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Revenue from Contracts with Customers
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2020
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]  
Revenue from Contracts with Customers Revenue from contracts with customers
Substantially all of our product revenues are recorded in the U.S. Royalty revenues primarily reflect royalties earned under the ADCETRIS collaboration with Takeda, and, to a lesser extent, amounts from Genentech earned on net sales of Polivy.

Collaboration and license agreement revenues by collaborator are summarized as follows:
Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)2020201920202019
Merck$725,000 $— $725,000 $— 
Takeda7,013 17,720 22,925 89,859 
Other26,300 700 32,325 9,269 
Collaboration and license agreement revenues$758,313 $18,420 $780,250 $99,128 
We recognized collaboration and license agreement revenues of $0.0 million and $27.5 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, that were included in deferred revenue as of the beginning of the respective years. For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, collaboration and license agreement revenues from Takeda also included substantially all of $37.5 million for two regulatory milestones achieved, which were related to additional approvals of ADCETRIS in frontline Hodgkin lymphoma received by Takeda.
We estimate an allowance for doubtful accounts based on our assessment of the collectability of customer accounts. We regularly review the allowance by considering factors such as historical experience, credit quality, the age of the accounts receivable balances, and current economic conditions that may affect a customer’s ability to pay. As of September 30, 2020, we recognized no year-to-date bad debt expense.

Merck LV and TUKYSA license and collaboration agreements, and stock purchase agreement
In September 2020, we entered into two license and collaboration agreements, and a stock purchase agreement, with subsidiaries of Merck.
Under one of the license and collaboration agreements, referred to as the LV Agreement, we will pursue a broad joint development program evaluating ladiratuzumab vedotin, or LV, as monotherapy and in combination with Merck’s anti-PD-1 therapy KEYTRUDA® (pembrolizumab) in triple-negative breast cancer, hormone receptor-positive breast cancer and other LIV-1-expressing solid tumors. Pursuant to the LV Agreement, we granted to Merck a co-exclusive worldwide development and commercialization license for LV, and agreed to jointly develop and commercialize LV on a worldwide basis. We received an upfront cash payment of $600.0 million, and we are eligible to receive up to $850.0 million in milestone payments upon the initiation of certain clinical trials and regulatory approval in certain major markets, and up to an additional $1.75 billion in milestone payments upon the achievement of specified annual global net sales thresholds of LV. Each company is responsible for 50% of global costs to develop and commercialize LV and will receive 50% of potential future profits. In connection with the LV Agreement, we entered into a stock purchase agreement with Merck, referred to as the Purchase Agreement, pursuant to which we agreed to issue and sell, and Merck agreed to purchase 5,000,000 newly-issued shares of our common stock, at a purchase price of $200 per share, for an aggregate purchase price of $1.0 billion.
Under the other license and collaboration agreement, referred to as the TUKYSA Agreement, we granted Merck exclusive rights to commercialize TUKYSA in Asia, the Middle East and Latin America and other regions outside of the U.S., Canada and Europe. Pursuant to the TUKYSA Agreement, Merck is responsible for marketing applications for approval in its territory, supported by the positive results from the HER2CLIMB clinical trial. We retained commercial rights in the U.S., Canada and Europe, where we will record sales. Merck is also co-funding a portion of the TUKYSA global development plan, which encompasses several ongoing and planned trials across HER2-positive cancers. We will continue to lead ongoing TUKYSA global development operational execution. Merck will solely fund and conduct country-specific clinical trials necessary to support anticipated regulatory applications in its territories. We received an upfront cash payment from Merck of $125.0 million and also received $85.0 million in prepaid research and development funding to be applied to Merck’s global development cost sharing obligations. We are eligible to receive progress-dependent milestone payments of up to $65.0 million, and are entitled to receive tiered royalties on sales of TUKYSA by Merck that begin in the low twenty percent range and escalate based sales volume by Merck in its territory.
We determined that these agreements are within the scope of ASC 808. Pursuant to ASC 808, we considered other authoritative guidance for distinct units of account related to these agreements, including ASC 606. Our performance obligations within the scope of ASC 606 consisted of the delivery of the LV license and transfer of regulatory information to enable the LV collaboration, the delivery of the TUKYSA license and transfer of regulatory materials for use by Merck in its territory, and supply of commercial TUKYSA inventory to Merck for use in its territory. The LV license and TUKYSA license are functional intellectual property and distinct from the other promises made under the contract. Since we also determined that Merck can benefit from the LV license and the TUKYSA licenses at the time of conveyance, the related performance obligations were satisfied at that point in time. Therefore, we recognized the license revenue under ASC 606 of $725.0 million in collaboration and license agreement revenues during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020.
Potential development, regulatory, and sales-based milestones, and royalties, will be accounted for as variable transaction price related to the LV or TUKYSA licenses under ASC 606. Given the uncertain nature of these payments, we determined they were fully constrained as of September 30, 2020 and not included in the transaction price. We will re-evaluate the transaction price at each reporting period and as uncertain events are resolved or other changes in circumstances occur.
We and Merck will share equally in LV global development costs, and Merck is co-funding a portion of the TUKYSA global development plan. We consider the collaborative activities associated with the global development and commercialization of LV, and the global development of TUKYSA, to be units of account within the scope of ASC 808. We recognize development cost sharing proportionately with the performance of the underlying activities, and record Merck’s reimbursement of our expenses as a reduction of research and development expenses. Reimbursements from Merck for the LV Agreement and TUKYSA Agreement were not material during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020. Merck’s prepayment of $85.0 million towards the TUKYSA global development plan was recorded as a co-development liability in other long-term liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2020. As joint development expenses are incurred, we recognize the portion of Merck’s prepayment as a reduction of our research and development expenses on our condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). As of September 30, 2020, $84.5 million was recorded as the remaining co-development liability. Sales of TUKYSA drug product supplied to Merck will be included in collaboration and license agreement revenues.
The fair market value of 5,000,000 shares of our common stock was $749.9 million, based on the closing price of the last trading day prior to the Purchase Agreement being executed. We accounted for the associated premium of $250.1 million as a freestanding equity-linked instrument under ASC 815. The premium was determined to be variable consideration in the calculation of the total transaction price related to the LV license, and recorded in deferred revenue as of September 30, 2020, due to the substantive contingency associated with closing of the sale of shares under the Purchase Agreement. The closing of the sale of the shares pursuant to the Purchase Agreement occurred in October 2020. Upon closing, we recorded the fair market value of the shares issued in stockholders’ equity on our condensed consolidated balance sheet. The variable consideration restraint was removed upon the closing of the sale of shares pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, and the premium will be recognized in collaboration and license agreement revenues in the quarter and year ending December 31, 2020.