Fair value is the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. There are three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair values:

Level 1 - Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date.

Level 2 - Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3 - Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a company’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

The Company used the following methods and significant assumptions to estimate fair value:

Marketable Securities: The fair values for marketable securities are determined by quoted market prices, if available (Level 1). For securities where quoted prices are not available, fair values are calculated based on market prices of similar securities (Level 2). For securities where quoted prices or market prices of similar securities are not available, fair values are calculated using discounted cash flows or other market indicators (Level 3).

Loans Held For Sale: Loans held for sale are carried at the lower of cost or fair value, which is evaluated on a pool-level basis. The fair value of loans held for sale is determined using quoted prices for similar assets, adjusted for specific attributes of that loan or other observable market data, such as outstanding commitments from third party investors (Level 2).

Other Real Estate Owned: Assets acquired through or instead of loan foreclosure are initially recorded at fair value less costs to sell when acquired, establishing a new cost basis. These assets are subsequently accounted for at lower of cost or fair value less estimated costs to sell. Fair value is commonly based on recent real estate appraisals which are updated no less frequently than annually. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the independent appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Real estate owned properties are evaluated on a quarterly basis for additional impairment and adjusted accordingly (Level 3).

Individually Evaluated Collateral Dependent Loans: The fair value of individually evaluated collateral dependent loans is generally based on the fair value of collateral, less costs to sell. The fair value of real estate collateral is determined using recent real estate appraisals. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the independent appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments are usually significant (Level 3). Non-real estate collateral may be valued using an appraisal, net book value per the borrower’s financial statements, or aging reports, adjusted or discounted based on management’s historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of the valuation, and management’s expertise and knowledge of the client and client’s business (Level 3).

The following tables summarize quantitative disclosures about the fair value measurements for each category of financial assets (liabilities) carried at fair value:


March 31, 2024	Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Other Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets at fair value on a recurring basis:
Available for sale securities:
Mortgage-backed securities	$	183,140	$	—	$	183,140	$	—
Collateralized mortgage obligations		16,114		—		16,114		—
Municipal securities		2,473		—		2,473		—
Corporate bonds		27,060		—		27,060		—
Loans held for sale		874		—		—		874
Cash surrender value of life insurance		42,119		—		42,119		—
SBA servicing assets		661		—		—		661

Assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis:
Other real estate owned		14,900		—		—		14,900


December 31, 2023	Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Other Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets at fair value on a recurring basis:
Available for sale securities:
Mortgage-backed securities	$	149,812	$	—	$	149,812	$	—
Collateralized mortgage obligations		17,074		—		17,074		—
Municipal securities		2,504		—		2,504		—
Corporate bonds		26,805		—		26,805		—
Loans held for sale		976		—		—		976
Cash surrender value of life insurance		42,348		—		42,348		—
SBA servicing assets		691		—		—		691

Assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis:
Individually evaluated collateral dependent loans		14,527		—		—		14,527

There were no transfers between Level 2 and Level 3 during the three months ended March 31, 2024 or during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Nonfinancial assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis include certain foreclosed assets which, upon initial recognition, are remeasured and reported at fair value through a charge-off (if applicable) to the allowance for credit losses and certain foreclosed assets which, subsequent to their initial recognition, are remeasured at fair value through a write-down included in current earnings. The fair value of a foreclosed asset is estimated using Level 2 inputs based on observable market data or Level 3 inputs based on customized discounting criteria.

As of March 31, 2024 and 2023, and December 31, 2023, there were no foreclosed assets that were remeasured and recorded at fair value.

The following table presents information on individually evaluated collateral dependent loans included in the ACL model as of December 31, 2023. There were no individually evaluated collateral dependent loans included in the ACL model as of March 31, 2024.

The carrying amounts and estimated fair values of financial instruments not previously discussed in this note, as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, are as follows:


	Fair value measurements as of March 31, 2024 using:
	Carrying Amount		Level 1 Inputs		Level 2 Inputs		Level 3 Inputs		Total Fair Value
Financial assets:
Cash, due from banks, federal funds sold and interest-bearing deposits	$	73,093	$	73,093	$	—	$	—	$	73,093
Marketable securities held to maturity		363,963		—		331,480		—		331,480
Loans, net		2,234,012		—		—		2,148,577		2,148,577
Accrued interest receivable		11,747		—		11,747		—		11,747
Nonmarketable equity securities		20,870		—		20,870		—		20,870
Financial liabilities:
Deposits	$	2,627,844	$	1,931,728	$	697,604	$	—	$	2,629,332
Securities sold under repurchase agreements		39,058		—		39,058		—		39,058
Accrued interest payable		5,588		—		5,588		—		5,588
Federal Home Loan Bank advances		75,000		—		74,981		—		74,981
Subordinated debt		45,819		—		46,304		—		46,304


	Fair value measurements as of December 31, 2023 using:
	Carrying Amount		Level 1 Inputs		Level 2 Inputs		Level 3 Inputs		Total Fair Value
Financial assets:
Cash, due from banks, federal funds sold and interest-bearing deposits	$	89,524	$	89,524	$	—	$	—	$	89,524
Marketable securities held to maturity		404,208		—		374,523		—		374,523
Loans, net		2,290,881		—		—		2,187,669		2,187,669
Accrued interest receivable		13,143		—		13,143		—		13,143
Nonmarketable equity securities		24,128		—		24,128		—		24,128
Financial liabilities:
Deposits	$	2,633,246	$	1,928,063	$	706,074	$	—	$	2,634,137
Securities sold under repurchase agreements		25,172		—		25,172		—		25,172
Accrued interest payable		5,272		—		5,272		—		5,272
Federal Home Loan Bank advances		140,000		—		139,963		—		139,963
Subordinated debt		45,785		—		46,433		—		46,433

The methods and assumptions, not previously presented, used to estimate fair values are described as follows:

Cash and Cash Equivalents: The carrying amounts of cash and short-term instruments approximate fair values (Level 1).

Marketable Securities Held to Maturity: The fair values for marketable securities held to maturity are determined by quoted market prices, if available (Level 1). For securities where quoted prices are not available, fair values are calculated based on market prices of similar securities (Level 2).

Loans, net: The fair value of fixed-rate loans and variable-rate loans that reprice on an infrequent basis is estimated by discounting future cash flows using the current interest rates at which similar loans with similar terms would be made to borrowers of similar credit quality (Level 3).

Nonmarketable Equity Securities: It is not practical to determine the fair value of Independent Bankers Financial Corporation, Federal Home Loan Bank, Federal Reserve Bank and other stock due to restrictions placed on its transferability.

Deposits and Securities Sold Under Repurchase Agreements: The fair values disclosed for demand deposits (e.g., interest and non-interest checking, passbook savings, and certain types of money market accounts) are, by definition, equal to the amount payable on demand at the reporting date (i.e., their carrying amount) (Level 1). The fair values of deposit liabilities with defined maturities are estimated by discounting future cash flows using interest rates currently offered for deposits of similar remaining maturities (Level 2).

Other Borrowings: The fair value of borrowings, consisting of lines of credit, Federal Home Loan Bank advances and subordinated debt is estimated by discounting future cash flows using currently available rates for similar financing (Level 2).

Accrued Interest Receivable/Payable: The carrying amounts of accrued interest approximate their fair values (Level 2).

Off-balance Sheet Instruments: Fair values for off-balance sheet, credit-related financial instruments are based on fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements, taking into account the remaining terms of the agreements and the counterparties’ credit standing. The fair value of commitments is not material.