10-Q 1 d10q.htm FORM 10-Q Form 10-Q
Table of Contents

 

 

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

 

FORM 10-Q

 

 

 

x QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2008

OR

 

¨ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from              to             

Commission File Number 000-26933

 

 

LIONBRIDGE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 

 

 

Delaware   04-3398462
(State of Incorporation)   (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

1050 Winter Street, Waltham, MA 02451

(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code: 781-434-6000

 

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  x    No  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of “accelerated filer and large accelerated filer” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer  ¨    Accelerated filer  x    Non-accelerated filer  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ¨    No  x

The number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share, as of April 30, 2008 was 57,655,737.

 

 

 


Table of Contents

LIONBRIDGE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

FORM 10-Q

FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED MARCH 31, 2008

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

          Page

PART I: FINANCIAL INFORMATION

  

ITEM 1

   Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements:   
   Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2008 (unaudited) and December 31, 2007    3
   Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (unaudited) for the three months ended March 31, 2008 and 2007    4
   Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited) for the three months ended March 31, 2008 and 2007    5
   Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)    6

ITEM 2

   Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations    14

ITEM 3

   Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk    24

ITEM 4

   Controls and Procedures    24

PART II: OTHER INFORMATION

  

ITEM 1

   Legal Proceedings    25

ITEM 1A

   Risk Factors    26

ITEM 2

   Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds    26

ITEM 6

   Exhibits    26

SIGNATURE

   27

EXHIBIT INDEX

   27

 

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

 

Item 1. Consolidated Financial Statements

LIONBRIDGE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Amounts in thousands, except share data)

 

     March 31,
2008
    December 31,
2007
 
     (unaudited)        
ASSETS     

Current assets:

    

Cash and cash equivalents

   $ 26,034     $ 32,248  

Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $689 at March 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007

     77,538       83,611  

Work in process

     31,196       23,335  

Other current assets

     16,160       12,329  
                

Total current assets

     150,928       151,523  

Property and equipment, net

     15,860       13,449  

Goodwill

     131,213       131,213  

Other intangible assets, net

     26,328       28,441  

Other assets

     8,437       8,437  
                

Total assets

   $ 332,766     $ 333,063  
                
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY     

Current liabilities:

    

Short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt

   $ 274     $ 304  

Accounts payable

     19,209       20,217  

Accrued compensation and benefits

     20,404       21,164  

Accrued outsourcing

     13,804       12,150  

Accrued merger and restructuring

     1,434       1,878  

Income taxes payable

     1,999       3,042  

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities

     13,658       12,294  

Deferred revenue

     12,078       16,014  
                

Total current liabilities

     82,860       87,063  
                

Long-term debt, less current portion

     71,722       71,751  

Deferred income taxes, long-term

     7,620       7,504  

Other long-term liabilities

     11,831       10,591  

Contingencies (Note 10)

    

Stockholders’ equity:

    

Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; 5,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding

     —         —    

Common stock, $0.01 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized; 57,654,771 and 57,592,936 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007, respectively

     577       576  

Additional paid-in capital

     253,038       253,924  

Accumulated deficit

     (116,536 )     (112,101 )

Accumulated other comprehensive income

     21,654       13,755  
                

Total stockholders’ equity

     158,733       156,154  
                

Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity

   $ 332,766     $ 333,063  
                

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.

 

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LIONBRIDGE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(Unaudited)

(Amounts in thousands, except per share data)

 

     Three Months Ended
March 31,
     2008     2007

Revenue

   $ 117,048     $ 108,616

Operating expenses:

    

Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below)

     80,875       72,218

Sales and marketing

     8,817       7,951

General and administrative

     23,175       20,582

Research and development

     1,112       717

Depreciation and amortization

     1,139       1,294

Amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets

     2,113       2,114

Merger, restructuring and other charges

     206       278
              

Total operating expenses

     117,437       105,154
              

Income (loss) from operations

     (389 )     3,462

Interest expense:

    

Interest on outstanding debt

     1,122       1,418

Amortization of deferred financing costs

     44       46

Interest income

     147       206

Other expense, net

     2,411       491
              

Income (loss) before income taxes

     (3,819 )     1,713

Provision for income taxes

     616       1,481
              

Net income (loss)

   $ (4,435 )   $ 232
              

Net income (loss) per share of common stock:

    

Basic

   $ (0.08 )   $ 0.00

Diluted

   $ (0.08 )   $ 0.00

Weighted average number of common shares outstanding:

    

Basic

     56,147       59,320

Diluted

     56,147       60,791

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.

 

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LIONBRIDGE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited)

(Amounts in thousands)

 

     Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
     2008     2007  

Cash flows from operating activities:

    

Net income (loss)

   $ (4,435 )   $ 232  

Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:

    

Stock-based compensation

     1,603       1,737  

Amortization of deferred financing charges

     44       46  

Depreciation and amortization

     1,139       1,294  

Amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets

     2,113       2,114  

Deferred income taxes

     117       116  

Net realized and unrealized foreign currency (gain)/loss on forward contracts

     (3,386 )     151  

Other

     16       8  

Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effects of acquisitions:

    

Accounts receivable

     10,400       (2,437 )

Work in process

     (6,384 )     (8,808 )

Other current assets

     (3,090 )     (3,941 )

Other assets

     468       (4,221 )

Accounts payable

     1,235       2,022  

Income tax payable

     (1,184 )     (1,274 )

Accrued compensation and benefits

     (2,808 )     (476 )

Accrued outsourcing

     855       1,819  

Accrued merger and restructuring

     (539 )     (493 )

Accrued expenses and other liabilities

     1,394       4,256  

Deferred revenue

     (4,501 )     427  
                

Net cash used in operating activities

     (6,943 )     (7,428 )
                

Cash flows from investing activities:

    

Purchases of property and equipment

     (2,646 )     (1,407 )

Net proceeds from (payment of) foreign currency forward contracts

     3,720       (46 )
                

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities

     1,074       (1,453 )
                

Cash flows from financing activities:

    

Proceeds from issuance of short-term debt

     7,400       300  

Payments of short-term debt

     (7,400 )     (300 )

Payments of long-term debt

     (32 )     (2,026 )

Proceeds from issuance of common stock under stock option plans

     12       249  

Shares repurchased

     (2,329 )     —    

Proceeds from issuance of capital lease obligations

     —         255  

Payments of capital lease obligations

     (51 )     (134 )
                

Net cash used in financing activities

     (2,400 )     (1,656 )
                

Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents

     (8,269 )     (10,537 )

Effects of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents

     2,055       108  

Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period

     32,248       27,354  
                

Cash and cash equivalents at end of period

   $ 26,034     $ 16,925  
                

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.

 

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LIONBRIDGE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

1. BASIS OF PRESENTATION

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Lionbridge Technologies, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries (collectively, “Lionbridge” or the “Company”). These financial statements are unaudited. However, in the opinion of management, the consolidated financial statements include all adjustments, all of a normal nature, necessary for their fair presentation. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results expected for a full year. The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the instructions for Form 10-Q and, therefore, do not include all information and footnotes necessary for a complete presentation of the operations, financial position and cash flows of the Company in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. These statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007.

The Company’s preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reported periods. Estimates are used when accounting for collectibility of receivables, calculating service revenue using a percentage-of-completion assessment and valuing intangible assets, deferred tax assets and net assets of businesses acquired. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

2. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY AND STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

Stock Option Plans

The Company has stock-based compensation plans for salaried employees and non-employee members of the Board of Directors. The plans provide for discretionary grants of stock options, restricted stock and stock units, and other stock-based awards. The plans are administered by the Nominating and Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors, which consists of non-employee directors.

In November 2005, the stockholders of Lionbridge Technologies, Inc. approved the Lionbridge 2005 Incentive Plan (the “2005 Plan”), which had been previously adopted by the Lionbridge Board of Directors on October 7, 2005, for officers, employees, non-employee directors and other key persons of Lionbridge and its subsidiaries. The 2005 Plan was amended on May 21, 2007, to adjust the vesting schedule of future automatic equity grants to non-employee directors of the Company from four years to two years. The maximum number of shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2005 Plan is 4,000,000 shares. At March 31, 2008, there were 473,978 options available for future grant under the 2005 Plan. Options to purchase common stock are granted at the discretion of the Board of Directors and the Nominating and Compensation Committee. Generally, stock options vest over a four-year period: 25% of the option shares vest one year from the date of grant and the remaining option shares vest at the rate of 12.5% each six month period thereafter. Stock options generally expire five years from the date of grant under the 2005 Plan. Under the terms of the 2005 Plan, the exercise price of incentive and non-qualified stock option grants must not be less than 100% of the fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant. Options are amortized using a straight line basis over the option vesting period. In the three months ended March 31, 2008, Lionbridge awarded 12,272 stock option grants under the 2005 Plan.

Lionbridge’s 1998 Stock Plan (the “Plan”) provides for the issuance of incentive and nonqualified stock options. The maximum number of shares of common stock available for issuance under the Plan is 11,722,032 shares and the Plan expired on January 26, 2008. Accordingly, at March 31, 2008 there were no options available for future grant under the Plan. Options to purchase common stock are granted at the discretion of the Board of Directors and the Nominating and Compensation Committee. Generally, stock options vest over a four-year period: 25% of the option shares vest one year from the date of grant and the remaining option shares vest at the rate of 12.5% each six month period thereafter. Stock options generally expire ten years (five years in certain cases) from the date of grant under the Plan. Under the terms of the Plan, the exercise price of incentive stock options granted must not be less than 100% (110% in certain cases) of the fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant, as determined by the Board of Directors. The exercise price of nonqualified stock options may be less than the fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant, as determined by the Board of Directors, but in no case may the exercise price be less than the statutory minimum, the par value per share of Lionbridge’s common stock. In the three months ended March 31, 2008, Lionbridge awarded 297,728 stock option grants under the 1998 Plan.

 

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Restricted Stock Awards

Lionbridge issued 14,500 and 948,500 shares of restricted common stock and restricted stock units under the Company’s 2005 Incentive Plan and the 1998 Stock Plan, respectively, in the three-month period ended March 31, 2008 with a fair market value of $3.0 million for which restrictions on disposition lapse over four years from the date on each anniversary date.

The Company recognizes expense for stock options, market-based restricted stock awards and time-based restricted stock awards pursuant to the guidance of Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (“SFAS”) No. 123, “Share-Based Payment” (“SFAS 123R”). Total compensation expense related to stock options, market-based restricted stock awards and time-based restricted stock awards was $1.6 million and $1.7 million for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively, classified in the statement of operations line items as follows:

 

     Three Months Ended
March 31,
     2008    2007

Cost of revenue

   $ 36,000    $ 25,000

Sales and marketing

     230,000      267,000

General and administrative

     1,299,000      1,414,000

Research and development

     38,000      31,000
             

Total stock-based compensation expense

   $ 1,603,000    $ 1,737,000
             

3. DEBT

On December 21, 2006, the Company entered into a revolving credit facility (the “Credit Agreement”) with HSBC Bank USA, National Association. The Credit Agreement was subsequently amended on January 22, 2007 to add certain additional non-U.S. subsidiaries of the Company as Borrowers or Guarantors. The Credit Agreement replaced the Company’s Term Loan B and Revolving Credit Facility with Wachovia Bank, National Association that had been in place since September 1, 2005. The Credit Agreement provides for a five-year $100.0 million revolving credit facility. At March 31, 2008, $71.7 million was outstanding with an interest rate of 4.2%.

4. COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

Total comprehensive income consists of net income (loss) and the net change in foreign currency translation adjustment, which is the primary component of accumulated other comprehensive income. Total comprehensive income was $3.4 million and $810,000 for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively.

5. NET INCOME (LOSS) PER SHARE

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding. For the purposes of calculating diluted earnings per share, the denominator includes both the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding and the number of dilutive common stock equivalents such as stock options, unvested restricted stock and warrants, as determined using the treasury stock method.

Shares used in calculating basic and diluted earnings per share for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively, are as follows:

 

     Three Months Ended
March 31,
     2008    2007

Weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding—basic

   56,147,000    59,320,000

Dilutive common stock equivalents relating to options, restricted stock and warrants

   —      1,471,000
         

Weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding—diluted

   56,147,000    60,791,000
         

Options, unvested restricted stock and warrants to purchase 8,330,000 and 4,540,000 shares of common stock for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively, were not included in the calculation of diluted net income per share, as their effect would be anti-dilutive.

 

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6. MERGER, RESTRUCTURING AND OTHER CHARGES

During the three-month period ended March 31, 2008 Lionbridge recorded $206,000 of restructuring and other charges. The $206,000 of restructuring and other charges recorded in the three-month period ended March 31, 2008 included $53,000 for workforce reductions in Europe consisting of two technical staff, $101,000 recorded for vacated facilities, $52,000 of additional costs recorded for a previously vacated facility in order to reflect a new sublease arrangement, recorded pursuant to the guidance in FASB Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 146, “Accounting for Costs associated with Exit or Disposal Activities” (“SFAS No. 146”), and related literature. Of these charges, $164,000 related to the Company’s Global Language and Content (“GLC”) segment and $42,000 related to the Global Development and Testing (“GDT”) segment. The Company made $639,000 of cash payments in the three-month period ended March 31, 2008, $634,000 and $5,000 related to the GLC and GDT segments, respectively.

During the three-month period ended March 31, 2007 Lionbridge recorded $278,000 of restructuring and other charges. The $278,000 of restructuring and other charges recorded in the three-month period ended March 31, 2007 included $167,000 for workforce reductions in Europe consisting of one technical and two administrative staff and $111,000 of additional costs recorded for a previously vacated facility in order to reflect a new sublease arrangement, recorded pursuant to the guidance in SFAS 146. The $278,000 of restructuring and other charges recorded during the three-month period ended March 31, 2007 related to the Company’s GLC segment. The Company made $383,000 of cash payments in the three-month period ended March 31, 2007, $303,000 and $80,000 related to the GLC and GDT segments, respectively.

The following table summarizes the accrual activity for the three months ended March 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively, by initiative:

 

     2008     2007  

Beginning balance, January 1

   $ 2,365,000     $ 2,388,000  

Employee severance:

    

Merger and restructuring charges recorded (1)

     53,000       167,000  

Cash payments related to liabilities assumed and recorded on business combinations

     —         (3,000 )

Cash payments related to liabilities recorded on exit or disposal activities

     (350,000 )     (27,000 )
                
     (297,000 )     137,000  
                

Vacated facility/Lease termination:

    

Merger and restructuring charges recorded (1)

     125,000       111,000  

Cash payments related to liabilities assumed and recorded on business combinations

     (208,000 )     (56,000 )

Cash payments related to liabilities recorded on exit or disposal activities

     (81,000 )     (297,000 )
                
     (164,000 )     (242,000 )
                

Ending balance, March 31

   $ 1,904,000     $ 2,283,000  
                

 

(1) Charges recorded pursuant to the guidance in SFAS No. 146 and related literature.

At March 31, 2008, the Company’s consolidated balance sheet includes accruals totaling $1.9 million primarily related to employee termination costs and vacated facilities. Lionbridge currently anticipates that $1.4 million of these will be fully utilized within twelve months. The remaining $470,000 relates to lease obligations on unused facilities expiring through 2011 and is included in long-term liabilities.

7. INCOME TAXES

On January 1, 2007, Lionbridge adopted Financial Accounting Standards Board Interpretation No. 48, “Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes” (“FIN 48”), and recognized a $185,000 increase in the liability for unrecognized tax benefits, which was accounted for as a reduction to retained earnings. The balance of unrecognized tax benefits at March 31, 2008, including interest and penalties, was $2.9 million, of which $1.3 million would affect earnings if recognized. Lionbridge recognizes interest accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits in tax expense. As a result, in the three months ended March 31, 2008, Lionbridge recorded $26,000 of gross interest expense, or $17,000 net of the federal tax benefit, in tax expense. Penalties, if incurred, would also be recognized as a component of tax expense. At March 31, 2008, Lionbridge had approximately $96,000 of interest accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits, which, net of the federal tax benefit, was approximately $63,000. The net increase in the liability during the three months ended March 31, 2008 was as follows:

 

Balance at December 31, 2007

   $ 2,498,000

Addition based on prior year tax position

     371,000
      

Balance at March 31, 2008

   $ 2,869,000
      

 

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In connection with the acquisition of Bowne Global Solutions (“BGS”), Bowne & Co., Inc. (“Bowne”) agreed to indemnify the Company for any tax liabilities accruing on or prior to the acquisition date of September 1, 2005. The Company determined that its gross unrecognized tax affected benefits related to the acquisition of BGS and subject to indemnification were approximately $4.0 million. Accordingly, the Company adjusted its balance sheet by recording a long-term Indemnification Receivable and related FIN 48 liability as of January 1, 2007 for this amount. A change in interest rate and penalties assumptions in 2007 resulted in a net reduction to the FIN 48 liability and Indemnification Receivable of $428,000 to $3.5 million. At March 31, 2008 the gross unrecognized tax affected benefits are $3.6 million.

The components of the provision for income taxes are as follows for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2008 and 2007:

 

     Three Months Ended
March 31,
     2008    2007

Current:

     

Federal

   $ —      $ —  

State

     6,000      26,000

Foreign

     493,000      1,339,000
             

Total current provision

     499,000      1,365,000

Deferred:

     

Federal

   $ 117,000    $ 116,000
             

Total provision for income taxes

   $ 616,000    $ 1,481,000
             

The tax provision for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2008 and 2007 consists primarily of taxes on income in foreign jurisdictions, a deferred tax provision of $117,000 and $116,000, respectively, related to tax-deductible goodwill from the BGS acquisition and interest and penalties assumed in relation to the Company’s uncertain tax positions. The Company reasonably anticipates that the unrecognized tax benefit relative to FIN 48 will not change significantly within the next twelve months. The tax provision for the three-month period ended March 31, 2007 consists primarily of taxes on income in foreign jurisdictions and deferred taxes related to tax deductible goodwill acquired from the BGS acquisition.

The tax provisions for both periods include non-cash tax expense that will be offset by pre-acquisition foreign net operating loss carryforwards. The tax benefits from utilization of pre-acquisition losses do not reduce the foreign element of the tax provision, but instead reduce goodwill. The effective rate does not reflect a benefit of U.S. operating loss carryforward amounts due to a full valuation reserve against the U.S. deferred asset.

At March 31, 2008, no provision for U.S. income and foreign withholding taxes has been made for unrepatriated foreign earnings because it is expected that such earnings will be reinvested indefinitely or the distribution of any remaining amount would be principally offset by foreign tax credits.

Under the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, certain substantial changes in Lionbridge’s ownership may limit in the future the amount of net operating loss carryforwards that could be used annually to offset future taxable income and income tax liability.

The Company conducts business globally and in the normal course of business is subject to examination by local, state and federal jurisdictions in the United States as well as in multiple foreign jurisdictions. Currently, no Internal Revenue Service audits are underway and audits in foreign jurisdictions are in varying stages of completion. Open audit years are dependent upon the tax jurisdiction and range from 1997 to 2006.

8. SEGMENT INFORMATION

Lionbridge has determined that its operating segments are those that are based on its method of internal reporting, which separately presents its business based on the service performed. The Company is reporting its results among the following three business segments:

Global Language and Content (“GLC”)—this segment includes Lionbridge’s globalization, translation and localization services, as well as content development and technical documentation. The GLC segment includes product and content globalization services. Globalization is the process of adapting content and products to meet the language and cultural requirements of users throughout

 

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the world. Lionbridge GLC solutions enable the translation, adaptation and worldwide multilingual release of clients’ products, content and related technical support, training materials, and sales and marketing information. Lionbridge GLC solutions also include the development of eLearning content and technical documentation.

Global Development and Testing (“GDT”)—this segment includes Lionbridge’s development, engineering and testing services for software, hardware, websites, search engines and content. Specifically, GDT includes the development and maintenance of applications as well as testing to ensure the quality, interoperability, usability and performance of clients’ software, hardware, consumer technology products, web sites and content. Lionbridge’s testing services also include product certification and competitive analysis. Lionbridge offers its testing services under the VeriTest brand.

Interpretation—this segment includes interpretation services provided by Lionbridge to government organizations and businesses that require human interpreters.

Lionbridge has determined its operating segments based on the service performed. While the Company allocates revenue and costs according to these operating segments to the best of its ability, in some cases, customers may select Lionbridge to provide multiple services that span the Company’s operating segments. During 2007 a large client expanded an existing program with the Company. While this program had historically been managed by the Company’s GLC segment due to the nature of the work the Company had previously performed for this client, in 2008 the Company determined the nature of this new, expanded program with the client more accurately reflects the nature of work performed in its GDT segment and moved the management of the program to its GDT segment. As a result, the Company has reclassified $1.9 million of revenue and $451,000 of net income associated with this client program from its GLC segment into its GDT segment for the quarter ended March 31, 2007.

The table below presents information about the reported net income of the Company for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2008 and 2007. Asset information by reportable segment is not reported, since the Company does not produce such information internally.

 

     Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
     2008     2007  

External revenue:

    

Global Language and Content

   $ 87,362,000     $ 85,049,000  

Global Development and Testing

     22,824,000       17,867,000  

Interpretation

     6,862,000       5,700,000  
                
   $ 117,048,000     $ 108,616,000  
                

Net income:

    

Global Language and Content

   $ 5,178,000     $ 9,536,000  

Global Development and Testing

     4,029,000       3,029,000  

Interpretation

     722,000       714,000  
                

Less: corporate and other expenses

     (14,364,000 )     (13,047,000 )
                
   $ (4,435,000 )   $ 232,000  
                

9. GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS

In connection with the September 1, 2005 acquisition of BGS, Lionbridge recorded $96.1 million of goodwill. Additionally, in connection with the acquisition of BGS, Lionbridge recorded $48.3 million of amortizable intangible assets, including customer contracts, technology and customer relationships. The estimated useful life of acquired customer contracts ranges from 3.3 to 5.3 years and is being amortized on a straight-line basis. The estimated useful life of acquired technology ranges from 1 to 4 years and is being amortized on a straight-line basis. The estimated useful life of acquired customer relationships is 12 years and is being amortized using the economic consumption method to reflect diminishing cash flows from these relationships in the future. In determining the fair value of the acquired customer relationships, Lionbridge used a discounted cash flow model based upon the estimated future income streams associated with the customer relationships considering their estimated remaining period of benefit. As part of this model, Lionbridge relied on historical attrition rates combined with a premium factor related to the inherent risk of attrition in the newly acquired BGS customer base.

Lionbridge assesses the impairment of goodwill and other intangible assets on an annual basis or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Such events or conditions could include an

 

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economic downturn in the industries to which Lionbridge provides services; increased competition; an increase in operating or other costs; additional volatility in international currencies; the pace of technological improvements; or other information regarding Lionbridge’s market value, such as a reduction in stock price to a price at or near the book value of the Company for an extended period of time. When Lionbridge determines that the carrying value of intangibles or goodwill may not be recoverable based upon one or more of these indicators of impairment, the Company initially assesses any impairment using fair value measurements based on projected discounted cash flow valuation models. In addition, in accordance with SFAS No. 142, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets”, goodwill is reviewed for impairment on an annual basis. At December 31, 2007, the Company performed its annual test of goodwill to determine if an impairment existed. This test determined that each reporting unit’s fair value exceeded the carrying value of the net assets of each respective reporting unit, using projected discounted cash flow modeling. As a result, no impairment was required. Estimating future cash flows requires management to make projections that can differ materially from actual results.

The Company evaluates whether there has been an impairment in the carrying value of its intangible assets, in accordance with SFAS No. 144, “Accounting for Impairment of Long-Lived Assets,” if circumstances indicate that a possible impairment may exist. An impairment in the carrying value of an asset is assessed when the undiscounted expected future operating cash flows derived from the asset are less than its carrying value. If it is determined that the asset is impaired then it is written down to its estimated fair value. Factors that could lead to an impairment of acquired customer relationships (recorded with the BGS acquisition) include a worsening in customer attrition rates compared to historical attrition rates, or lower than initially anticipated cash flows associated with customer relationships.

The following table summarizes other intangible assets at March 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007, respectively.

 

     March 31, 2008    December 31, 2007
     Gross
Carrying
Value
   Accumulated
Amortization
   Balance    Gross
Carrying
Value
   Accumulated
Amortization
   Balance

BGS acquired customer relationships

   $ 32,000,000    $ 12,274,000    $ 19,726,000    $ 32,000,000    $ 11,071,000    $ 20,929,000

BGS acquired customer contracts

     14,000,000      7,653,000      6,347,000      14,000,000      6,912,000      7,088,000

BGS acquired technology

     2,317,000      2,062,000      255,000      2,317,000      1,893,000      424,000
                                         
   $ 48,317,000    $ 21,989,000    $ 26,328,000    $ 48,317,000    $ 19,876,000    $ 28,441,000
                                         

Lionbridge currently expects to amortize the following remaining amounts of intangible assets held at March 31, 2008 in the fiscal periods as follows:

 

Year ending December 31,

    

2008

   $ 6,328,000

2009

     5,520,000

2010

     4,893,000

2011

     2,332,000

2012

     1,921,000

Thereafter

     5,334,000
      
   $ 26,328,000
      

10. CONTINGENCIES

On or about July 24, 2001, a purported securities class action lawsuit captioned “Samet v. Lionbridge Technologies, Inc. et al.” (01-CV-6770) was filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (the “Court”) against the Company, certain of its officers and directors, and certain underwriters involved in the Company’s initial public offering. The complaint in this action asserted, among other things, that omissions regarding the underwriters’ alleged conduct in allocating shares in Lionbridge’s initial public offering to the underwriters’ customers. In March 2002, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York entered an order dismissing without prejudice the claims against Lionbridge and its officers and directors (the case remained pending against the underwriter defendants).

 

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On April 19, 2002, the plaintiffs filed an amended complaint naming as defendants not only the underwriter defendants but also Lionbridge and certain of its officers and directors. The amended complaint asserts claims under both the registration and antifraud provisions of the federal securities laws relating to, among other allegations, the underwriters’ alleged conduct in allocating shares in the Company’s initial public offering and the disclosures contained in the Company’s registration statement. On July 15, 2002, the Company, together with the other issuers named as defendants in these coordinated proceedings, filed a collective motion to dismiss the complaint on various legal grounds common to all or most of the issuer defendants. In October 2002, the claims against officers and directors were dismissed without prejudice. In February 2003, the Court issued its ruling on the motion to dismiss, ruling that the claims under the antifraud provisions of the securities laws could proceed against the Company and a majority of the other issuer defendants.

In June 2003, Lionbridge elected to participate in a proposed settlement agreement with the plaintiffs in this litigation. If the proposed settlement had been approved by the Court, it would have resulted in the dismissal, with prejudice, of all claims in the litigation against Lionbridge and against any other of the issuer defendants who elected to participate in the proposed settlement, together with the current or former officers and directors of participating issuers who were named as individual defendants. This proposed settlement was conditioned on, among other things, a ruling by the District Court that the claims against Lionbridge and against the other issuers who had agreed to the settlement would be certified for class action treatment for purposes of the proposed settlement, such that all investors included in the proposed classes in these cases would be bound by the terms of the settlement unless an investor opted to be excluded from the settlement.

On December 5, 2006, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit issued a decision in In re Initial Public Offering Securities Litigation that six purported class action lawsuits containing allegations substantially similar to those asserted against the Company may not be certified as class actions due, in part, to the Appeals Court’s determination that individual issues of reliance and knowledge would predominate over issues common to the proposed classes. On January 8, 2007, the plaintiffs filed a petition seeking rehearing en banc of the Second Circuit Court of Appeals’ decision. On April 6, 2007 the Court of Appeals denied the plaintiffs’ petition for rehearing of the Court’s December 5, 2006 ruling but noted that the plaintiffs remained free to ask the District Court to certify classes different from the ones originally proposed which might meet the standards for class certification that the Court of Appeals articulated in its December 5, 2006 decision. The plaintiffs have since moved for certification of different classes in the District Court.

In light of the Court of Appeals’ December 5, 2006 decision regarding certification of the plaintiffs’ claims, the District Court entered an order on June 25, 2007 terminating the proposed settlement between the plaintiffs and the issuers, including Lionbridge. Because any possible future settlement with the plaintiffs, if such a settlement were ever to be agreed to, would involve the certification of a class action for settlement purposes, the impact of the Court of Appeals’ class certification-related rulings on the possible future settlement of the claims against Lionbridge cannot now be predicted.

On August 14, 2007, the plaintiffs filed amended complaints in the six focus cases. The issuer defendants and the underwriter defendants separately moved to dismiss the claims against them in the amended complaints in the six focus cases. On March 26, 2008, the District Court issued an order in which it denied in substantial part the motions to dismiss the amended complaints in the six focus cases. In addition, on October 1, 2007, the plaintiffs submitted their briefing in support of their motions to certify different classes in the six focus cases. The issuer defendants and the underwriter defendants have separately opposed those motions. The motions to certify classes in the six focus cases remain pending.

We intend to continue to defend the litigation vigorously. The litigation process is inherently uncertain and unpredictable, however, and there can be no guarantee as to the ultimate outcome of this pending lawsuit. The Company believes that the underwriters may have an obligation to indemnify Lionbridge for the legal fees and other costs of defending this suit. While Lionbridge cannot guarantee the outcome of these proceedings, the Company believes that the final result of this lawsuit will have no material effect on its consolidated financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

11. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

On January 1, 2008, Lionbridge adopted SFAS No. 157, “Fair Value Measurements” (“SFAS No. 157”), for the Company’s financial assets and liabilities. The adoption of SFAS No. 157 did not materially impact Lionbridge’s financial position, results of operations or liquidity. In accordance with FASB Staff Position No. FAS 157-2, “Effective Date of FASB Statement No. 157” (“FSP FAS 157-2”), Lionbridge elected to defer until January 1, 2009 the adoption of SFAS No. 157 for all nonfinancial assets and nonfinancial liabilities that are not recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis. The adoption of SFAS No. 157 for those assets and liabilities within the scope of FSP FAS 157-2 is not expected to have a material impact on Lionbridge’s financial position, results of operations or liquidity. Lionbridge did not have any nonfinancial assets or nonfinancial liabilities that would be recognized or disclosed on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2008.

 

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SFAS No. 157 provides a framework for measuring fair value and requires expanded disclosures regarding fair value measurements. SFAS No. 157 defines fair value as the price that would be received for an asset or the exit price that would be paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. SFAS No. 157 also establishes a fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs, where available. The following summarizes the three levels of inputs required by the standard that Lionbridge uses to measure fair value, as well as the assets and liabilities that the Company values using those levels of inputs.

 

Level 1:    Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Lionbridge does not have any financial assets or liabilities as of March 31, 2008 designated as Level 1.
Level 2:    Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the related assets or liabilities. Lionbridge’s Level 2 assets and liabilities are an interest rate swap and foreign exchange forward contracts whose fair value we determine using pricing models predicated upon observable market inputs.
Level 3:    Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. Lionbridge does not have any financial assets and liabilities as of March 31, 2008 designated as Level 3.

The following table sets forth the financial assets and liabilities as of March 31, 2008 that Lionbridge measured at fair value on a recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy. As required by SFAS No. 157, assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to their fair value measurement.

 

     Level 1    Level 2    Level 3    Balance as of
March 31, 2008

Assets:

           

Foreign exchange forward contracts

   $ —      $ 58,000    $ —      $ 58,000

Liabilities:

           

Interest rate swap

   $ —      $ 901,000    $ —      $ 901,000

Foreign exchange forward contracts

     —        94,000      —        94,000

12. RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

In March 2008, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Statement of Accounting Standards (“SFAS”) No. 161, “Disclosures about Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities”, an amendment of FASB Statement No. 133 (SFAS No. 161). SFAS No. 161 requires enhanced disclosures regarding an entity’s derivative and hedging activities. These enhanced disclosures include information regarding how and why an entity uses derivative instruments; how derivative instruments and related hedge items are accounted for under SFAS No. 133, “Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities”, and its related interpretations; and how derivative instruments and related hedge items affect an entity’s financial position, financial performance and cash flows. SFAS No. 161 is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after November 15, 2008. The adoption of SFAS No. 161 will not have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

In September 2006, the FASB issued SFAS No. 157, which establishes a framework for measuring fair value and requires expanded disclosures regarding fair value measurements. In February 2008, the FASB issued FASB Staff Position No. FAS 157-2 (“FSP FAS 157-2”), “Effective Date of FASB Statement No. 157”, which allows for the deferral of the adoption date of SFAS No. 157 for all nonfinancial assets and nonfinancial liabilities, except those that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis. We have elected to defer the adoption of SFAS No. 157 for the assets and liabilities within the scope of FSP FAS 157-2. Refer to Note 11, Fair Value Measurements, of this Form 10-Q, for our disclosures pursuant to the effective portion of SFAS No. 157. The adoption of SFAS No. 157 for those assets and liabilities within the scope of FSP FAS 157-2 is not expected to have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

 

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The matters discussed in this Form 10-Q include forward-looking statements that involve risks or uncertainties. These statements are neither promises nor guarantees, but are based on various assumptions by management regarding future circumstances many of which Lionbridge has little or no control over. A number of important risks and uncertainties, including those identified under the caption “Risk Factors” in Lionbridge’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed March 14, 2008 (SEC File No. 000-26933) and subsequent filings as well as risks and uncertainties discussed elsewhere in this Form 10-Q could cause Lionbridge’s actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those anticipated, estimated or projected. The forward-looking statements in this Form 10-Q are made as of the date of this filing only, and Lionbridge does not undertake to update or supplement these statements due to changes in circumstances or otherwise.

Introduction

Lionbridge is a leading provider of globalization, development and testing services that enable clients to develop, release, manage and maintain their enterprise content and technology applications globally. The Company reports financial performance in the following three segments: Global Language and Content (“GLC”), Global Development and Testing (“GDT”) and Interpretation.

Lionbridge Global Language and Content (“GLC”) solutions enable the globalization and worldwide multilingual release of clients’ products, content and related technical support, training materials, and sales and marketing information. Globalization is the process of adapting content and products to meet the language and cultural requirements of users throughout the world. Lionbridge GLC solutions are based on the Company’s internet technology platform and global service delivery model which make the translation process more efficient for Lionbridge clients and translators. As part of its GLC solutions, Lionbridge also develops eLearning content and technical documentation.

Lionbridge’s interpretation business (“Interpretation”) pertains to the Company’s interpretation services for government organizations and businesses that require human interpreters for non-English speaking individuals.

Through its Global Development and Testing (“GDT”) solutions, Lionbridge develops, re-engineers and optimizes IT applications and performs testing to ensure the quality, interoperability, usability and performance of clients’ software, consumer technology products, web sites, search engines and content. Lionbridge’s testing services, which are offered under the VeriTest brand, also include product certification and competitive analysis. Lionbridge has deep domain experience developing, testing and maintaining applications in a cost-efficient, blended on-site and offshore model.

Lionbridge provides a full suite of globalization, testing and development outsourcing services to businesses, particularly in the technology, consumer products, life sciences, publishing, financial services, manufacturing, government automotive and retail industries. Lionbridge’s solutions include product and content globalization; content and eLearning courseware development; application development and maintenance; software and hardware testing; product certification and competitive analysis. Lionbridge’s services enable global organizations to increase market penetration and speed adoption of global content and products, enhance return on enterprise application investments, increase workforce productivity and reduce costs.

For the three-month period ended March 31, 2008, Lionbridge’s loss from operations was $389,000, with a net loss of $4.4 million. For the year ended December 31, 2007, the Company’s income from operations was $9.0 million with a net loss of $4.2 million. As of March 31, 2008, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $116.5 million.

Certain segments of Lionbridge’s business, its GLC segment in particular, are sensitive to fluctuations in the value of the U.S. Dollar relative to the Euro, as a large portion of its cost of sales and general and administrative expenses are payable in Euro, while the majority of its revenues are recorded in Euro. Over the past year, there has been a decline in the value of the U.S. Dollar relative to the Euro. During the quarter ended March 31, 2008, there was a 5% decline in the value of the U.S. Dollar relative to the Euro from the quarter ended December 31, 2007 and a 16% decline from the quarter ended March 31, 2007. The impact of this significant decline in the value of the U.S. Dollar relative to the Euro in the reported periods is reflected in the Company’s financial results for the period ended March 31, 2008. While the depreciation in the U.S. Dollar has contributed to increased revenue for the quarter ended March 31, 2008, particularly in the GLC segment, the Company’s operating income and net income were negatively impacted due to higher costs related to Euro-denominated payment obligations to third party outsourcers, lease obligations and compensation. The higher costs associated with the depreciation of the U.S. dollar during the quarter ended March 31, 2008 offset the benefits of the incremental revenue and of cost reduction initiatives undertaken by the Company during the period.

 

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Revenue Recognition

Lionbridge recognizes revenue as services are performed and amounts are earned in accordance with the Securities and Exchange Staff Accounting Bulletin (“SAB”) No. 101, “Revenue Recognition in Financial Statements,” as amended by SAB No. 104, “Revenue Recognition.” Lionbridge considers amounts to be earned when (1) persuasive evidence of an arrangement has been obtained; (2) services are delivered; (3) the fee is fixed or determinable; and (4) collectibility is reasonably assured. Determination of criteria (3) and (4) are based on management’s judgments regarding the fixed nature of the fee charged for services rendered and products delivered and the collectibility of those fees.

Lionbridge’s revenue is recorded from the provision of services to customers for GLC, GDT and Interpretation services which include content development, product and content globalization, interpretation, software and hardware testing, product certification and application development and maintenance.

Content development, software and hardware testing, interpretations and application development and maintenance projects are normally time and expense priced contracts, and revenue is recognized using a time and expense basis over the period of performance, primarily based on labor costs incurred to date.

Product and content globalization and product certification projects are fixed price contracts and revenue is recognized as services are delivered. Depending on specific contractual provisions and nature of the deliverable, revenue is recognized on (1) a proportional performance model based on level of effort, (2) as milestones are achieved or (3) when final deliverables have been met. Amounts billed in excess of revenue recognized are recorded as deferred revenue.

The delivery of Lionbridge’s GLC services involves and is dependent on the translation of content by subcontractors and in-house employees. As the time and cost to translate each word of content within a project is relatively uniform, labor input is reflective of the delivery of the contracted service and an appropriate metric for the measurement of proportional performance in delivering such services. The use of a proportional performance assessment of service delivery requires significant judgment relative to estimating total contract costs, including assumptions relative to the length of time to complete the project, the nature and complexity of the work to be performed, anticipated increases in employee wages and prices for subcontractor services, and the availability of subcontractor services. When adjustments in estimated project costs are identified, anticipated losses, if any, are recognized in the period in which they are determined.

Lionbridge’s GLC agreements with its customers may provide the customer with a fixed and limited time period following delivery during which Lionbridge will attempt to address any non-conformity to previously agreed upon objective specifications relating to the work, either in the form of a limited acceptance period or a post-delivery warranty period. Management believes recognition of revenue at the time the services are delivered is appropriate, because its obligations under such provisions are limited in time, limited in scope, and historically have not involved significant costs. In the future, if the post delivery acceptance or warranty provisions become more complex or include subjective acceptance criteria, Lionbridge may have to revise its revenue recognition policy appropriately, which could affect the timing of revenue recognition.

Lionbridge provides integrated full-service offerings throughout a client’s product and content lifecycle, including GLC and GDT services. Such multiple-element service offerings are governed by the Emerging Issues Task Force Issue 00-21, “Accounting for Revenue Arrangements with Multiple Deliverables.” For these arrangements where the GLC and GDT services have independent value to the customer, and there is evidence of fair value for each service, the combined service arrangement is bifurcated into separate units for accounting treatment. In instances where it is not possible to bifurcate a project, direct and incremental costs attributable to each component are deferred and recognized together with the service revenue upon delivery. The determination of fair value requires the use of significant judgment. Lionbridge determines the fair value of service revenues based upon its recent pricing for those services when sold separately and/or prevailing market rates for similar services.

Revenue includes reimbursement of travel and out-of-pocket expenses with equivalent amounts of expense recorded in cost of revenue.

Valuation of Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Lionbridge assesses the impairment of goodwill and other intangible assets on an annual basis or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Such events or conditions could include an economic downturn in the industries to which Lionbridge provides services; increased competition; an increase in operating or other costs; additional volatility in international currencies; the pace of technological improvements; or other information regarding Lionbridge’s market value, such as a reduction in stock price to a price at or near the book value of the Company for an extended period of time. When Lionbridge determines that the carrying value of intangibles or goodwill may not be recoverable based upon one or

 

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more of these indicators of impairment, the Company initially assesses any impairment using fair value measurements based on projected discounted cash flow valuation models. In addition, in accordance with SFAS No. 142, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets”, goodwill is reviewed for impairment on an annual basis. At December 31, 2007, the Company performed its annual test of goodwill to determine if an impairment existed. This test determined that each reporting unit’s fair value exceeded the carrying value of the net assets of each respective reporting unit, using projected discounted cash flow modeling. As a result, no impairment was required. Estimating future cash flows requires management to make projections that can differ materially from actual results.

The Company evaluates whether there has been an impairment in the carrying value of its other intangibles assets in accordance with SFAS No. 144, “Accounting for Impairment of Long-Lived Assets,” if circumstances indicate that a possible impairment may exist. An impairment in the carrying value of an asset is assessed when the undiscounted expected future operating cash flows derived from the asset are less than its carrying value. If it is determined that the asset is impaired then it is written down to its estimated fair value. Factors that could lead to an impairment of acquired customer relationships (recorded with the BGS acquisition) include a worsening in customer attrition rates compared to historical attrition rates, or lower than initially anticipated cash flows associated with customer relationships.

Merger, Restructuring and Other Charges

During the three-month period ended March 31, 2008 Lionbridge recorded $206,000 of restructuring and other charges. The $206,000 of restructuring and other charges recorded in the three-month period ended March 31, 2008 included $53,000 for workforce reductions in Europe consisting of two technical staff, $101,000 recorded for vacated facilities, $52,000 of additional costs recorded for a previously vacated facility in order to reflect a new sublease arrangement, recorded pursuant to the guidance in FASB Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 146, “Accounting for Costs associated with Exit or Disposal Activities” (“SFAS No. 146”), and related literature. Of these charges, $164,000 related to the Company’s Global Language and Content (“GLC”) segment and $42,000 related to the Global Development and Testing (“GDT”) segment. The Company made $639,000 of cash payments in the three-month period ended March 31, 2008, $634,000 and $5,000 related to the GLC and GDT segments, respectively.

During the three-month period ended March 31, 2007 Lionbridge recorded $278,000 of restructuring and other charges. The $278,000 of restructuring and other charges recorded in the three-month period ended March 31, 2007 included $167,000 for workforce reductions in Europe consisting of one technical and two administrative staff and $111,000 of additional costs recorded for a previously vacated facility in order to reflect a new sublease arrangement, recorded pursuant to the guidance in SFAS 146. The $278,000 of restructuring and other charges recorded during the three-month period ended March 31, 2007 related to the Company’s GLC segment. The Company made $383,000 of cash payments in the three-month period ended March 31, 2007, $303,000 and $80,000 related to the GLC and GDT segments, respectively.

Stock-based Compensation

Stock Option Plans

The Company has stock-based compensation plans for salaried employees and non-employee members of the Board of Directors. The plans provide for discretionary grants of stock options, restricted stock and stock units, and other stock-based awards. The plans are administered by the Nominating and Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors, which consists of non-employee directors.

In November 2005, the stockholders of Lionbridge Technologies, Inc. approved the Lionbridge 2005 Incentive Plan (the “2005 Plan”), which had been previously adopted by the Lionbridge Board of Directors on October 7, 2005, for officers, employees, non-employee directors and other key persons of Lionbridge and its subsidiaries. The 2005 Plan was amended on May 21, 2007, to adjust the vesting schedule of future automatic equity grants to non-employee directors of the Company from four years to two years. The maximum number of shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2005 Plan is 4,000,000 shares. At March 31, 2008, there were 473,978 options available for future grant under the 2005 Plan. Options to purchase common stock are granted at the discretion of the Board of Directors and the Nominating and Compensation Committee. Generally, stock options vest over a four-year period: 25% of the option shares vest one year from the date of grant and the remaining option shares vest at the rate of 12.5% each six month period thereafter. Stock options generally expire five years from the date of grant under the 2005 Plan. Under the terms of the 2005 Plan, the exercise price of incentive and non-qualified stock option grants must not be less than 100% of the fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant. Options are amortized using a straight line basis over the option vesting period. In the three months ended March 31, 2008, Lionbridge awarded 12,272 stock option grants under the 2005 Plan.

Lionbridge’s 1998 Stock Plan (the “Plan”) provides for the issuance of incentive and nonqualified stock options. The maximum number of shares of common stock available for issuance under the Plan is 11,722,032 shares and the Plan expired on January 26, 2008. Accordingly, at March 31, 2008 there were no options available for future grant under the Plan. Options to purchase common

 

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stock are granted at the discretion of the Board of Directors and the Nominating and Compensation Committee. Generally, stock options vest over a four-year period: 25% of the option shares vest one year from the date of grant and the remaining option shares vest at the rate of 12.5% each six month period thereafter. Stock options generally expire ten years (five years in certain cases) from the date of grant under the Plan. Under the terms of the Plan, the exercise price of incentive stock options granted must not be less than 100% (110% in certain cases) of the fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant, as determined by the Board of Directors. The exercise price of nonqualified stock options may be less than the fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant, as determined by the Board of Directors, but in no case may the exercise price be less than the statutory minimum, the par value per share of Lionbridge’s common stock. In the three months ended March 31, 2008, Lionbridge awarded 297,728 stock option grants under the 1998 Plan.

Restricted Stock Awards

Lionbridge issued 14,500 and 948,500 shares of restricted common stock and restricted stock units under the Company’s 2005 Incentive Plan and the 1998 Stock Plan, respectively, in the three-month period ended March 31, 2008 with a fair market value of $2.7 million for which restrictions on disposition lapse over four years from the date on each anniversary date.

The Company recognizes expense for stock options, market-based restricted stock awards and time-based restricted stock awards pursuant to the guidance of Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (“SFAS”) No. 123, “Share-Based Payment” (“SFAS 123R”). Total compensation expense related to stock options, market-based restricted stock awards and time-based restricted stock awards was $1.6 million and $1.7 million for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively, classified in the statement of operations line items as follows:

 

     Three Months Ended
March 31,
     2008    2007

Cost of revenue

   $ 36,000    $ 25,000

Sales and marketing

     230,000      267,000

General and administrative

     1,299,000      1,414,000

Research and development

     38,000      31,000
             

Total stock-based compensation expense

   $ 1,603,000    $ 1,737,000
             

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth for the periods indicated certain unaudited consolidated financial data as a percentage of total revenue.

 

     Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
     2008     2007  

Revenue

   100.0 %   100.0 %

Operating expenses:

    

Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below)

   69.1     66.5  

Sales and marketing

   7.5     7.3  

General and administrative

   19.8     18.9  

Research and development

   0.9     0.7  

Depreciation and amortization

   1.0     1.2  

Amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets

   1.8     1.9  

Merger, restructuring and other charges

   0.2     0.3  
            

Total operating expenses

   100.3     96.8  
            

Income (loss) from operations

   (0.3 )   3.2  

Interest expense:

    

Interest in outstanding debt

   1.0     1.3  

Amortization of deferred financing costs

   —       —    

Interest income

   0.1     0.2  

Other expense, net

   2.1     0.5  
            

Income (loss) before income taxes

   (3.3 )   1.6  

Provision for income taxes

   0.5     1.4  
            

Net income (loss)

   (3.8 )%   0.2 %
            

 

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Revenue. The following table shows Global Language and Content (“GLC”), Global Development and Testing (“GDT”), and Interpretation revenues in dollars and as a percentage of total revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively:

 

     Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
     2008     2007  

GLC

   $ 87,362,000    75 %   $ 85,049,000    79 %

GDT

     22,824,000    19 %     17,867,000    16 %

Interpretation

     6,862,000    6 %     5,700,000    5 %
                          

Total revenue

   $ 117,048,000    100 %   $ 108,616,000    100 %
                          

Revenue for the quarter ended March 31, 2008 was $117.0 million, an increase of $8.4 million, or 7.8%, from $108.6 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2007. Revenue growth during the first quarter of 2008 in each of the GLC, GDT and Interpretation segments was $2.3 million, $5.0 million and $1.2 million, respectively, as compared to the quarter ended March 31, 2007. Lionbridge conducts a large portion of its business in international markets. Approximately 46.6% of its revenue is denominated in foreign currencies for the quarter ended March 31, 2008. The principal foreign currency applicable to Lionbridge’s business is the Euro. Approximately 33.6% of revenue was denominated in Euro for the quarter ended March 31, 2008, and a majority of this revenue is concentrated in the GLC business. During the quarter ended March 31, 2008, the U.S. dollar declined significantly against most foreign currencies, in particular the Euro. A fluctuation in foreign currency exchange rates primarily affects the GLC business. The Company’s revenue increased approximately $1.7 million as the result of organic growth and approximately $6.7 million due to the significant decline in the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar against most foreign currencies period-over-period. This increase in revenue related to a decline in the U.S dollar’s exchange rates was partially offset by a $1.6 million increase in deferred revenue which negatively impacted comparative recognized revenue in the GLC business.

Revenue from the Company’s GLC business for the quarter ended March 31, 2008 increased $2.3 million, or 2.7%, to $87.4 million from $85.0 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2007. As compared to the quarter ended March 31, 2007, revenues increased approximately $6.4 million due to the decline in the U.S. dollar’s exchange rates, in particular the Euro, while organic growth declined approximately $4.3 million during the quarter ended March 31, 2008, which was partially the result of an increase of $1.6 million in deferred revenue in the GLC business; additionally GLC was negatively impacted by a slower release cycle from a major customer in the first quarter of 2008 as compared to the first quarter of 2007.

Revenue from the Company’s GDT business was $22.8 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2008, an increase of $5.0 million, or 27.7%, from $17.9 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2007. The period-over-period increase in GDT revenue was primarily due to increased revenue from large programs for existing customers. Revenue in the GDT business is not materially impacted by fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.

Revenue from the Company’s Interpretation business for the quarter ended March 31, 2008 was $6.9 million, an increase of $1.2 million, or 20.4% from $5.7 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2007 primarily due to increased volume from a large existing program and a new customer. The Interpretation business is not materially impacted by fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.

Cost of Revenue. Cost of revenue, excluding depreciation and amortization, consists primarily of expenses incurred for translation services provided by third parties as well as salaries and associated employee benefits for personnel related to client projects. The following table shows GLC, GDT and Interpretation cost of revenues, the percentage change from the three-month period of the prior year and as a percentage of revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively:

 

     Three Months Ended
March 31, 2008
    % Change
Q1 07 to Q1 08
    Three Months Ended
March 31, 2007
 

GLC:

      

Cost of revenue

   $ 60,947,000     8.0 %   $ 56,429,000  

Percentage of revenue

     69.8 %       66.3 %

GDT:

      

Cost of revenue

     14,563,000     27.4 %     11,435,000  

Percentage of revenue

     63.8 %       64.0 %

Interpretation:

      

Cost of revenue

     5,365,000     23.2 %     4,354,000  

Percentage of revenue

     78.2 %       76.4 %
                  

Total cost of revenue

   $ 80,875,000       $ 72,218,000  
                  

Percentage of revenue

     69.1 %       66.5 %

 

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For the quarter ended March 31, 2008, as a percentage of revenue, cost of revenue increased to 69.1% as compared to 66.5% for the three months ended March 31, 2007 primarily due to the negative impact of the decline in the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar against most foreign currencies and changes in the revenue and service mix. The Company estimates that the decline of the U.S. dollar negatively impacted cost of revenue by over 270 basis points, period-over-period, essentially offsetting the benefits realized from the deployment and use of Lionbridge’s language management technology platform, and lower internal operating costs resulting from certain restructuring and cost reduction actions initiated over the past few years.

Each segment provides distinctive services with different gross margins. For the quarter ended March 31, 2008, GLC, GDT and Interpretation accounted for approximately 74.6%, 19.5% and 5.9% of the total revenue. For the quarter ended March 31, 2007 GLC, GDT and Interpretation accounted for approximately 78.3%, 16.4% and 5.2% of the total revenue.

For the quarter ended March 31, 2008, cost of revenue increased $8.7 million, or 12.0%, to $80.9 million as compared to $72.2 million for the corresponding period of the prior year. The increase was primarily in support of $8.4 million of incremental revenue as compared to the corresponding period of the prior year. The increase also includes approximately $7.6 million due to the depreciation of the U.S. dollar against foreign currencies as noted above, with the balance due to changes in the revenue and service mix period-over-period.

For the quarter ended March 31, 2008, cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue in the Company’s GLC business increased to 69.8% as compared to 66.3% for the quarter ended March 31, 2007. Cost of revenue increased $4.5 million to $60.9 million compared to $56.4 million for the same quarter of the prior year. This increase reflects higher costs for translation services, mainly due the negative impact of the decline in the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar against most foreign currencies, and variations in work mix. As noted above, the negative impact of the decline in the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar against most foreign currencies significantly impacted the cost of revenue ratios in the GLC business. The Company estimates that the decline of the U.S. dollar impacted cost of revenue by over 270 basis points, period-over-period, essentially offsetting the benefits realized from the deployment and use of Lionbridge’s language management technology platform, and lower internal operating costs resulting from certain restructuring and cost reduction actions initiated over the past few years.

Cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue in the Company’s GDT business decreased slightly to 63.8% for the quarter ended March 31, 2008 as compared to 64.0% for the quarter ended March 31, 2007. This decrease was primarily due to work mix variation in services provided consisting of a higher proportion of variable costs, partially offset by the U.S. dollar’s decline against the Indian Rupee and the Euro in the quarter ended March 31, 2008 as compared to the same period of the prior year. For the quarter ended March 31, 2008, GDT cost of revenue increased $3.1 million, or 27.4%, to $14.6 million as compared to $11.4 million for the corresponding quarter of the prior year. This increase was primarily associated with the $5.2 million increase in revenue period-over-period, and to a lesser degree work mix variation in services as compared to the corresponding quarter of the prior year. The increase includes approximately $940,000 due to the depreciation of the U.S. dollar against foreign currencies as noted above.

Cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue in the Company’s Interpretation business increased to 78.2% for the quarter ended March 31, 2008 as compared to 76.4% for the quarter ended March 31, 2007. This increase is primarily due to pricing and work mix variations in services, including the sourcing and engagement of higher cost interpreters to support increased demand for certain languages that are difficult to procure, and higher travel costs as compared to the corresponding quarter of the prior year. The Company’s Interpretation business is not materially impacted by foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations.

 

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Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of salaries, commissions and associated employee benefits, travel expenses of sales and marketing personnel, promotional expenses, sales force automation/CRM system expense, training, and the costs of programs aimed at increasing revenue, such as advertising, trade shows, public relations and other market development programs. The following table shows sales and marketing expenses in dollars, the dollar change from the three-month period of the prior year and as a percentage of revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively:

 

     Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
     2008     2007  

Total sales and marketing expenses

   $ 8,817,000     $ 7,951,000  

Increase from prior year

     866,000    

Percentage of revenue

     7.5 %     7.3 %

Sales and marketing expenses increased $866,000, or 10.9%, to $8.8 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2008 as compared to $8.0 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2007. As a percentage of revenue, sales and marketing expenses increased to 7.5% as compared to 7.3% for the quarter ended March 31, 2007. This increase is primarily attributable to increased compensation and travel expense to support increased revenue levels from period to period as well as projected revenue growth in the future. Additionally, the increase reflects increased spending on marketing initiatives period-over-period. Approximately $340,000 of the increase for the quarter ended March 31, 2008, as compared to the quarter ended March 31, 2007, is due to the depreciation of the U.S. dollar against foreign currencies.

General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses consist of salaries of the management, purchasing, process and technology, finance and administrative groups, and associated employee benefits and travel; facilities costs; information systems costs; professional fees; business reconfiguration costs and all other site and corporate costs. The following table shows general and administrative expenses in dollars, the dollar change from the three-month period of the prior year and as a percentage of revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively:

 

     Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
     2008     2007  

Total general and administrative expenses

   $ 23,175,000     $ 20,582,000  

Increase from prior year

     2,593,000    

Percentage of revenue

     19.8 %     18.9 %

General and administrative expenses increased $2.6 million, or 12.6%, to $23.2 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2008 as compared to $20.6 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2007. Approximately $1.7 million of the increase is attributable to the decline in the U.S. dollar’s exchange rate against most foreign currencies, in particular the Euro and Indian Rupee. Approximately 62.0% of general and administrative expenses are denominated in non-U.S. dollars, primarily the Euro and Indian Rupee, and of that amount a majority of these expenses relate to rent and compensation expense in the quarter ended March 31, 2008, as compared to the quarter ended March 31, 2007. As a percentage of revenue, general and administrative expenses increased to 19.8% for the quarter ended March 31, 2008, as compared to 18.9%, for the same period of the prior year, due primarily to the items noted above, as well as the impact of supporting the increase in revenue from period to period.

Research and Development. Research and development expenses relate primarily to the Company’s web-based hosted language management technology platform used in the globalization process and the research and development of a globalization management system. The cost consists primarily of salaries and associated employee benefits and third-party contractor expenses. The following table shows research and development expense in dollars, the dollar change from the three-month period of the prior year and as a percentage of revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively:

 

     Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
     2008     2007  

Total research and development expense

   $ 1,112,000     $ 717,000  

Increase from prior year

     395,000    

Percentage of revenue

     0.9 %     0.7 %

Research and development expense increased to $1.1 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2008 as compared to $717,000 for the corresponding period of the prior year. Approximately $115,000 of the increase for the quarter ended March 31, 2008 is due to the depreciation of the U.S. dollar against foreign currencies.

 

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Depreciation and Amortization. Depreciation and amortization consist of the expense related to property and equipment that is being depreciated over the estimated useful lives of the assets using the straight-line method. The following table shows depreciation and amortization expense in dollars, the dollar change from the three-month period of the prior year and as a percentage of revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively:

 

     Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
     2008     2007  

Total depreciation and amortization expense

   $ 1,139,000     $ 1,294,000  

Decrease from prior year

     155,000    

Percentage of revenue

     1.0 %     1.2 %

Depreciation and amortization expense decreased to $1.1 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2008 as compared to $1.3 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2007. The decrease for the quarter ended March 31, 2008 as compared to the corresponding period of the prior year is primarily due to the culmination of depreciable lives of certain assets acquired in prior years. This decrease was partially offset by increases attributable to a decline in foreign currency exchange rates of approximately $110,000 for the quarter ended March 31, 2008 as compared to the corresponding period of the prior year.

Amortization of Acquisition-related Intangible Assets. Amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets consists of the amortization of identifiable intangible assets resulting from acquired businesses. Amortization expense for the three months ended March 31, 2008 and 2007 of $2.1 million relates solely to the amortization of identifiable intangible assets.

Interest Expense. Interest expense primarily represents interest paid or payable on debt and the amortization of deferred financing costs. Interest expense for the quarter ended March 31, 2008 of $1.2 million decreased $298,000 from $1.5 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2007. The decrease reflects the impact of $4.0 million of principal debt reduction period-over-period coupled with lower interest rates.

Other Expense, Net. Other expense, net primarily reflects the foreign currency transaction gains or losses arising from exchange rate fluctuations on transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currencies of the countries in which the transactions are recorded. The Company recognized $2.4 million in other expense, net, in the quarter ended March 31, 2008, as compared to $491,000 in other expense, net, in the corresponding quarter of the prior year. This increase was primarily attributable to the decline in the U.S. dollar versus the Euro. Lionbridge recorded net realized and unrealized foreign currency gains of $3.4 million on forward contracts in the quarter ended March 31, 2008 and net realized and unrealized foreign currency losses of $151,000 on forward contracts in the quarter ended March 31, 2007.

Provision for Income Taxes. The following table shows the provision for income taxes expense in dollars, the dollar change from the three-month period of the prior year and as a percentage of revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively:

 

     Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
     2008     2007  

Provision for income taxes

   $ 616,000     $ 1,481,000  

Decrease from prior year

     865,000    

Percentage of revenue

     0.5 %     1.4 %

The provision for income taxes consists primarily of taxes resulting from profits in foreign jurisdictions, transfer pricing and interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions, and deferred tax liabilities related to the tax deductible goodwill from the BGS acquisition. The tax provision decreased $865,000 to $616,000 for the quarter ended March 31, 2008 from $1.5 million in the corresponding quarter of the prior year. This decrease is primarily due to lower foreign profits which are subject to tax by the foreign jurisdictions due to treatment of the foreign subsidiaries as service providers that earn a profit based on a cost-plus model.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

On December 21, 2006, the Company entered into a revolving credit facility (the “Credit Agreement”), replacing the Company’s Term Loan B and Revolving Credit Facility that had been in place since September 1, 2005. The Credit Agreement was subsequently amended on January 22, 2007 to add certain additional non-U.S. subsidiaries of the Company as Borrowers or Guarantors. The Credit Agreement provides for a five-year $100.0 million revolving credit facility. At March 31, 2008, $71.7 million was outstanding with an interest rate of 4.2%.

 

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The following table shows cash and cash equivalents and working capital at March 31, 2008 and at December 31, 2007:

 

     March 31, 2008    December 31, 2007

Cash and cash equivalents

   $ 26,034,000    $ 32,248,000

Working capital

     68,068,000      64,460,000

Lionbridge’s working capital increased $3.6 million to $68.1 million at March 31, 2008, as compared to $64.5 million at December 31, 2007. The increase was driven by the growth of the business during the three months ended March 31, 2008. As of March 31, 2008, cash and cash equivalents totaled $26.0 million, a decrease of $6.2 million from $32.2 million at December 31, 2007, primarily due to $6.9 million net cash used in operating activities of the business, $2.1 million increase in cash due to exchange rate changes in the period and $1.1 million cash provided from investing, including $3.7 million net proceeds from foreign currency forward contracts, partially offset by $2.6 million for purchases of property and equipment and $2.4 million of net cash used in financing, including $2.3 million for the repurchase of shares.

Accounts receivable and work in process totaled $108.7 million, an increase of $1.8 million as compared to $106.9 million at December 31, 2007. Other current assets increased $3.8 million to $16.2 million as compared to $12.3 million at December 31, 2007. Current liabilities totaled $82.9 million at March 31, 2008, a decrease of $4.2 million as compared to $87.1 million at December 31, 2007.

The following table shows the net cash used in operating activities, net cash provided by (used in) investing activities, and net cash used in financing activities for the nine months ended March 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively:

 

     Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
     2008    2007  

Net cash used in operating activities

   $ 6,943,000    $ 7,428,000  

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities

     1,074,000      (1,453,000 )

Net cash used in financing activities

     2,400,000      1,656,000  

Net cash used in operating activities was $6.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2008, as compared to $7.4 million for the corresponding period of the prior year. The $6.9 million cash used in operating activities was due to net loss of $4.4 million (inclusive of $1.6 million in depreciation, amortization, stock-based compensation and other non-cash expenses, net of realized and unrealized foreign currency gains on forward contracts of $3.4 million), a $4.0 million net decrease in accounts receivable and work in process, a $2.6 million increase in other operating assets, a $1.0 million decrease in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other operating liabilities, and a $4.5 million decrease in deferred revenue.

In the three months ended March 31, 2007, the net cash used in operating activities was $7.4 million. The primary use of cash was due to net income of $232,000 (inclusive of $5.5 million in depreciation, amortization, stock based compensation and other non-cash expenses, net of realized and unrealized foreign currency losses on forward contract of $151,000), a $2.4 million increase in accounts receivable, a $8.8 million increase in work in process, a $8.2 million increase in other operating assets, a $5.9 million increase in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other operating liabilities, and a $427,000 increase in deferred revenue.

Lionbridge has not experienced any significant trends in accounts receivable and work in process other than changes relative to the change in revenue, as previously noted. Fluctuations in accounts receivable from period to period relative to changes in revenue are a result of timing of customer invoicing and receipt of payments from customers.

Net cash provided by investing activities increased $2.5 million to $1.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2008, as compared to $1.5 million cash used in investing activities for the corresponding period of the prior year. The primary investing activity in the three months ended March 31, 2008 was $3.7 million net proceeds from foreign currency forward contracts partially offset by $2.6 million for the purchase of property and equipment.

In the three months ended March 31, 2007, the net cash used in investing activities was $1.4 million primarily for the purchase of property and equipment.

During the quarter ended September 30, 2007, Lionbridge announced that its Board of Directors authorized the repurchase up to $12.0 million of shares of the Company’s outstanding common stock. As of January 24, 2008, the Company acquired 3.7 million shares of its common stock for $12.0 million at a volume weighted average price of $3.25 per share. In February 2008, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized an incremental repurchase program of up to $12.0 million of the Company’s common stock according to working capital requirements and management discretion. During the quarter ended March 31, 2008, the Company acquired 146,468 shares of its common stock for $470,000 at a volume weighted average price of $3.21 per share. As of March 31, 2008, under the combined programs the Company has purchased 3.8 million shares of its common stock at a volume weighted average price of $3.25 per share and total cost of $12.5 million.

 

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Net cash used in financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2008 was $2.4 million, an increase of $744,000 as compared to $1.7 million net cash used in financing activities for the corresponding period of 2007. Cash used in financing activities consisted of $2.3 million of payments for the repurchase of shares, $12,000 of proceeds from the issuance of common stock under option plans, $51,000 for payments of capital lease obligations.

In the three months ended March 31, 2007, the net cash used in financing activities was $1.7 million. The primary use of cash in financing activities consisted of $2.0 million of payments of long-term debt, $249,000 of proceeds from the issuance of common stock under option plans, $255,000 in proceeds from the issuance of capital leases and $134,000 for payments of capital lease obligations.

On February 10, 2005, Lionbridge filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (SEC File No. 333-122698), covering the registration of common stock (the “Securities”), in an aggregate amount of $130.0 million, which was declared effective by the Commission on February 23, 2005. These Securities may be offered from time to time in amounts, at prices and on terms to be determined at the time of sale. The Company believes the shelf registration provides additional financing flexibility to meet potential future funding requirements and the ability to take advantage of potentially attractive capital market conditions. Lionbridge anticipates that its present cash and short-term investments position, available financing and access to capital markets should provide adequate cash to fund its currently anticipated cash needs for the next twelve months and foreseeable future.

Contractual Obligations

As of March 31, 2008, there are no material changes in Lionbridge’s contractual obligations as disclosed in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007. In January 2007, Lionbridge adopted FIN 48 which resulted in an increase to the Company’s income tax liabilities of approximately $185,000 to $1.5 million from the amount recorded at December 31, 2006. Tax provisions during the three months ended March 31, 2008, primarily related to accrued interest, have increased these balances by $371,000 to $2.9 million.

Additionally, in connection with the acquisition of BGS, the Company has recorded a FIN 48 tax liability of approximately $4.0 million related to tax liabilities accruing on or prior to the acquisition date of September 1, 2005 that Bowne & Co., Inc. agreed to indemnify. Accordingly, the Company adjusted its balance sheet by recording a long-term Indemnification Receivable and related FIN 48 liability for this amount. As of March 31, 2008 the FIN 48 tax liability balance is approximately $3.6 million. The timing of settlement of these tax liabilities is uncertain at this time.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

The Company does not have any special purpose entities or off-balance sheet financing arrangements.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In March 2008, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Statement of Accounting Standards (“SFAS”) No. 161, “Disclosures about Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities”, an amendment of FASB Statement No. 133 (SFAS No. 161). SFAS No. 161 requires enhanced disclosures regarding an entity’s derivative and hedging activities. These enhanced disclosures include information regarding how and why an entity uses derivative instruments; how derivative instruments and related hedge items are accounted for under SFAS No. 133, “Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities”, and its related interpretations; and how derivative instruments and related hedge items affect an entity’s financial position, financial performance and cash flows. SFAS No. 161 is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after November 15, 2008. The adoption of SFAS No. 161 will not have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

In September 2006, the FASB issued SFAS No. 157, which establishes a framework for measuring fair value and requires expanded disclosures regarding fair value measurements. In February 2008, the FASB issued FASB Staff Position No. FAS 157-2 (“FSP FAS 157-2”), “Effective Date of FASB Statement No. 157”, which allows for the deferral of the adoption date of SFAS No. 157 for all nonfinancial assets and nonfinancial liabilities, except those that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis. We have elected to defer the adoption of SFAS No. 157 for the assets and liabilities within the scope of FSP FAS 157-2. Refer to Note 10, Fair Value Measurements, of this Form 10-Q, for our disclosures pursuant to the effective portion of SFAS No. 157. The adoption of SFAS No. 157 for those assets and liabilities within the scope of FSP FAS 157-2 is not expected to have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

 

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Lionbridge conducts its business globally and its earnings and cash flows are exposed to market risk from changes in interest rates and currency exchange rates. The Company manages its risk to foreign currency transaction exposure and interest rates through risk management programs that includes the use of derivative financial instruments. Lionbridge operates these programs pursuant to documented corporate risk management policies. Lionbridge does not enter into any derivative transactions for speculative purposes. Gains and losses on derivative financial instruments substantially offset gains and losses on underlying hedged exposures.

Interest Rate Risk. Lionbridge is exposed to market risk from changes in interest rates with respect to its revolving loan facility which bears interest at Prime or LIBOR (at the Company’s discretion) plus an applicable margin based on certain financial covenants. As of March 31, 2008, $71.7 million was outstanding under this facility. A hypothetical 10% increase or decrease in interest rates would have approximately a $301,000 impact on the Company’s interest expense based on the $71.7 million outstanding at March 31, 2008 with an interest rate of 4.2%. On July 20, 2007, the Company entered into a three-year amortizing interest rate swap with a notional amount of $20.0 million that corresponds to a portion of the Company’s floating rate credit facility. The $20.0 million notional amount effectively converted that portion of the Company’s total floating rate credit facility to fixed rate debt. The fair value of the interest rate derivative was a liability of $901,000 at March 31, 2008. A 10% increase in interest rates would increase the derivative’s fair value by approximately $295,000. A 10% decrease in interest rates would decrease the derivative’s fair value by approximately $302,000. The interest rate swap is designated as a cash flow hedge under SFAS No. 133, “Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities” (“SFAS No. 133”) and there is no hedge ineffectiveness at March 31, 2008. Additionally, Lionbridge is exposed to market risk through its investing activities. The Company’s portfolio consists primarily of short-term time deposits with investment grade banks and maturities less than 30 days. A hypothetical 10% increase or decrease in interest rates would not have a material impact on the carrying value of Lionbridge’s investments due to their immediately available liquidity.

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk. Lionbridge conducts a large portion of its business in international markets. Although a majority of Lionbridge’s contracts with clients are denominated in U.S. dollars, 65% of its costs and expenses for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2008 and 2007 were denominated in foreign currencies. In addition, 24% and 15% of the Company’s consolidated tangible assets were subject to foreign currency exchange fluctuations as of March 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007, respectively, while 8% of its consolidated liabilities were exposed to foreign currency exchange fluctuations as of March 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007. In addition, net inter-company balances denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the respective entity were approximately $111.0 million and $100.0 million as of March 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007, respectively. The principal foreign currency applicable to our business is the Euro. The Company has implemented a risk management program that partially mitigates its exposure to assets or liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the respective entity which includes the use of derivative financial instruments not designated as hedges in accordance with SFAS No. 133. The Company had forward contracts outstanding in the notional amount of $73.3 million at March 31, 2008 and recorded a net of $36,000 in liabilities to recognize the fair value of these forward contracts. A 10% appreciation in the U.S. dollar’s value relative to the hedge currencies would decrease the forward contracts’ fair value by approximately $5.0 million at March 31, 2008. A 10% depreciation in the U.S. dollar’s value relative to the hedge currencies would increase the forward contract’s fair value by approximately $4.4 million. Any increase or decrease in the fair value of the Company’s currency exchange rate sensitive forward contracts would be substantially offset by a corresponding decrease or increase in the fair value of the hedged underlying asset or liability.

 

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. Lionbridge maintains disclosure controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the Company’s filings under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized and reported accurately within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. As of the end of the period covered by this report, an evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-15). Based upon this evaluation, the CEO and CFO concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31, 2008.

Changes in internal control over financial reporting. There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended March 31, 2008 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

 

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LIONBRIDGE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

 

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

On or about July 24, 2001, a purported securities class action lawsuit captioned “Samet v. Lionbridge Technologies, Inc. et al.” (01-CV-6770) was filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (the “Court”) against the Company, certain of its officers and directors, and certain underwriters involved in the Company’s initial public offering. The complaint in this action asserted, among other things, that omissions regarding the underwriters’ alleged conduct in allocating shares in Lionbridge’s initial public offering to the underwriters’ customers. In March 2002, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York entered an order dismissing without prejudice the claims against Lionbridge and its officers and directors (the case remained pending against the underwriter defendants).

On April 19, 2002, the plaintiffs filed an amended complaint naming as defendants not only the underwriter defendants but also Lionbridge and certain of its officers and directors. The amended complaint asserts claims under both the registration and antifraud provisions of the federal securities laws relating to, among other allegations, the underwriters’ alleged conduct in allocating shares in the Company’s initial public offering and the disclosures contained in the Company’s registration statement. On July 15, 2002, the Company, together with the other issuers named as defendants in these coordinated proceedings, filed a collective motion to dismiss the complaint on various legal grounds common to all or most of the issuer defendants. In October 2002, the claims against officers and directors were dismissed without prejudice. In February 2003, the Court issued its ruling on the motion to dismiss, ruling that the claims under the antifraud provisions of the securities laws could proceed against the Company and a majority of the other issuer defendants.

In June 2003, Lionbridge elected to participate in a proposed settlement agreement with the plaintiffs in this litigation. If the proposed settlement had been approved by the Court, it would have resulted in the dismissal, with prejudice, of all claims in the litigation against Lionbridge and against any other of the issuer defendants who elected to participate in the proposed settlement, together with the current or former officers and directors of participating issuers who were named as individual defendants. This proposed settlement was conditioned on, among other things, a ruling by the District Court that the claims against Lionbridge and against the other issuers who had agreed to the settlement would be certified for class action treatment for purposes of the proposed settlement, such that all investors included in the proposed classes in these cases would be bound by the terms of the settlement unless an investor opted to be excluded from the settlement.

On December 5, 2006, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit issued a decision in In re Initial Public Offering Securities Litigation that six purported class action lawsuits containing allegations substantially similar to those asserted against the Company may not be certified as class actions due, in part, to the Appeals Court’s determination that individual issues of reliance and knowledge would predominate over issues common to the proposed classes. On January 8, 2007, the plaintiffs filed a petition seeking rehearing en banc of the Second Circuit Court of Appeals’ decision. On April 6, 2007 the Court of Appeals denied the plaintiffs’ petition for rehearing of the Court’s December 5, 2006 ruling but noted that the plaintiffs remained free to ask the District Court to certify classes different from the ones originally proposed which might meet the standards for class certification that the Court of Appeals articulated in its December 5, 2006 decision. The plaintiffs have since moved for certification of different classes in the District Court.

In light of the Court of Appeals’ December 5, 2006 decision regarding certification of the plaintiffs’ claims, the District Court entered an order on June 25, 2007 terminating the proposed settlement between the plaintiffs and the issuers, including Lionbridge. Because any possible future settlement with the plaintiffs, if such a settlement were ever to be agreed to, would involve the certification of a class action for settlement purposes, the impact of the Court of Appeals’ class certification-related rulings on the possible future settlement of the claims against Lionbridge cannot now be predicted.

On August 14, 2007, the plaintiffs filed amended complaints in the six focus cases. The issuer defendants and the underwriter defendants separately moved to dismiss the claims against them in the amended complaints in the six focus cases. On March 26, 2008, the District Court issued an order in which it denied in substantial part the motions to dismiss the amended complaints in the six focus cases. In addition, on October 1, 2007, the plaintiffs submitted their briefing in support of their motions to certify different classes in the six focus cases. The issuer defendants and the underwriter defendants have separately opposed those motions. The motions to certify classes in the six focus cases remain pending.

We intend to continue to defend the litigation vigorously. The litigation process is inherently uncertain and unpredictable, however, and there can be no guarantee as to the ultimate outcome of this pending lawsuit. The Company believes that the underwriters may have an obligation to indemnify Lionbridge for the legal fees and other costs of defending this suit. While Lionbridge cannot guarantee the outcome of these proceedings, the Company believes that the final result of this lawsuit will have no material effect on its consolidated financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

 

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

The matters discussed in this Form 10-Q include forward-looking statements that involve risks or uncertainties. These statements are neither promises nor guarantees, but are based on various assumptions by management regarding future circumstances many of which Lionbridge has little or no control over. A number of important risks and uncertainties, including those identified under the caption “Risk Factors” in Lionbridge’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed March 14, 2008 (SEC File No. 000-26933), as well as risks and uncertainties discussed elsewhere in this Form 10-Q, could cause Lionbridge’s actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements.

 

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

During the quarter ended March 31, 2008, the Company withheld 51,242 restricted shares from certain employees to cover certain withholding taxes due from the employees at the time the shares vested. The following table provides information about Lionbridge’s purchases of equity securities for the quarter ended March 31, 2008:

 

Period

   Total Number of
Shares Purchased
   Average Price
Paid Per Share

January 1, 2008 – January 31, 2008

   855    $ 3.07

February 1, 2008 – February 29, 2008

   50,387    $ 2.95

In addition, upon the termination of employees during the quarter ended March 31, 2008, 46,500 unvested restricted shares were forfeited. The following table provides information about Lionbridge’s forfeited restricted shares for the quarter ended March 31, 2008:

 

Period

   Total Number of
Shares Forfeited

February 1, 2008 – February 29, 2008

   2,500

March 1, 2008 – March 31, 2008

   44,000

 

Item 6. Exhibits

(a) Exhibits.

 

10.1*    Lease dated as of March 6, 2008 between Dominion Corporate Trustees Limited and Lionbridge UK Limited.
31.1 *    Certification of Rory J. Cowan, the Company’s principal executive officer as required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2 *    Certification of Donald M. Muir, the Company’s principal financial officer as required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1 *    Certifications of Rory J. Cowan, the Company’s principal executive officer, and Donald M. Muir, the Company’s principal financial officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 

* Filed herewith.

 

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LIONBRIDGE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

 

LIONBRIDGE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
By:  

/S/ DONALD M. MUIR

 

Donald M. Muir

Chief Financial Officer

(Duly Authorized Officer and Principal Financial Officer)

Dated: May 9, 2008

Exhibit Index

 

Exhibit

Number

  

Description

10.1 *    Lease dated as of March 6, 2008 between Dominion Corporate Trustees Limited and Lionbridge UK Limited.
31.1 *    Certification of Rory J. Cowan, the Company’s principal executive officer as required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2 *    Certification of Donald M. Muir, the Company’s principal financial officer as required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1 *    Certifications of Rory J. Cowan, the Company’s principal executive officer, and Donald M. Muir, the Company’s principal financial officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 

* Filed herewith.

 

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