DEBT SECURITIES	12 Months Ended
DEBT SECURITIES	Dec. 31, 2024
DEBT SECURITIES [Abstract]
DEBT SECURITIES	NOTE 3 – DEBT SECURITIES Available-for-Sale Debt Securities The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, ACL, estimated fair value, and weighted-average yield of available-for-sale debt securities by contractual maturities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows: December 31, 2024 Amortized cost (1) Gross Unrealized ACL Fair Value (2) Weighted- Gains Losses average yield% (Dollars in thousands) U.S. Treasury securities: Due within one year $ 59,992 $ - $ 803 $ - $ 59,189 0.75 U.S. GSEs obligations: Due within one year 1,090,678 - 22,826 - 1,067,852 0.79 After 1 to 5 years 817,835 39 53,195 - 764,679 0.96 After 10 years 7,835 - 35 - 7,800 4.73 Puerto Rico government obligation: After 10 years (3) 2,951 - 986 345 1,620 - United States and Puerto Rico government obligations 1,979,291 39 77,845 345 1,901,140 0.87 MBS: Residential MBS: FHLMC certificates: After 1 to 5 years 14,477 - 460 - 14,017 2.14 After 5 to 10 years 122,548 - 9,977 - 112,571 1.52 After 10 years 936,531 25 168,691 - 767,865 1.51 1,073,556 25 179,128 - 894,453 1.52 GNMA certificates: Due within one year 881 - 6 - 875 2.68 After 1 to 5 years 8,025 - 350 - 7,675 0.71 After 5 to 10 years 67,181 - 6,125 - 61,056 1.86 After 10 years 142,330 16 22,041 - 120,305 2.78 218,417 16 28,522 - 189,911 2.42 FNMA certificates: After 1 to 5 years 21,921 - 689 - 21,232 2.13 After 5 to 10 years 244,966 - 18,874 - 226,092 1.74 After 10 years 979,366 16 159,560 - 819,822 1.51 1,246,253 16 179,123 - 1,067,146 1.56 Collateralized mortgage obligations (“CMOs”) issued or guaranteed by the FHLMC, FNMA, and GNMA: After 10 years 377,812 74 52,338 - 325,548 2.88 Private label: After 5 to 10 years 4,886 - 1,430 57 3,399 6.69 After 10 years 1,200 - 285 119 796 6.32 6,086 - 1,715 176 4,195 6.62 Total Residential MBS 2,922,124 131 440,826 176 2,481,253 1.79 Commercial MBS: After 1 to 5 years 33,835 13 2,286 - 31,562 2.59 After 5 to 10 years 10,621 - 1,653 - 8,968 1.67 After 10 years 178,537 - 37,158 - 141,379 2.06 Total Commercial MBS 222,993 13 41,097 - 181,909 2.12 Total MBS 3,145,117 144 481,923 176 2,663,162 1.82 Other: Due within one year 1,000 - - - 1,000 2.32 Total available-for-sale debt securities $ 5,125,408 $ 183 $ 559,768 $ 521 $ 4,565,302 1.45 (1) Excludes accrued interest receivable on available-for-sale debt securities that totaled $ 9.6 million as of December 31, 2024 reported as part of accrued interest receivable on loans and investment securities in the consolidated statements of financial condition, and excluded from the estimate of credit losses. (2) Includes $ 466.1 million (amortized cost - $ 533.7 million) that was pledged at the FHLB as collateral for borrowings and letters of credit as well as $ 3.0 billion (amortized cost - $ 3.3 billion) pledged as collateral for the uninsured portion of government deposits. The secured parties are not permitted to sell or repledge the collateral. (3) Consists of a residential pass-through MBS issued by the PRHFA that is collateralized by certain second mortgages originated under a program launched by the Puerto Rico government in 2010 and is in nonaccrual status based on the delinquency status of the underlying second mortgage loans collateral. December 31, 2023 Amortized cost (1) Gross Unrealized ACL Fair value (2) Weighted- Gains Losses average yield% (Dollars in thousands) U.S. Treasury securities: Due within one year $ 80,314 $ - $ 2,144 $ - $ 78,170 0.66 After 1 to 5 years 60,239 - 3,016 - 57,223 0.75 U.S. GSEs’ obligations: Due within one year 542,847 - 15,832 - 527,015 0.77 After 1 to 5 years 1,899,620 49 135,347 - 1,764,322 0.86 After 5 to 10 years 8,850 - 687 - 8,163 2.64 After 10 years 8,891 8 2 - 8,897 5.49 Puerto Rico government obligation: After 10 years (3) 3,156 - 1,346 395 1,415 - United States and Puerto Rico government obligations 2,603,917 57 158,374 395 2,445,205 0.85 MBS: Residential MBS: FHLMC certificates: After 1 to 5 years 19,561 - 868 - 18,693 2.06 After 5 to 10 years 153,308 - 12,721 - 140,587 1.55 After 10 years 991,060 15 161,197 - 829,878 1.41 1,163,929 15 174,786 - 989,158 1.44 GNMA certificates: Due within one year 254 - 3 - 251 3.27 After 1 to 5 years 16,882 - 872 - 16,010 1.19 After 5 to 10 years 27,916 8 2,247 - 25,677 1.62 After 10 years 206,254 87 22,786 - 183,555 2.57 251,306 95 25,908 - 225,493 2.38 FNMA certificates: After 1 to 5 years 32,489 - 1,423 - 31,066 2.11 After 5 to 10 years 293,492 - 23,146 - 270,346 1.70 After 10 years 1,047,298 83 156,344 - 891,037 1.37 1,373,279 83 180,913 - 1,192,449 1.46 CMOs issued or guaranteed by the FHLMC, FNMA, and GNMA: After 10 years 273,539 - 52,263 - 221,276 1.54 Private label: After 10 years 7,086 - 2,185 116 4,785 7.66 Total Residential MBS 3,069,139 193 436,055 116 2,633,161 1.55 Commercial MBS: After 1 to 5 years 45,022 - 6,898 - 38,124 2.17 After 5 to 10 years 22,386 - 2,685 - 19,701 2.16 After 10 years 122,830 - 29,037 - 93,793 1.36 Total Commercial MBS 190,238 - 38,620 - 151,618 1.64 Total MBS 3,259,377 193 474,675 116 2,784,779 1.55 Total available-for-sale debt securities $ 5,863,294 $ 250 $ 633,049 $ 511 $ 5,229,984 1.24 (1) Excludes accrued interest receivable on available-for-sale debt securities that totaled $ 10.6 million as of December 31, 2023 reported as part of accrued interest receivable on loans and investment securities in the consolidated statements of financial condition, and excluded from the estimate of credit losses. (2) Includes $ 477.9 million (amortized cost - $ 527.2 million) that was pledged at the FHLB as collateral for borrowings and letters of credit as well as $ 2.8 billion (amortized cost - $ 3.2 billion) pledged as collateral for the uninsured portion of government deposits. The secured parties are not permitted to sell or repledge the collateral. (3) Consists of a residential pass-through MBS issued by the PRHFA that is collateralized by certain second mortgages originated under a program launched by the Puerto Rico government in 2010 and is in nonaccrual status based on the delinquency status of the underlying second mortgage loans collateral. During 2024, the Corporation purchased approximately $ 266.2 million of available-for-sale debt securities, mainly consisting of $ 224.5 million of residential MBS and $ 40.7 million of commercial MBS. Maturities of available-for-sale debt securities are based on the period of final contractual maturity. Expected maturities might differ from contractual maturities because they may be subject to prepayments and/or call options. The weighted-average yield on available-for-sale debt securities is based on amortized cost and, therefore, does not give effect to changes in fair value. The net unrealized loss on available-for-sale debt securities is presented as part of accumulated other comprehensive loss in the consolidated statements of financial condition. The following tables present the fair value and gross unrealized losses of the Corporation’s available-for-sale debt securities, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. The tables also include debt securities for which an ACL was recorded. As of December 31, 2024 Less than 12 months 12 months or more Total Unrealized Unrealized Unrealized Fair Value Losses Fair Value Losses Fair Value Losses (In thousands) U.S. Treasury and U.S. GSEs’ obligations $ 8,005 $ 35 $ 1,886,046 $ 76,824 $ 1,894,051 $ 76,859 Puerto Rico government obligation - - 1,620 986 (1) 1,620 986 MBS: Residential MBS: FHLMC 36,224 85 857,492 179,043 893,716 179,128 GNMA 22,281 508 166,470 28,014 188,751 28,522 FNMA 53,325 132 1,012,331 178,991 1,065,656 179,123 CMOs issued or guaranteed by the FHLMC, FNMA, and GNMA 52,778 248 187,772 52,090 240,550 52,338 Private label - - 4,195 1,715 (1) 4,195 1,715 Commercial MBS 44,831 823 131,152 40,274 175,983 41,097 $ 217,444 $ 1,831 $ 4,247,078 $ 557,937 $ 4,464,522 $ 559,768 (1) Unrealized losses do not include the credit loss component recorded as part of the ACL. As of December 31, 2024, the PRHFA bond and private label MBS had an ACL of $ 0.3 million and $ 0.2 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 Less than 12 months 12 months or more Total Unrealized Unrealized Unrealized Fair Value Losses Fair Value Losses Fair Value Losses (In thousands) U.S. Treasury and U.S. GSEs’ obligations $ 2,544 $ 2 $ 2,428,784 $ 157,026 $ 2,431,328 $ 157,028 Puerto Rico government obligation - - 1,415 1,346 (1) 1,415 1,346 MBS: Residential MBS: FHLMC 9 - 988,092 174,786 988,101 174,786 GNMA 12,257 100 202,390 25,808 214,647 25,908 FNMA - - 1,183,275 180,913 1,183,275 180,913 CMOs issued or guaranteed by the FHLMC, FNMA, and GNMA - - 221,276 52,263 221,276 52,263 Private label - - 4,785 2,185 (1) 4,785 2,185 Commercial MBS 11,370 18 140,248 38,602 151,618 38,620 $ 26,180 $ 120 $ 5,170,265 $ 632,929 $ 5,196,445 $ 633,049 (1) Unrealized losses do not include the credit loss component recorded as part of the ACL. As of December 31, 2023, the PRHFA bond and private label MBS had an ACL of $ 0.4 million and $ 0.1 million, respectively. Assessment for Credit Losses Debt securities issued by U.S. government agencies, U.S. GSEs, and the U.S. Treasury, including notes and MBS, accounted for substantially all of the total available-for -sale portfolio as of December 31, 2024, and the Corporation expects no credit losses on these securities, given the explicit and implicit guarantees provided by the U.S. federal government. Because the decline in fair value is attributable to changes in interest rates, and not credit quality, and because, as of December 31, 2024, the Corporation did not have the intent to sell these U.S. government and agencies debt securities and determined that it was likely that it will not be required to sell these securities before their anticipated recovery, the Corporation does not consider impairments on these securities to be credit related. The Corporation’s credit loss assessment was concentrated mainly on private label MBS and on Puerto Rico government debt securities, for which credit losses are evaluated on a quarterly basis. Private label MBS held as part of the Corporation’s available for sale portfolio consist of trust certificates issued by an unaffiliated party backed by fixed-rate, single-family residential mortgage loans in the U.S. mainland with original FICO scores over 700 and moderate loan-to-value ratios (under 80 %), as well as moderate delinquency levels. The interest rate on these private label MBS is variable, tied to 3-month CME Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) plus a tenor spread adjustment of 0.26161 % and the original spread limited to the weighted-average coupon of the underlying collateral. The Corporation determined the ACL for private label MBS based on a risk-adjusted discounted cash flow methodology that considers the structure and terms of the instruments. The Corporation utilized probability of default PDs and LGDs that considered, among other things, historical payment performance, loan-to-value attributes, and relevant current and forward-looking macroeconomic variables, such as regional unemployment rates and the housing price index. Under this approach, expected cash flows (interest and principal) were discounted at the U.S. Treasury yield curve as of the reporting date. See Note 23 – “Fair Value ” for the significant assumptions used in the valuation of the private label MBS as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. For the residential pass-through MBS issued by the PRHFA held as part of the Corporation’s available-for-sale portfolio backed by second mortgage residential loans in Puerto Rico, the ACL was determined based on a discounted cash flow methodology that considered the structure and terms of the debt security. The expected cash flows were discounted at the U.S. Treasury yield curve plus a spread as of the reporting date and compared to the amortized cost. The Corporation utilized PDs and LGDs that considered, among other things, historical payment performance, loan-to-value attributes, and relevant current and forward-looking macroeconomic variables, such as regional unemployment rates, the housing price index, and expected recovery from the PRHFA guarantee. PRHFA, not the Puerto Rico government, provides a guarantee in the event of default and subsequent foreclosure of the properties underlying the second mortgage loans. In the event that the second mortgage loans default and the collateral is insufficient to satisfy the outstanding balance of this residential pass-through MBS, PRHFA’s ability to honor such guarantee will depend on, among other factors, its financial condition at the time such obligation becomes due and payable. Deterioration of the Puerto Rico economy or fiscal health of the PRHFA could impact the value of this security, resulting in additional losses to the Corporation. The following tables present a roll-forward of the ACL on available-for-sale debt securities by major security type for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022: Year Ended December 31, 2024 Private label MBS Puerto Rico Government Obligations Total (In thousands) Beginning balance $ 116 $ 395 $ 511 Provision for credit losses - (benefit) - (50) (50) Net recoveries 60 - 60 ACL on available-for-sale debt securities $ 176 $ 345 $ 521 Year Ended December 31, 2023 Private label MBS Puerto Rico Government Obligations Total (In thousands) Beginning balance $ 83 $ 375 $ 458 Provision for credit losses - expense - 20 20 Net recoveries 33 - 33 ACL on available-for-sale debt securities $ 116 $ 395 $ 511 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Private label MBS Puerto Rico Government Obligations Total (In thousands) Beginning balance $ 797 $ 308 $ 1,105 Provision for credit losses - (benefit) expense (501) 67 (434) Net charge-offs (213) - (213) ACL on available-for-sale debt securities $ 83 $ 375 $ 458 During 2024, the Corporation recognized $ 71.7 million of interest income on available-for-sale debt securities (2023 - $ 78.3 million; 2022 - $ 86.1 million), of which $ 36.2 million was exempt (2023 - $ 39.1 million; 2022 - $ 40.7 million). The exempt securities primarily relate to MBS and government obligations held by IBEs (as defined in the International Banking Entity Act of Puerto Rico), whose interest income and sales are exempt from Puerto Rico income taxation under that act. Held-to-Maturity Debt Securities The amortized cost, gross unrecognized gains and losses, estimated fair value, ACL, weighted-average yield and contractual maturities of held-to-maturity debt securities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows: December 31, 2024 Amortized cost (1) (2) Gross Unrecognized Fair value Weighted- Gains Losses ACL average yield% (Dollars in thousands) Puerto Rico municipal bonds: Due within one year $ 2,214 $ 134 $ 6 $ 2,342 $ 6 5.07 After 1 to 5 years 61,289 2,724 438 63,575 433 7.33 After 5 to 10 years 13,184 811 205 13,790 127 5.79 After 10 years 15,755 146 - 15,901 236 8.07 Total Puerto Rico municipal bonds 92,442 3,815 649 95,608 802 7.18 MBS: Residential MBS: FHLMC certificates: After 5 to 10 years 12,112 - 353 11,759 - 3.03 After 10 years 16,936 - 1,142 15,794 - 4.30 29,048 - 1,495 27,553 - 3.77 GNMA certificates: After 10 years 13,472 - 842 12,630 - 3.29 FNMA certificates: After 10 years 61,233 - 3,786 57,447 - 4.19 CMOs issued or guaranteed by FHLMC, FNMA, and GNMA: After 10 years 25,566 - 1,321 24,245 - 3.49 Total Residential MBS 129,319 - 7,444 121,875 - 3.86 Commercial MBS: After 1 to 5 years 9,258 - 151 9,107 - 3.48 After 10 years 86,767 - 5,317 81,450 - 3.92 Total Commercial MBS 96,025 - 5,468 90,557 - 3.88 Total MBS 225,344 - 12,912 212,432 - 3.87 Total held-to-maturity debt securities $ 317,786 $ 3,815 $ 13,561 $ 308,040 $ 802 4.83 (1) Excludes accrued interest receivable on held-to-maturity debt securities that totaled $ 4.1 million as of December 31, 2024 reported as part of accrued interest receivable on loans and investment securities in the consolidated statements of financial condition, and excluded from the estimate of credit losses. (2) Includes $ 198.6 million (fair value - $ 192.4 million) that serves as collateral for the uninsured portion of government deposits. The secured parties are not permitted to sell or repledge the collateral. December 31, 2023 Amortized cost (1) (2) Gross Unrecognized Fair value Weighted- Gains Losses ACL average yield% (Dollars in thousands) Puerto Rico municipal bonds: Due within one year $ 3,165 $ 8 $ 38 $ 3,135 $ 50 9.30 After 1 to 5 years 51,230 994 710 51,514 1,266 7.78 After 5 to 10 years 36,050 3,540 210 39,380 604 7.13 After 10 years 16,595 269 - 16,864 277 8.87 Total Puerto Rico municipal bonds 107,040 4,811 958 110,893 2,197 7.78 MBS: Residential MBS: FHLMC certificates: After 5 to 10 years 16,469 - 556 15,913 - 3.03 After 10 years 18,324 - 714 17,610 - 4.32 34,793 - 1,270 33,523 - 3.71 GNMA certificates: After 10 years 16,265 - 789 15,476 - 3.32 FNMA certificates: After 10 years 67,271 - 2,486 64,785 - 4.18 CMOs issued or guaranteed by FHLMC, FNMA, and GNMA: After 10 years 28,139 - 1,274 26,865 - 3.49 Total Residential MBS 146,468 - 5,819 140,649 - 3.84 Commercial MBS: After 1 to 5 years 9,444 - 297 9,147 - 3.48 After 10 years 91,226 - 5,783 85,443 - 3.15 Total Commercial MBS 100,670 - 6,080 94,590 - 3.18 Total MBS 247,138 - 11,899 235,239 - 3.57 Total held-to-maturity debt securities $ 354,178 $ 4,811 $ 12,857 $ 346,132 $ 2,197 4.84 (1) Excludes accrued interest receivable on held-to-maturity debt securities that totaled $ 4.8 million as of December 31, 2023 reported as part of accrued interest receivable on loans and investment securities in the consolidated statements of financial condition, and excluded from the estimate of credit losses. (2) Includes $ 126.6 million (fair value - $ 125.9 million) that serves as collateral for the uninsured portion of government deposits. The secured parties are not permitted to sell or repledge the collateral. The following tables present the Corporation’s held-to-maturity debt securities’ fair value and gross unrecognized losses, aggregated by category and length of time that individual securities had been in a continuous unrecognized loss position, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, including debt securities for which an ACL was recorded: As of December 31, 2024 Less than 12 months 12 months or more Total Unrecognized Unrecognized Unrecognized Fair Value Losses Fair Value Losses Fair Value Losses (In thousands) Puerto Rico municipal bonds $ - $ - $ 20,071 $ 649 $ 20,071 $ 649 MBS: Residential MBS: FHLMC certificates - - 27,553 1,495 27,553 1,495 GNMA certificates - - 12,630 842 12,630 842 FNMA certificates - - 57,447 3,786 57,447 3,786 CMOs issued or guaranteed by FHLMC, FNMA, and GNMA - - 24,245 1,321 24,245 1,321 Commercial MBS - - 90,557 5,468 90,557 5,468 Total held-to-maturity debt securities $ - $ - $ 232,503 $ 13,561 $ 232,503 $ 13,561 As of December 31, 2023 Less than 12 months 12 months or more Total Unrecognized Unrecognized Unrecognized Fair Value Losses Fair Value Losses Fair Value Losses (In thousands) Puerto Rico municipal bonds $ - $ - $ 34,682 $ 958 $ 34,682 $ 958 MBS: Residential MBS: FHLMC certificates - - 33,523 1,270 33,523 1,270 GNMA certificates - - 15,476 789 15,476 789 FNMA certificates - - 64,785 2,486 64,785 2,486 CMOs issued or guaranteed by FHLMC, FNMA, and GNMA - - 26,865 1,274 26,865 1,274 Commercial MBS - - 94,590 6,080 94,590 6,080 Total held-to-maturity debt securities $ - $ - $ 269,921 $ 12,857 $ 269,921 $ 12,857 The Corporation classifies the held-to-maturity debt securities portfolio into the following major security types: MBS issued or guaranteed by GSEs and underlying collateral and Puerto Rico municipal bonds. The Corporation does not recognize an ACL for MBS issued or guaranteed by GSEs since they are highly rated by major rating agencies and have a long history of no credit losses. In the case of Puerto Rico municipal bonds, the Corporation determines the ACL based on the product of a cumulative PD and LGD, and the amortized cost basis of the bonds over their remaining expected life as described in Note 1 – “Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.” The Corporation performs periodic credit quality reviews on these issuers. All of the Puerto Rico municipal bonds were current as to scheduled contractual payments as of December 31, 2024. The ACL of Puerto Rico municipal bonds decreased to $ 0.8 million as of December 31, 2024, from $ 2.2 million as of December 31, 2023, mostly related to updated financial information of a bond issuer received during 2024. The following tables present the activity in the ACL for held-to-maturity debt securities by major security type for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022: Puerto Rico Municipal Bonds Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 (In thousands) Beginning Balance $ 2,197 $ 8,286 $ 8,571 Provision for credit losses - (benefit) (1,395) (6,089) (285) ACL on held-to-maturity debt securities $ 802 $ 2,197 $ 8,286 Municipalities, which are covered instrumentalities under Puerto Rico Oversight, Management, and Economic Stability Act (“PROMESA”), may be affected by the negative economic and other effects resulting from expense, revenue, or cash management measures taken by the Puerto Rico government to address its fiscal situation, or measures included in its fiscal plan or fiscal plans of other government entities. Given the inherent uncertainties about the fiscal situation of the Puerto Rico central government and the measures taken, or to be taken, by other government entities in response to economic and fiscal challenges, the Corporation cannot be certain whether future charges to the ACL on these securities will be required. From time to time, the Corporation has held-to-maturity securities with an original maturity of three months or less that are considered cash and cash equivalents and are classified as money market investments in the consolidated statements of financial condition. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Corporation had no outstanding held-to-maturity securities that were classified as cash and cash equivalents. During 2024, the Corporation recognized $ 17.1 million of interest income on held-to-maturity debt securities (2023 - $ 20.9 million; 2022 - $ 15.5 million), of which $ 16.8 million was exempt (2023 - $ 20.5 million; 2022 - $ 15.4 million). The exempt securities relate to tax-exempt Puerto Rico municipal bonds and MBS held by IBEs (as defined in the International Banking Entity Act of Puerto Rico), whose interest income and sales are exempt from Puerto Rico income taxation under that act. Credit Quality Indicators: The held-to-maturity debt securities portfolio consisted of GSEs’ MBS, for which the Corporation expects no credit losses, and financing arrangements with Puerto Rico municipalities issued in bond form. The Puerto Rico municipal bonds are accounted for as securities but are underwritten as loans with features that are typically found in commercial loans. Accordingly, the Corporation monitors the credit quality of these municipal bonds through the use of internal credit-risk ratings, which are generally updated on a quarterly basis. The Corporation considers a municipal bond as a criticized asset if its risk rating is Special Mention, Substandard, Doubtful, or Loss. Puerto Rico municipal bonds that do not meet the criteria for classification as criticized assets are considered to be Pass-rated securities. The asset categories are defined below: Pass – Assets classified as Pass have a well-defined primary source of repayment, with no apparent risk, strong financial position, minimal operating risk, profitability, liquidity and strong capitalization and include assets categorized as Watch. Assets classified as Watch have acceptable business credit, but borrowers’ operations, cash flow or financial condition evidence more than average risk and requires additional level of supervision and attention from loan officers. Special Mention – Special Mention assets have potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or in the Corporation’s credit position at some future date. Special Mention assets are not adversely classified and do not expose the Corporation to sufficient risk to warrant adverse classification. Substandard – Substandard assets are inadequately protected by the current sound worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Assets classified as Substandard must have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Doubtful – Doubtful classifications have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified Substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full highly questionable and improbable, based on currently known facts, conditions and values. A Doubtful classification may be appropriate in cases where significant risk exposures are perceived, but loss cannot be determined because of specific reasonable pending factors, which may strengthen the credit in the near term. Loss – Assets classified as Loss are considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as bankable assets is not warranted. This classification does not mean that the asset has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but rather that it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off this asset even though partial recovery may occur in the future. There is little or no prospect for near term improvement and no realistic strengthening action of significance pending. The Corporation periodically reviews its Puerto Rico municipal bonds to evaluate if they are properly classified, and to measure credit losses on these securities. The frequency of these reviews will depend on the amount of the aggregate outstanding debt, and the risk rating classification of the obligor. The Corporation has a Loan Review Group that reports directly to the Corporation’s Risk Management Committee and administratively to the Chief Risk Officer. The Loan Review Group performs annual comprehensive credit process reviews of the Bank’s commercial loan portfolios, including the above-mentioned Puerto Rico municipal bonds accounted for as held-to-maturity debt securities. The objective of these loan reviews is to assess accuracy of the Bank’s determination and maintenance of loan risk rating and its adherence to lending policies, practices and procedures. The monitoring performed by this group contributes to the assessment of compliance with credit policies and underwriting standards, the determination of the current level of credit risk, the evaluation of the effectiveness of the credit management process, and the identification of any deficiency that may arise in the credit- granting process. Based on its findings, the Loan Review Group recommends corrective actions, if necessary, that help in maintaining a sound credit process. The Loan Review Group reports the results of the credit process reviews to the Risk Management Committee. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, all Puerto Rico municipal bonds classified as held-to-maturity were classified as Pass. No held-to-maturity debt securities were on nonaccrual status, 90 days past due and still accruing, or past due as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. A security is considered to be past due once it is 30 days contractually past due under the terms of the agreement.