange for goods is generally attributed to expense in the same manner as if the vendor had been paid in cash.