Note 7.

Income Taxes

Loss before income taxes for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2015 was subject to taxation under United States jurisdictions only. The provision for income taxes consists of the following (in thousands):

	2015			2014
Current:
Federal	$	(3	)	$	(2	)
State		62			75
		59			73
Deferred:
Federal		-			-
State		-			-
		-			-
	$	59		$	73

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2015 and 2014 are as follows (in thousands):

	2015			2014
Deferred tax assets:
Accounts receivable, allowance for doubtful accounts	$	81		$	63
Reserves not deductible until paid		289			269
Net operating loss carryforwards
Federal		2,654			2,252
State		768			726
Federal tax credit		338			340
Capital loss carryforward		-			10
Other		11			11
Gross deferred tax assets		4,141			3,671
Less valuation allowance		(1,651	)		(1,418	)
Deferred tax assets net of valuation allowance	$	2,490		$	2,253

Deferred tax liabilities:
Property and equipment	$	(2,307	)	$	(2,188	)
Other		(175	)		(57	)
Gross deferred tax liabilities	$	(2,482	)	$	(2,245	)
Net deferred tax asset	$	8		$	8

The $2,482,000 of deferred tax liabilities will reverse in the same period and jurisdiction and is of the same character as the temporary differences giving rise to the $2,490,000 of deferred tax assets. Avalon has not provided a valuation allowance on the amount of deferred tax assets that it estimates will be utilized as a result of these reviews. If future taxable income is less than the amount that has been assumed in assessing the recoverability of the deferred tax assets, then an increase in the valuation allowance will be required, with a corresponding increase to income tax expense. Likewise, should Avalon ascertain in the future that it is more likely than not that deferred tax assets will be realized in excess of the net deferred tax assets, all or a portion of the $1,651,000 valuation allowance as of December 31, 2015, would be reversed as a benefit to the provision for income taxes in the period such determination was made.

The provision for income taxes differs from the amount of income tax determined by applying the applicable U.S. statutory federal income tax rate to income (loss) before income taxes as a result of the following differences (in thousands):

	2015			2014
Loss before income taxes	$	(1,163	)	$	(1,185	)
Less net loss attributable to non-controlling interest in subsidiary		(510	)		(178	)
Loss before income taxes attributable to Avalon Holdings Corporation common shareholders		(653	)		(1,007	)
Federal statutory rate		35	%		35	%
		(229	)		(352	)
State income taxes, net of federal income tax benefits		38			49
Change in valuation allowance		233			476
Increase in available federal tax credit		(29	)		(44	)
Decrease in capital loss carryforward		10			-
Other nondeductible expenses		44			49
Increase in net operating loss carryforward:
State		(42	)		(122	)
Federal		(8	)		(9	)
Other, net		42			26
	$	59		$	73

Avalon is subject to income taxes in the U.S. federal and various states jurisdictions. With few exceptions, Avalon is no longer subject to U.S. federal, state and local income tax examinations by taxing authorities for the years before 2011. Avalon recognizes any interest and penalty assessed by taxing authorities as a component of interest expense and other expense, respectively. There were no accruals for the payment of interest and penalties for 2015 and 2014.

Avalon made net income tax payments of approximately $94,000 and $68,000 in 2015 and 2014, respectively. At December 31, 2015, Avalon has taxable loss carryforwards for federal income tax purposes aggregating approximately $7,805,000 which are available to offset future federal taxable income. These carryforwards expire in 2021 through 2035. In addition, at December 31, 2015, certain subsidiaries of Avalon have net operating loss carryforwards for state purposes of approximately $7,457,000 which are available to offset future state taxable income. These carryforwards expire at various dates through 2035. A valuation allowance has been provided because it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets relating to certain of the federal and state loss carryforwards will not be realized.