-----BEGIN PRIVACY-ENHANCED MESSAGE----- Proc-Type: 2001,MIC-CLEAR Originator-Name: webmaster@www.sec.gov Originator-Key-Asymmetric: MFgwCgYEVQgBAQICAf8DSgAwRwJAW2sNKK9AVtBzYZmr6aGjlWyK3XmZv3dTINen TWSM7vrzLADbmYQaionwg5sDW3P6oaM5D3tdezXMm7z1T+B+twIDAQAB MIC-Info: RSA-MD5,RSA, GnBhr5IOvMKBAyhsGHodOU/GEBaUr9e6666+HERJe8PELkS7YRldjE+te49mtwy3 Z3RGtxDqe/AGjqqaAEKt4Q== 0001057076-99-000001.txt : 19990503 0001057076-99-000001.hdr.sgml : 19990503 ACCESSION NUMBER: 0001057076-99-000001 CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE: 10-12G PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT: 15 FILED AS OF DATE: 19990430 FILER: COMPANY DATA: COMPANY CONFORMED NAME: RIDGEWOOD POWER GROWTH FUND /NJ CENTRAL INDEX KEY: 0001057076 STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION: [] STATE OF INCORPORATION: DE FISCAL YEAR END: 1231 FILING VALUES: FORM TYPE: 10-12G SEC ACT: SEC FILE NUMBER: 000-25935 FILM NUMBER: 99607392 BUSINESS ADDRESS: STREET 1: 947 LINWOOD AVENUE STREET 2: 201-447-9000 CITY: RIDGEWOOD STATE: NJ ZIP: 07450 MAIL ADDRESS: STREET 1: 947 LINWOOD AVENUE CITY: RIDGEWOOD STATE: NJ ZIP: 07450-2939 10-12G 1 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10 GENERAL FORM FOR REGISTRATION OF SECURITIES PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR 12(g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 THE RIDGEWOOD POWER GROWTH FUND (Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter) Delaware 22-3495594 (State or Other Jurisdiction (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) of Incorporation or Organization) c/o Ridgewood Power Corporation, 947 Linwood Avenue, Ridgewood, New Jersey 07450 (Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code) Registrant's Telephone Number, including Area Code: (201) 447-9000 Securities to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None Securities to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: Investor Shares of Beneficial Interest Preferred Participation Rights (Title of Class) Exhibit Index is located on page 49. PART I Item 1. Business. Forward-looking statement advisory This Registration Statement on Form 10, as with some other statements made by or on behalf of the Ridgewood Power Growth Fund (the "Fund") from time to time, has forward-looking statements. These statements discuss business trends and other matters relating to the Fund's future results, year 2000 remediation and the business climate and are found, among other places, at Items 1(c)(3), 1(c)(4), 1(c)(5), 1(c)(6), 1(c)(7), and 2(b). In order to make these statements, the Fund has had to make assumptions as to the future. It has also had to make estimates in some cases about events that have already happened, and to rely on data that may be found to be inaccurate at a later time. Because these forward-looking statements are based on assumptions, estimates and changeable data, and because any attempt to predict the future is subject to other errors, what happens to the Fund in the future may be materially different from the Fund's statements here. The Fund therefore warns readers of this document that they should not rely on these forward-looking statements without considering all of the things that could make them inaccurate. This Registration Statement discusses many (but not all) of the risks and uncertainties that might affect these forward-looking statements. Some of these are changes in political and economic conditions, federal or state regulatory structures, government taxation, spending and budgetary policies, government mandates, demand for electricity and thermal energy, the ability of customers to pay for energy received, supplies of fuel and prices of fuels, operational status of plant, mechanical breakdowns, availability of labor and the willingness of electric utilities to perform existing power purchase agreements in good faith. Some of these cautionary factors that readers should consider are described below at Item 1(c)(5) - Trends in the Electric Utility and Independent Power Industries. By making these statements now, the Fund is not making any commitment to revise these forward-looking statements to reflect events that happen after the date of this document or to reflect unanticipated future events. (a) General Development of Business. The Registrant is the Ridgewood Power Growth Fund, which was organized as a Delaware business trust in January 1998 to participate in the development, construction and operation of independent power generating facilities and capital facilities ("Independent Power Projects" or "Projects"). Ridgewood Energy Holding Corporation ("Ridgewood Holding"), a Delaware corporation, is the Corporate Trustee of the Fund. The Fund has sold whole and fractional shares of beneficial interest in the Fund ("Investor Shares") at $100,000 per Investor Share. Its offering began on February 9, 1998 and is ongoing. As of April 20, 1999, it had raised approximately $38,000,000. Net of offering fees, commissions and expenses, the offering had provided as of that date approximately $31,500,000 for investments in the development and acquisition of Projects and operating expenses. The Fund has approximately 740 record holders of Investor Shares (the "Investors"). As described below in Item 1(c)(4), the Fund has invested approximately $2 million of its assets in common stock of ZAP Power Systems, Inc., a manufacturer of electric bicycles and similar personal vehicles, and is considering an investment in a portfolio of landfill gas fueled electric generating Projects in England. The Fund is actively seeking additional Projects for investment. The Fund has two Managing Shareholders: Ridgewood Power LLC, a New Jersey limited liability company ("Ridgewood Power") and Ridgewood Power VI LLC ("Power VI Co"), which is also a New Jersey limited liability company. The Managing Shareholders have direct and exclusive discretion in the management and control of the affairs of the Fund. Both Ridgewood Power and Power VI Co are controlled by Robert E. Swanson, who is the manager of each. The officers of Power VI Co are also the same as those of Ridgewood Power and Power VI Co currently does not conduct any business. It is anticipated that Ridgewood Power will take all actions necessary to manage the Fund, without any participation by Ridgewood Power VI Co, unless Ridgewood Power were to become unable to act as the Managing Shareholder because of a possible reorganization of other, similar investment programs that it manages. In that case, Power VI Co would be activated to serve as Managing Shareholder. A further discussion of Ridgewood Power and Power VI Co is found at Item 5(b) - Directors and Executive Officers - Managing Shareholders. In the remainder of this Registration Statement, when a reference is made to the "Managing Shareholder," it is to Ridgewood Power so long as it acts as Managing Shareholder and to Power VI Co if Power VI Co is activated to serve as a Managing Shareholder. The two Managing Shareholders and the Investors are collectively referred to as the "Shareholders." The Fund currently has three Independent Panel Members. Approval of a majority of the Independent Panel Members is required for approval of transactions between the Fund and other investment programs sponsored by the Managing Shareholder. The Independent Panel Members do not exercise general oversight of the Managing Shareholder or of the Fund and are not directors of the Fund. The Independent Panel Members do not have any management or administrative powers over the Fund or its property. The Fund has a Corporate Trustee, Ridgewood Energy Holding Corporation. The Corporate Trustee acts on the instructions of the Managing Shareholder and is not authorized to take independent discretionary action on behalf of the Fund. See Item 5 - Directors and Executive Officers of the Registrant below for a further description of the management of the Fund. The Managing Shareholders are controlled by Robert E. Swanson, who is currently their sole manager and chief executive officer. The following chart illustrates some of the important relationships among the Fund, the Managing Shareholders and some of their affiliates. For additional information, see Item 5 -- Directors and Executive Officers of the Registrant. The Ridgewood Power Growth Fund and certain affiliates (some entities and relationships omitted) Robert E. Swanson Family trusts Two indivi- x x (Mr. Swanson has duals x Sole manager x x sole voting and 1% each x Chief executive officer x x investment power) x Owner of 46% of equity x x Owners of 52% of equity x _________________X__________________X____________________________X_ x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Ridgewood Ridgewood Power Ridgewood Ridgewood Ridgewood Ridgewood Securities Management LLC Power LLC Energy Power VI Capital Corporation Holding LLC Management Corporation LLC Operates power Corporate Manager Placement plants for five Managing Trustee Co-Managing of two agent power trusts Shareholder for all Shareholder venture ("Ridgewood ("RPMCo") of six six trusts (dormant) capital Securities") trusts x of this funds and ("Ridgewood x Fund marketing Power") x ("Power VI Co") affiliate x x x ("Ridgewood x x x Capital") x x x x ______________________________x____________x_____________ x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Ridgewood Ridgewood Ridgewood Ridgewood Ridgewood The Ridgewood x Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Power Growth x Power Trust Power Trust Power Trust Power Trust Power Trust Fund x I II III IV V (the x ("Power I") ("Power II") ("Power ("Power IV") ("Power V") "Fund") x III") x x ________________________________X__ x x x x Ridgewood Capital Ridgewood Institutional Venture Partners Venture Partners, LLC LLC (the "Venture Capital Funds") (b) Financial Information about Industry Segments. The Fund has been organized to operate in only one industry segment: independent power generation and related capital, infrastructure and venture projects. (c) Narrative Description of Business. (1) General Description. The Fund's investment objectives are: providing capital appreciation over an extended period of time, either by (a) selling all or some of the Fund's assets or (b) changing the Fund into a more liquid investment (by combining with other companies, by a public offering, by creating a market for the Investor Shares or otherwise) and generating current cash flow for distribution to Investors to the extent consistent with the capital appreciation objective. The Fund intends to achieve its objectives by making equity investments in "Projects" or in companies owning Projects or assets that may benefit from industry deregulation. In many cases, the Fund may operate those Projects itself. The Projects may include: o conventionally fueled, small to medium-size independent electric power plants; o landfill gas, biomass or other "waste" fueled power plants that generate electricity or heat, or both,for sale while helping to remedy environmental problems; o cogeneration plants that produce electricity and heat together for sale; o other power generating facilities that produce electricity, heat or motive power for sale or use; o waste transfer stations, pumping facilities and other facilities that contribute to the operation of other Projects; o other types of capital projects, such as fuel plants, processing facilities and recycling facilities, that are expected to have consistent cash flows similar to those from independent electric power plants; and equity interests in companies affected by the deregulation of the electricity industry, including those with long-term or unconventional business strategies. The Fund will not invest in nuclear power facilities. The Fund will try to invest in Projects that provide long-term cash flows. Its investments will be structured for federal income tax purposes as "direct participation" investments, so that income, gains, losses, deductions and credits flow through to each Investor's personal tax return, and are subject to tax only once. Investors will generally have limited liability for the Fund's obligations and those of the Projects. (2) Risk Considerations General Investment in the Fund involves substantial risks and potential conflicts of interest and is suitable only for those persons who meet the investor suitability standards on a continuing basis, have a substantial net worth, have no need for liquidity from such investment, and are able to bear the loss of the entire investment. Each prospective Investor should consider carefully the risk factors attendant to the purchase of Shares, including without limitation those discussed below, and each should review the investment with his own legal, tax and financial advisors. In addition, each prospective Investor should understand that the Subscription Agreement and the Declaration materially restrict Investors from selling or otherwise disposing of their Shares. Importance of Regulatory and Political Environments Independent Power Projects, including cogeneration facilities, are creatures of the regulatory and political process. Since the passage of PURPA in 1978, the Independent Power industry has grown, in large part, because regulatory and political environments made it feasible to amass the large sums of long-term capital needed to develop, construct and operate power plants. In particular, the regulatory advantages currently provided by PURPA for Qualifying Facilities are essential for the viability of most Independent Power Projects. Modification or repeal of PURPA or the regulations thereunder could make some Projects uneconomic. In several states, including Massachusetts, Maine and California, requirements may be imposed on sellers of electricity to purchase a minimum amount of "renewable" power (generally, power from small hydroelectric plants, geothermal, solar or wind plants, or plants that burn non-fossil fuels). These requirements may be very advantageous for the types of Projects the Fund may invest in, but adverse state or federal action might make those Projects uneconomic in the future. Further, it is possible that future developments, such as more stringent requirements of environmental laws and enforcement policies thereunder, could affect the costs of and the manner in which Projects are developed, built or operated. There can be no assurance that in such event the Projects would be able to recover all or any of such increased costs or that their businesses and financial conditions would not be materially and adversely affected. Deregulatory Initiatives The Comprehensive Energy Policy Act of 1992 (the "1992 Energy Act") removed certain restrictions imposed by the Holding Company Act on the ability of electric utility holding companies and electric utilities to control their local markets. Since passage of the 1992 Energy Act, FERC in its Order 888 of April 1996 has deregulated the wholesale market for electricity (the market for sales to local utilities or distributors of electricity). Further, many states are implementing plans to further encourage investment in wholesale generators and to facilitate utility decisions to spin off or divest generating capacity from the transmission or distribution businesses of the utilities. As a result, Independent Power Projects in the future will face competition not only from other Independent Power Projects seeking to sell electricity on a wholesale basis but also from exempt wholesale generators, electric utilities with excess capacity and independent generators spun off or otherwise separated from their parent utilities. On the other hand, by expanding the potential pool of Projects in which electric utility holding companies and electric utilities are able to invest, the 1992 Energy Act has resulted in increased competition from the holding companies and utilities to develop promising Projects and in increased competition in the sale of electricity by Independent Power Projects. Further, the 1992 Energy Act and Order 888 introduced an element of competition in the transmission component of the electric power industry by requiring electric utilities to make available their transmission facilities to Independent Power Projects where it is in the public interest and does not unreasonably impair the reliability of electricity service. In April 1996, FERC adopted Order 888, which required electric utilities and power pools to make transmission facilities and information available on equal terms to all generators. The deregulation of transmission may benefit the Fund in the future in that deregulated transmission may give Projects in which the Fund participates access to customers that are not geographically located near the Projects. If there are limitations on transmission capacity, however, the Fund might have to compete and bid for capacity in order to transmit electricity to distant customers if it is selling in a competitive market or if it is selling "renewable" power to a distant customer. In those events, the Fund might have to compete against companies that are far larger and more diversified than itself or that have lower costs of operation or access to transmission facilities. If the Fund were unsuccessful in obtaining transmission capacity, it might not be able to sell its output except to local utilities (or in some cases, local retail customers). There is no assurance local customers would purchase that power or that the local price would be as advantageous as the price more distant customers would pay. The large scale deregulation of transmission facilities is likely to have other far-reaching effects which may be adverse to the Independent Power industry, generally, or to the particular facilities owned by the Fund. In particular, because the Fund anticipates investing in small scale facilities, it may be difficult for it in the short run to market power to end users or over long distances. As a result, it may suffer significant competitive disadvantages. State initiatives to deregulate and encourage competition in the businesses of generating electric power and transmitting it to customers are also creating significant risks. Further, jurisdictional disputes between federal and state regulators and proposed congressional actions have hampered the creation of a coordinated regulatory posture and have raised significant questions as to the allocation of electric utility costs and obligations that may not be recovered by utilities in a competitive environment. As a result, although it appears that competitive generating markets will be created in many states and possibly nationally, there is uncertainty as to the eventual regulatory environment and the risks and opportunities it will create. As various states implement retail deregulation, a number of additional risks are posed for Independent Power Projects. In many states, local electric utilities are being required or encouraged to sell their generating stations. Often, large electric utilities, affiliates of natural gas marketers or other large entities have purchased large quantities of these assets and thus immediately become sizable competitors in the market to sell electricity. In some other states, local electric utilities will be permitted to retain generating assets and sell power to themselves. In that event, they may prefer purchases from their own plants and opportunities for Independent Power Projects to sell electricity in a competitive market may be stifled. Further, in a competitive market, prices for electricity may be very volatile. If a generator is nonetheless able to obtain a long-term Power Contract, the prices under that contract may be inadequate to cover costs and yield a return, or the generator may lose opportunities to sell electricity at higher prices. If a generator is unable to obtain a long-term Power Contract and sells its output under short term contracts on in a spot or auction market, the prices received may be inadequate to cover costs or to permit the Project to earn a return. Prices may vary so much as to make planning impossible. There is no assurance that the generator will be able to obtain new Power Contracts so as to keep its Project in continuous operation and the generator may have to absorb significant costs of Project shutdown and restart as well as lay off and rehire its workforce, as has occurred with two Projects located in Maine in which Power IV and Power V have invested. These factors have caused new investment in independent power plants in the United States to be substantially reduced, have intensified the pressures on larger market participants to consolidate, have created additional incentives for generating efficiency and low-cost production of power, have tended to depress the purchase prices of existing small-scale Projects and are likely to have additional, unpredictable effects. Recently, a number of very large utilities, natural gas companies and independent generation companies have paid significant premiums over book value or other measures of value to purchase large packages of power plants being divested by utilities and others have announced plans to construct extremely large-scale merchant power plants. These transactions or proposals have been in the range of hundreds of millions of dollars to billions of dollars. This may indicate that these industry participants have concluded that very large scale is a necessary competitive advantage. The Fund instead will attempt to follow a diversified strategy that does not attempt to compete head-on with these types of competitors. The Fund believes that in many cases emphasis on scale and purchasing market share may lead to suboptimal returns. Instead, the Fund will seek to develop niche markets, to engage in ventures with large utilities or other participants that need its investments for financial or regulatory reasons or to acquire equity interests in undervalued companies. Where possible, the Fund may invest in existing Projects with long-term Power Contracts that are less exposed to competitive forces, or in Projects with regulatory or tax advantages. There can be no assurance, however, that these strategies will be successful or that the Fund will not be competitively disadvantaged by its relatively small size. Threats to Power Contracts The Power Contract with the local utility, industrial host or other energy purchaser is perhaps the most important contract to an existing Independent Power Project. Many long-term Power Contracts between local utilities and independent power producers now provide for rates in excess of current short-term rates for purchased power and the utilities are treating their contractual obligations as a form of stranded cost. There has been much speculation that in the course of deregulating the electric power industry, federal or state regulators or utilities would attempt to invalidate these power purchase contracts as a means of throwing some of the costs of deregulation on the owners of independent power plants. To date, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and each state regulator that has addressed the issue have ruled that existing Power Contracts will not be affected by their deregulation initiatives. The regulators have so far rejected the requests of a few utilities to invalidate existing Power Contracts. Further, no action has yet been taken by federal or state legislators to date to impair Independent Power Projects' existing power sales contracts, and there are federal constitutional provisions restricting actions to impair existing contracts. There can not be any assurance, however, that the rapid changes occurring in the industry and the economy as a whole would not cause regulators or legislative bodies to attempt to change the regulatory structure in ways harmful to Independent Power Projects or to attempt to impair existing contracts. In particular, some regulatory agencies have urged utilities to construe Power Contracts strictly and to police Independent Power Projects compliance with those Power Contracts vigorously. Predicting the consequences of any legislative or regulatory action is inherently speculative and the effects of any action proposed or effected in the future may harm or help the Fund. Because of the consistent position of the regulatory authorities to date and the other factors discussed here, the Fund believes that so long as it performs its obligations under the Power Contracts, it will be entitled to the benefits of those contracts. In recent years, many electric utilities that have entered into long-term Power Contracts have concluded that the prices set under those contracts are disadvantageous to them under current conditions. Accordingly, they have often attempted to exploit all possible means of terminating these Power Contracts with Independent Power Projects, including requests to regulatory agencies and alleging violations of even immaterial terms of the Power Contracts as justification for terminating those contracts. The Fund's current investment strategy includes the purchase smaller-sized Projects with existing long-term Power Contracts. If the prices for electricity under those contracts are in excess of the prices charged by alternative sources, or if the electric utility purchasers under those contracts have other incentives to terminate those contracts, the Fund may face material costs in contesting those utility actions. Power II, which is a previous Power Trust sponsored by Ridgewood Power, is currently defending a legal proceeding in California which involves such a challenge. A second Power Trust, Power I, succesfully defended a similar challenge in 1995-1997. Other Aspects of Power Contracts A generating facility which uses biomass or "waste" fuel, such as landfill gas or waste coal, may be a Qualifying Facility under PURPA. However, in order for a cogeneration facility using conventional fuel to be a Qualifying Facility under PURPA and current regulations, at least 5% of a Project's total energy output must be "useful" heat energy that typically is sold or made available in the form of steam or hot water to an entity (the "Steam Host"). Under current regulatory interpretations, heat energy is "useful" if its use has a business purpose independent from the sale of electricity and there is some economic justification for the use. Typically, a Project meets its PURPA requirements by entering into a long term contract with a Steam Host which provides that the Steam Host will take delivery of sufficient thermal energy to permit the Project to meet the requirements of PURPA. If a cogeneration Project did not meet the requirements for supplying heat energy to a Steam Host because, for example, the Steam Host went out of business, or the thermal contract is otherwise terminated, that cogenerating Project might lose its status under PURPA as a Qualifying Facility. If as a result of this loss of status the cogenerating Project became subject to federal and state regulation or its Power Contract were terminated or modified, the cogenerating Project might incur material loss. Although PURPA provides grace periods for a cogeneration Project to find an alternative Steam Host, potential alternate Steam Hosts may be very limited or non-existent because of the practical necessity for a Steam Host to be located adjacent to the Project to minimize heat loss. Under PURPA, electric power utilities are directed to purchase electricity output offered to them by Qualifying Facilities at a price no greater than the utilities' avoided costs of generating electricity from another source. The Power Contracts for many existing Projects have been negotiated with the utility as long term agreements to purchase the Projects' output. There can be no assurance that the rates offered to a new Project or the other terms of a Power Contract will be sufficiently favorable to induce development and construction of a Project or permit profitable operation of a completed Project. Many long-term Power Contracts provide for levelized rates over the life of the contracts or shorter periods, which are designed to stabilize projected revenues earned by an Independent Power Project. The effect of many levelized rate contracts is to provide that the utility will purchase electricity from a Project at higher rates in the earlier years in exchange for an agreement from the Project to accept lower rates to be paid by the utility in later years. If a Project experiences operational difficulties and produces less than the expected volume of electricity in later years, it may be required to make cash payments to the utility to compensate for such shortfall, thereby reducing available cash flow to the Project owner. Although there is some risk that a utility bound by a long-term Power Contract may be unable to meet its purchase obligations, under current federal law and current law in most states electric utilities are required to maintain prudent financing structures and are reviewed periodically by their regulators for compliance with these requirements. In addition, if state regulators approve, the payments made by a utility to an Independent Power Project may be included as allowed costs to be passed through to the utility's retail customers, thereby giving the utility an additional source of revenue which can be used to make payments to the Independent Power Project. Accordingly, failure of a utility to meet payment obligations to an Independent Power Project which is operating in compliance with its Power Contract has been a rare occurrence. Most deregulatory programs treat Power Contracts with prices in excess of market prices as "stranded costs" and provide for reimbursement to utilities for those stranded costs for an extended period of time. During these periods, which can range from three to ten years or longer in some instances, there may be some assurance that the utilities will pay. However, retail deregulation may impose other financial strains on electric utilities, which will be relegated to maintaining the distribution network and delivering power to individual residential, commercial and industrial locations. Those utilities will have to downsize and reorganize their workforces and resources and compete in many cases as suppliers of electricity. It is likely that some utilities may reorganize or enter bankruptcy if they are unable to meet these challenges. In those cases, the Fund may be unable to collect amounts due to it or may have its Power Contracts abrogated in bankruptcy. Industrial and other retail purchasers of power do not have an assured source of revenue from which to make payments under the Power Contract and a Project selling to them must rely solely on the credit of such purchaser. Consequently, although the Fund will conduct a business review of each purchaser's creditworthiness prior to contracting with it, there can be no assurance that it will remain in business over time or be able to perform its payment obligations for the duration of the Power Contract. In the event of a default or failure to pay by an energy purchaser under a Power Contract because of its bankruptcy or insolvency, regulatory changes, failure of a Project to comply with the terms of its contract or other events, there can be no assurance that the Project will be able to obtain a Power Contract with another purchaser or to obtain a Power Contract on terms as favorable as those of the previous contract. The Fund expects that if it were to invest in capital facilities or other investments outside the electric power industry, those facilities would have output contracts providing for long-term payments by a responsible customer or customers for the facilities' production. These contracts would likely be structured in a manner similar to Power Contracts with non-utility customers. In that event, the Fund would be subject to the risks of the customers' creditworthiness and the long-term anticipated demand for the products. With regard to investments in other types of industries, such as Zap Power Systems, Inc., the Fund's investment is subject to the many risks of any enterprise that markets its products to consumers. In addition, Zap's business plan contemplates marketing its bicycles and vehicles through dealers and franchisees. Zap's ability to do so profitably will depend upon its ability to organize an effective dealer and franchise system and to create a mass market through advertising and marketing efforts for its products. Zap has no significant experience in those areas. Reliance on Fuel Supplies at Appropriate Prices Since the cost of fuel is usually one of the largest components of a Project's operating costs (especially so in the case of natural gas, coal or oil-fired electric power Projects), the success of a Project may depend not only on the availability of fuel supplies but also on the Project's ability to obtain long term contracts for fuel and fuel transportation at appropriate prices. The Fund will attempt to invest in Projects which have fuel supply arrangements which closely match the fuel adjustment provisions of the Power Contract with the utility, industrial user or other energy purchaser, so that changes in Project fuel costs will be offset by corresponding changes in revenue from the sale of energy. Existing Projects that do not have favorable fuel price adjustment provisions in fuel supply contracts may have purchase prices or values that are significantly discounted from those of other Projects. If fuel prices payable by a Project are relatively high compared to the contract price of energy, the Project may not be able to generate energy on an economic basis. On the other hand, if a Project's economic returns are based upon the ability to generate substantial fuel savings through use of cogeneration and other more efficient power generation technologies, lower fuel prices may tend to reduce the value of the fuel savings and may adversely affect the financial performance of the Project. Since cogeneration and other more efficient technologies often require higher capital costs than conventional power plants, periods of very low fuel prices could result in fuel savings which are insufficient to cover the additional capital costs, thereby creating losses from the Project. Small scale Projects may find it difficult or uneconomical to obtain long-term fuel supply contracts and thus may be exposed to risks of fuel price escalations. For example, after a relatively long period of depressed prices, natural gas prices in many areas tripled between summer 1996 and the winter months of 1996-1997. These increases adversely affected many small Projects operated by Prior Programs, although RPMCo was able to negotiate one-year supply contracts for many Projects it managed at a price substantially less than peak prices. Because the Fund may be a relatively small consumer of fuel, it may be difficult for it to economically hedge fuel prices or purchase reliable supplies on a long term basis. In that case, the Fund may be exposed to the risk that fuel price increases could reduce or even eliminate profitability of its Projects. A separate component of a Project's overall fuel requirements is the availability, reliability and cost of transporting the fuel to the Project. For example, Projects fired by natural gas may be dependent upon a single pipeline for transportation of large volumes of natural gas, and may be adversely affected by the costs of transportation on the pipeline or by outages, capacity restrictions, priority allocations to other customers or other events affecting the pipeline. Some Projects are designed to operate on alternate fuels (such as using fuel oil when natural gas is unavailable) but these alternate fuels are also subject to similar variables of availability, cost and transportation. In contrast to the Power Contract, which is one of the first objectives of a Project, the fuel supply contracts are frequently obtained relatively late in the development process or in the operating stage. There is no assurance that adequate fuel supply arrangements for a Project will be available from dependable sources and at acceptable prices at the time required. It should be noted that hydroelectric Projects and landfill-gas-fueled Projects may have little or no net fuel expense. However, hydroelectric Projects are dependent on rainfall and snowfall to create river flow and droughts can severely limit or cease their output. Landfill gas-fired Projects often have no alternate source of fuel, and federal regulations effectively limit their use of alternate fossil fuels (such as natural gas) to 25% of total fuel use per year. Therefore an interruption for any reason of the fuel supply from the landfill (because of equipment problems, default by the fuel supply operator, environmental requirements or routine maintenance, for example) may reduce or eliminate the ability of the Project to operate. Environmental Regulation Projects in which the Fund will participate will be subject to environmental regulation by federal, state and local government authorities. The failure to comply and to maintain compliance with these regulations may potentially result in substantial liability for pollution and other damages under statutes and regulations relating to environmental matters. Thus, the regulatory risks associated with the environment should be considered carefully by Investors before investing in the Fund. Environmental regulation includes the requirement that the Projects in which the Fund will participate obtain and maintain various regulatory approvals, licenses and permits. The process involved in obtaining these approvals can be quite time consuming and expensive, resulting in delays in the development or construction of a Project or imposing operating limitations on the Project. These factors could lead to increased costs to the Fund. If the Fund invests in Projects that were developed by others or that have an operating history, it may become liable for pollution and environmental discharges that occurred before it took ownership of the Project or that the Fund had no ability to affect. As a result, the purchase of any existing Project or any Project located on land affected by previous activities may subject the Fund to unpredictable and material contingent liabilities. Although the Fund through its investigation of Projects will attempt to minimize such contingencies, there can be no assurance that it can do so. In addition, there can be no assurance that future environmental legislation or regulations will not affect Project economics. The imposition of more stringent environmental laws and more effective enforcement policies thereunder could significantly increase the costs associated with the development, construction and operation of any Project and, thus, substantially reduce the return which Investors could anticipate with regard to the Fund's interest therein. For example, ongoing implementation of Title V of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 will require all existing industrial sources of air pollution to obtain new operating permits and to comply with additional daily operational limits. Identifying Projects There is no assurance that there will be a sufficient number of attractive potential Projects available to the Fund. In seeking to participate in Projects, in many cases the Fund is likely to encounter significant competition from construction companies, equipment vendors, electric and gas utilities and their affiliates, other Project Sponsors and investment groups which participate in the development, construction and operation of Projects. Many of these competitors have greater experience in the independent power industry or project development or have superior capital resources. The consolidation of the independent power industry has resulted in increased competition for acquire most available electric generating Projects in the United States. The process of identifying and investing in Projects can be protracted and during that period Investors' funds are held in U.S. Government securities, in money market funds holding those securities or in short-term commercial paper or money market instruments at lower yields than those anticipated from the Projects. Factors that may cause delays include lack of funds for the Fund to begin the acquisition process, variations in the availability of Projects and funds available to other purchasers of Projects, negotiations and environmental and regulatory delays caused by agency action or the need to investigate or remediate conditions before investing funds. The Fund seeks to reduce the period necessary to invest funds, primarily through the Early Investor Incentive, which was instituted to allow programs to begin acquiring Projects during their offering periods. The period from the closing of the offering to 90% investment of available funds dropped from approximately 29 months in Ridgewood Power I to 9-1/2 months in Ridgewood Power III but was 22 months for Ridgewood Power IV and is estimated to be at least 15 months for Ridgewood Power V. Need for Diversification The Fund expects that it will participate in several Projects. However, the size of each investment may depend upon a variety of factors, including, among other things, the amount of funds available to the Fund, the size and timing of the proposed investment, the availability of capital from other investors, the ability of other investment programs sponsored by the Managing Shareholders to participate, and the requirements of other participants in the transaction. Based on prior experience, the Fund believes that the likely range for each major investment by the Fund may be from 10% to 33% of the Fund's total capital, and may exceed 33% if the Fund participates in certain larger scale Projects. There can be no assurance that any Projects will earn a return and failure of any Project to earn a satisfactory return may have an adverse effect on the financial performance of the Fund as a whole if that Project represents a significant portion of the Fund's investments. Risks of Foreign Investments The Fund may invest in Projects located outside the United States. The Managing Shareholders and Prior Programs have not yet invested material amounts in foreign Projects, although they have evaluated several proposals, have expended funds on due diligence and exploratory investments and are developing Projects in Egypt and South America. Neither Managing Shareholder and none of their Affiliates has any significant experience in evaluating, investing in, developing, operating or disposing of Projects located outside the United States. Among the risks that the Fund will encounter in making investments outside the United States are: risks in relying upon unknown or little-known foreign businesses as partners or operators of projects, increased costs for legal, accounting, environmental and other services, exposure to unfamiliar systems of governmental regulation, electricity pricing, taxation, employment relations and economic organization, inability to obtain goods and services from abroad or local requirements to purchase goods and services of unknown characteristics and quality from local suppliers, credit risks in dealing with local businesses and customers, foreign exchange risks such as depreciation of the local currency against the dollar or inability to transfer money to the United States, governmental and business corruption, kidnapping, extortion and other risks to the Fund's personnel, and difficulty in selling or disposing of Projects or assets. Utilization of Funds for Undesignated Projects The Fund may direct a substantial portion of the net proceeds of this offering of Shares to Projects that have not been designated in this Registration Statement, as it may be supplemented from time to time, and the Fund may be unable to or may decline to participate in any specific investments described in this Registration Statement or any supplements thereto. Further, the Fund's investment objectives are broad and grant a great deal of discretion to the Managing Shareholder in determining whether a potential Project is within the Fund's objectives. Therefore, prospective Investors may not be able to evaluate the Projects in which the Fund participates before they purchase Shares; nor will prospective Investors have any voice in the selection of Projects after they purchase Shares, and the Fund may invest in Projects that differ from those described in this Registration Statement or from those that the Prior Programs have invested in. Consequently, Investors will be relying upon the judgment of the Managing Shareholder for such decisions. Projects Require Large Amounts of Capital and Time for Development and Construction The Fund may commit a significant portion of its capital to a single Project, and it is possible that additional capital may be required to complete a Project or make necessary alterations or additions to such Project. There can be no assurance that the Fund will have access to any such additional capital or that the Project can obtain any such additional capital from other sources on satisfactory terms. Further, to the extent the Fund participates in larger Projects, extended periods of time (one to three years) may elapse before the Project commences operation. Construction The Fund may invest in the development and construction of new Projects and if it does so, it will be exposed to the risks that arise in the construction stage of a Project. These risks include interruptions of supplies or work stoppages; delays caused by changes in plans and specifications; inclement weather; subcontractor non-performance; planning error; contractor insolvency; cost increases; regulatory changes; and other construction-related matters. Although the Fund will attempt to reduce those risks where possible by contracting with responsible contractors or suppliers on a turnkey or performance incentive basis (where these risks are assumed by others), it may not be possible to do so effectively. Financing and Leverage Although the Fund does not intend to borrow any funds to make its equity investments in Projects, certain Projects may require non-recourse construction and/or long term financing in order to be viable. There can be no assurance that such financing will be available at the time required on satisfactory terms and conditions, and if not available, the Project may be abandoned and all amounts invested in the Project to that point will likely be lost. Even if commitments for construction and/or long term financing are obtained by a Project, there is no assurance that the Project will be able to meet all of the conditions which are typically required by project finance lenders in order to fund such financing commitments. Further, even if construction or long term financing is obtained, failure by the Project to obtain and maintain expected operating parameters may lead the holders of the debt to foreclose on the Project and eliminate the equity investment of the owners. The Fund will seek to limit the risks of leverage by limiting the number of investments in Projects with leverage and/or conducting its due diligence with a focus on the adequacy of debt service coverage (excess of cash flow over required payments of principal and interest) and debt service reserves, and by focusing on acquiring Projects with a record of prior performance. Limited Transferability of Fund Assets The Fund's interests in many Projects in which it participates may be illiquid. When the Fund initially commits funds to a Project, it may endeavor to negotiate the right to sell all or part of its equity interests in a Project at a later time without the consents of other participants. However, the interests in Project Entities in which the Fund participates with other owners will typically be closely held and the Fund's ability to transfer its interests in such Project entities may be restricted or prohibited by their governing documents, or by other agreements among Project participants or by covenants in financing documents. Even if the Fund successfully negotiates the right to sell its interest in a project without obtaining the consents of other participants, the Fund may find that it is unable to sell or dispose of its interests in Projects at the times it had planned or that such transactions would be disadvantageous to the Fund. Successful sales would depend upon, among other things, the operating history and prospects for the Projects to be sold, the number of potential purchasers and the economics of any bids made by them and the state of the independent power market. In addition, sales of substantial interests in a Project may result in adverse tax consequences. The Managing Shareholder will have full discretion to determine whether any of the Fund Properties should be sold and which should be held and in what proportions, and the Fund will have no obligation to sell all or a portion of any asset for the benefit of Investors or to retain any asset for the benefit of Investors. Investors may be required to remain in the Fund until it is terminated and dissolved. General Risks of Operation The commencement of operation by a Project does not necessarily assure recovery of or a profit on any investment made in such Project by the Fund. If an electric generation Project or a capital project is completed and placed into operation, it will be subject to the general risks of the industry, including, but not limited to, equipment failures, fuel interruption, failure of the Project to perform according to projections, loss of a Power Contract for not maintaining a minimum required output availability or other breaches, decreases or escalations in Power Contract or fuel supply contract price indices in an unexpected manner, bankruptcy of a key customer or supplier, failure to obtain required wheeling rights or use of transmission facilities at economic rates, liabilities in tort (which may exceed insurance coverage), environmental obligations, inability to obtain desirable amounts of insurance at economic rates, acts of God and other catastrophes. Joint Activity with Others It is anticipated that the Fund will normally participate in a larger Project jointly with one or more other entities through a joint venture or partnership vehicle. To the extent that other participants in a Project cannot fulfill their obligations or have divergent interests or are in a position to take action contrary to the policies or objectives of the Fund, the Fund's interest in such venture may be adversely affected. In certain cases, the Fund may participate or be deemed to participate as a general partner of the entity developing the Project, thereby exposing the Fund to general partner liability. The Fund will seek to limit such exposures by interposing a limited liability entity between the Fund and the Project, or by obtaining specific agreement from other Project participants they will not seek recourse against Fund assets (other than the Fund's investment in the Project) for any claims. Although the Managing Shareholder will remain closely involved in all aspects of the Fund's activities, the Fund in some cases (typically larger Projects) will rely upon the advice of others as to the development or management of Projects. Thus, a substantial amount of responsibility will be placed on third parties who function as Project Sponsors or Project managers. The success of any Project will, to a large extent, be determined by the quality and performance of its Project Sponsors and managers. Project Sponsors and Project development companies may have conflicting demands on their resources or may be adversely affected by other developments at their affiliated or associated entities. As a result, there is the risk that such Project Sponsors or Project development companies or their other investors may be unable to fulfill their responsibilities. Limited Operating Experience Although Ridgewood Power has participated in numerous independent power projects and executive officers of Ridgewood Power and advisors to Ridgewood Power have extensive backgrounds in the independent power industry and the construction and operation of Independent Power Projects, Ridgewood Power has limited expertise in the design, construction and operation of independent power plants. There can be no assurance that Ridgewood Power's prior experience has given it a comprehensive knowledge of the independent power industry sufficient enough to result in successful or profitable operations of the Fund or that such experience extends to all of the diverse areas of the independent power industry or capital facilities developments in which the Fund may participate. Power VI Co has no business track record or experience whatever, is not an operating business and has no capital resources. Its officers are those of Ridgewood Power and Ridgewood Power will make all of its personnel and other resources available to Power VI Co as needed to allow Power VI Co to perform its duties to the Fund. Projects that the Fund will operate for its own account will be managed under contract with the Fund by Ridgewood Power Management LLC ("RPMCo"), an affiliate of the Managing Shareholder. Although many of the officers and personnel of Ridgewood Power also serve as officers and personnel of RPMCo, RPMCo was organized in January 1996 and thus has only limited operating experience. Many of its personnel, although experienced, have been recently hired by it. Further, RPMCo also manages the operations of Projects owned and operated by the Prior Programs, and is currently subject to substantial demands on its organizational and management resources. It is possible that the management of Projects to be acquired by the Fund would be impaired by these demands, although the Managing Shareholder believes that RPMCo will have sufficient resources and experience to operate Projects for the Fund. Delaware Business Trust The Fund has been organized as a Delaware business trust having limited liability of the Shareholders of the Fund. Not every state in which the Fund may conduct business has enacted legislation recognizing the limited liability provisions of the Delaware business trust. Accordingly, there is a risk that investors will not have limited liability for activities of the Fund in those states. Such risk is substantially, if not entirely, mitigated by the Fund's conducting its activities and holding its interest in Projects in such states through limited liability entities such as limited partnerships or limited liability companies. Limitations on Liability of Managing Persons to Fund The Declaration provides that the Fund's officers and agents, the Managing Shareholders, the Corporate Trustee, the affiliates of the Managing Shareholders and their respective directors, officers and agents when acting for the Managing Shareholders or their affiliates on behalf of the Fund (collectively, "Ridgewood Managing Persons") will be indemnified and held harmless by the Fund from any and all claims rising out of their management of the Fund, except for claims arising out of the recklessness or misconduct of such persons or a breach of the Declaration by such persons. Therefore, the right of an Investor to bring an action against any of the Ridgewood Managing Persons for a breach of its or his fiduciary responsibility or other obligations to the Fund may be limited. Disparity in Shareholder Contributions Power VI Co, in its capacity as a Managing Shareholder, and its key employees and those of the Fund and Ridgewood Power, through the Key Employee Incentive Plan, will receive, after the preferences to Investors, 25% of the distributions of the Fund. The Managing Shareholders and employees will not be obligated to contribute any cash to the Fund for that interest, except to the extent that Fund Organizational, Distribution and Offering Expenses exceed the Organizational, Distribution and Offering Fee payable to Ridgewood Poweror to the extent the plan requires some monetary contribution by employees. Ridgewood Power has purchased one full share as an Investor in the Fund. Lack of Investor Participation in Management Investors have no right to vote on who will act as Managing Shareholder unless both Managing Shareholders resign, are removed by special action of the Investors or are incapable of acting as Managing Shareholders because of bankruptcy or legal disability. Similarly, Investors have no right to vote on or select the Independent Panel Members of the Fund unless an Independent Panel Member resigns or is incapable of acting. Therefore, Investors have much more limited rights to participate in control of the Fund than would stockholders of a corporation. The Managing Shareholder has the exclusive right to manage, control and operate the affairs and business of the Fund and to make all decisions relating thereto and has full, complete and exclusive discretion with respect to all such matters. Investors have no right, power or authority to participate in the ordinary and routine management of Fund affairs or to exercise any control over the decisions of the Fund. Accordingly, no prospective Investor should purchase any Shares unless the prospective Investor is willing to entrust all aspects of management of the Fund to the Managing Shareholder. Limited Transferability of Shares Shares in the Fund are an illiquid investment. There is no market for the Shares, and, because there will be a limited number of persons who purchase Shares and significant restrictions on the transferability of such Shares, it is expected that no public market will develop. Any change in the status of the Shares would require compliance with multiple regulatory and tax requirements and consent from a majority in interest of Investors. Investors will generally be prohibited from selling or transferring their Shares except in the circumstances permitted under Article 13 of the Declaration, and all such sales or transfers require the consent of the Fund, which may withhold such approval in its sole discretion. Accordingly, an Investor will have no assurance that he or she can liquidate his or her investment in the Fund and must be prepared to bear the economic risk of the investment until the Fund is terminated and dissolved. The Shares have not been, and are not expected to be, registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Act"), or any state securities law in a manner that will make the Shares freely transferable by purchasers under such laws and, therefore, cannot be resold unless they are subsequently registered under the Act or an exemption from such registration is available and subject to other limitations and conditions imposed by the Declaration. The provisions of Rule 144 under the Act would be available to Investors in connection with such resale, if the requirements of that rule are met, but the Fund has no current intention to allow transfers to be made on the open market pursuant to the rule. The illiquidity of and other significant risks associated with an investment in the Fund make the purchase of Shares suitable only for an Investor who has substantial net worth, who has no need for liquidity with respect to this investment, who understands the risks involved, who has reviewed this Registration Statement and the Exhibits hereto and the risks involved with his or her tax, legal and investment advisors, and who has adequate means of providing for his or her current and foreseeable needs and contingencies. Voluntary Additional Capital Contributions There will be no mandatory assessments of the Investors and the Managing Shareholder. Investors may, however, be called upon on a voluntary basis to make additional Capital Contributions after the expenditure of the Initial Capital Contributions. If an Investor elects not to make a requested additional Capital Contribution, the Managing Shareholder may determine that the Managing Shareholder, other Investors or other persons may do so or may supply loans instead, which may result in a dilution of that Investor's interest in the Fund. Failure Of Fund To Perform Funding Obligations Although the Fund anticipates that it will be able to perform all of its commitments to invest in Projects, in certain instances there may be adverse consequences to the Fund if it were to fail to do so. For example, a partnership agreement or other instrument governing the Fund's participation in a Project might provide that, in the event the Fund fails to make a capital contribution to the partnership or particular Project as required under such agreement, the Fund will forfeit its entire interest in the partnership or Project, as the case may be. Potential Conflicts of Interest There are material, potential conflicts of interest involved in the operation of the Fund. Some examples of these potential conflicts include: o competing demands for management resources of the Managing Shareholder and RPMCo; o competing demands for allocating investment or divestiture opportunities among programs; o competing demands for opportunities to sell electric power in competitive markets; o conflicts between the interests of the Managing Shareholder and its Affiliates in receiving compensation from the Fund for investment activities, operating activities, and divestitures, as well as reimbursement for expenses, and the interests of the Investors; o conflicts relating to the allocation of costs and expenses among programs; o conflicts arising from the fact that the Managing Shareholder will not make a capital contribution in respect of its interests as such in the Fund and that the Investors will supply all of the capital of the Fund; o conflicts between the interests of the Fund and other programs sponsored by the Managing Shareholder and its Affiliates if those programs are co-owners of Projects with the Fund; o conflicts as to who will supply additional capital in the event the Fund were to require additional contributions; o potential interests of the Managing Shareholder or its Affiliates in competing independent power or investment ventures; o the lack of independent representation of Investors in structuring this offering and in determining compensation; and o conflicts between the interests of key employees and the Managing Shareholder and those of Investors with regard to determining compensation under the Key Employees Incentive Plan. Material transactions between the Fund and other Programs sponsored by the Managing Shareholder and its Affiliates must be reviewed and approved by the Independent Review Panel. Although the potential conflicts of interest described here and others cannot be eliminated, the Fund believes any such potential conflicts will not materially affect the obligation of Ridgewood Power and Power VI Co in their capacities as Managing Shareholders to act in the best interests of the Investors and the Fund. Tax Risks There are tax advantages associated with an investment in the Fund, and there are some tax risks associated with those tax benefits. The risks include, but are not limited to, those discussed below. (A) Partnership Tax Status of Fund While it is the opinion of tax counsel to Ridgewood Power that the Fund should be recognized as a partnership for federal income tax purposes, such opinion is not binding upon the Service and no advance ruling from the Service as to such status has been requested, and such a request is not contemplated. If a secondary market for the Fund's Investor Shares develops, the Service, in the event it audits the Fund, might attempt to treat the Fund as an association taxable as a corporation. If such challenge were successful, the Investors would be treated as if they were corporate shareholders and, therefore, would not be entitled to deduct their proportionate share of the Fund's operating losses. (B) State and Local Taxes Each Investor may be liable for state and local income taxes payable in the state or locality in which the Investor is a resident or doing business or in a state or locality in which the Fund conducts or is deemed to conduct business. Thus each Investor may be required to file multiple state income tax returns as a result of his investment in the Fund. The state of California has instituted a withholding requirement for distributions from organizations taxed as partnerships (such as the Fund and limited partnerships or limited liability companies used by the Fund to invest in Projects) to tax partners located outside California. If the Fund earns income in California, the portion of each distribution to a non-California, taxable Investor that is attributable to California is subject to a withholding tax of 7%, whether or not the Investor files a California income tax return. The Fund believes that other states may follow California's example, in which case much of the income component of distributions to an Investor would be subject to state withholding taxes. Each prospective Investor is urged and expected to consult with his personal tax advisor with respect to the tax consequences connected with an investment in the Fund. (3) Business Plan and Development of Projects Business Plan. As deregulation of the electricity industry in the United States progresses, the uncertainties and the financial stresses that deregulation may create may have the effect of depressing the stock price of companies that have long-term value. Opportunities may arise to invest in undervalued industry participants or in other businesses having unique technological advantages. If so, the Fund may invest its funds in acquiring majority or minority equity stakes in those companies. Advantages of Investing in the Independent Power Industry Because of historical factors, many existing independent power Projects have long-term power sales contracts that can provide consistent cash flows to Project owners over long periods of time. Further, the side effects of the deregulation of the electricity industry, which is just beginning, are tending to depress the purchase price of these Projects. Finally, in several years, those side effects might make these Projects more valuable than the current prices for the Projects would indicate. The Fund's decision to invest its assets in the independent power industry is based on these trends. In 1978, Congress passed the Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act ("PURPA"), which was intended to create additional sources of electricity and which also created the ability for companies other than electric utilities to generate and sell electricity. Under PURPA, each electric utility must purchase electricity generated by certain non-utility electric generating plants ("Independent Power Projects") at a price equal to the utility's "avoided cost." This avoided cost basically is the estimated highest cost the utility would pay otherwise to purchase additional electricity. PURPA also exempts Independent Power Projects from many federal and state restrictions. PURPA does not require utilities to enter into long-term contracts to buy electricity from Independent Power Projects, but in the 1980's and early 1990's many utilities entered into long-term power purchase contracts from Independent Power Projects. With changes in the industry, few if any new long-term power purchase contracts are being entered into today. Generating facilities with existing long-term contracts thus have unique advantages in that those contracts are for extended terms at rates that are often equal to or higher than current spot rates for electricity. Nevertheless, the Fund believes that these facilities are sometimes undervalued and can be excellent investment opportunities. First, the deregulatory movement has made many potential competitors of the Fund uncertain about the value of small generating facilities with long-term contracts. The federal government and state governments are deregulating the electric power industry. These changes will allow any company that generates electricity to sell its output to any utility to which it can transmit the electricity, and, in most states, eventually to any retail customer. This movement will create pressures on local utilities to buy their electricity from the cheapest competitive source. As a result, local electrical utilities with high-cost generating facilities, such as malfunctioning nuclear power plants or inefficient fossil-fuel units, will find that they will not be able to use those facilities economically. Even so, those utilities will be obligated to pay off the capital costs incurred to build and maintain those uneconomic plants. Those costs are called "stranded costs." Many long-term power purchase contracts between local utilities and independent power producers now provide for rates in excess of current short-term rates for purchased power and the utilities are treating their contractual obligations as a form of stranded cost. There has been much speculation that in the course of deregulating the electric power industry, federal or state regulators or utilities would attempt to invalidate these power purchase contracts as a means of throwing some of the costs of deregulation on the owners of independent power plants. To date, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and each state regulator that has addressed the issue have ruled that existing power purchase contracts will not be affected by their deregulation initiatives. To date, the regulators have rejected the requests of a few utilities to invalidate existing power purchase contracts. There can be no assurance that existing power purchase contracts will not be modified. However, because of the consistent position of the regulatory authorities, the Fund believes that so long as it performs its obligations under the power purchase contracts, it will be entitled to the benefits of those contracts. Facilities without long-term power purchase contracts may also be attractive investments. Deregulation is encouraging electric utilities to sell off many of their existing generating plants. In many cases, state regulators are requiring electric utilities to sell many of their plants to separate electric generating companies, so that a competitive market for buying and selling electricity can be created. In other cases, electric utilities are voluntarily selling their generating plants because they believe they can obtain power on the open market more efficiently. As a result, there is a large number of generating plants for sale today and it is expected that many more will be on the market soon. This tends to depress the price of all existing plants. Further, small electric generating plants may be less attractive purchases for large corporations and investment groups with large amounts of capital to invest, which may further depress their current prices. The Fund believes that these market conditions may allow it to acquire small independent power plants at attractive prices. Finally, the uncertainties caused by deregulation and by past failures of demand to meet projections have deterred investments in new generating capacity. Further, as a competitive market in generating capacity is created, market forces are discouraging many utilities and generators from keeping as much generating capacity in reserve as they did in prior years. While some power marketing groups are claiming that efficiencies created by deregulation will meet needs for additional capacity, many electric industry engineers and consultants have expressed fears that there will be shortages of generating capacity within the next 10 years in many areas of the United States. It should also be noted that as deregulation forces electricity prices lower, demand for electricity should rise, other things being equal. In addition, many nuclear-powered and conventional electric generating plants are coming to the end of their useful lives. With these factors shaping the future market, a few large independent electric power companies and their backers have announced plans to build large new generating stations without long term power purchase contracts. They apparently think by the time those large investments in power plants go into operation (currently estimated through 2002) those plants will be needed. The Fund does not intend to join in building large new power generating facilities without firm contracts for sale of the electricity, although if an attractive opportunity existed it would do so. Instead, the Fund believes that if it economically and efficiently operates and maintains small generating Projects, those Projects will increase in value from their current somewhat depressed levels if reserve capacity tightens in the industry. In addition, many small independent power Projects have environmentally beneficial features. For example, some small independent power Projects use landfill gas to power their generators. Instead of having the methane gas produced by rotting garbage flow into the atmosphere, where it may have powerful "greenhouse" effects that increase global warming, the methane is burned to produce electricity and water and carbon dioxide, which are less environmentally destructive. Small independent cogeneration power Projects can save fuel. The Fund will look for small Projects that have these kinds of environmental benefits, not only because of the benefit to the environment but also because it believes that its experience with these kinds of small Projects can make them good investments. Advantages to Investing in Other Capital Facilities Environmentally beneficial independent power Projects often have similar, non-electric power facilities related to them. For example, a trash-to energy power plant may have a waste transfer station nearby. In investigating small independent power Projects, Ridgewood Power has found that there are other capital projects that are similar to independent power Projects and that often (but not necessarily) have environmental benefits. These may meet the Fund's goals for investment because they are expected to provide long-term, reliable cash flows and have potential for long-term appreciation. Some of the types of Projects that may fit this profile include: Projects to convert waste fuel or biomass into useful fuels or chemicals; Projects to generate electricity or heat to process or destroy harmful industrial wastes; Projects that provide pumping power or other motive power more efficiently than electric or other motors; infrastructure facilities such as waste transfer stations; or other types of capital projects, such as fuel plants, processing facilities and recycling facilities, that are expected to have consistent cash flows similar to those from Independent Power Projects. Advantages to Investing in Other Companies Deregulation of the electricity industry, like the deregulation of the natural gas industry in the last 15 years, is likely to have unpredictable effects on many utilities and electric generating companies. Instead of having assured markets and government-determined pricing, both electric utilities and independent power producers without long-term Power Contracts will face rapidly changing demand and supply for electricity. Smaller companies and companies with long-term or unconventional business strategies may find that they are undervalued by the stock market or that deregulatory uncertainties make it difficult to attract capital and grow. This may create opportunities for the Fund to acquire majority or minority equity interests in those companies on favorable conditions. Although this type of investment is not the Fund's primary goal, the Fund will take advantage of these opportunities if they arise. Although the Fund's primary focus is to invest for long-term appreciation, it might also elect to invest in equity securities with the purpose of gaining control of a company, or for effecting a merger or business combination with the Fund, its affiliates or non-affiliated parties, or for effecting the acquisition of assets, or for sale to a successful bidder. The Fund might effect any of these transactions on its own, together with Affiliates, or together with non-Affiliates, and might do so with the encouragement or consent of management or con-trolling equity holders of the company or without such consent. If the Fund were to invest a substantial amount of its assets in equity securities of other companies and did not actively own and operate power plants, it might become an "investment company" subject to the requirements of the Investment Company Act of 1940. The Fund does not intend to do so and will not make investments that would require it to be regulated under that statute without the prior consent of the holders of a majority of the Investor Shares and the Incentive Shares issued under the Key Employees Incentive Plan (collectively, the "Voting Shares"). Basic Investment Approach When the Fund makes investments in Independent Power Projects and in other capital Projects, it concentrates on smaller Projects in which it can buy at least a controlling equity interest (either together or with another program sponsored by the Managing Shareholders). Those investments should be small enough for the Fund to make several investments and to diversify its purchases. Therefore, these types of investments are expected to be in the range of $2 to $20 million per investment. Many institutional investors will not make investments of less than $10 to $15 million, which may reduce competition for the investments the Fund is focusing on. Also, larger companies may want to sell their smaller Projects so they can focus their capital and other resources on other investments. In some cases, electric utilities may wish to sell all or a portion of their interest in a Project so that they can comply with federal requirements limiting their investment in certain facilities regulated under PURPA to 50% of the equity. By making equity investments, the Fund often deleverages Projects. This decreases risk to Investors and reduces financing expenses for the Projects, and usually frees up funds held in amortization, maintenance or debt service reserves that lenders required. This can make more cash flow available for distribution to Investors and in the long term if the Fund is successful in improving the operating results of the Project. After a period of successful operation, or based on other factors, the Fund might conclude that the balance of returns and risks to Investors would be improved if a Project was leveraged. In that case, the strong equity position of the Fund might make such financing easier to obtain. Another advantage of the Fund's approach is that it is prepared to provide equity financing of up to 100% of the amount needed to acquire or develop a Project and can do so quickly, without the need of obtaining additional financing from institutions. Institutional debt financing for projects in North America can be difficult to obtain quickly. Where possible, the Fund prefers to invest in Projects that are already operating to reduce development risks and delays in earning cash flow. If the Fund commits money to develop a Project, it prefers to invest in smaller Projects or Projects with short development periods. Where possible, the Fund will seek to have operating control over a Project (or share operating control with another program sponsored by the Managing Shareholders). Ridgewood Electric Power Trusts I through V (the five other independent power industry programs sponsored by the Managing Shareholders and referred to as the "Prior Programs") now own interests in over 40 Projects, primarily in California, New York and New England. Over half of these Projects (by number and by revenues) are managed by RPMCo, which is also controlled by Robert E. Swanson. RPMCo has over 35 employees, including engineering, operating, accounting and legal specialists. The Managing Shareholders have found that hiring other participants in or developers of Projects to manage the Projects, or hiring third party managers, often leads to inefficient management and lesser total returns to the Funds. Further, common management allows savings in fuel purchasing, cash management and personnel, creates incentives for efficiency over the entire portfolios of Projects, and allows RPMCo to gain valuable operating and industry experience. RPMCo is only reimbursed for its costs, with no profit factor. The Fund may hire other persons to manage Projects, typically in cases where the Projects are small and difficult to manage centrally. In some cases the prior owner or developer may retain a significant ownership interest or insist on continuing to operate Projects as a condition for selling them. In those situations, the Fund will seek to obtain a preferred right to net cash flow from the Project before the other owner or developer is entitled to cash flow or compensation materially in excess of its costs. The Fund will also attempt to include incentive provisions in any management contract that will encourage the manager or operator to maximize the return to the Fund. These types of provisions often give the manager a bonus if it exceeds performance targets while reducing compensation somewhat (or allowing the Fund to fire the manager) if the Project's performance does not meet specified minimums. Finally, in acquiring a Project, the Fund ordinarily will create a subsidiary with limited liability for its owners to hold the Project or a small group of similar Projects. This should reduce the Fund's liability for its subsidiaries' operations and should isolate each Project to a reasonable extent from liabilities of other Projects. Investment Approach for Larger Projects The Fund might be able to invest in Projects larger than the $20 million size described above. If it participated with larger companies in buying or developing a Project, the Fund would probably buy a minority, non-control equity interest. These types of transactions are heavily negotiated and there is no typical structure for the Fund. However, the Fund believes that it could be an attractive participant in a purchase of a larger facility, because its investment objective is long-term appreciation for its Investors and because it has ready cash for investment. The Fund thus can participate quickly and effectively in negotiations. Moreover, it can enter into complicated arrangements such as partnerships with special allocations of accounting earnings or tax benefits, where the Fund can receive cash flow while other participants are allocated disproportionate amounts of earnings or tax items that may be more valuable to them. Further, because the Fund is not related to any electric utilities, when it invests in a Project it can help any electric utility co-owners to comply with the 50% utility ownership limitation for certain Projects. Timetable for Trust Investments The Fund anticipates that its offering of Shares will continue for about 16 to 20 months and that it will start buying major Projects in the second or third quarters of 1999, approximately 14 to 18 months after the offering began. Although the amount of time needed to invest all the funds raised varies significantly from program to program, the Fund estimates that it will substantially complete its investments between 12 and 18 months after the offering closes. These time estimates for the length of the offering and the amount of time needed to complete buying Projects may change significantly depending upon the progress of the offering, the amount of funds raised and the availability of attractive investments. One of the Prior Programs had a total of approximately $36 million of uninvested funds as of the date of this Registration Statement. As described below, Ridgewood Power's policy is to present investment opportunities first to the earliest-organized program with available funds. Therefore, the Fund may have to wait until Prior Programs are fully invested before its funds can be applied to Project investments. See Item 1(c)(2) - Risk Considerations - Identifying Projects for additional factors that may affect the Fund's ability to invest funds quickly. Until funds from the offering of Shares are invested, they will be deposited in bank accounts, in securities issued by or guaranteed by the U.S. Government or its agencies or in money market funds or other funds invested in those securities, or in investments rated AAA or Aaa or A1P1 or higher (for money market or commercial paper instruments) by nationally recognized securities rating organizations, or in securities that are prior to those investments. Distributions from Operating Projects Until the Fund has invested in a significant amount of operating Projects, it generally will make distributions of available cash flow from interim investments and initial Projects quarterly to Investors. When cash flow available from operating Projects reaches an appropriate level (usually within 18 to 36 months after the offering of Shares begins), the Fund will seek to make quarterly or monthly distributions. Distributions of available cash flow can vary depending upon Project operating performance, fuel prices, unexpected operating or administrative costs, environmental requirements, scheduled and unscheduled maintenance and costs of equipment, fees and expenses payable to outside operators or Project participants and Trust operating costs and liabilities. The Fund's primary goal is to provide a capital appreciation opportunity for Investors, both by investing in assets with appreciation potential and by positioning itself for a future public offering, merger or other corporate event. Subject to these and other factors described in the remainder of this filing, the Fund's secondary goal is to provide Investors with annual distributions of net cash flow, as defined in the Declaration of Trust, of 12% of their Capital Contributions to the Fund. Because the Fund's policy is to distribute net cash flow, a substantial portion of many distributions will include funds that represent depreciation and amortization charges against assets. Occasionally, distributions may include funds derived from operating or debt service reserves or proceeds of sales of Projects. For purposes of generally accepted accounting principles, amounts of distributions in excess of accounting income may be considered to be capital in nature, even though the Fund is organized to return net cash flow rather than accounting income to Investors. Under current law and conditions Independent Power Projects have a relatively assured source of revenues for the length of their power purchase contracts. When those contracts expire or terminate, or if the Independent Power Projects do not have fixed or formula price contracts, the cash flow prospects for the Projects will depend on market conditions and are not predictable at this time. Sale or Disposition of Projects The Fund's business plan is not currently geared toward selling or otherwise disposing of Projects before the expiration or termination of existing power purchase contracts. The Fund believes that at or before the termination of those contracts there may be opportunities to sell or otherwise dispose of Projects at a positive return for Investors and two Prior Programs have done so. However, any estimate at this time of potential returns is speculative. Future Liquidity Alternatives Investor Shares are an illiquid investment. However, after the Fund's business is well-established, which is anticipated to be approximately two to five years after this offering terminates, the Fund will seek to make the Investor Shares more liquid. Among the alternatives that might be available would be events ("Liquidity Events") such as a change in the Fund to create a publicly traded entity, either as the result of a business combination with other similar programs sponsored by Ridgewood Power or by altering the existing securities, tax and organizational law limitations on transfer and trading of Investor Shares. Because these types of changes have significant and possibly adverse federal income tax, federal and state securities law and business effects, the Fund cannot and does not assure Investors that any such change can be made and will do so only with the consent of a majority in interest of Investors. Ridgewood Power intends that the five Prior Programs (the prior business trusts organized by Ridgewood Power to invest in the independent power industry) will eventually combine into a single corporation that will have tradable shares that will be listed or quoted on a major U.S. securities market. The combined corporation, which would have more equity owners, greater assets and more diversification of assets than any single program, might be significantly more likely to develop a market for those equity interests. This type of Liquidity Event has become a possibility because of the success of Ridgewood Power since 1991 in organizing five Prior Programs with significant assets and investor bases that could join with the Fund. One consequence of this type of combination would be that unlike the Prior Programs, the resulting combined corporation would not be treated as a partnership for tax purposes. As a result, it would be taxed as a separate entity on its income and its stockholders would pay income tax as well on any dividends it paid to them. It is thus possible for the Fund at some future date to merge or combine with the successor public corporation to the Prior Programs or to participate in the original combination. Ridgewood Power currently intends to include the Fund together with the five Prior Programs in the conversion into a single corporation. If the Fund were large enough on its own, the Fund might also convert itself into a taxable corporation with tradable shares, although under current conditions this second alternative is unlikely. As an alternative Liquidity Event, the Managing Shareholders and Investors could amend the Declaration to permit free transferability of Investor Shares. If the Fund is registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as it anticipates, this would allow most Investors to offer their Investor Shares to potential purchasers under Rule 144 of the Securities and Exchange Commission as long as the sale takes place at least two years after purchase and several prerequisites are met, or in most cases without prerequisites three years after purchase. Finally, subject to further review of legal and tax issues, the Fund might change its structure into one that continues to be taxed as a flow-through entity (a business entity that is not taxed as a corporation and thus, like the Fund currently, avoids double taxation of amounts distributable to Investors) but that permits free transferability of Investor Shares. This might, but not necessarily would, permit the creation of a trading market for the Investor Shares. Under current law and business conditions, there are significant legal, tax and business consequences from electing any of these alternative Liquidity Events and the Fund accordingly will not do so without amending the Declaration after soliciting and receiving the consent of the holders of at least a majority of the Investor Shares. Before the Fund undertakes any action or change that would result in a Liquidity Event, it will solicit each Investor in writing by means of a disclosure document describing all material aspects of the proposed action. In general, actions that would allow Investor Shares to be marketable would raise the question for federal income tax purposes as to whether the Investor Shares were readily tradable on a secondary market or its equivalent. In that case, the Fund would be considered to be an "association" taxable as a corporation. A combination of the Fund with other programs would raise the same tax issues as to the combined entity and its securities. Corporation tax status might have adverse effects on the net cash return to an Investor, in part because a corporation's income is taxed at the corporate level and dividends derived from that income are then taxed at the Investor level. It is also possible, however, that because of depreciation deductions or other tax provisions that the Fund might not have significant taxable income so that these adverse effects would be less significant. It is impossible to predict these factors at this time. It might be possible to convert the Fund to a different type of taxable entity that is not taxable as a corporation, but under current law it is likely that a restructuring of the Fund's investments to a more passive form and reduction of the Fund's management rights, if any, over Projects would be required. In addition, if the Fund is to be combined with other investment programs, the process of combining the entities, obtaining necessary owner consents and making regulatory filings may be protracted and expensive and may involve significant conflicts of interest between the combining programs. These transactions, which are sometimes referred to as "rollups," require special disclosure and fairness procedures to be undertaken, may require supermajority votes of shareholders in each program to be obtained for approval and can be extremely complex. There are other alternatives that the Fund currently believes are less desirable to Investors but that might be suggested if future market conditions were favorable. The Fund might propose to the Investors that the Declaration be amended to provide redemption rights to Investors. If the Investors were to approve that proposal, the Investors would be offered the opportunity to redeem their Investor Shares or to remain as equity owners in the Fund. The attractiveness of this option depends upon the market at that time for minority, non-control interests in the Projects owned by the Fund. Finally, a majority of the Investor Shares may cause the dissolution of the Fund, either with the Managing Shareholders' consent or by removal of the Managing Shareholders. Dissolution would cause the mandatory liquidation of the Fund's investments, although the time constraints of a dissolution and the need to sell all investments concurrently tend to significantly reduce total return. No Investor should purchase Investor Shares with the expectation that the Fund will elect to take or will be able to take any steps to make the Shares tradable on any market or that any other means of allowing an Investor to sell or "cash-out" his or her investment will be available. Potential Investments From time to time the Fund may identify potential investments for its available funds. The Managing Shareholder anticipates that the Fund will review and enter into preliminary investigations or indications of interest for a significant number of potential investments that in fact the Fund will decline to pursue or that will not be available for the Fund to invest in. This is a necessary part of the process of winnowing potential investments to those that the Managing Shareholder believes are the most advantageous for the Fund. Thus, the identification of any potential investment is not an assurance that the Fund will acquire the investment or that it will even enter into negotiations to effect the purchase. Further, in Ridgewood Power's experience, as a result of investigations of the investment and the process of negotiating an acquisition, the terms of the transaction tend to change frequently and unpredictably. There is no assurance that any proposed investment or any variant will occur, that the terms of the investment will be the same or similar to those proposed by any party from time to time or that any investment will be economically advantageous to the Fund. Investors who purchase Investor Shares while any proposed investment transaction is pending must do so with the understanding that the final terms and conditions of the transaction may differ from those described in this Registration Statement or elsewhere and that their purchases cannot be contingent upon the final terms, if any, of the transaction. (4) The Fund's Investments. (i) ZAP Power Systems, Inc. The Fund invested $2,000,000 in Ridgewood ZAP, LLC ("Ridgewood ZAP") in March 1999 as a holding company for its investments in ZAP Power Systems, Inc. ("ZAP"). ZAP is headquartered in Sebastopol, California, north of San Francisco. ZAP designs, assembles, manufactures and distributes electric bicycle power kits, electric bicycles and tricycles, electric scooters, and other electric transportation vehicles. ZAP's common stock is quoted on the OTC Bulletin Board under the symbol "ZAPP". Because ZAP's management believed that the primary barrier to widespread use of electric vehicles was their high cost, its activity and revenue was initially derived from development contracts from a foreign private entity and from domestic government agencies. These contracts were set up to develop low cost Zero Air Pollution (or ZAP) type electric vehicles. Now ZAP is focusing on the manufacturing and distribution of these electric vehicle products. ZAP manufactures an electric motor system that is sold as a kit to be installed by the customer on their own bicycle. The system was designed to assist the rider during more difficult riding situations, rather than as a replacement for pedaling. ZAP also installs the motor system on specially designed bicycles that the Company has manufactured under contract. The completed bicycles, with motor, are then sold to the customer. Additionally, ZAP produces an electric scooter, known as the ZAPPY(TM), which is manufactured by the Company, using parts manufactured by various subcontractors. ZAP also is an U.S. distributor of the Electricycle(TM) scooter that is imported from China and is a distributor of an electric motorcycle. Further information on ZAP is contained in its Annual Report on Form 10-KSB and Quarterly Reports on Form 10-QSB, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. On March 30, 1999, Ridgewood ZAP purchased 678,808 shares of ZAP's common stock for a total purchase price of $2,050,000 ($3.02 per share) in a private placement. As part of the transaction, Ridgewood ZAP was granted a warrant to purchase additional shares of Common Stock of ZAP. If the warrant is exercised, the Fund will contibute to Ridgewood ZAP the $2,000,000 necessary to do so. The total exercise price under the warrant is $2,000,000 and the exercise price per share equals 85% of the average daily closing price of the Common Stock over the 20 day period prior to the date of exercise, but not more than $4.50 per share and not less than $3.50 per share. The warrant has customary anti-dilution provisions. The warrant is exercisable at any time but only in its full amount by Ridgewood ZAP through December 29, 1999, if in its reasonable judgment it decides that all of the following conditions have been met: ZAP has not experienced a material adverse change in its financial condition or business prospects; and ZAP has satisfied all of the following milestones of performance: (x) Completion of the acquisition of a model bike rental unit which has gross income of at least $400,000 per annum for the last two calendar years; (y) Completion of at least three of the following six joint marketing agreements that are currently being pursued by the Company: MTV Networks; Baywatch Television Series; Ford Motor Company; KOA, Disney and Huffy Bikes; and (z) Completion of the following financial milestones for the period commencing on January 1, 1999: net sales of $8,500,000; gross profit of $2,500,000; and net profit of $350,000. If ZAP informs Ridgewood ZAP that all the above conditions have been met and if Ridgewood ZAP in its reasonable judgment concludes that the conditions have been met, Ridgewood ZAP will exercise the Warrant no later than December 29, 1999. The conditions have not been met as of the date of this Schedule 13D and Ridgewood ZAP is unable at this time to anticipate whether it will exercise the warrant. Ridgewood ZAP and ZAP entered into four agreements as of March 30, 1999: a Stock and Warrant Purchase Agreement, a Common Stock Purchase Warrant, a letter agreement regarding exercise of the warrant and an Investor's Rights Agreement. The Stock and Warrant Purchase Agreement provided for the purchase of the Common Stock and the issuance of the warrant and contained conventional representations and warranties by the parties. The warrant and the letter agreement contained the warrant provisions described above. The Investor's Rights Agreement grants Ridgewood ZAP the following rights: two demand registrations (provided that each registration is for at least $7.5 million of Common Stock), piggyback registration rights and S-3 shelf registration rights. ZAP has the right to prohibit demand registrations within specified periods of its own registrations and to delay or limit any registration under certain conditions. The Investor's Rights Agreement also requires ZAP to provide Ridgewood ZAP with quarterly and annual financial information, an annual financial plan, audit information and public announcements. Ridgewood ZAP is also granted first refusal rights similar to preemptive rights (except for stock issuances in connection with mergers or acquisitions, loan or lease transactions, employee benefit plans, stock splits or dividends, or registered public offerings of $7.5 million or more). The first refusal rights expire on the earliest of a registered public offering of $7.5 million or more, an acquisition of ZAP or March 30, 2003. The Investor's Rights Agreement generally terminates at such time as Ridgewood ZAP owns less than 5% of ZAP's Common Stock. Ridgewood ZAP's rights also relate to Common Stock that it may transfer to its affiliates. ZAP's two largest shareholders have agreed with Ridgewood ZAP that as long as Ridgewood ZAP owns at least 5% of ZAP's voting stock, the shareholders will vote their shares in favor of up to two directors nominated by Ridgewood ZAP. Ridgewood ZAP will nominate two directors, Douglas Wilson and Thomas Brown (who are officers of the Fund and Ridgewood Power, see Item 5(b) - Directors and Executive Officers of the Registrant - Managing Shareholder) for election to ZAP's Board of Directors at its coming annual meeting of shareholders, scheduled for May 16, 1999. (iii) Proposed Investments, Ridgewood Power is considering two additional investments for the Fund: the purchase of an interest in up to 12 landfill-gas-fueled electric generating stations in the United Kingdom in partnership with Power V and the development of several electric generating stations at resort hotels in Egypt. Preliminary negotiations for these transactions are underway but no commitment has yet been made to invest in these Projects. Ridgewood Power is also considering a number of potential investments for the Fund that are at earlier stages of evaluation. The Fund is actively seeking additional Projects for investment, either by itself or in conjunction with other programs sponsored by the Managing Shareholder if such programs are authorized to do so. (iv) Co-investment Issues and Conflicts of Interest. Ridgewood Power is also the managing shareholder of the Prior Programs (Power I, Power II, Power III, Power IV and Power V), which have business objectives similar to those of the Fund. In the future, Ridgewood Power anticipates that it will continue to sponsor other investment programs similar or identical in objective to that of the Fund. Further, it is possible that affiliates of Ridgewood Power will sponsor, manage or advise other types of investment programs. Ridgewood Capital, which is under common control with Ridgewood Power and the Fund, is currently sponsoring two investment programs that are making venture capital investments in a variety of industries. In this discussion the Prior Programs, the Fund, and any other investment programs that are sponsored by Ridgewood Power, Ridgewood Capital or their Affiliates are referred to as "Ridgewood Programs." These relationships could result in conflicts of interest arising from competing demands of the Fund and other Ridgewood Programs on Ridgewood Power's management resources, those of RPMCo or those of other Ridgewood Managing Persons. However, as required under the Declaration, the Managing Shareholder will devote as much attention to the Fund's activities as is reasonably necessary to manage the Fund. The Managing Shareholder of the Fund will use its best efforts to conduct Fund affairs for the benefit of the Investors. However, the interests of the Fund, its officers and agents, the Managing Shareholder, the Corporate Trustee, the affiliates of the Managing Shareholder and their respective directors, officers and agents when acting for the Managing Shareholder or their affiliates on behalf of the Fund (collectively, "Ridgewood Managing Persons"), as well as those of the Prior Programs, any future investment programs affiliated with the Fund, and the Investors may be subject to a variety of potential conflicts, including but not limited to the following. Co-Investment and Similar Conflicts A conflict of interest might arise if at any given time an opportunity to invest in a Project would be suitable for more than one program, thus requiring Ridgewood Power to choose among the suitable programs. It is also possible, though unlikely, that in a future competitive electricity sales market programs would be competing against each other for sales of power or that an opportunity to dispose of Projects would be suitable for more than one program. Finally, the Managing Shareholder may determine that more than one program should invest in a Project or Projects, in which case those programs will be co-owners. If the Fund and another program with similar investment objectives have funds available at the same time for investment in the same or similar Projects, and a conflict of interest thus arises as to which program will make the investment, the Managing Shareholder will review the investment portfolio of each program. They will make the investment decision on the basis of such factors, among others, as the effects of the investment on the diversification of each program's portfolio, potential alternative investments, the effects investment by either program would have on the program's risk-return profile, the estimated tax effects of the investment on each program, the amount of funds available and the length of time those funds have been available for investment. If more than one program has funds available for investment and the factors discussed above and other considerations indicate that the Project has approximately equal benefit for each Program, Ridgewood Power will generally allocate the opportunity first to the Ridgewood Program that was first organized, to the extent of its funds that can be prudently invested in that opportunity. In general Ridgewood Power will seek to apply all uninvested funds of that program to the opportunity, unless doing so would cause the program to be significantly over-committed to a Project. Any remaining investment opportunity would then be offered successively to later-organized Ridgewood Programs on the same basis. A similar process would be followed for divestiture opportunities or competitive electricity sales. Ridgewood Power will seek to allow Ridgewood Programs that invest concurrently to participate on similar terms in a Project, but reserves the ability to have programs participate on dissimilar terms in order to meet their investment objectives or to conform to transactional requirements. Further, if a Ridgewood Program is only able to invest in a particular Project at a different time than do other Ridgewood Programs because of legal or transactional requirements or because the Program has a delayed availability of funds, considerations of equity between Ridgewood Programs and the structuring of the transaction may cause the Ridgewood Programs to invest on differing terms. A similar conflict could arise where the entities make investments in different forms, which would be the case where one entity's investment took the form of equity and the other's took the form of debt. The Managing Shareholders believe that in most cases these potential conflicts of interest are unlikely to cause material adverse effects on the Fund. In cases where the Fund and another Ridgewood Program invest concurrently in a Project, the material terms of the transaction normally are the product of arm's length dealing with the seller, creditors and other interested parties or regulators. Because in such instances the Ridgewood Programs normally invest on the same terms and take proportionate interests in the Project, conflicts between them are effectively limited only to determining how much of the Project will be bought by each, as described above. In cases where other Ridgewood Programs and the Fund were to invest at differing times or on different terms, the Fund would face more difficult conflict of interest questions. The Managing Shareholders, if practicable, would attempt to resolve these issues by reference to the terms negotiated by other debt or equity participants in the Project or similar Projects, by reference to similar transactions, or by reference to current interest rates and other measures relating to the time value of money or to risk/reward considerations. Finally, in any material co-investment transaction, the transaction would be a Ridgewood Program Transaction that would be reviewed by the Panel and approved by it before consummation. Although the Managing Shareholders believe these practices may reduce potential conflicts of interest of this type, there can be no assurance that the interests of the entities will not diverge. Dispositions of Assets If the Managing Shareholders take on the responsibility of acting as a broker or finder at the time the Fund decides to dispose of a property and if no third person is retained by the Fund for those purposes, the Managing Shareholders are entitled to receive (but may waive) a brokerage fee from the proceeds of successful dispositions of Fund property only. The Managing Shareholders believe that any potential conflict of interest in this event would be minimal, because the Managing Shareholders have incentives to maximize returns to the Fund (including but not limited to the Managing Shareholders' interest in the proceeds of the disposition) and because any fee so earned may not exceed 2% of gross proceeds. Additional Investments in Projects As a Project in which the Fund has participated continues its development or expands its operations, or if a Prior Program offers its interest in a Project to the Fund, the Fund may be requested or may wish to commit additional funds to the Project or the purchase. If the Managing Shareholders determine in their sole discretion that the Fund will participate in the opportunity, it may determine to apply the Fund's funds available at that time to the Project or the purchase, seek to raise additional Fund capital or borrow the necessary funds. If the Managing Shareholders determine that the Fund will not participate and applicable regulatory requirements are met, the Managing Shareholders may make or cause another Ridgewood Managing Person or another program to make the additional commitment of funds, which might be on terms that are different from those of the Fund's prior investment in the Project. Ridgewood Power accordingly may have potential conflicting duties to the Fund and to those other entities in determining whether the Fund will participate in the opportunity or waive or assign rights to contribute additional capital to the Project. Other Potential Conflicts of Interest The Fund will reimburse RPMCo for the Fund's share of the costs incurred by RPMCo in managing Projects. This may create conflicts of interest among the Fund and other programs as to the allocation of costs and between the Managing Shareholder and RPMCo, on the one hand, and the Fund and the programs, on the other, as to the services provided by RPMCo, the expenses of RPMCo, and the division of responsibilities between RPMCo and the Managing Shareholders. The Managing Shareholders believe that any conflicts among programs will be minimized by the method of allocation, which will be based where possible on actual time and expenses incurred on behalf of the Fund and in other cases on the relative amount of the investment of each program in the Projects being managed. Conflicts between the interests of RPMCo and the programs will be limited by the requirement that reimbursement not exceed actual cost. The Managing Shareholders, key employees, RPMCo and Ridgewood Securities are entitled to the compensation, reimbursements and payments described below at Item 5 -- Directors and Officers of the Registrant. The amount and terms of those arrangements were not determined through a process of arm's length bargaining and thus do not necessarily reflect the fair market value of the services to be rendered to the Fund. Some of the Ridgewood Managing Persons might have business dealings with institutional investors that may participate in competing Independent Power Projects. The Fund might also invest in certain Projects or Project development companies owned, developed or operated by a Ridgewood Managing Person, or a Ridgewood Managing Person may invest in certain Projects or Project development companies in which the Fund has participated. In addition, the terms of the agreements governing Ridgewood Managing Persons investing in the independent power business may be more or less favorable to their investors than those pertaining to Investors under the Declaration. The Managing Shareholders have the discretion at any time to cause the Fund to make advances of costs of defense or settlement to the Managing Shareholders, their personnel and other Ridgewood Managing Persons, regardless of the existence of a conflict of interest. The Managing Shareholders have provided no independent representation of prospective Investors in connection with this offering, and each prospective Investor should seek independent advice and counsel before making an investment in the Fund. While potential conflicts of interest, including those described herein, cannot be eliminated, the Fund believes any actual conflicts that may arise will not materially affect the obligations of the Managing Shareholder to act in the best interests of the Investors and the Fund. (5) Trends in the Electric Utility and Independent Power Industries There are numerous references for further information on the electric power industry. Interested persons may particularly wish to refer to the U.S. Department of Energy's Annual Energy Outlooks and special studies, prepared by the department's Energy Information Administration (the "EIA"). Much of this information is available on EIA's World Wide Web site at http://www.eia.doe.gov under the "Electric" heading. Neither the Department of Energy nor EIA nor any other agency of the United States Government has endorsed or approved the Fund or the Investor Shares and the Fund takes no responsibility for the preparation or content of the Department of Energy's publications. Overview The independent power industry has evolved as a result of Congressional action to require electric utilities to purchase electricity from non-utility generators, the perceived need for new and replacement power capacity on the part of utilities and industrial customers and regulatory and economic pressures to increase competition in the electric power industry. In the decades before 1978, electricity that was sold to persons other than who produced it was almost exclusively generated in the United States by electric utilities. The energy crises of the 1970's led to the enactment of PURPA, which, by reducing regulatory procedures, encouraging more efficient use of energy and requiring electric utilities to buy electricity from companies other than electric utilities, encouraged non-utility generators to enter the electric power business. PURPA and the subsequent Energy Policy Act of 1992 forced state regulators and electric utilities to consider the advantages of electricity generation by Independent Power Projects and to make room in the market for those Projects by requiring the utilities to purchase the output of "Qualifying Facilities" at the "avoided cost" that the utility would otherwise pay for incremental power supplies. PURPA did not, however, require that the purchase be made for any particular period of time. Until very recently in the United States, local electric utilities combined the functions of generating electricity, transmitting it to the areas where it was to be used, and distributing that electricity to customers. Electric utilities created regional power pools, which are organizations that administer interconnections among utilities and provide systems for exchanging power among the members. Members of a power pool can buy and sell electricity among themselves and transport electricity on a barter basis to any area served by the pool or interconnected pools. Sales through power pools or otherwise to utilities or other organizations (such as municipal power systems) that distribute to customers are referred to as "wholesale" transactions, while sales from the ultimate supplier to the user of electricity are "retail" transactions. The regulatory structure governing these transactions is complex. Although many federal agencies have jurisdiction over aspects of the electric power industry, FERC is the primary regulator, with the powers to regulate the prices, volumes and conditions of all interstate sales and transmission of electricity, to authorize hydroelectric licenses and supervise nationwide reliability and service concerns. State public utility commissions or similar state regulators generally have granted exclusive franchises to utilities to serve geographic areas, set prices charged and conditions of service to consumers of electricity and determine the need for and method of cost recovery for new generating, transmission and distribution facilities. The Securities and Exchange Commission has broad authority over all financial aspects of "public utility holding companies," which include owners of electric utilities in multiple states. In the early 1980's, projections of significant increases in demand for electricity and forecasts of continually increasing prices for fossil fuels (which made cogeneration and other small power production technologies attractive), as well as regulatory and economic pressures on electric utilities that inhibited their ability to raise capital for new power plant capacity, caused those utilities and their governmental regulators to favor wholesale purchases of electricity from non-utility generators under long-term Power Contracts. With these contracts available, developers of Independent Power Projects were enabled to obtain significant financing and to expand rapidly. By summer of 1995, an industry trade magazine estimated that independent power producers represented 7% of total U.S. generating capacity and 9-10% maximum of total wholesale sales. Government reviews of the industry anticipate continued long-term expansion of the independent power industry in the United States. The EIA, in its The Changing Structure of the Electric Power Industry - An Update (December 1996), estimated that non-utility capacity in 1995 was 70,300 Megawatts, representing approximately 8.5% of total output capacity in the United States. Five years earlier, non-utility capacity was only 42,900 Megawatts. As to energy capacity additions, the EIA forecasts in its Annual Energy Outlook 1997 that by the year 2015, non-utility generating capacity (including self-generation) will increase to approximately 245,000 Megawatts. According to EIA forecasts, non-utility generating capacity will represent approximately 25% of total output capability in the United States by the year 2015 and will account for at least 58% of new capacity from all sources. The EIA projections are based on, among other assumptions, a continuation of current applicable law and regulations, including wholesale and retail deregulation. The EIA projections also have significant uncertainties, as described in the underlying publications. A large part of non-utility capacity will replace worn-out or outdated generating capacity. The EIA estimates that an additional 319,000 Megawatts of capacity will have to be added by 2015, of which 38,000 Megawatts will be needed to replace retiring nuclear power plants and 71,000 Megawatts to replace steam plants fired by fossil fuels. Although these studies indicate a continuing long-term need for more investment in Independent Power Projects, investment in new Independent Power Projects in the United States has fluctuated significantly in the last two decades. In the early 1990's economic recessions and increased efficiency by electricity users and utilities caused the demand for new generating capacity to be less than anticipated. Further, fossil fuel prices did not increase consistently and in some cases went to and remained at depressed levels. Many utilities concluded that they could acquire additional capacity more cheaply than through long-term Power Contracts with non-utility generators, and regulators, as described below, initiated changes that will tend to emphasize short-term electricity supply arrangements. Finally, electricity deregulation added uncertainties that deterred investment. Although there are still significant uncertainties in the industry, during 1997 and 1998 a significant amount of proposed new capacity additions were announced, almost all of which is to be fueled by natural gas as described below. Many utilities are auctioning off their generating assets and many new participants are entering national and local electricity markets. Further, many industry observers believe that competition and shifts to more efficient generating technologies will drive down the cost of generation, especially at large, natural-gas fueled generating plants. The investment strategies of the Fund and the other electric power programs being sponsored by the Managing Shareholder aim to take advantage of these market trends by acquiring Projects developed in the period of rapid growth, purchasing interests in smaller-size Projects that are being sold off by utilities and building new capacity in niche markets or in foreign countries where the new pressures of competition may be less intense. It is also possible that those same pressures may make it possible for the Fund to acquire other generating companies that are underperforming or that need additional capital. For success, among other matters discussed earlier in this Registration Statement, these strategies will require that the Fund and the Managing Shareholders be able to identify attractive Projects, to negotiate advantageous terms, and in many cases to operate the acquired Projects more efficiently than before. There can be no assurance that all of these conditions can be met or that other factors will not prevent success. Recent Industry Trends As a consequence of federal and state moves to deregulate large areas of the electric power industry and the existence, spurred by PURPA, of private competitors to electric utilities in the market for generating electricity, a number of interrelated trends are occurring. Continued Deregulation of the Generating Market The Comprehensive Energy Policy Act of 1992 (the "1992 Energy Act") encourages electric utilities to expand their wholesale generating capacity by removing some, but not all, of the limitations on their ownership of new generating facilities that qualify as "exempt wholesale generators" ("EWG's") and on their ability to participate in Independent Power Projects. Many state electric utility regulators are considering plans to further encourage investment in wholesale generators and to facilitate utility decisions to spin off or divest generating capacity from the transmission or distribution businesses of the utilities. As a result, Independent Power Projects in the future will face competition not only from other Independent Power Projects seeking to sell electricity on a wholesale basis but also from EWG's, electric utilities with excess capacity and independent generators spun off or otherwise separated from their parent utilities. Wholesale-level Access to Transmission Capacity Without access to transmission capacity, an Independent Power Project or other wholesale generator can only sell to the local electric utility or to a facility on which it is located (or, in some states, which adjoins its location). The most important changes occurring in the electric power industry are the efforts of FERC to compel utilities and power pools to provide nationwide access to transmission facilities to all wholesale power generators. When combined with the increased competition in the generating area, this new electricity supply market is profoundly changing the operations of electric utilities, consumers and Independent Power Projects. The 1992 Energy Act empowered FERC to require electric utilities and power pools to transmit electric power generated by other wholesale generators to wholesale customers. This process is referred to as "wheeling" the electric power. Essentially, the generator contributes power to a utility or power pool and is credited with that contribution, and the utility or power pool serving the wholesale customer makes available that amount of electric power to the customer and debits the generator. Wheeling is effected between power pools on a similar basis. FERC initially dealt with wheeling requests on a case-by-case basis as constrained by provisions of the 1992 Energy Act that require all costs of the transmitting utility to be recovered in the transmission charge and that prohibit wholesale competitors from wheeling power to customers of an electric utility under generating contracts or tariffs. On April 24, 1996 the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission adopted Order 888, which requires electric utilities and power pools to provide wholesale transmission facilities and information to all power producers on the same terms, and endorses the recovery by utilities of uneconomic capital costs from wholesale customers who change suppliers. The utilities would also be required to furnish ancillary services, such as scheduling, load dispatch, and system protection, as needed. These rights, however, would apply only to sales of new electric power over and above existing utility supply arrangements. Non-utility wholesale deliveries of electricity have grown vigorously and according to the EIA grew at the rate of 21% per year in the ten years from 1986 to 1996. Numerous regulatory issues must be addressed under this proposal of which one of the most contentious is the treatment of utility so-called "stranded costs." Utilities that own generating plants with relatively high costs of production would be under severe competitive and regulatory pressure to purchase cheaper wholesale electricity, but in that event the utilities would not receive sufficient revenue to meet debt service requirements or other capital costs (the stranded costs) relating to the high-cost plants. This might significantly impair utility cash flows and some utilities might be at risk of insolvency in that event. The FERC order requires some mitigation efforts on the utility's part, but primarily requires wholesale customers who acquire electricity from a new supplier to compensate their former utility supplier for revenue lost. This might require a customer who changes suppliers to pay a substantial additional fee to the prior utility supplier, thus inhibiting changes of supplier. The order takes no action to modify existing power purchase contracts. The order intends to create a competitive national market in electricity generation and thus may create additional pressure on electric utilities to seek changes to long-term power purchase contracts, as described further below. The Fund has developed its business plan in anticipation of the order and will pursue its investment program to take advantage of opportunities as they arise in the changing industry. The Fund is unable to predict the long-term consequences of the order on its eventual operations or on the independent power industry. State public utility regulatory agencies must also review and approve certain aspects of wholesale power deregulation, and those agencies are currently holding proceedings and making determinations. In addition to the FERC order or other Congressional or regulatory actions that may result in freer access to transmission capacity, agreements with Canada, and to a lesser extent with Mexico, are leading toward access for those countries' generators to U.S. markets. In particular, certain Canadian suppliers, such as HydroQuebec (the Quebec provincial utility) are already offering substantial amounts of electricity in the U.S., and more may be offered if sufficient transmission capacity can be approved and built. These agreements may also afford access to those countries' markets in the future for Independent Power Projects. As a result, there is the possibility that a North American wholesale market will develop for electricity, with additional competitive pressures on U.S. generators. Proposals to Modify PURPA and Existing Power Contracts The small-scale segment of the independent power industry in which the Fund is likely to invest remains a creature of PURPA in many respects. The prospects of increased competition to supply electricity, availability of wheeling of wholesale power, supply alternatives through the conservation initiative described above and reduced rates of increase in electricity demand have caused many electric utilities and other industry observers to advocate repeal or modification of PURPA and, in a few cases, to advocate changes to existing long-term Power Contracts with Independent Power Projects. These utilities have alleged that PURPA requires them to purchase electricity at higher prices than they could acquire new capacity themselves and that existing Power Contracts, signed when utilities anticipated much higher fuel and capital costs and higher demand, provide for prices substantially above current wholesale prices. The independent power industry has pointed out that PURPA does not require utilities to purchase new supplies from Independent Power Projects at rates above alternative sources' prices (although a few state regulators have imposed such requirements from time to time) and that existing long-term Power Contracts were generally entered into on the basis of good faith estimates by the utilities of future conditions with the expectation that sponsors would rely upon them. To date, FERC has rejected proposals to modify existing Power Contracts (except for contracts entered into under state regulations mandating payment of prices greater than utility avoided costs at the time the contracts were executed), and FERC's rulemaking proposals are expressly based on the principle that existing Power Contracts that comply with current law should not be modified by FERC. Although proposals have been introduced in Congress to amend or repeal PURPA, no such proposal has yet been reported. However, there can be no assurance that FERC or the Congress will not take action to reduce or eliminate the benefits or PURPA for Independent Power Projects or that they would not take action purporting to change or cancel existing Power Contracts or that they would not take action making compliance with those contracts economically or practically infeasible. If any such action were to be taken, the value of existing Independent Power Projects with long-term Power Contracts might be significantly impaired or even eliminated. If such action were to be proposed with any significant prospect of adoption, the consequent uncertainty might have similar effects. In a related phenomenon, some electric utilities that are parties to long-term Power Contracts with rates substantially above current replacement costs have entered into buy-out arrangements with the owners of those Independent Power Projects. Under these agreements, the Power Contracts are terminated in exchange for a payment by the utility to the Project. The Fund does not anticipate investing in Projects with the expectation of soliciting or receiving a buy-out arrangement, but it will consider potential arrangements if conditions warrant. Retail-level Competition An even more radical prospect for the electric power industry is retail-level competition, in which generators are allowed to sell directly to customers by using (and paying a fee for) the local utility's distribution facilities. Retail-level competition presupposes the ability to wheel power in the appropriate amounts at economic costs from the generating Project to the electric utility whose wires link to the retail customer (typically a large industrial, commercial or governmental unit) and the ability to use the local utility's facilities to deliver the electricity to the customer. In addition to the business and regulatory issues arising from wholesale wheeling, retail-level competition raises fundamental concerns as to the ability of utilities to recover stranded costs at the generating and distribution levels, the possibility that smaller customers will have less ability to demand pricing concessions, incentives for governmental agencies to act as intermediaries for consumers and the functions of state-level regulatory agencies in a price-competitive environment which may be inconsistent with their traditional price-setting and service-prescribing roles. Although retail deregulation is being implemented currently on a state-by-state basis, there are some common elements. First, most deregulating states will require that local utilities will be the "suppliers of last resort," which are required to serve any customers in their existing territories who do not purchase generated electricity from another source and which are required to obtain adequate generating capacity to meet those needs. Second, most deregulating states are requiring that utilities and other suppliers of electricity work through "independent system operators" ("ISO's"), which are non-profit associations who operate regional transmission grids and who coordinate purchase, transmission and sale of electricity between generators and distribution utilities. ISO's have significant responsibility for supply reliability. Third, most deregulating states are requiring that utilities be compensated for stranded costs (which include long-term Power Contracts with Independent Power Project that are above current and anticipated market prices) for a transition period. This is typically done by imposing a transition fee or surcharge on rates that is paid to the utility. In some states, utilities are being encouraged or ordered to issue bonds or other financial instruments to retire stranded cost assets or contracts, supported by transition charges. Fourth, many states are requiring local utilities to divest a large portion or all of their generating assets or to sell their rights under long-term Power Contracts. The states have cited concerns such as the anti-competitive effects of allowing the utilities, which retain a monopoly over the wires that take electricity the last stages to the customer, to own generating assets. Further, the sale of assets (or above-market Power Contracts) sets a market price for those assets and allows a somewhat objective computation of the stranded costs related to those assets or contracts. For example, the true stranded cost of a nuclear plant is approximately the difference between the value assigned to it under state regulation and the price someone will pay for it at auction. Fifth, utilities having stranded costs are expected to mitigate those costs by buying out contracts or selling costly assets. Finally, many states are attempting to protect generators who use "renewable fuels" or that are considered to have environmental or social benefits. Price and Cost Pressures The pricing pressures that retail and wholesale deregulation are bringing are expected to decrease the marginal cost of electricity. Competition will force utilities and generators to reduce overhead and administrative costs, to trim operation and maintenance costs and to more efficiently buy and use fuel. Further, wholesale and retail deregulation and new generating technologies discussed below are expected to significantly reduce capital costs. For example, electric utilities currently maintain large amounts of generating capacity in reserve to meet peak loads (for example, to serve customers during a heat wave in July). According to the EIA, competition may lead to pricing strategies that reduce these peak loads. Competition may also force utilities to stop maintaining high-cost reserve capacity and to take greater risks. Finally, the widening wholesale market for electricity may increase efficiency by allowing utilities and power consumers to obtain distant, lower-cost capacity for reserve purposes rather than maintain local, higher cost, underutilized reserve capacity. For these and other reasons, the EIA currently estimates that national average electricity rates in real terms (adjusted for inflation) will decline to about 6.3 cents per kilowatt-hour in 2015 from the 1996 average level of 7.1 cents per kilowatt-hour. As these trends continue, high-cost generators will be disadvantaged and may fail. If the Fund were to invest in small-scale generating plants that in the past have tended to have higher per-kilowatt hour costs than new, large scale generating plants, it may have difficulty competing. The Fund recognizes these pressures and intends to invest only in facilities that have competitive costs of fuel, capital and operation or facilities that offer significant opportunities for improvement. The Fund will also attempt to invest in facilities, such as landfill gas power plants, that have tax or environmental advantages that offset price pressures or that are located abroad where such pressures may be less. New Generating Technologies and New Industry Participants Recent improvements in turbine technology, coupled with what is seen as the ample supply and relative cheapness of natural gas, have made gas turbines the favored technology for new electric generating plants. The EIA estimates that 80% of the new electric generating capacity to be added from 1995 to 2015 will be fueled by natural gas and that the amount of generation fueled by natural gas will increase from the current 10% to 29%. According to the EIA, new gas turbines only need 15 days per year of maintenance, on the average, compared with 30 days a year for steam turbines. Although gas turbines historically have been used to meet peak demand rather than baseload demand, new "combined cycle" units (which use heat from the turbine's exhaust to drive a second steam or gas turbine) have thermal efficiencies approaching 60% (60% of the theoretical maximum heat from the burning gas is converted to electricity) and can be used as baseload units. In contrast, steam turbines fired by coal have efficiencies in the 36% range and have operating and maintenance costs higher than those of combined cycle plants. The EIA estimates that combined cycle gas turbine plants alone will account from 96,000 to 143,000 Megawatts of the 319,000 Megawatts of additional capacity to be added in the next 17 years. Combined cycle gas turbine plants reach their maximum efficiency at sizes of 400 Megawatts. Projects of that size are too large for the Fund to acquire or construct with its own capital and, even if the Fund were to borrow to finance a combined cycle Project, it is likely that the Fund would be overcommitted to a single Project if it tried to develop a combined cycle plant on its own. Accordingly, the Fund could only participate in this type of Project as a minority investor. The Fund might also invest in smaller gas turbine Projects (which according to the EIA can be as small as 10 Megawatts in capacity), although smaller turbines are more suited for peak load, short period operations. The new emphasis on natural gas-fired generation is causing large natural gas transmission or brokering companies to enter the electricity generation market rapidly. They have access to large volumes of gas and have the ability to raise large amounts of capital. Accordingly, most new investment in combined cycle gas Projects and other large-scale gas turbine Projects is being made by these natural gas/energy companies or by large utilities that are entering the competitive generation industry. Many of the proposed natural gas-fired generating plants are intended to be merchant power plants that are not built with the benefit of long-term Power Contracts. There have also been reports, especially from the northeastern states, that large non-utility generating companies and utilities entering the competitive generating market outside their existing service territories are buying large numbers of older plants from local utilities with the intention of replacing them on site with new, large, natural gas-fueled plants. It is unclear whether many of the announced merchant power plants will actually be built, given the uncertainties of the market for electricity and the possibility that there may be insufficient gas pipeline capacity or supplies to fuel all of the recently announced plants. Many companies, including affiliates of fuel suppliers and utilities, have applied to FERC to act as electric power marketers, because they anticipate that if wholesale wheeling becomes significant there will be strong demand for brokers or market makers in electric power. It is uncertain whether power marketers will become significant factors in the electric power market. A related development is the creation of derivative contracts for hedging of and speculation in electricity supplies, which may offer generators, utilities and large industrial or commercial consumers the ability to reduce the volatility of competitive prices. To date, the effects of derivative contracts on the market for electricity have not been material. Renewable Power The pressures of competition are expected to harm the "renewable power" segment of the industry. "Renewable power" is a catchphrase that includes Projects (such as solar, wind, biomass and landfill-gas) that do not use fossil fuels or nuclear fuels and, in some cases, some other types of small Independent Power Plants that are Qualifying Facilities (such as small hydroelectric plants, cogeneration plants and small fossil fuel plants). Renewable power plants typically have high capital costs and often have total costs that are well above current costs for new gas-turbine production. Many observers believe that renewable power plants without existing Power Contracts (with the possible exception of biomass plants with very low fuel costs) will be non-competitive in the new markets unless they are given governmental protection. A number of states are requiring that retailers of electricity purchase a certain minimum amount of electricity (often 5% to 10% of their total requirements) from renewable power sources and the Clinton Administration has proposed a national 7.5% minimum requirement. Although this will tend to protect renewable power Projects, unless there is a shortage of renewable capacity these state requirements will still make low total cost an essential if a renewable power Project is to have any ability to succeed. Initial Effects of Trends With these conditions in mind, many observers see two primary strategies for Independent Power Projects to succeed in the United States: first, Projects that have existing, firm, long-term Power Contracts may do well so long as regulatory or legislative actions do not abrogate the contracts. Second, Projects that are low-cost producers of electricity, either from efficiencies or good management or as the result of successful cogeneration technologies, will have advantages in the market. The Fund intends to focus on both possibilities and to maintain a focus on medium-to-long-term results. It also will consider Projects selling power to large retail users such as industries rather than utilities. Finally, there have been industry-wide moves toward consolidation of participants and divestiture of Projects. A number of utilities and equipment suppliers have proposed or entered into joint ventures to reduce risks and mobilize additional capital for the more competitive environment, while many electric utilities are in the process of combining, either as a means of reducing costs and capturing efficiencies, or as a means of increasing size as an organizational survival tactic. One recent observer has described the drive by electric utilities to sell their existing plants and purchase comparable plants from other utilities in areas outside their historic service areas, combined with frequent mergers, as an industry game of "musical chairs." This consolidation tends to create additional competitive pressures in the electric power industry; however, this trend is also encouraging the divestiture of smaller Projects or Projects that are deemed less central to the operations of large, consolidated businesses. This may make attractive Projects available for investment by the Fund. (6). Competition There are a large number of participants in the independent power industry. Several large corporations specialize in developing, building and operating independent power plants. Equipment manufacturers, including many of the largest corporations in the world, provide equipment and planning services and provide capital through finance affiliates. Many regulated utilities are preparing for a competitive market, and a significant number of them already have organized subsidiaries or affiliates to participate in unregulated activities such as planning, development, construction and operating services or in owning exempt wholesale generators or up to 50% of independent power plants. In addition, there are many smaller firms whose businesses are conducted primarily on a regional or local basis. Many of these companies focus on limited segments of the cogeneration and independent power industry and do not provide a wide range of products and services. There is significant competition among non-utility producers, subsidiaries of utilities and utilities themselves in developing and operating energy-producing projects and in marketing the power produced by such projects. The Fund is unable to accurately estimate the number of competitors but believes that there are many competitors at all levels and in all sectors of the industry. Many of those competitors, especially affiliates of utilities and equipment manufacturers, may be far better capitalized than the Fund. Please also review the discussion of changes in the industry above at (6) - Trends in the Electric Utility and Independent Power Industries. (7). Regulatory Matters. Projects are subject to energy and environmental laws and regulations at the federal, state and local levels in connection with development, ownership and operation. Federal laws and regulations developed by administrative agencies govern transactions with utility companies, the types of fuel which may be utilized by a Project, the type of energy which may be produced by a Project and the ownership of a Project. State utility regulatory commissions must approve the rates and, in some instances, other terms and conditions on which public utilities purchase electric power from Projects. Under certain circumstances where specific exemptions are otherwise unavailable, state utility regulatory commissions may have broad jurisdiction over Projects. Projects are also subject to federal, state and local laws and administrative regulations which govern the emissions and other substances produced by a Project and the geographical location, zoning, land use and operation of a Project. Applicable federal environmental laws typically have state and local enforcement and implementation provisions. These environmental laws and regulations generally require that a wide variety of permits and other approvals be obtained before the commencement of construction or operation of an energy-producing facility and that the facility then operate in compliance with such permits and approvals. Energy Regulation PURPA. The enactment in 1978 of PURPA and the adoption of regulations thereunder by FERC provided incentives for the development of cogeneration facilities and small power production facilities meeting certain criteria. Qualifying Facilities under PURPA are generally exempt from the provisions of the Holding Company Act, the Federal Power Act, as amended (the "FPA"), and, except under certain limited circumstances, state laws regarding rate or financial regulation. In order to be a Qualifying Facility, a cogeneration facility must (i) produce not only electricity but also a certain quantity of heat energy (such as steam or hot water) which is used for a purpose other than power generation, (ii) meet certain energy efficiency standards when natural gas or oil is used as a fuel source and (iii) not be controlled or more than 50% owned by an electric utility or electric utility holding company. Other types of Independent Power Projects, known as "small power production facilities," can be Qualifying Facilities if they meet regulations respecting maximum size (in certain cases), primary energy source and utility ownership. Recent federal legislation has eliminated the maximum size requirement for solar, wind, waste and geothermal small power production facilities (but not for hydroelectric or biomass) for a fixed period of time. PURPA provides three primary benefits to Qualifying Facilities. First, Qualifying Facilities are relieved of compliance with extensive federal, state and local regulation which control not only the development and operation of an energy-producing Project, but also the prices and terms on which energy may be sold by the Project. A Project that is not a Qualifying Facility will be subject to the extensive regulatory requirements of the FPA, other federal and state utility legislation and regulation, and possibly the Holding Company Act. These requirements can delay or even preclude development of a non-Qualifying Facility. Second, PURPA requires that electric utilities purchase electricity generated by Qualifying Facilities at a price equal to the purchasing utility's full "avoided costs." Avoided costs are defined by PURPA as the "incremental costs to the electric utility of electric energy or capacity or both which, but for the purchase from the Qualifying Facility or Qualifying Facilities, such utility would generate itself or purchase from another source." The FERC regulations also permit Qualifying Facilities and utilities to negotiate agreements for utility purchases of power at rates other than the purchasing utility's avoided cost. While public utilities are not required by PURPA to enter into long-term Power Contracts to meet their obligations to purchase from Qualifying Facilities, until recently utilities and regulators encouraged use of long-term Power Contracts. Third, PURPA requires that each electric utility interconnect with Qualifying Facilities and that the utility sell backup or standby power to the Qualifying Facility on a non-discriminatory basis. This requirement enhances the reliability of Qualifying Facilities and is especially important for inside-the-fence facilities, whose customers would otherwise be left without power in the event that the facility required off-line maintenance or repair. The exemptions from extensive federal and state regulation afforded by PURPA to Qualifying Facilities are important to the Fund and its competitors. The Fund expects that most of the Projects in which it invests will be Qualifying Facilities. Although some Projects may not be Qualifying Facilities, the Fund intends to participate only in Projects that avoid the restrictions of the Holding Company Act and most state regulation. The Holding Company Act. Under the Holding Company Act, any person (defined to include corporations and partnerships and other legal entities) which owns or controls 10% or more of the outstanding voting securities of a "public utility company" or a company which is a "holding company" of a "public utility company" is subject to registration with the Commission and regulation under the Holding Company Act. A holding company of a public utility company is required by the Holding Company Act to limit its operation to a single integrated utility system and to divest any other operations not functionally related to the operation of that utility system. Under PURPA, Qualifying Facilities are exempt from regulation under the Holding Company Act, and the Fund anticipates that substantially all of its investments will be in Qualifying Facilities. Structuring the Fund's own activities to ensure that it is not a "holding company" of a "public utility company" under the Holding Company Act is also important in providing financing and financial reporting flexibility to the Fund. If the Fund pursues the development of Exempt Wholesale Generators (as defined below) or other Independent Power Projects which will not qualify for the benefits provided by PURPA and which ordinarily would subject the Fund to the provisions of the Holding Company Act, it intends to do so in a manner to qualify for exemptions under the Holding Company Act or certain no-action positions taken by the Commission. Such a structure could, for example, consist of the Fund's holding a limited partner interest in a limited partnership which owns a non-Qualifying Facility. The 1992 Energy Act. The Comprehensive Energy Policy Act of 1992 (the "1992 Energy Act") empowered FERC to require electric utilities to make available their transmission facilities to and wheel power for Independent Power Projects under certain conditions and created an exemption for electric utilities, electric utility holding companies and other independent power producers from certain restrictions imposed by the Holding Company Act. The transmission and wheeling provisions of the act were described above at Item 1(c)(6). The exemptive provisions are described below. The 1992 Energy Act created an additional exemption from the Holding Company Act for EWG's, which are defined basically as entities certified by FERC as engaged exclusively in the business of owning and operating electric generation facilities which generate electricity for resale. EWG's remain subject to rate and tariff regulation by FERC and by state regulators. Further, EWG's may not sell electricity to electric utilities affiliated or associated with them unless state regulators approve, and state regulators must determine whether purchases by electric utilities from EWG's are fair to consumers and utilities and affect utility reliability. One set of primary beneficiaries of the EWG's category is expected to be electric utilities and their holding companies, which are released from Holding Company Act restrictions on owning interests in wholesale generators and Qualifying Facilities (but which will still be subject to certain Holding Company Act restrictions on financing EWG's and PURPA restrictions on ownership in Qualifying Facilities). The other primary beneficiaries of the EWG provisions of the 1992 Energy Act are expected to be developers and Project Sponsors that wish to construct Independent Power Projects that are not Qualifying Facilities (often because the fuel, heat energy, production or ownership requirements of PURPA are impractical to meet). By releasing them from the Holding Company Act regulatory environment, these developers and Project Sponsors may be better able to proceed and in particular to enlist electric utilities and holding companies as co-venturers. By exempting electric utilities, electric utility holding companies, and other developers from certain restrictions imposed by the Holding Company Act, the 1992 Energy Act has expanded the potential pool of Projects in which they are able to invest. Although the Fund believes that the exemptive provisions of the 1992 Energy Act will not materially and adversely affect its business plan, it may result in increased competition from such entities to develop promising Projects and in increased competition in the sale of electricity by Independent Power Projects. Regulations under the 1992 Energy Act have clarified the ability of electric utilities and holding companies to invest in EWG's and electric power plants outside the United States. Federal Power Act. The FPA grants FERC exclusive rate-making jurisdiction over wholesale sales of electricity in interstate commerce. The FPA provides FERC with ongoing as well as initial jurisdiction, enabling FERC to revoke or modify previously approved rates. Such rates may be based on a cost-of-service approach or determined through competitive bidding or negotiation. While Qualifying Facilities under PURPA are exempt from the rate-making and certain other provisions of the FPA, non-Qualifying Facilities are subject to the FPA and to FERC rate-making jurisdiction. Although EWG's are subject to FERC ratemaking jurisdiction, their owners do not by virtue of that ownership come under FERC jurisdiction. Companies whose facilities are subject to regulation by FERC under the FPA because they do not meet the requirements of PURPA may be limited in negotiations with power purchasers. However, since such projects would not be bound by PURPA's heat energy use requirement for cogeneration facilities, they may have greater latitude in site selection and facility size. Any Projects in which the Fund may participate that are non-Qualifying Facilities are expected to comply with the FPA. Fuel Use Act. Projects may also be subject to the Fuel Use Act, which limits the ability of power producers to burn natural gas in new generation facilities unless such facilities are also coal capable within the meaning of the Fuel Use Act. The Fund anticipates that natural gas-fired cogeneration Projects in which it may participate will be coal capable and thus qualify for exemption from the Fuel Use Act. State Regulation. State public utility commissions have broad jurisdiction over Independent Power Projects which are not Qualifying Facilities under PURPA, and which are considered public utilities in many states. Such jurisdiction results in state requirements to obtain certificates of public convenience and necessity to construct a facility and could result in regulation of organizational, accounting, financial and other corporate matters on an ongoing basis. Although FERC generally has exclusive jurisdiction over the rates charged by a non-Qualifying Facility to its wholesale customers, state public utility commissions have the practical ability to influence the establishment of such rates by asserting jurisdiction over the purchasing utility's ability to pass through the resulting cost of purchased power to its retail customers. In addition, states may assert jurisdiction over the siting and construction of non-Qualifying Facilities and, among other things, issuance of securities, related party transactions and sale and transfer of assets. The actual scope of jurisdiction over non-Qualifying Facilities by state public utility regulatory commissions varies from state to state. In recent years, many states have required or encouraged electric utilities to undertake least cost utility planning and demand-side management. Utilities engaging in least cost utility planning consider the costs, advantages and disadvantages of multiple means of meeting electricity demand, such as purchasing electric power from Independent Power Projects or other utilities, efficiency and conservation investments, load management, renewable resources such as hydroelectric, solar and wind power and conventional generation by the utility, all with a view toward determining the least-cost mix of supplies. Rate requests and accounting are to treat the alternatives on an equally favorable basis. The 1992 Energy Act and related statutes do not compel least cost utility planning but require it to be considered and require periodic updating of plans adopted andpublic access to the planning process. Demand-side management involves cooperative efforts between utilities and large customers to change the customers' patterns of demand for electricity. Because demand for electricity changes substantially according to the time of day or the season, utilities must maintain large amounts of capacity to meet peak loads that may only occur for a portion of the day or occasionally during the year. Utilities can thus save significant capital and operating costs if large customers can move their demand to off-peak times, or restrict demand during peak periods, or otherwise conserve electricity. Demand-side management has the effect of reducing utility needs for capacity generally and for purchasing electricity to meet peak loads at premium prices from Independent Power Projects. Environmental Regulation The construction and operation of energy and fuel producing projects and the exploitation of natural resource properties are subject to extensive federal, state and local laws and regulations adopted for the protection of human health and the environment and to regulate land use. The laws and regulations applicable to the Fund and Projects in which it will invest primarily involve the discharge of emissions into the water and air and the disposal of waste, but can also include wetlands preservation and noise regulation. These laws and regulations in many cases require a lengthy and complex process of obtaining licenses, permits and approvals from federal, state and local agencies. Obtaining necessary approvals regarding the discharge of emissions into the air is critical to the development of a Project and can be time-consuming and difficult. Each Project requires technology and facilities which comply with federal, state and local requirements and sometimes extensive negotiations with regulatory agencies. Meeting the requirements of each jurisdiction with authority over a Project may delay or sometimes prevent the completion of a proposed Project, as well as require extensive modifications to existing Projects. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 contain provisions which regulate the amount of sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen which may be emitted by a Project. These emissions may be a cause of "acid rain." Qualifying Facilities are currently exempt from the acid rain control program of the Clean Air Act Amendments. However, other Independent Power Projects will require "allowances" to emit sulfur dioxide after the year 2000. Under the Amendments, these allowances may be purchased from utility companies then emitting sulfur dioxide or from the Environmental Protection Agency. Further, an Independent Power Project subject to the requirements has a priority over utilities in obtaining allowances directly from the Environmental Protection Agency if (i) it is a new facility or unit used to generate electricity, (ii) 80% or more of its output is sold at wholesale; (iii) it does not generate electricity sold to affiliates (as determined under the Holding Company Act) of the owner or operator (unless the affiliate cannot provide allowances in certain cases) and (iv) it is "nonrecourse project-financed." A Project is nonrecourse project-financed if it is 100% equity financed or if only its assets and part or all of its revenues from power sales contracts serve as collateral for the Project's financing and if the providers of financing do not have the legal right to pursue an electric utility, the assets of other Projects, or owners or other participants for loan repayments. The market price of an allowance cannot be predicted with certainty at this time and there is no assurance that a market for such allowances will develop. Projects fueled by natural gas are not expected to be materially burdened by the acid rain provisions of the Clean Air Act Amendments. Title IV of the Clean Air Act Amendments requires significant reductions in nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants. The first set of standards became applicable in 1996 for large-scale steam boilers and large coal and oil-fired plants. The standards require reductions of 25% to 50% in nitrogen oxide emissions. Standards for other large generating plants become effective in 2000 and would require 40% to 50% reductions. States are imposing additional restrictions. Nitrogen oxide emissions can be particularly difficult or expensive to reduce because nitrogen oxides are produced at higher operating temperatures, while plant efficiencies tend to increase with operating temperatures. The Fund anticipates that nitrogen oxide regulations will materially increase the operating costs of generating plants and will tend to disadvantage small Projects using internal combustion engines and fossil fuel boilers, but that the expected costs will not cause many Projects that the Fund will invest in to become unprofitable. Based on current trends, the Managing Shareholder expects that environmental and land use regulation will become more stringent. The Fund and the Managing Shareholder have not developed expertise and experience in obtaining necessary licenses, permits and approvals, which will be the responsibility of each Project's managers and Project Sponsors. The Fund will rely upon qualified environmental consultants and environmental counsel retained by it or by developers of Projects to assist in evaluating the status of Projects regarding such matters. Potential Legislation and Regulation All federal, state and local laws and regulations, including but not limited to PURPA, the Holding Company Act, the 1992 Energy Act, the FPA, and the Clean Air Act Amendments are subject to amendment or repeal. Future legislation and regulation is uncertain, and could have material effects on the Fund. It is likely that the federal government and a number of states may consider schemes of environmental taxation that will penalize carbon dioxide emissions or other environmental detriments. These proposals, if enacted, could impose additional costs on the operation of the Fund's Projects. Although the President and Vice President have announced that the United States will, together with other nations, reduce greenhouse gas emissions significantly, it is extremely unclear whether or how this initiative will be adopted by the Congress. If greenhouse gas emissions were penalized, landfill gas, cogeneration and biomass Projects of the types owned by the Prior Programs might have a relative advantage because they reduce methane or carbon dioxide emissions. Impact of Energy Price Changes Market prices for natural gas, oil and, to a lesser extent, coal have fluctuated significantly over the last few years. Such fluctuations may directly inhibit the development of Projects because of the anticipated effects on Project profitability and may deter lenders to Projects or result in higher costs of financing. In recent years there have been extraordinary fluctuations in the price of crude oil. Because natural gas is substitutable for crude oil and oil products under certain conditions and in certain applications, oil prices are capable of affecting natural gas prices. It is impossible at this time to determine if the fluctuations will have further effects on the supply and price of petroleum products. Natural Gas. The price of natural gas is subject to significant fluctuation for reasons that are not yet fully understood. Nonetheless, over the last few years the price of natural gas has frequently been low relative to other fuels, although there can be no assurance that any these trends will continue. The effect of fluctuating natural gas prices on Projects will vary on a Project-by-Project basis depending on the customer to which the electric power is being sold, the terms of the Power Contracts and steam contracts (in the case of cogeneration facilities) for the Project, the price of natural gas to be purchased by the Project and the effect of any long-term commitments for the purchase of natural gas by the Project's customers. In general, cogeneration, due to its higher efficiency, tends to be relatively more profitable as energy costs (including natural gas) increase and relatively less profitable as such costs decrease. Projects which use natural gas as a fuel source may attempt to reduce the risk of gas price fluctuations adversely affecting their economics through long-term gas purchase arrangements and possibly acquiring gas reserves. Crude Oil. Fluctuations in the price of crude oil are not expected to affect the cost of operations of cogeneration Projects directly since such Projects are usually based on energy sources other than crude oil. However, gas-fired cogeneration Projects typically use distillate oil as a back-up fuel at times when gas is not available. Certain Projects use surplus fuels or wastes. The prices for these fuels and wastes are affected by fluctuations in primary fuel prices but tend to be less volatile. Coal. Traditionally, coal prices have been more stable than oil and gas prices due, in part, to the fact that coal is usually sold under long-term contracts to utilities. During the 1980's coal prices trended lower as a result of the surplus of crude oil and lower oil prices. The Clean Air Act Amendments, which are expected to be fully implemented as to most coal burning plants by 1996, may cause prices for lower sulfur coal to increase in the future. The Fund believes, however, that future coal prices will generally remain competitive with the price of crude oil and natural gas and should continue to be available to Independent Power Projects under long-term contracts. (d) Financial Information about Foreign and Domestic Operations and Export Sales. The Fund has invested its funds to date only in ZAP, which is located in California. The Fund is considering investments in Projects in Egypt and Great Briitain and from time to time has investigated potential investments in East Asia, Europe and South America. No material operations or income have yet been taken or earned outside the United States. (e) Employees. The Fund has no employees. The persons described below at Item 5 - Directors and Executive Officers of the Registrant serve as executive officers of the Fund and have the duties and powers usually applicable to similar officers of a Delaware corporation in carrying out the Fund business. Item 2. Financial Information (a) Selected Financial Data. The following data is qualified in its entirety by the financial statements presented elsewhere in this Registration Statement on Form 10.
As of and for the Period from Commencement of Share Offering (February 9, 1998) through December 31, 1998 Interest income $ 494,002 Total revenue 494,002 Net income (loss) (851,745) Net assets (shareholders' equity) 24,354,681 Total assets 25,733,430 Long-term obligations 0 Per Share of Trust Interest: Revenues 1,664 Net income (loss) (2,869) Net asset value 82,035 Distributions to Investors 0
(b) Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. Introduction The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the Fund's financial statements and the notes thereto presented below. Dollar amounts in this discussion are generally rounded to the nearest $1,000. The financial statements include only the accounts of the Fund. Results of Operations The period from February 9, 1998 to December 31, 1998 In 1998, the Fund had a net loss of $852,000. The Fund's sole source of revenue in 1998 was interest income of $494,000. Expenses of $1,346,000 were primarily composed of $578,000 of investment fees paid to the Managing Shareholder on capital contributions and $709,000 of due diligence costs on potential projects that were ultimately rejected. Liquidity and Capital Resources As of December 31, 1998, the Fund had $25,257,000 of cash on hand. The Fund anticipates investing most of these funds in new projects in 1999. As of December 31, 1998, the Fund had not invested in any power generation projects. Other than investments of available cash in power generation Projects, obligations of the Fund are or will be generally limited to payment of Project operating expenses, payment of a management fee to the Managing Shareholder, payments for certain accounting and legal services to third persons and distributions to shareholders of available operating cash flow generated by the Fund's investments. The Fund's policy is to distribute as much cash as is prudent to Shareholders. Accordingly, the Fund has not found it necessary to retain a material amount of working capital. The Fund anticipates that, during 1999, its cash flow from operations and unexpended offering proceeds will be adequate to fund its obligations. Financial instruments The Fund's investments in financial instruments are short-term investments of working capital or excess cash. Those short-term investments are limited by its Declaration of Trust to investments in United States government and agency securities or to obligations of banks having at least $5 billion in assets. Currently the Fund invests only in bank obligations. Because the Fund invests only in short-term instruments for cash management, its exposure to interest rate changes is low. Year 2000 Remediation The Managing Shareholder and its affiliates began year 2000 and planning in early 1997. After initial remediation was , a more intensive review discovered additional issues and the Managing Shareholder began a formal remediation program in late 1997. The Managing Shareholder has assessed problems, has a written plan for remediation and is implementing the plan. The accounting, network and financial packages for the Ridgewood companies are basically off-the-shelf packages that will be remediated, where necessary, by obtaining patches or updated versions. The Managing Shareholder expects that updating will be complete before the end of May 1999 with ample time for implementation, testing and custom changes to some modifications made by Ridgewood to those programs. To a large extent, these software packages would have been upgraded within a three to five year time frame, even absent the Year 2000 problem. The Managing Shareholder estimates that the Fund's allocable portion of the cost of upgrades that were accelerated because of the Year 2000 problem is less than $1,000. The Managing Shareholder has identified two major systems affecting the Fund that rely on custom-written software, the subscription/investor relations and investor distribution systems, which maintain individual investor records and effect disbursement of distributions to Investors. In late 1998, the Managing Shareholder's outside computer consultant reviewed the remediation completed for those systems and advised the Managing Shareholder that material additional work was required for these systems to work efficiently after 1999. The Managing Shareholder accordingly employed a new specialist for Year 2000 remediation of those systems and other software and for information systems support generally. The Managing Shareholder's plan calls for completion of changes to the distribution system and testing of that system by the end of May 1999 and the Managing Shareholder believes that this effort is ahead of schedule. The plan also targets completion by the end of the second quarter of 1999 of minor changes to the elements of the subscription/investor relations system that will allow it to handle individual investors' records, and of all testing of those modifications. Elements of that system used to generate internal sales reports and other internal reports (but which do not affect investors' records) will require major remediation. Remediation of the internal report generating programs is expected to be completed by the end of the third quarter of 1999 with testing and any additional modifications to be completed no later than the end of 1999. The Managing Shareholder is confident that all software systems necessary to maintain investor records will be remediated and tested well before the end of 1999. If the systems used to generate internal reports from the subscription/investor relations system are not remediated by the end of 1999, the Managing Shareholder is developing a contingency plan to use the existing systems together with manual entry of data and checking of results until remediation is complete. The Managing Shareholder has done this in the past when system problems have occurred and it thus believes that there will be no material or noticeable effect on the accuracy of its records or generation of internal reports, although it may experience delays in generating internal reports of a few days. Some systems are being remediated using the "sliding window" technique, in which two digit years less than a threshold number are assumed to be in the 2000's and higher two digit numbers are assumed to be in the 1900's. Although this will allow compliance for several years beyond the year 2000, eventually those systems will have to be rewritten again or replaced. The Managing Shareholder expects that the ordinary course of system upgrading will eventually cure this problem. The Fund's share of the incremental cost for Year 2000 remediation of this custom written software and related items for 1998 and prior years is estimated to be less than $12,250 and is estimated to be approximately $11,500 for 1999. ZAP has advised the Fund that it has reviewed its products for Year 2000 problems and has found that they are Year 2000 compliant. ZAP has also reviewed its principal supply chains and has determined that all essential sources are Year 2000 compliant or that there are adequate alternate sources for those supplies. The Managing Shareholder and its affiliates do not significantly rely on computer input from suppliers and customers and thus are not directly affected by other companies' year 2000 compliance. However, if customers' payment systems or suppliers' systems were adversely affected by year 2000 problems, the Fund could be affected. For example, if customers were unable to accept products because of system malfunctions or transmission failures caused by Year 2000 non-compliance by them or other persons, the Fund would lose revenues that could not be recouped at a later date. Similarly, if customers' payment systems were to malfunction, the Fund's revenues might be delayed. In addition, suppliers might be unable to provide necessary fuel or parts. Because the Fund currently does not own any operating businesses other than ZAP, it is not possible to predict the probability or magnitude of any such problems. Based on its internal evaluations and the risks and contexts identified by the Commission in its rules and interpretations, the Fund believes that Year 2000 issues relating to its assets and remediation program will not have a material effect on its facilities, financial position or operations, and that the costs of addressing the Year 2000 issues will not have a material effect on its future consolidated operating results, financial condition or cash flows. However, this belief is based upon current information, and there can be no assurance that unanticipated problems will not occur or be discovered that would result in material adverse effects on the Fund. The Fund is unable to predict reliably what, if anything, will happen after December 31, 1999 with regard to Year 2000 problems caused by the inability of other businesses and government agencies to complete Year 2000 remediation. The Fund knows of no specific problems identified by customers or suppliers that would have a material adverse effect on the Fund. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures Concerning Market Risk Qualitative Information About Market Risk. The Fund's investments in financial instruments are short-term investments of working capital or excess cash. Those short-term investments are limited by its Declaration of Trust to investments in United States government and agency securities or to obligations of banks having at least $5 billion in assets. Because the Fund invests only in short-term instruments for cash management, its exposure to interest rate changes is low. The Fund has limited exposure to trade accounts receivable and believes that their carrying amounts approximate fair value. The Fund's primary market risk exposure is limited interest rate risk caused by fluctuations in short-term interest rates. The Fund does not anticipate any changes in its primary market risk exposure or how it intends to manage it. The Fund does not trade in market risk sensitive instruments. Quantitative Information About Market Risk This table provides information about the Fund's financial instruments that are defined by the Securities and Exchange Commission as market risk sensitive instruments. These include only short-term U.S. government and agency securities and bank obligations. The table includes principal cash flows and related weighted average interest rates by contractual maturity dates. December 31, 1998 Expected Maturity Date 1999 (U.S. $) Bank Deposits and Commercial Paper $ 25,256,560 Average interest rate 5.225% Item 3. Properties. Pursuant to the Management Agreement between the Fund and the Managing Shareholder (described at Item 10(c)), the Managing Shareholder provides the Fund with office space at the Managing Shareholder's principal office at The Ridgewood Commons, 947 Linwood Avenue, Ridgewood, New Jersey 07450. The Fund and its subsidiaries do not own any material real property or buildings. Item 4. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management. Ridgewood Power purchased for cash one full Investor Share. By virtue of its purchase of an Investor Share, Ridgewood Power is entitled to the same ratable interest in the Fund as all other purchasers of Investor Shares. No other executive officers of the Fund acquired Investor Shares in the Fund's offering and neither the executive officers (other than Mr. Swanson) nor the Independent Panel Members nor the Corporate Trustee beneficially own any securities of the Fund. No person beneficially owns 5% or more of the Investor Shares. Ridgewood Power received 10 Preferred Participation Rights in connection with its purchase of an Investor Share. No person beneficially owns 5% or more of the Preferred Participation Rights. Power VI Co was issued one Management Share in the Fund representing the beneficial interests and management rights of the Managing Shareholders in its capacity as the Managing Shareholder (excluding its interest in the Fund attributable to Investor Shares it acquired in the offering). Mr. Swanson has beneficial ownership of the Management Share issued to Power VI Co. No other Management Shares are issuable and neither any other executive officer nor any Independent Panel Member nor the Corporate Trustee beneficially owns any Management Share. The management rights of the Managing Shareholder are described in further detail above at Item 1 - Business and below in Item 5 - Directors and Executive Officers of the Registrant. Its beneficial interest in cash distributions of the Fund and its allocable share of the Fund's net profits and net losses and other items attributable to the Management Share are described in further detail below at Item 7 -- Certain Relationships and Related Transactions. The Management Share does not have voting rights but the consent of the Managing Shareholder is required for certain actions affecting it as described at Item 11(b) - Voting Rights. Item 5. Directors and Executive Officers of the Registrant. (a) General. As Managing Shareholder of the Fund, Ridgewood Power (and Power VI Co, if Ridgewood Power turns over management rights to it) has direct and exclusive discretion in management and control of the affairs of the Fund. The Independent Panel Members only review certain transactions between the Fund and other investment programs sponsored by Ridgewood Power or affiliates of Ridgewood Power. The Managing Shareholder will be entitled to resign as Managing Shareholder of the Fund only (i) with cause (which cause does not include the fact or determination that continued service would be unprofitable to the Managing Shareholder) or (ii) without cause with the consent of a majority in interest of the Investors. It may be removed from its capacity as Managing Shareholder as provided in the Declaration. The purpose for having two Managing Shareholders, Ridgewood Power and Power VI Co, was to have continuity of management. When the Fund was organized, Ridgewood Power was considering that it might cause the five Prior Programs (Power I through Power V) to combine into a publicly traded business. That process might require Ridgewood Power to be a part of the combination, and management fees paid by the Fund to the Managing Shareholder might pass to the combined five Prior Programs in a way that might benefit the shareholders of the five Prior Programs while leaving fewer resources for the managers of the Fund. Therefore, when it organized the Fund, Ridgewood Power created Power VI Co's predecessor as a stand-in entity that could replace Ridgewood Power. Ridgewood Power now expects (although no assurance can be given) that the Fund would also join any combination of the five Prior Programs. Accordingly, it currently seems unlikely that it will be necessary to activate Power VI Co as a Managing Shareholder, if a combination were to occur. Ridgewood Holding, which was incorporated in April 1992, is the Corporate Trustee of the Fund. (b) Managing Shareholder. Ridgewood Power Corporation was incorporated in February 1991 as a Delaware corporation for the primary purpose of acting as a managing shareholder of business trusts and as a managing general partner of limited partnerships which are organized to participate in the development, construction and ownership of Independent Power Projects. It organized the Fund and acted as managing shareholder until April 1999. On or about April 20, 1999 it was merged into the current co-Managing Shareholder, Ridgewood Power LLC. Ridgewood Power LLC was organized in early April 1999 and has no business other than acting as the successor to Ridgewood Power Corporation. At the same time, Ridgewood Power VI Corporation, which was the other Managing Shareholder, was merged into Ridgewood Power VI LLC, a New Jersey limited liability company designated as Power VI Co in this Registration Statement. Ridgewood Power VI LLC was also newly organized and has no business other than being the successor to the dormant Ridgewood Power VI Corporation. Robert E. Swanson was the President, sole director and sole stockholder of Ridgewood Power Corporation since its inception in February 1991 and is now the controlling member, sole manager and President of each Managing Shareholder. Approximately 98% of the equity in each Managing Shareholder is or will be owned by Mr. Swanson or by family trusts. Mr. Swanson has the power on behalf of those trusts to vote or dispose of the membership equity interests owned by them. The remaining 2% of the equity interests in each are expected to be owned by Robert L. Gold and Randall D. Holmes. Mr. Swanson is designated as the manager of each Managing Shareholder in its operating agreement. If he were to become incapacitated, insolvent or unable to personally manage the Managing Shareholders (and thus the Fund), it is anticipated that the operating agreements of the Managing Shareholders will provide that Mr. Gold, Mr. Holmes and/or possibly other persons to be designated would become the controlling persons of the Managing Shareholders and thus the Fund. The members of Ridgewood Capital and the Investors in the Fund would not be entitled to vote on this question. The Managing Shareholder has also organized Power I, Power II, Power III, Power IV and Power V as Delaware business trusts to participate in the independent power industry. Ridgewood Power LLC is now also their managing shareholder. The business objectives of these five trusts are similar to those of the Fund. A number of other companies are affiliates of Mr. Swanson and Ridgewood Power. Each of these also was organized as a corporation that was wholly-owned by Mr. Swanson. In April 1999, each was merged into a limited liability company with a similar name and Mr. Swanson became the sole manager and controlling owner of each limited liability company. For convenience, the remainder of this Registration Statement will discuss each limited liability company and its corporate predecessor as a single entity. Ridgewood Power is an affiliate of Ridgewood Energy Corporation ("Ridgewood Energy"), which has organized and operated 48 limited partnership funds and one business trust over the last 17 years (of which 25 have terminated) and which had total capital contributions in excess of $190 million. The programs operated by Ridgewood Energy have invested in oil and natural gas drilling and completion and other related activities. Other affiliates of the Managing Shareholder include Ridgewood Securities Corporation ("Ridgewood Securities"), an NASD member which has been the placement agent for the private placement offerings of the six trusts sponsored by the Managing Shareholder and the funds sponsored by Ridgewood Energy; Ridgewood Capital Management LLC ("Ridgewood Capital"), organized in 1998, which assists in offerings made by the Managing Shareholder and which is the sponsor of two privately offered venture capital funds (Ridgewood Capital Venture Partners, LLC and Ridgewood Institutional Venture Partners, LLC) and RPMCo. Set forth below is certain information concerning Mr. Swanson and other executive officers of the Managing Shareholders. Robert E. Swanson, age 52, has also served as President of the Fund since its inception in February 1998 and as President of RPMCo, Power I, Power II, Power III, Power IV and Power V since their respective inceptions. Mr. Swanson has been President and registered principal of Ridgewood Securities and became the Chairman of the Board of Ridgewood Capital on its organization in 1998. He also is Chairman of the Board of Ridgewood Capital Venture Partners, LLC and Ridgewood Institutional Venture Partners, LLC. In addition, he has been President and sole or controlling owner of Ridgewood Energy since its inception in October 1982. Prior to forming Ridgewood Energy in 1982, Mr. Swanson was a tax partner at the former New York and Los Angeles law firm of Fulop & Hardee and an officer in the Fund and Investment Division of Morgan Guaranty Fund Company. His specialty is in personal tax and financial planning, including income, estate and gift tax. Mr. Swanson is a member of the New York State and New Jersey bars, the Association of the Bar of the City of New York and the New York State Bar Association. He is a graduate of Amherst College and Fordham University Law School. Robert L. Gold, age 40, has served as Executive Vice President of the Managing Shareholders, RPMCo, Power I, the Fund, Power II, Power III, Power IV and Power V since their respective inceptions, with primary responsibility for marketing and acquisitions. He has been President of Ridgewood Capital since its organization in 1998. As such, he is President of Ridgewood Capital Venture Partners, LLC and Ridgewood Institutional Venture Partners, LLC. He has served as Vice President and General Counsel of Ridgewood Securities Corporation since he joined the firm in December 1987. Mr. Gold has also served as Executive Vice President of Ridgewood Energy since October 1990. He served as Vice President of Ridgewood Energy from December 1987 through September 1990. For the two years prior to joining Ridgewood Energy and Ridgewood Securities Corporation, Mr. Gold was a corporate attorney in the law firm of Cleary, Gottlieb, Steen & Hamilton in New York City where his experience included mortgage finance, mergers and acquisitions, public offerings, tender offers, and other business legal matters. Mr. Gold is a member of the New York State bar. He is a graduate of Colgate University and New York University School of Law. Thomas R. Brown, age 44, joined the Managing Shareholder in November 1994 as Senior Vice President and holds the same position with the Fund, RPMCo and each of the other trusts sponsored by the Managing Shareholder. He became Chief Operating Officer of the Managing Shareholder, RPMCo and the Power I through V trusts in October 1996, and is the Chief Operating Officer of the Fund. He is also Senior Vice President of Ridgewood Capital and of the two venture capital funds it manages. Mr. Brown has over 20 years' experience in the development and operation of power and industrial projects. From 1992 until joining the Managing Shareholder he was employed by Tampella Services, Inc., an affiliate of Tampella, Inc., one of the world's largest manufacturers of boilers and related equipment for the power industry. Mr. Brown was Project Manager for Tampella's Piney Creek project, a $100 million bituminous waste coal fired circulating fluidized bed power plant. Between 1990 and 1992 Mr. Brown was Deputy Project Manager at Inter-Power of Pennsylvania, where he successfully developed a 106 megawatt coal fired facility. Between 1982 and 1990 Mr. Brown was employed by Pennsylvania Electric Company, an integrated utility, as a Senior Thermal Performance Engineer. Prior to that, Mr. Brown was an Engineer with Bethlehem Steel Corporation. He has an Bachelor of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering from Pennsylvania State University and an MBA in Finance from the University of Pennsylvania. Mr. Brown satisfied all requirements to earn the Professional Engineer designation in 1985. Martin V. Quinn, age 51, assumed the duties of Chief Financial Officer of the Managing Shareholder, the prior five trusts organized by the Managing Shareholder and RPMCo in November 1996 under a consulting arrangement. He became a full-time officer of the Managing Shareholder and RPMCo in April 1997 and became Chief Financial Officer of the Fund at its inception. He is also the Chief Financial Officer of Ridgewood Capital and of Ridgewood Capital Venture Partners, LLC and Ridgewood Institutional Venture Partners, LLC. Mr. Quinn has 30 years of experience in financial management and corporate mergers and acquisitions, gained with major, publicly-traded companies and an international accounting firm. He formerly served as Vice President of Finance and Chief Financial Officer of NORSTAR Energy, an energy services company, from February 1994 until June 1996. From 1991 to March 1993, Mr. Quinn was employed by Brown-Forman Corporation, a diversified consumer products company and distiller, where he was Vice President-Corporate Development. From 1981 to 1991, Mr. Quinn held various officer-level positions with NERCO, Inc., a mining and natural resource company, including Vice President- Controller and Chief Accounting Officer for his last six years and Vice President-Corporate Development. Mr. Quinn's professional qualifications include his certified public accountant qualification in New York State, membership in the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, six years of experience with the international accounting firm of Price Waterhouse, and a Bachelor of Science degree in Accounting and Finance from the University of Scranton (1969). Mary Lou Olin, age 46, has served as Vice President of the Managing Shareholder, RPMCo, Ridgewood Capital, the Fund, Power I, Power II, Power III, Power IV and Power V since their respective inceptions. She has also served as Vice President of Ridgewood Energy since October 1984, when she joined the firm. Her primary areas of responsibility are investor relations, communications and administration. Prior to her employment at Ridgewood Energy, Ms. Olin was a Regional Administrator at McGraw-Hill Training Systems where she was employed for two years. Prior to that, she was employed by RCA Corporation. Ms. Olin has a Bachelor of Arts degree from Queens College. (c) Management Agreement. The Fund has entered into a Management Agreement with the Managing Shareholder detailing how the Managing Shareholder will render management, administrative and investment advisory services to the Fund under the terms of the Declaration. Specifically, the Managing Shareholder will perform (or arrange for the performance of) the management and administrative services required for the operation of the Fund. Among other services, it will administer the accounts and handle relations with the Investors, provide the Fund with office space, equipment and facilities and other services necessary for its operation and conduct the Fund's relations with custodians, depositories, accountants, attorneys, brokers and dealers, corporate fiduciaries, insurers, banks and others, as required. The Managing Shareholder will also be responsible for making investment and divestment decisions (except that Ridgewood Program Transactions require the approval of the Independent Panel Members as described below). The Managing Shareholder will be obligated to pay the compensation of the personnel and all administrative and service expenses necessary to perform the foregoing obligations. The Fund will pay all other expenses of the Fund, including transaction expenses, valuation costs, expenses of preparing and printing periodic reports for Investors and the Commission, postage for Fund mailings, Commission fees, interest, taxes, legal, accounting and consulting fees, litigation expenses, expenses of operating Projects and costs incurred by the Managing Shareholder in so doing and other expenses properly payable by the Fund. The Fund will reimburse the Managing Shareholder for all such Fund and other expenses paid by it. As compensation for the Managing Shareholder's performance under the Management Agreement, the Fund is obligated to pay the Managing Shareholder an annual management fee, beginning on the Termination Date of the offering of Investor Shares as described below at Item 7 -- Certain Relationships and Related Transactions. The responsibilities of the Managing Shareholder and the fees and reimbursements of expenses it is entitled to are set out in the Declaration. Each Investor consented to the terms and conditions of the Declaration by subscribing to acquire Investor Shares in the Fund. The Fund has relied and will continue to rely on the Managing Shareholder and engineering, legal, investment banking and other professional consultants (as needed) and to monitor and report to the Fund concerning the operations of Projects in which it invests, to review proposals for additional development or financing, and to represent the Fund's interests. The Fund will rely on such persons to review proposals to sell its interests in Projects in the future. (d) Executive Officers of the Fund. Pursuant to the Declaration, the Managing Shareholder has appointed officers of the Fund to act on behalf of the Fund and sign documents on behalf of the Fund as authorized by the Managing Shareholder. Mr. Swanson has been named the President of the Fund and the other executive officers of the Fund are identical to those of the Managing Shareholder. The officers have the duties and powers usually applicable to similar officers of a Delaware business corporation in carrying out Fund business. Officers act under the supervision and control of the Managing Shareholder, which is entitled to remove any officer at any time. Unless otherwise specified by the Managing Shareholder, the President of the Fund has full power to act on behalf of the Fund. The Managing Shareholder expects that most actions taken in the name of the Fund will be taken by Mr. Swanson and the other principal officers in their capacities as officers of the Fund under the direction of the Managing Shareholder rather than as officers of the Managing Shareholder. (e) The Independent Panel Members. The Declaration provides for an Independent Review Panel (the "Panel"), with responsibility for independently reviewing and approving material transactions ("Ridgewood Program Transactions") between the Fund and any other investment programs sponsored by the Managing Shareholder or its Affiliates ("Ridgewood Programs"). All Ridgewood Program Transactions (which include material transactions between the Fund or entities in which the Fund invests, on the one hand, and other Ridgewood Programs or entities in which they invest or have control, on the other), must be approved by a majority of the Panel Members (if there are only two Panel Members, both must approve) or by a Majority of the Investors. In reviewing and approving a Ridgewood Program Transaction, the Panel Members are be guided by the provisions of Delaware law regarding the responsibilities of directors of a business corporation who pass upon a transaction with an affiliated corporation. In so doing, the Panel Members are subject to duties of loyalty to the Fund and its Investors and care in reviewing the transaction, and are obligated to consider the entire fairness of the transaction to the Fund. There is no requirement, however, that the Fund participate in the transaction on identical terms with the other Ridgewood Programs. The Declaration specifies, in addition, that the Panel Members will be entitled to the benefits of the "business judgment rule" of Delaware law, which exonerates directors for their negligence or mistaken decisions in the absence of bad faith or clear conflicts of interest. The Independent Review Panel provisions were included in the Declaration in recognition that the Fund's investment program anticipates significant co-investment by the Fund in Projects in which other Ridgewood Programs will invest. The Managing Shareholder concluded that given the potential conflicts of interest and the additional complexities and responsibilities that characterize co-investment decisions, the Fund should create a mechanism for independent review and approval of co-investments. The Managing Shareholder has designated the initial Panel of three Panel Members. A majority of the incumbent Panel Members must consent for the Panel to take action. A majority of the Managing Shareholder and the incumbent Panel Members, acting together, may authorize an increase to no more than eight Panel Members (or a decrease to not fewer than two) and may fill vacancies on the Panel within 180 days. If there is no incumbent Panel Member, however, vacancies must be filled by the Managing Shareholder with the approval of a Majority of the Investors. A Panel Member may not be an Affiliate of the Fund and may not be an investment advisor or underwriter for the Fund, a person beneficially owning five percent or more of the Investor Shares, an entity in which the Fund beneficially owns five percent or more of the outstanding equity securities, an agent or employee of the Fund or its subsidiaries, a member of the immediate family of any individual described above, or a person who served at any time after the beginning of the second-to-last full calendar year as legal counsel to the Fund or the Managing Shareholder, or a partner, principal or employee of that legal counsel. The Panel is not required to review other transactions that might involve the Managing Shareholder or its Affiliates and the Fund, such as the Management Agreement or temporary advances of funds by the Managing Shareholder to the Fund. The Managing Shareholder, in its sole discretion, may refer such other transactions to the Panel for advice, and the Panel, in its sole discretion, may elect to review and report to the Managing Shareholder on the referred transaction, or to decline to review it. Neither the Managing Shareholder nor the Panel Members shall incur liability to the Fund or any Shareholder by their decisions to refer or not to refer, or to review or not to review, any transaction that is not a Ridgewood Program Transaction. The Panel Members are not trustees of the Fund, have no general fiduciary responsibility for the Fund's investments or operations, and have no continuing oversight responsibilities for the Fund. The Panel meets only on the call of the Managing Shareholder. Panel Members may resign and may be removed either for cause by action of at least two-thirds of the remaining Panel Members or for any reason by action of the holders of at least two-thirds of the Investor Shares. Compensation of the Panel Members is set in the Declaration at $5,000 per year, plus out-of-pocket expenses incurred.. If the Managing Shareholder certifies in the Fund's records that there is no reasonable probability that the Fund will engage in further Ridgewood Program Transactions, the Panel will be suspended and will take no further action. During that period, the Panel Members' compensation will cease. A suspended Panel may be reinstated by the Managing Shareholder at any time. The current Panel Members are Richard Propper, M.D., John Belknap and Seymour Robin. Dr. Propper and Mr. Belknap also serve as independent trustees of two Prior Programs, Ridgewood Power I and Ridgewood Power IV. Both are independent power programs sponsored by Ridgewood Power. Independent panel members must approve transactions between their program and the Managing Shareholder or companies affiliated with the Managing Shareholder, but have no other responsibilities. Neither Mr. Belknap nor Mr. Robin is otherwise affiliated with the Fund, any of the Fund's officers or agents, the Managing Shareholder, any other Trustee, any affiliates of the Managing Shareholder and any other Trustees, or any director, officer or agent of any of the foregoing. Dr. Propper acts as an adviser to the two venture capital funds sponsored by Ridgewood Capital as described below. John C. Belknap, age 52, has been chief financial officer of three national retail chains and their parent companies. Since July 1997, he has been Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Richfood Holdings, Inc., a Virginia-based food manufacturer. From December 1995 to June 1997 Mr. Belknap was Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of OfficeMax, Inc., an office products superstore chain. From February 1994 to February 1995, Mr. Belknap was Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Zale Corporation, a retail jewelry store chain. From January 1990 to January 1994 and from February 1995 to December 1995, Mr. Belknap was an independent financial consultant. From January 1989 through May 1993 he also served as a director of and consultant to Finlay Enterprises, Inc., an operator of leased fine jewelry departments in major department stores nationwide. Seymour (Si) Robin, age 71, has been the Executive Vice President and CEO of Sensor Systems, Inc., an antenna manufacturing company located in Chatsworth, California. He has held this position since 1972. From 1949 to 1953, he owned and operated United Manufacturing Company, which specialized in aircraft and missile antennas. From 1953 to 1957, he managed Bendix Antenna Division, which specialized in aircraft and space antennas and avionics. In 1957, he started SRA Antenna Company as a manufacturer and technical consultant to wordlwide aircraft maufacturers of commercial, space and military aircraft. He remained at SRA Antenna Company until 1971, at which time he became Executive Vice President and CEO of Sensor Systems, Inc. Mr. Robin holds degrees in Mechanical and Electric Engineering from Montreal Technical Institute and UCLA. He is a certified FAA pilot (multi-engine, instruments, land and sea) since 1966. He has received the AMC Airline Voltaire Award for the Most Outstanding Contribution to Airline Avionics in the Past 50 Years. He also owns significant interests in commercial and residential real estate in the Soutwest U.S. Dr. Richard D. Propper, age 48, graduated from McGill University in 1969 and received his medical degree from Stanford University in 1972. He completed his internship and residency in Pediatrics in 1974, and then attended Harvard University for post doctoral training in hematology/oncology. Upon the completion of such training, he joined the staff of the Harvard Medical School where he served as an assistant professor until 1983. In 1983, Dr. Propper left academic medicine to found Montgomery Medical Ventures, one of the largest medical technology venture capital firms in the United States. He served as managing general partner of Montgomery Medical Ventures until 1993. Dr. Propper is currently a consultant to a variety of companies for medical matters, including international opportunities in medicine. In June 1996 Dr. Propper agreed to an order of the Commission that required him to make filings under Sections 13(d) and (g) and 16 of the 1934 Act and that imposed a civil penalty of $15,000. In entering into that agreement, Dr. Propper did not admit or deny any of the alleged failures to file recited in that order. Dr. Propper is also an acquisition consultant for Ridgewood Capital Venture Partners, LLC and Ridgewood Institutional Venture Partners, LLC, the two venture capital funds sponsored by Ridgewood Capital. He receives a fixed consulting fee from those funds and contingent compensation from Ridgewood Capital. (f) Corporate Trustee The Corporate Trustee of the Fund is Ridgewood Holding. Legal title to Fund property is now and in the future will be in the name of the Fund, if possible, or Ridgewood Holding as trustee. Ridgewood Holding is also a trustee of Power I, Power II, Power III, Power IV, Power V and of an oil and gas business trust sponsored by Ridgewood Energy and is expected to be a trustee of other similar entities that may be organized by Ridgewood Power and Ridgewood Energy. The President, sole director and sole stockholder of Ridgewood Holding is Robert E. Swanson; its other executive officers are identical to those of the Managing Shareholder. The principal office of Ridgewood Holding is at 1105 North Market Street, Suite 1300, Wilmington, Delaware 19899. (g) RPMCo. RPMCo is controlled by Robert E. Swanson. For Projects for which the Fund decides to take operating responsibility itself, the Fund will cause the Fund's subsidiary that owns the Project to enter into an "Operation Agreement" under which RPMCo, under the supervision of the Managing Shareholder, will provide the management, purchasing, engineering, planning and administrative services for the Project. RPMCo will charge the Fund at its cost for these services and for the Fund's allocable amount of certain overhead items. RPMCo shares space and facilities with the Managing Shareholder and its affiliates. To the extent that common expenses can be reasonably allocated to RPMCo, the Managing Shareholder may, but is not required to, charge RPMCo at cost for the allocated amounts and such allocated amounts will be borne by the Fund and other programs. Common expenses that are not so allocated will be borne by the Managing Shareholder. The Fund does not currently own any Independent Power Projects or other facilities managed by RPMCo and accordingly no Operation Agreement is in effect. The Fund has not made any material payments to RPMCo. Initially, the Managing Shareholder does not anticipate charging RPMCo for the full amount of rent, utility supplies and office expenses allocable to RPMCo. As a result, both initially and on an ongoing basis the Managing Shareholder believes that RPMCo's charges for its services to the Fund are likely to be materially less than its economic costs and the costs of engaging comparable third persons as managers. RPMCo will not receive any compensation in excess of its costs. Allocations of costs will be made either on the basis of identifiable direct costs, time records or in proportion to each program's investments in Projects managed by RPMCo; and allocations will be made in a manner consistent with generally accepted accounting principles. RPMCo will not provide any services related to the administration of the Fund, such as investment, accounting, tax, investor communication or regulatory services, nor will it participate in identifying, acquiring or disposing of Projects. RPMCo will not have the power to act in the Fund's name or to bind the Fund, which will be exercised by the Managing Shareholder or the Fund's officers. The Operation Agreements will not have a fixed term and will be terminable by RPMCo, by the Managing Shareholder or by vote of a majority in interest of Investors, on 60 days' prior notice. The Operation Agreements may be amended by agreement of the Managing Shareholder and RPMCo; however, no amendment that materially increases the obligations of the Fund or that materially decreases the obligations of RPMCo shall become effective until at least 45 days after notice of the amendment, together with the text thereof, has been given to all Investors. The executive officers of RPMCo are Mr. Swanson (President), Mr. Gold (Executive Vice President), Mr. Brown (Senior Vice President and Chief Operating Officer), Mr. Quinn (Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer) and Ms. Olin (Vice President). Douglas V. Liebschner, Vice President - Operations, is a key employee. Douglas V. Liebschner, age 51, joined RPMCo in June 1996 as Vice President of Operations. He has over 27 years of experience in the operation and maintenance of power plants. From 1992 until joining RPMCo, he was employed by Tampella Services, Inc., an affiliate of Tampella, Inc., one of the world's largest manufacturers of boilers and related equipment for the power industry. Mr. Liebschner was Operations Supervisor for Tampella's Piney Creek project, a $100 million bituminous waste coal fired circulating fluidized bed ("CFB") power plant. Between 1989 and 1992, he supervised operations of a waste to energy plant in Poughkeepsie, N.Y. and an anthracite-waste-coal-burning CFB in Frackville, Pa. From 1969 to 1989, Mr. Liebschner served in the U.S. Navy, retiring with the rank of Lieutenant Commander. While in the Navy, he served mainly in billets dealing with the operation, maintenance and repair of ship propulsion plants, twice serving as Chief Engineer on board U.S. Navy combatant ships. He has a Bachelor of Science degree from the U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md. Item 6. Executive Compensation. The Fund will reimburse RPMCo at cost for services provided by RPMCo's employees and reimburses the Managing Shareholder at allocated cost for services outside the scope of the Management Agreement; no such reimbursement per employee exceeded $60,000 in 1998. Information as to the fees payable to the Managing Shareholder and certain affiliates is contained at Item 13 - Certain Relationships and Related Transactions. As compensation for services rendered to the Fund, pursuant to the Declaration, each Independent Panel Member is entitled to be paid by the Fund the sum of $5,000 annually and to be reimbursed for all reasonable out-of-pocket expenses relating to attendance at Board meetings or otherwise performing his duties to the Fund. Accordingly in March 1998 and January 1999 the Fund paid each Independent Panel Member $5,000 for his services. The Independent Panel Members and the Managing Shareholder are entitled to review the compensation payable to the Independent Panel Members annually and increase or decrease it as they see reasonable. The consent of a majority of the Panel Members and the consent of the Managing Shareholder is necessary for a change in compensation. The Fund is not entitled to pay the Independent Panel Members compensation for consulting services rendered to the Fund outside the scope of their duties to the Fund without similar approval. Ridgewood Holding, the Corporate Trustee of the Fund, is not entitled to compensation for serving in such capacity, but is entitled to be reimbursed for Fund expenses incurred by it which are properly reimbursable under the Declaration. For information concerning the Fund's Key Employee Incentive Plan, see Item 11(j) of this Registration Statement. No awards or determinations of eligibility have been made under the Plan. Item 7. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions. The Declaration provides that cash flow of the Fund, less reasonable reserves which the Fund deems necessary to cover anticipated Fund expenses, is to be distributed to the Shareholders from time to time as the Fund deems appropriate. The allocation of distributions between the Investors and the Managing Shareholder is described at Item 11(a) - Description of Registrant's Securities to be Registered - Distribution and Dissolution Rights. The Fund did not make any distributions in 1998 to the Managing Shareholder (which is a member of the Board of the Fund) or any other person. The Fund paid fees to the Managing Shareholder and its affiliates as follows: Fee Paid to 1998 Investment fee Ridgewood Power $577,813 Placement agent fee Ridgewood and sales commis- Securities sions Corporation 304,031 Organizational, Ridgewood distribution and Power offering fee 1,776,189 Due diligence Ridgewood expenses Power The investment fee equaled 2% of the proceeds of the offering of Investor Shares and was payable for the Managing Shareholder's services in investigating and evaluating investment opportunities and effecting investment transactions. The placement agent fee (1% of the offering proceeds) and sales commissions were also paid from proceeds of the offering, as was the organizational, distribution and offering fee (5% of offering proceeds) for legal, accounting, consulting, filing, printing, distribution, selling, closing and organization costs of the offering. In addition to the foregoing, the Fund reimbursed the Managing Shareholder and RPMCo at cost for expenses and fees of unaffiliated persons engaged by the Managing Shareholder for Fund business and for certain expenses related to management of Projects. Other information in response to this item is reported in response to Item 6. Executive Compensation, which information is incorporated by reference into this Item 7. Item 8. Legal Proceedings. There are no legal proceedings involving the Fund. Item 9. Market Price of and Dividends on the Registrant's Common Equity and Related Stockholder Matters. (a) Market Information. The Fund has sold approximately 380 Investor Shares of beneficial interest in the Fund in its private placement offering, which is ongoing. There is currently no established public trading market for the Investor Shares and the Fund does not intend to allow a public trading market to develop. As of the date of this Registration Statement on Form 10, all such Investor Shares have been issued and are outstanding. There are no outstanding options or warrants to purchase, or securities convertible into, Investor Shares. Investor Shares are restricted as to transferability under the Declaration, as well as under federal and state laws regulating securities. See Item 11(d) - Description of Registrant's Securities to be Registered - Restrictions on Transfer of Investor Shares. The Investor Shares have not been and are not expected to be registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "1933 Act"), or under any other similar law of any state (except for certain registrations that do not permit free resale) in reliance upon what the Fund believes to be exemptions from the registration requirements contained therein. Because the Investor Shares have not been registered, they are "restricted securities" as defined in Rule 144 under the 1933 Act. As of the date of this Registration Statement, no Investor Shares are sellable under Rule 144 because the requirements of Rule 144(c) have not been met. The Managing Shareholder is considering the possibility of a combination of the Fund and five other investment programs sponsored by the Managing Shareholder (Power I through Power V) into a publicly traded entity. This would require the approval of the Investors in the Fund and the other programs after proxy solicitations complying with requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission, compliance with the "rollup" rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission and other regulations, and a change in the federal income tax status of the Fund from a partnership (which is not subject to tax) to a corporation. The process of considering and effecting a combination, if the decision is made to do so, will be very lengthy. There is no assurance that the Managing Shareholder will recommend a combination, that the Investors of the Fund or other programs will approve it, that economic conditions or the business results of the participants will be favorable for a combination, that the combination will be effected or that the economic results of a combination, if effected, will be favorable to the Investors of the Fund or other programs. (b) Holders As of April 22, 1999, there were 743 record holders of Investor Shares and 566 record holders of Preferred Participation Rights. (c) Dividends The Fund made no distributions in 1998. The Fund's ability to make future distributions to Investors and their timing will depend on the net cash flow of the Fund and retention of reasonable reserves as determined by the Fund to cover its anticipated expenses. Item 10. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities. (a) Securities sold. As of April 22, 1999 the Fund had sold a total of 381.6015 Investor Shares in a best-efforts offering under Rule 506 of Regulation D that began April 12, 1996. The Fund also has issued a total of 1,890 Preferred Participation Rights for no additional consideration to certain Investors in connection with their purchases of Investor Shares that occurred prior to December 31, 1998. The Fund also granted the Managing Shareholder a single Management Share representing the Managing Shareholder's management rights and rights to distributions of cash flow. (b) Underwriters and other purchasers. Ridgewood Securities Corporation, an affiliate of the Fund and the Managing Shareholder, was the placement agent for the best efforts offering. The Regulation D offering was limited to accredited investors and to a limited number of persons described in Rule 501(e) under Regulation D. (c) Consideration. All Investor Shares were sold for cash at a price of $100,000 per Investor Share. No additional consideration was paid for Preferred Participation Rights. The following amounts are as of April 22, 1999. Aggregate offering price of Investor Shares $ 38,160,150 Aggregate sales commissions 3,052,812 Placement agent fees 381,602 The Management Share was issued in exchange for the Managing Shareholder's services under the Declaration. (d) Exemption from registration claimed. The offering of the Investor Shares and associated Preferred Participation Rights was exempt under Section 4(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as provided by Rule 506 of Regulation D under that Act. The offering was made only to accredited investors and a limited number of persons described in Rule 501(e) of Regulation D, without the use of general advertising or solicitation. The issuance of the Management Share was exempt under Section 4(2) of the Securities Act of 1933 as an issuance to a controlling person of the Fund. (e) Not applicable (f) Use of proceeds. Although this subitem is required under Item 701(f) of Regulation S-K only for offerings registered under the Securities Act of 1933, the Fund is voluntarily including this information. This information is as of December 31, 1998.
Amounts Paid to Related Persons* Other Source or use Amount of Fund Persons of proceeds Sale of 296.8815 Investor Shares $29,688,150 n/a n/a Less: Sales commissions and placement agent fee 2,630,853 304,031 $2,326,822 Organizational, offering and distribution fee 1,850,871 1,850,871 0 Investment fee 577,813 577,813 0 Net offering proceeds to Fund 24,628,613 n/a n/a Temporary investments** 23,479,389 0 23,479,389 Due diligence expenses 1,089,848 0 1,089,848 Accounting and legal fees 31,000 0 31,000 Other expenses 28,276 0 28,276
* Related persons are the following: the Managing Shareholders, Ridgewood Securities Corporation, RPMCo, Ridgewood Energy, the director and officers of each of those corporations and their associates, and all other affiliates of the Fund. No person beneficially owns 10% or more of any class of the equity securities of the Fund. ** As of December 31, 1998. All temporary investments mature less than one year from the date of issuance. Temporary investments are limited to U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of banks with at least $5 billion in assets. Item 11. Description of Registrant's Securities to be Registered. The Fund is registering Investor Shares and Preferred Participation Rights. Each of these is a class of shares of beneficial interest in the Fund without a par value. The Investor Shares are the only securities having most of the characteristics of an equity security and are described in Items 11(a)-(i. The Preferred Participation Rights have limited rights. The Preferred Participation Rights are described at Item 11(a) - Preferred Participation Rights. (a) Distribution and dissolution rights. Net Cash Flow of the Fund, defined as the Fund's gross receipts less cash operating expenses and other cash expenditures of the Fund, less debt service, if any, and less reasonable reserves as determined by the Fund to cover its anticipated expenses, will be distributed to the Shareholders to the extent and at such times as the Fund deems advisable. Prior to Payout (the point at which Investors have received cumulative distributions equal to the amount of their capital contributions), each year all distributions from the Fund, other than distributions of the revenues from dispositions of Fund Property, are to be allocated 99% to the Investors and 1% to the Managing Shareholder until Investors have been distributed during the year an amount equal to 12% of their total capital contributions (a "12% Priority Distribution"), and thereafter all remaining distributions from the Fund during the year, other than distributions of the revenues from dispositions of Fund Property, are to be allocated 75% to Investors and 25% to the Managing Shareholder. If the Key Employees Incentive Plan is activated, up to 5% of the distributions that otherwise would go to the Managing Shareholder will be allocated to plan participants. See Item 11(j). The Managing Shareholder may Revenues from dispositions of Fund Property are to be distributed 99% to Investors and 1% to the Managing Shareholder until Payout. In all cases, after Payout, Investors are to be allocated 75% of all distributions and the Managing Shareholder 25% (subject to allocations to plan participants). Net Cash Flow that the Fund determines to distribute from the proceeds of a sale or other disposition of Fund Property that (a) is not in the ordinary course of the operation of the Fund Properties and (b) is not from the sale or exchange of temporary investments will be distributed as follows: until Payout, 99% of this Net Cash Flow will be distributed to the Investors and 1% to the Managing Shareholder, and after Payout, 75% of this Net Cash Flow will be distributed to Investors, 20% to the Managing Shareholder and the remaining 5% either to the Managing Shareholder or to key employees designated by it as an equity incentive. On liquidation of the Fund, the remaining assets of the Fund after discharge of its obligations, including any loans owed by the Fund to the Shareholders, will be distributed, first, to the Investors entitled to declared but unpaid distributions under the 12% priority return provisions, in proportion to the amounts due to them, until all such accrued but unpaid distributions are satisfied and then to the Shareholders, in proportion to their respective positive capital accounts, after taking account of all adjustments thereto through the time of dissolution. See -Capital Accounts and Allocations below. General Provisions Distributions to Investors under the foregoing provisions will be apportioned among them in proportion to their ownership of Investor Shares, as the case may be. The Managing Shareholder has the sole discretion to determine the amount and frequency of any distributions; provided, however, that a distribution may not be made selectively to one Shareholder or group of Shareholders but must be made ratably to all Shareholders entitled to that type of distribution at that time. The Managing Shareholder in its discretion nevertheless may credit select persons with a portion of its compensation from the Fund or distributions otherwise payable to it. Because distributions, if any, will be dependent upon the earnings and financial condition of the Fund, its anticipated obligations, the Managing Shareholder's discretion and other factors, there can be no assurance as to the frequency or amounts of any distributions that the Fund may make. If the Fund creates additional classes or series of Shares, distributions of net cash flow generated by Fund Properties acquired with the proceeds of those additional classes or series of Shares will be made as provided in the instruments creating those classes or series. Return of Capital If the Fund for any reason at any time does not find it necessary or appropriate to retain or expend all Capital Contributions, in its sole discretion it may return any or all such excess Capital Contributions ratably to Investors. The Investors will be notified of the source of the payment and as to the amounts of fees charged against the original Capital Contributions that are being returned therewith. Any such return of capital will decrease the Investors' Capital Contributions and thus will affect the computation of Investor preferences to distributions. Capital Accounts and Allocations Each Shareholder will have a capital account, which will have an initial balance equal to the Shareholder's Capital Contribution. Capital accounts will be adjusted in accordance with Regulations under Internal Revenue Code Section 704. The capital account balance will be increased by any additional Capital Contributions by the Shareholder and by profits allocated to the Shareholder; it will be decreased by the amount of distributions to the Shareholder, returns of capital and by losses allocated to the Shareholder. An Investor's Capital Contribution includes the amount of any fees or commissions on the sale of Shares to the Investor that are waived or reduced by the Fund, the Managing Shareholder or their Affiliates. Contributions of property by a Shareholder, if any, or distributions of property to a Shareholder, if any, are valued at fair market value, net of liabilities. The Fund does not currently anticipate that any contributions or distributions of property will be made. Certain additional adjustments to capital accounts will be made if necessary to account for the effects of non-recourse debt incurred by the Fund or contributions of property, if any, to the Fund. For any fiscal period, all net profits, if any, earned by the Fund will be allocated first 100% to the Managing Shareholder until the profits so allocated in that period and all prior periods in which there were profits equal the cumulative distributions payable to the Managing Shareholder for those periods. Then, 100% of such net profits will be allocated to the Investors, first ratably among holders of Rights until such allocations cumulatively equal total distributions in respect of those Rights, and then ratably among Investors in proportion to their ownership of Shares. If the Fund has net losses for a fiscal period, the losses will be allocated 99% to the Investors and 1% to the Managing Shareholder, except that if an allocation of a loss would cause an Investor to have a negative amount in the Investor's capital account, the loss will be allocated to the Managing Shareholder instead in the amount necessary to prevent the creation of a negative balance in the Investor's capital account. Allocations in respect of additional series of Shares will be made in accordance with the terms thereof. If, however, the application of the allocation rules causes or would cause the Managing Shareholder to have a negative capital account balance at the end of any fiscal period, gains from any concurrent or subsequent sale or disposition of Fund Property outside the normal course of operation will be allocated 100% to the Managing Shareholder until the deficit is eliminated, and thereafter in accordance with the rules described above. Gain or loss allocable to Shareholders from such sales or dispositions will be adjusted accordingly. For federal income tax purposes only, any deduction allowed to the Fund on the ground that the Managing Shareholder received its Fund interest as compensation for services will be allocated solely to the Managing Shareholder. Preferred Participation Rights and Early Investment Incentive. In recognition of the benefits the Fund will receive from early subscriptions for Investor Shares, the Fund provided Investors who subscribed promptly with an "Early Investment Incentive." The Early Investment Incentive was given to each Investor whose subscription was fully completed and paid for and accepted prior to December 31, 1998. Investor Shares subscribed to after such date are not eligible for the incentive. An Investor qualifying for the incentive (an "Early Investor") was entitled to preferred distributions payable out of the Fund's distributable operating net cash flow (which includes investment interest on unapplied funds) beginning in 1999. The amount of the Early Investment Incentive was determined by the number of "Preferred Participation Rights" granted to each Early Investor. Each Right entitled the holder to an aggregate distribution priority of $1,000 (i.e., 1% of the purchase price of one $100,000 Investor Share). The number of Rights earned by each Early Investor was determined by multiplying the number of whole or fractional Investor Shares subscribed to by the Investor by the number of whole or partial months from the date of the acceptance of the subscription to December 31, 1998, except that subscriptions from December 1 through December 31, 1998 were treated on the same basis as subscriptions received in November 1998. Approximately 1,890 Rights were issued. During calendar years 1999 and 2000, all distributable operating net cash flow of the Fund will be distributed 99% to the Early Investors and 1% to the Managing Shareholder until the Qualifying Investors receive in each year distributions equal to $500 for each Right earned. Thereafter, all distributable operating net cash flow will be distributed to all Shareholders in accordance with the normal distribution allocation provisions of the Declaration. (b) Voting rights. The Fund does not have a board of directors or trustees elected by Investors and the Investors have no rights to vote on the management of the Fund except through amending the Declaration or removing the Managing Shareholder as described below. The Managing Shareholder may amend the Declaration without notice to or approval of the Investors for the following purposes: to cure ambiguities or errors; to conform the Declaration to the description in the Confidential Registration Statement for the offering of Investor Shares, to equitably resolve issues arising under the Declaration so long as similarly situated Investors are not treated materially differently; to comply with law; to make other changes that will not materially and adversely affect any Investor's interest; to maintain the federal income tax status of the Fund; or to make modifications to the computation of items affecting the Investors' capital accounts to comply with the Code or to reflect the creation of an additional class or series of Shares and the terms thereof. Other amendments to the Declaration may be proposed either by the Managing Shareholder or holders of at least 10% of the Investor Shares, either by calling a meeting of the Shareholders or by soliciting written consents. The procedure for such meetings or solicitations is found at Section 15.2 of the Declaration. Such proposed amendments require the approval of a majority in interest of the Investors given at a meeting of Shareholders or by written consents. Any amendment requiring Investor action may not increase any Shareholder's liability, change the Capital Contributions required of him or her or the Investor's rights in interest in the Fund's profits, losses, deductions, credits, revenues or distributions in more than a de minimis matter, or change his rights on dissolution or any voting rights without the Shareholder's consent. Any amendment which changes the Managing Shareholder's management rights requires its consent. The consent of all Investors is required for the following additional actions by the Fund: actions contravening the Declaration or the Certificate of Fund of the Fund; actions making it impossible to carry on ordinary business; confessing a judgment in excess of 10% of the Fund's assets; dissolving or terminating the Fund, other than as provided by the Declaration; allowing the Managing Shareholder to possess or hold Fund Property for other than a Fund purpose or adding a new Managing Shareholder except as described below. Removal of Managing Shareholder The holders of at least 10% of the Investor Shares may propose the removal of a Managing Shareholder, either by calling a meeting or soliciting consents in accordance with the terms of the Declaration. Removal of a Managing Shareholder requires the affirmative vote of a majority of the Investor Shares (excluding Investor Shares held by the Managing Shareholder which is the subject of the vote or by its affiliates). Removal of a Managing Shareholder causes a dissolution of the Fund unless any remaining Managing Shareholder and a majority in interest of the Investors (or if there is no remaining Managing Shareholder, a majority in interest of the Investors) elect to continue the Fund. The Investors may replace a removed Managing Shareholder or fill a vacancy by vote of a majority in interest of the Investors. If a Managing Shareholder is removed, resigns (other than voluntarily without cause) or is unable to serve, it may elect to exchange its Management Share for a series of cash payments from the Fund in amounts equal to the amounts of distributions to which the Managing Shareholder would otherwise have been entitled under the Declaration in respect of investments made by the Fund prior to the date of any such removal, resignation or other incapacity. The Managing Shareholder would continue to receive its pro rata share of all allocations to Investors as provided in the Declaration which are attributable to Investor Shares owned by the Managing Shareholder. Alternatively, the Managing Shareholder may elect to engage a qualified independent appraiser and cause the Fund to engage another qualified independent appraiser (at the Fund's expense in each case) to value the Fund Property as of the date of such removal, resignation or other incapacity as if the property had been sold at its fair market value so as to include all unrealized gains and losses. If the two appraisers cannot agree on a value, they would appoint a third independent appraiser (whose cost would be borne by the Fund) whose determination, made on the same basis, would be final and binding. Based on the appraisal, the Fund would make allocations to the Managing Shareholder's capital account of Profits, Losses and other items resulting from the appraisal as of the date of such removal, resignation or other incapacity as if the Fund's fiscal year had ended, solely for the purpose of determining the Managing Shareholder's capital account. If the Managing Shareholder has a positive capital account after such allocation, the Fund would deliver a promissory note of the Fund to the Managing Shareholder, the principal amount of which would be equal to the Managing Shareholder's capital account and which would bear interest at a rate per annum equal to the prime rate in effect at Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A. on the date of removal, resignation or other incapacity, with interest payable annually and unpaid principal payable only from 20% of any available cash before any distributions thereof are made to the Investors under the Declaration. If the capital account of the Managing Shareholder has a negative balance after such allocation, the Managing Shareholder would be obligated to contribute to the capital of the Fund in its sole discretion either cash in an amount equal to the negative balance in its capital account or a promissory note to the Fund in such principal amount maturing five years after the date of such removal, resignation or other incapacity, bearing interest at the rate specified above. If the Managing Shareholder chose to elect the appraisal alternative, its entire interest in the Fund would be terminated other than the right to receive the promissory note and payments thereunder as provided above. (c) Other rights and obligations. The Investor Shares have no preemptive rights. The Fund intends but is not required to give existing Investors the first opportunity for a limited time to purchase any additional Shares offered unless, in the sole discretion of the Fund, market conditions or the need to raise additional capital on an expedited basis precludes an offering to all Investors. In those cases, the Fund shall determine, in its sole discretion, the persons to whom additional Shares will be offered and sold. Investors have no liability for further calls for capital or to assessment by the Fund. No liabilities of the Fund can be generally imposed on its Shareholders under Delaware law. See - Liability of Investors below. (d) Restrictions on Transfer of Investor Shares No Investor may assign or transfer all or any part of his interest in the Fund and no transferee will be deemed a substituted Investor or be entitled to exercise or receive any of the rights, powers or benefits of an Investor other than the right to receive distributions attributable to the transferred interest unless (i) such transferee has been approved and accepted by the Fund, in its sole and absolute discretion, as a substituted Investor, and (ii) certain other requirements set forth in the Declaration have been satisfied. As explained below at - Tax Aspects, the Fund does not intend to allow free transferability of Investor Shares or to allow the creation of a trading market in Investor Shares. (e) Liability of Investors Assuming compliance with the Declaration and applicable formative and qualifying requirements in Delaware and any other jurisdiction in which the Fund conducts its business, an Investor will not be personally liable under Delaware law for any obligations of the Fund, except to the extent of any unpaid Capital Contributions that he or she agrees to contribute to the Fund and except for indemnification liabilities arising from any misrepresentation made by him or her in the Investor Subscription Booklet submitted to the Fund. The Fund will, to the extent practicable, endeavor to limit the liability of the Investors in each jurisdiction in which the Fund operates. The law governing whether a jurisdiction other than Delaware will honor the limitation of liability extended under Delaware law to the Investors is uncertain. A number of states have adopted specific legislation permitting business trusts to limit the liability of their beneficiaries and it is likely that those states would similarly honor the Fund's limitations on liability of Investors. In other states, there has been no authoritative legislative or judicial determination as to whether the limitation of liability would be honored and in some states the courts have held that the beneficiaries of a business trust could be liable for the Fund's activities, regardless of their lack of participation in its management. The Fund intends to make all investments in Projects through subsidiaries, such as limited partnerships or limited liability companies, that afford their owners limited liability in the relevant jurisdictions. Therefore, regardless of the local treatment of business trusts, the Fund believes that the Investors will not be subject to personal liability for Project liabilities and that with regard to the operation of the Fund itself the limitation of Investors' liability under Delaware law will govern. Under certain federal and state environmental laws of general application, entities that own or operate properties contaminated with hazardous substances may be liable for cleanup liabilities regardless of other limitations of liability. The Fund is not aware of any case where such environmental liabilities were imposed on non-management participants in a business trust. The Delaware Act does not contain any provision imposing liability on an Investor for participation in the control of the Fund, although no Investor has any rights to do so except through the rights to propose and vote on matters described above. The Delaware Act does not require an Investor who receives distributions that are made when the Fund is or would be rendered insolvent to return those distributions under equitable principles enforced by courts. Under Delaware decisions, a trust beneficiary who receives overpayments from a trust is obligated to return those payments, with interest, subject to equitable defenses. The application of these cases to beneficiaries of a business trust is uncertain. (f) Issuance of additional classes of shares. The Fund intends that all of its activities will be funded from the proceeds of this offering and earnings thereon. In the future, the Fund may deem it to be necessary or in the Fund's best interests, however, for the Fund to commit additional funds to Projects in which it has previously participated or to further diversify its activities by participating in new Projects. If the Fund determines that these additional commitments should not be financed from Fund earnings, and, as is currently anticipated, the Fund does not borrow funds for these purposes, the Fund may sell additional Shares. Beginning six months and one day after the Termination Date, the Fund from time to time may create and sell additional Investor Shares or additional classes or series of Shares if the Managing Shareholder determines that the best interests of the Fund so require. Additional classes or series may but are not required to be limited to the assets and cash flow of Projects or Project Entities that represent less than all of the entire Fund Property. The Managing Shareholder is authorized to determine or alter any or all of the powers, preferences and rights, and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions granted to or imposed upon any unissued class or series of additional Shares, and to fix, alter or reduce the number of Shares comprising any such class or series and the designation thereof, or any of them, and to provide for the rights and terms of redemption or conversion of the Shares of any such class or series. The Managing Shareholder's designation of the Shares and the terms and conditions of any new class or series of Shares shall be deemed an amendment of the Declaration and shall be effective without any notice to, action by or approval of the Investors. Any Shares so designated or any additional Investor Shares may be offered to such persons and on such terms and conditions as the Fund may determine. Any additional Shares or classes or series of Shares shall have voting rights as designated by the Managing Shareholder; however, no such Share shall have more than one vote per $100,000 of Capital Contributions for that Share on matters in which the holders of those Shares vote with the holders of Investor Shares, without the consent of the holders of a Majority of the Investor Shares. All Profits, Losses and other items attributable to additional classes or series of Shares shall be allocated as specified in the determination of the Managing Shareholder creating those Shares, except that any such allocation shall not unreasonably reduce allocations to existing Investors of Profits, Losses, Net Cash Flow and other items to the extent attributable to their Capital Contributions. The Managing Shareholder's election in good faith of allocation methods (which may include subjective elements) shall be conclusive in the absence of willful misconduct or gross negligence. If the Fund does not raise sufficient additional capital to participate in additional activities or does not choose to do so, the Fund may offer the Managing Shareholder, its affiliates or partnerships or funds organized by any of them the right to so participate in place of the Fund. (g) Tax matters. There are many material tax aspects to the Investor Shares. The Fund is an entity treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes and under many state income tax laws. As such, its income is not taxed separately and its income, gains, losses, deductions and tax credits are passed through to the Investors and the Managing Shareholder as described at -- Distribution and Liquidation Rights above. The Fund would lose partnership status for federal income tax purposes if it became a "publicly traded partnership." In order not to become a publicly traded partnership, the Fund may not permit any of the following to occur: (i) Interests in the partnership are regularly quoted by any person, such as a broker or dealer, making a market in the interests; (ii) Any person regularly makes available to the public (including customers or subscribers) bid or offer quotes with respect to interests in the partnership and stands ready to effect buy or sell transactions at the quoted prices for itself or on behalf of others; (iii) the holder of an interest in the partnership has a readily available, regular and ongoing opportunity to sell or exchange the interest through a public means of obtaining or providing information of offers to buy, sell, or exchange interests in the partnership; or (iv) Prospective buyers and sellers otherwise have the opportunity to buy, sell or exchange interests in the partnership in a time frame and with the regularity and continuity that is comparable to that described in the other provisions of this paragraph . . . . The Managing Shareholder has represented to its tax counsel that it will not allow any transfer of Shares which, in the opinion of its counsel, will cause the Fund's Shares to be treated as readily tradable on such market without the consent of a Majority of the Investors. (i) Provisions that might impede a change of control. As discussed above at -- Voting Rights, the Investors do not have the right to vote routinely upon the management of the Fund. Any amendment to the Declaration that would modify the Managing Shareholder's management rights requires the Managing Shareholder's consent. A decision to remove the Managing Shareholder requires the calling of a special meeting or solicitation of consents from Investors, a majority vote of the Investor Shares. Removal of the Managing Shareholder causes a dissolution of the Fund unless a new Managing Shareholder is concurrently elected. Because the removed Managing Shareholder is entitled to compensation for its equity interest in the Fund, it might be difficult for the Fund to offer a new Managing Shareholder a comparable equity interest in the Fund. All these provisions may have the effect of impeding a change of control of the Fund. (j) Key Employees Incentive Plan. The Key Employees Incentive Plan was adopted by the Fund in February 1998 as a means of giving key employees incentives to improve the value of the Fund's equity, to better align their financial interests with those of the Investors and to encourage superior employees to remain long-term with the Fund and the Managing Shareholders, especially because of the new opportunities being created for independent power executives by industry deregulation. The Plan permits the Managing Shareholder to designate key executives and employees of the Fund and its operating companies to receive "Incentive Shares." Mr. Swanson is not eligible to participate in the Plan. As of the date of this Registration Statement, approximately five officers and executives and up to five other employees might be eligible for participation under the Plan, but no decision has yet been made as to eligibility or participation. As of that date, it was not possible to determine the amount of benefits, if any, that might be allocated to any individual or group. The Managing Shareholder expects to include the other officers and executives of the Fund named in this Registration Statement as the initial participants in the Plan. Power VI Co and persons granted Incentive Shares under the Plan are entitled to receive a portion of the Fund's cash flow as follows: Prior to Payout After Payout Net Operating Power VI Co. Power VI Co. Cash Flow Up to 20% 20% after Investors obtain 12% Plan Participants Plan Participants cumulative Up to 5% 5% return Net Cash Power VI Co. Power VI Co Flow from 1% 20% Dispositions Plan Participants Plan Participants 0% 5% The Managing Shareholder and Plan participants will be entitled to cash flow on a proportionate basis, meaning that if the cash flow allocable to them is less than the maximum percentages stated in the table, that cash flow will be distributed pro rata between Power VI Corporation and Plan participants. (The 1% minimum amount of cash flow allocable to the Managing Shareholder will not be split with Plan participants.) At the closing of the private placement offering of Investor Shares, the Fund will create a number of Incentive Shares equal to 1/15 of the total number of Investor Shares sold in the offering. Thus, if 1000 Investor Shares (the expanded maximum) are sold, 66-2/3 Incentive Shares will be created. If the minimum of 15 Investor Shares were sold, only 1 Incentive Share would be created. Each Incentive Share will be entitled to a pro-rata share of the cash flow distributable to Plan participants in the table above. This computation is intended to make the cash flow distributable to the holder of an Incentive Share after Payout equivalent to the cash flow distributable after Payout to the holder of an Investor Share. Under the Key Employees Incentive Plan, the Managing Shareholder may grant the Incentive Shares or fractional Incentive Shares to participants as share bonuses, without any payment by the recipient to the Fund or further obligation, restricted shares, under which the recipient would pay an amount per Incentive Share specified by the Managing Shareholder (which could be nominal), but with the shares being forfeitable by the recipient if he or she did not continue employment or meet performance standards for a period of up to five years after grant, pursuant to tax-advantaged incentive share options granted by the Managing Shareholder at exercise prices and for terms (not exceeding 10 years) specified by it, pursuant to non-qualified share options granted by the Managing Shareholder at exercise prices and for terms (not exceeding 10 years) specified by it, or stock appreciation rights, which entitle the participant to receive the difference between the fair market value of the Incentive Shares subject to the rights on the date of exercise and the fair market value of those Incentive Shares on the date the rights were granted. Stock appreciation rights may be granted in tandem with share options at any time before the options are exercised. This permits the participant to surrender the related option, exercise the rights and receive the difference between the fair market value of the Incentive Shares subject to the rights on the date of exercise and the option exercise price (which might be more or less than the fair market value of the Incentive Shares on the date of grant). In all cases, the recipient may elect to receive Incentive Shares or a cash payment. The Plan will be administered and participation and grant decisions will be made by the Managing Shareholder's Manager (Mr. Swanson) or a special compensation committee, which will be composed of a person or persons not eligible to be granted Incentive Shares or options under the Plan. The Managing Shareholder may at any time amend, suspend or terminate the Key Employee Incentive Plan or any grant made under the Plan. If any change in or affecting Investor Shares or Incentive Shares occurs (such as a rollup, initial public offering, merger or acquisition), the Managing Shareholder may make appropriate amendments to or adjustments to the Plan or grants made under the Plan, including changes in the number or class of shares that may be issued and the price per share subject to outstanding options or stock appreciation rights. The Managing Shareholder may not cancel or reduce any grant after it is made (except to make adjustments described above) without the consent of the participant affected. Further, the Managing Shareholder may not change the class of persons eligible to receive incentive share options, increase the number of Incentive Shares that may be issued or transferred under the Plan (unless those shares or the equity interest underlying them are transferred from Power VI Co) or make any other change that materially increases the benefits available under the Plan without the approval of a Majority of the Investors. Until Incentive Shares are actually issued, the cash flow, if any, distributable to those Shares will be distributed to Power VI Co. Tax Matters. A brief summary of the material federal income tax consequences of benefits under the Key Employees Incentive Plan follows: The fair market value of any Incentive Shares granted as bonuses will be ordinary income to the recipient in the year of grant. Participants normally do not recognize taxable income when restricted Incentive Shares are awarded. As the restrictions end, the participant recognizes ordinary income equal to the difference between the fair market value of the unrestricted Incentive Shares and the amount he or she paid for them, plus the amount of any accumulated distributions paid at that time. The participant may elect to recognize ordinary income at the time of award equal to the difference between fair market value and the amount paid for the Incentive Shares, determined without regard to the restrictions. The grant of an incentive share option will not result in any immediate tax consequences to participants or Investors. The exercise of the option will not result in any taxable income to participants and Investors will not be entitled to a deduction, but the excess of the fair market value of the Incentive Shares over the option exercise price will be includable in the participant's "alternative minimum taxable income" for purposes of the alternative minimum tax. Incentive share options may not be issuable by the Fund so long as it remains taxable as a partnership rather than as a corporation for federal income tax purposes. If the participant disposes of Incentive Shares that he or she acquired on the exercise of an incentive share option within one year after exercise or within two years after the option was granted, he or she will recognize ordinary income equal to the lesser of (i) the excess of the fair market value of the Incentive Shares on the date of exercise over the exercise price or (ii) the amount of any gain realized. If the participant holds those Incentive Shares for a longer period before disposing of them, any gain recognized by the participant will be taxable at a capital gain rate of not more than 28% if the Incentive Shares were held for 18 months or less or not more than 20% if the Inventive Shares were held for a longer period. The grant of a non-qualified stock option has no immediate tax consequences to the participant or Investors. On exercise, the participant recognizes ordinary income equal to the difference between the option exercise price and the fair market value of the Incentive Shares acquired as of the date of exercise. The grant of a stock appreciation right has no immediate tax consequences to the participant or Investors. On exercise, the participant recognizes ordinary income equal to the fair market value of the Incentive Shares acquired as of the date of exercise plus any cash received. Until the Fund becomes a public company with tradable shares, the Investors, Power VI Co and plan participants will be entitled to deductions in the same amounts, of the same type (ordinary or capital loss) and at the same time as the participants realize income or gain. To the extent that any deductions allocable to Investors constitute capital losses, the Investors will be able to use those deductions only against their capital gains, if any, and a very limited amount, if any, of ordinary income. After such an event, it is unlikely that deductions will be passed through to Investors. The Fund does not anticipate that any substantial amount of Incentive Shares will be sold prior to such an event in a way that would generate capital losses for Investors, but no assurance can be made that this will be the case. Other Matters. The Managing Shareholders may increase the cash flow distributable to participants in the Plan by granting to the Plan a portion of cash flow otherwise distributable to Power VI Co (but not in excess of 3% of Trust distributable cash flow). A grant may be temporary or permanent. Additional Incentive Shares will be created in proportion to the additional cash flow so granted. Each issued and outstanding Incentive Share has voting rights equal to one Investor Share. Restricted Incentive Shares, whether vested or not, have all the voting and distribution rights of Incentive Shares, but distributions will be held by the Fund for the participant's account until the Shares vest. Item 12. Indemnification of Directors and Officers. Under the Declaration, the Fund's officers and agents, the Managing Shareholder, RPMCo, the Corporate Trustee, the Panel Members and other Ridgewood Managing Persons when acting on behalf of the Fund (provided they act within the scope of the Declaration) may be indemnified by the Fund as determined by the Managing Shareholder in its sole discretion, which may be exercised at any time, regardless of whether or not a claim is pending or threatened, against liability for errors in judgment or other acts or omissions taken in good faith and not amounting to recklessness or willful misconduct. The Managing Shareholder may make such determination regardless of the existence of a conflict of interest. Expenses of defense or settlement may be advanced to a Ridgewood Managing Person in advance of a determination that indemnification will be provided if (i) the Ridgewood Managing Person provides appropriate security for the undertaking; (ii) the Ridgewood Managing Person is insured against losses or expenses of defense or settlement so that the advances may be recovered or (iii) independent legal counsel in a written opinion determines, based upon a review of the then readily-available facts, that there is reason to believe that the Managing Person will be found to be entitled to indemnification. Counsel may rely as to matters of business judgment or as to other matters not involving determinations of law upon the advice of a committee of persons not affiliated with the Fund that may be appointed by the Managing Shareholder for that purpose. In addition, the Placement Agent will be indemnified and held harmless by the Fund against any losses or claims, based upon the assertion that the Placement Agent has any continuing duty or obligation, subsequent to any offering of Shares, to the Fund, the Panel Members, the Corporate Trustee or any Shareholder or otherwise to monitor Fund operations or report to Investors concerning Fund operations. It is the position of the Securities and Exchange Commission and certain state securities administrators that any attempt to limit the liability of a general partner or persons controlling an issuer under the federal securities laws or state securities laws, respectively, is contrary to public policy and, therefore, unenforceable. The Managing Shareholder is not required to take action on behalf of the Fund unless the Fund has sufficient funds to meet obligations that might arise from that action. The Managing Shareholder is not required to advance or expend its own funds for ordinary Fund business but is entitled to reimbursement from the Fund if it does so consistent with the Declaration. The Managing Shareholder is not required to devote its time exclusively to the Fund and may engage in any other venture. The Managing Shareholder has obtained directors' and officers' liability insurance covering the Fund, the Managing Shareholder and all other Ridgewood Managing Persons. Item 13. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. Index to Financial Statements Report of Independent Accountants F-2 Balance Sheets at December 31, 1998 F-3 Statement of Operations for Period from Commencement of Share Offering (February 9, 1998) through December 31, 1998 F-4 Statement of Changes in Shareholders' Equity for Period from Commencement of Share Offering through December 31, 1998 F-5 Statement of Cash Flows for Period from Commencement of Share Offering through December 31, 1998 F-6 Notes to Financial Statements F-7 to F-8 All schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto. The financial statements are presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles for operating companies, using consolidation and equity method accounting principles. Item 14. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure. Neither the Fund nor the Managing Shareholder has had an independent accountant resign or decline to continue providing services since their respective inceptions and neither has dismissed an independent accountant during that period. During that period of time no new independent accountant has been engaged by the Fund or the Managing Shareholder, and the Managing Shareholder's current accountants, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, have been engaged by the Fund. Item 15. Financial Statements and Exhibits (a) Financial Statements. See the Index to Financial Statements in Item 13 hereof. (b) Exhibits 3.A. Certificate of Trust of the Registrant. Page 59 3.B. Amendment No. 1 to Certificate of Trust. Page 60 3.C. Declaration of Trust of the Registrant. Page 61 10.A. Stock and Warrant Purchase Agreement for ZAP Power Systems, Inc. Page 83 10.B. Warrant for Purchase of Common Stock of ZAP Power Systems, Inc. Page 96 10.C Investors' Rights Agreement with ZAP Power Systems, Inc. Page 102 10.D. Milestone letter agreement with ZAP Power Systems, Inc. Page 113 10.E. Letter agreement re board representation with ZAP Power Systems, Inc. Page 114 10.F. Management Agreement between the Fund and Ridgewood Power. Page 115 10.G. Key Employees' Incentive Plan Page 118 10.H. Agreement of Merger between Ridgewood Power Corporation and Ridgewood Power LLC Page 127 10.I Agreement of Merger between Ridgewood Power VI Corporation and Ridgewood Power VI LLC Page 132 21. Subsidiaries of the Registrant Page 138 27. Financial Data Schedule Page 139 SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. Signature Title Date THE RIDGEWOOD POWER GROWTH FUND (Registrant) By:/s/ Martin V. Quinn Senior Vice President and April 30, 1999 Martin V. Quinn Chief Financial Officer The Ridgewood Power Growth Fund Financial Statements December 31, 1998 -F1- Report of Independent Accountants PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP 1301 Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 10036 [Letterhead of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP] March 23, 1999 To the Shareholders and Trustee of Ridgewood Power Growth Fund In our opinion, the accompanying balance sheet and the related statements of operations, changes in shareholders' equity and of cash flows present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Ridgewood Power Growth Fund (the "Fund") at December 31, 1998, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for the period February 9, 1998 (commencement of share offering) through December 31, 1998, in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Fund's management; our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit. We conducted our audit of these statements in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards which require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for the opinion expressed above. /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP -F2- The Ridgewood Power Growth Fund Balance Sheet - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- December 31, 1998 ------------ Assets: Cash and cash equivalents ..................................... $ 25,256,560 Due from affiliates ........................................... 9,330 Interest receivable ........................................... 80,500 Other current assets .......................................... 5,848 ------------ Total current assets ................................. 25,352,238 Deferred due diligence costs .................................. 381,192 ------------ Total assets ......................................... $ 25,733,430 ------------ Liabilities and shareholders' equity: Liabilities: Accounts payable and accrued expenses ......................... $ 264,620 Due to affiliates ............................................. 1,114,129 ------------ Total current liabilities ............................ 1,378,749 ------------ Commitments and contingencies Shareholders' equity: Shareholders' equity (296.8815 shares issued and outstanding ) 24,363,198 Managing shareholders' accumulated deficit .................... (8,517) ------------ Total shareholders' equity ........................... 24,354,681 ------------ Total liabilities and shareholders' equity ........... $ 25,733,430 ------------ See accompanying notes to the financial statements. -F3- The Ridgewood Power Growth Fund Statement of Operations - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Commencement of Share Offering (February 9, 1998) Through December 31, 1998 ------------------------ Revenue: Interest income ........... $ 494,002 ----------- Expenses: Investment fee ............ 577,813 Project due diligence costs 708,658 Accounting and legal fees . 31,000 Other expenses ............ 28,276 ----------- Total expenses ...... 1,345,747 ----------- Net loss ............ $ (851,745) ----------- See accompanying notes to the financial statements. -F4- The Ridgewood Power Growth Fund Statement of Changes in Shareholders' Equity For The Period February 9, 1998 (Commencement of Share Offering) To December 31, 1998 - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Managing Shareholders Shareholders Total ------------ ------------ ------------ Initial capital contributions, net (296.8815 shares) ................. $25,206,426 -- $25,206,426 Net loss for the period ............. (843,228) $ (8,517) (851,745) ----------- ------ ---------- Shareholders' equity, December 31, 1998 (296.8815 shares) ........ $24,363,198 $ (8,517) $24,354,681 ----------- ------- ---------- See accompanying notes to the financial statements. -F5- The Ridgewood Power Growth Fund Statement of Cash Flows - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Commencement of Share Offering (February 9, 1998) Through December 31, 1998 ---------------------------- Cash flows from operating activities: Net loss .......................................... $ (851,745) ------------ Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash flows from operating activities: Changes in assets and liabilities: Increase in due from affiliates .................... (9,330) Increase in interest receivable .................... (80,500) Increase in other current assets ................... (5,848) Increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses .. 264,620 Increase in due to affiliate ....................... 1,114,129 ------------ Total adjustments ..................................... 1,283,071 ------------ Net cash provided by operating activities ............. 431,326 ------------ Cash flows from investing activities: Increase in deferred due diligence costs ............. (381,192) ------------ Net cash used in investing activities ................ (381,192) ------------ Cash flows from financing activities: Proceeds from shareholders' contributions ............ 29,613,468 Selling commissions and offering costs paid .......... (4,407,042) ------------ Net cash provided by financing activities ............ 25,206,426 ------------ Net increase in cash and cash equivalents .............. 25,256,560 Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period ......... -- ------------ Cash and cash equivalents, end of period ............... $ 25,256,560 ------------ See accompanying notes to the financial statements. -F6- The Ridgewood Power Growth Fund Notes to Financial Statements - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Organization and Purpose The Ridgewood Power Growth Fund (the "Fund") was formed as a Delaware business trust in February 1997 by Ridgewood Energy Holding Corporation acting as the Corporate Trustee. The managing shareholders of the Fund are Ridgewood Power Corporation ("RPC") and Ridgewood Power VI Corporation ("RP6C"). The Fund began offering shares on February 9, 1998 and may issue up to a maximum of 1,000 shares. Ridgewood Capital Corporation ("RCC") provides most services needed to support the offering. RPC, RP6C and RCC are related through common ownership. The Fund has been organized to invest primarily in independent power generation facilities and in the development of these facilities. These independent power generation facilities will include cogeneration facilities, which produce both electricity and heat energy and other power plants that use various fuel sources (except nuclear). 2. Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies Use of estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from the estimates. Cash and cash equivalents The Fund considers all highly liquid investments with maturities when purchased of three months or less as cash and cash equivalents. Income taxes No provision is made for income taxes in the accompanying financial statements as the income or losses of the Fund are passed through and included in the tax returns of the individual shareholders of the Fund. Offering costs Costs associated with offering Fund shares (selling commissions, distribution and offering costs) are reflected as a reduction of the shareholders' capital contributions. Due diligence costs relating to potential power projects Costs relating to the due diligence performed on potential power project investments are initially deferred, until such time as the Fund determines whether or not it will make an investment in the project. Costs relating to completed projects are capitalized and costs relating to rejected projects are expensed at the time of rejection. Subscriptions receivable Capital contributions are recorded upon receipt of the appropriate subscription documents. Subscriptions receivable from shareholders are reflected as a reduction of shareholders' equity. At December 31, 1998, the Fund had subscriptions receivable of $25,000. 3. Fair Value of Financial Instruments At December 31, 1998, the carrying value of the Fund's cash and cash equivalents, receivables and accounts payable approximated their fair value. -F7- 4. Transactions With Managing Shareholder and Affiliates The Fund pays RCC an organizational, distribution and offering fee up to 6% of each capital contribution made to the Fund. This fee is intended to cover legal, accounting, consulting, filing, printing, distribution, selling and closing costs for the offering of the Fund. For the period ended December 31, 1998, the Fund paid fees for these services to RCC of $1,776,189. These fees are recorded as a reduction in the shareholders' capital contribution. The Fund also pays to RPC, one of the managing shareholders, an investment fee up to 2% of each capital contribution made to the Fund. The fee is payable to RPC for its services in investigating and evaluating investment opportunities and effecting transactions for investing the capital of the Fund. For the period ended December 31, 1998, the Fund paid investment fees to the managing shareholder of $577,813. The Fund entered into a management agreement with RP6C, one of the managing shareholders, under which RP6C renders certain management, administrative and advisory services and provides office space and other facilities to the Fund. As compensation to the RP6C for such services, the Fund pays it an annual management fee equal to 2.5% of the total capital contributions to the Fund payable monthly upon the closing of the Fund. The Fund is not closed and no management fees were paid for the period ending December 31, 1998. Under the Declaration of Fund, RP6C is entitled to receive each year 1% of all distributions made by the Fund (other than those derived from the disposition of Fund property) until the shareholders have been distributed each year an amount equal to 12% of their equity contribution. Thereafter, RP6C is entitled to receive 25% of the distributions for the remainder of the year. RP6C is entitled to receive 1% of the proceeds from dispositions of Fund properties until the shareholders have received cumulative distributions equal to their original investment ("Payout"). After Payout, RP6C is entitled to receive 25% of all remaining distributions of the Fund. Where permitted, in the event the managing shareholders or an affiliate performs brokering services in respect of an investment acquisition or disposition opportunity for the Fund, the managing shareholders or such affiliate may charge the Fund a brokerage fee. Such fee may not exceed 2% of the gross proceeds of any such acquisition or disposition. No such fees have been paid through December 31, 1998. RPC purchased one share of the Fund for $83,000 in 1998. Through December 31, 1998, commissions and placement fees of $304,031 were earned by Ridgewood Securities Corporation, an affiliate of the managing shareholders. 5. Subsequent Event (unaudited) On March 30, 1999, the Fund, through a wholly owned subsidiary, purchased 678,808 shares of common stock of ZAP Power Systems, Inc ("ZAP") for $2,050,000. ZAP, headquartered in Sebastopol, California, designs, assembles, manufactures and distributes electric power bicycle kits, electric bicycles and tricycles and electric scooters. ZAP's common stock is quoted on the OTC Bulletin Board under the symbol "ZAPP". The Fund also received a warrant to purchase additional shares of ZAP's common stock at a price between $3.50 and $4.50 per share. The total exercise price of the warrant is $2,000,000 and the Fund can be required to exercise the warrant by December 31, 1999 if ZAP meets certain performance goals. If the Fund were to exercise its warrant, it would own approximately 30% of the outstanding common stock of ZAP. -F8-
EX-3.A 2 CERTIFICATE OF TRUST DATED, 199 STATE OF DELAWARE SECRETARY OF STATE DIVISION OF CORPORATIONS FILED CERTIFICATE OF TRUST OF RIDGEWOOD ELECTRIC POWER TRUST VI This Certificate of Trust ("Certificate") is being executed as of February 6, 1997, for the purpose of forming a business trust pursuant to the Delaware Business Trust Act, Del. Code. Ann. Tit. 12, ch. 38, Sections 3810 et seq. NOW, THEREFORE, the undersigned hereby certifies as follows: 1. Name. The name of the trust is Ridgewood Electric Power Trust VI (the "Trust"). 2. Name and Business Address of the Trustee. The name of the Trustee of the Trust is Ridgewood Energy Holding Corporation, a Delaware corporation, having its principal place of business at 1105 North Market Street, Suite 1300, Wilmington, Delaware 19899. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned has duly executed this Certificate as of the day and year first above written. RIDGEWOOD ENERGY HOLDING CORPORATION /s/Robert E. Swanson Robert E. Swanson, President EX-3.B 3 AMENDMENT NO. 1 TO CERTIFICATE OF TRUST FIRST AMENDMENT TO CERTIFICATE OF TRUST OF RIDGEWOOD ELECTRIC POWER TRUST VI This First Amendment to Certificate of Trust of Ridgewood Electric Power Trust VI, a Delaware business trust (the "Trust"), is executed as of February 6, 1998 pursuant to Section 3810(b) of the Delaware Business Trust Act. NOW, THEREFORE, the undersigned certifies as follows: 1. The undersigned is the sole trustee of the Trust. 2. The name of the Trust is changed to "The Ridgewood Power Growth Fund." IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned has executed this First Amendment to Certificate of Trust on February 6, 1998. RIDGEWOOD ENERGY HOLDING CORPORATION By /s/Mary Louise Olin Mary Louise Olin, Vice President and Secretary EX-3.C 4 DECLARATION OF TRUST OF THE REGISTRANT THESE SECURITIES HAVE NOT BEEN REGISTERED UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED, OR APPLICABLE STATE SECURITIES ACT. THESE SECURITIES MUST BE ACQUIRED FOR INVESTMENT, ARE RESTRICTED AS TO TRANSFERABILITY AND MAY NOT BE TRANSFERRED OR SOLD EXCEPT IN CONFORMANCE WITH THE RESTRICTIONS CONTAINED IN ARTICLE 13 OF THIS AGREEMENT. DECLARATION OF TRUST FOR THE RIDGEWOOD POWER GROWTH FUND This DECLARATION OF TRUST (the "Declaration"), is made as of January 4, 1998 by Ridgewood Energy Holding Corporation, a Delaware corporation ("Ridgewood Holding"), who, with its successors as trustees under this Declaration, is referred to as the "Corporate Trustee," for the benefit of those persons who are accepted as holders of shares of beneficial interest under this Declaration. WHEREAS, the Corporate Trustee has organized THE RIDGEWOOD POWER GROWTH FUND (the "Fund") as a business trust under the Delaware Business Trust Act, to provide for the management of the Fund by Ridgewood Power Corporation ("Ridgewood Power"), a Delaware corporation, and Ridgewood Power VI Corporation ("Ridgewood Power VI"), a Delaware corporation (collectively "Managing Shareholders" and individually a "Managing Shareholder" when acting hereunder in such capacity), and to provide for the sale of beneficial interests in the Fund, the operation of the Fund and the rights of the Corporate Trustee and owners of beneficial interests; and WHEREAS, a Certificate of Trust (the "Certificate") was filed by the Corporate Trustee on February 18, 1997 with the Secretary of State of Delaware to evidence the existence of the Fund and a First Amendment thereto was filed February 6, 1998 to change the Fund's name; and WHEREAS, the Corporate Trustee is executing this Declaration for the benefit of those persons accepted as holders of shares of beneficial interest. NOW, THEREFORE, the Corporate Trustee declares that it constitutes and appoints itself trustee of the sum of $10.00 owned by it, together with all other property that it acquires under this Declaration as trustee, together with the proceeds thereof, to hold, IN TRUST, to manage and dispose of for the benefit of the holders, from time to time, of beneficial interests in the Fund, subject to the provisions of this Declaration as follows: ARTICLE 1 ORGANIZATION AND POWERS 1.1 Trust Estate; Name. The Fund, comprised of the trust estate created under this Declaration and the business conducted hereunder, shall be designated as "The Ridgewood Power Growth Fund," which name shall refer to the trust estate and to the Corporate Trustee in its capacity as trustee of the trust estate but not in any other capacity and which shall not refer to the officers, agents, other trustees or beneficial owners of the Fund. To the extent possible, the Corporate Trustee shall conduct all business and execute all documents relating to the Fund in the name of the Fund and not as trustee. The Corporate Trustee may conduct the business of the Fund or hold its property under other names as necessary to comply with law or to further the affairs of the Fund as it deems advisable in its sole discretion. This Declaration, the Certificate and any other documents, and any amendments of any of the foregoing, required by law or appropriate, shall be recorded in all offices or jurisdictions where the Fund shall determine such recording to be necessary or advisable for the conduct of the business of the Fund. 1.2 Purpose. (a) The Fund's purposes are to invest in and to operate where appropriate projects in the independent electric power, energy, environmental compliance and capital facilities development industries. However, the Fund will not invest in, develop or operate nuclear facilities that produce electricity. The Fund may participate in pre-development or preparatory activities for any of these types of projects, including without limitation evaluation, planning, permitting or development. Illustrations of some of the types of projects in which the Fund may invest, without limitation, include cogeneration facilities producing electricity and useful heat energy; other independent electric generation facilities using non-nuclear sources of energy; facilities related to the production, transmission, distribution or disposal of energy or environmentally sensitive substances; motive power facilities, processing facilities; or infrastructure facilities. (b) The Fund may also invest in debt or equity securities of another entity which is not in common control with the Fund. It may do so for the purposes of making a long-term passive or active investment, gaining control of a company, effecting a merger or business combination with the Fund, its affiliates or non-affiliated parties, effecting the acquisition of assets, or selling the entity, its assets, or those of the Fund to a third person by bid or otherwise. The Fund may effect any of these transactions on its own, together with Affiliates, or together with non-Affiliates, and may do so with the encouragement or consent of management or controlling equity holders of the entity or without such consent. Without the prior consent of a Majority of the Investors, the Fund will not make any investment in assets that would cause it to become an "investment company" subject to the requirements of the Investment Company Act of 1940 and will not hold itself out as an "investment company." (c) In carrying out its purposes, the Fund has the power to perform any act that is necessary, advisable, customary or incidental thereto. It may invest in a passive or active manner in, develop, plan, construct, manage, operate, advise, transfer or dispose of any facility or interest and produce or market products or services. The Fund may act independently, through subsidiary organizations, in cooperation with others or through business entities in which others have interests whether as principal, agent, partner, owner, member, associate, joint venturer or otherwise. When related to its trust purposes, the Fund may also guarantee obligations of other persons, supply collateral for those obligations or for the issuance of letters of credit or surety bonds benefiting other persons, enter into leases as lessor or lessee or acquire goods or services for the use or benefit of other persons. (d) The Fund may make interim investments of funds in any vehicle permitted by this Declaration and may take all action necessary, advisable or appropriate to maintain its existence, enforce this Declaration and its rights or the rights of the Shareholders and comply with legal requirements. 1.3 Relationship among Shareholders; No Partnership. As among the Fund, the Corporate Trustee, the Shareholders and the officers and agents of the Fund, a trust and not a partnership is created by this Declaration irrespective of whether any different status may be held to exist as far as others are concerned or for tax purposes or in any other respect. The Shareholders hold only the relationship of trust beneficiaries to the Corporate Trustee with only such rights as are conferred on them by this Declaration. 1.4 Organization Certificates. The parties hereto shall cause to be executed and filed (a) the Certificate,(b) such certificates as may be required by so-called "assumed name" laws in each jurisdiction in which the Fund has a place of business, (c) all such other certificates, notices, statements or other instruments required by law or appropriate for the formation and operation of a Delaware business trust in all jurisdictions where the Fund may elect to do business, and (d) any amendments of any of the foregoing required by law or appropriate. 1.5 Principal Place of Business. The principal place of business of the Fund shall be The Ridgewood Commons, 947 Linwood Avenue, Ridgewood, New Jersey 07450 or such other place as the Fund may from time to time designate by notice to all Investors. The Fund's office in the State of Delaware and the principal place of business of Ridgewood Holding are 1105 North Market Street, Suite 1300, Wilmington, Delaware 19899, or such other place as the Fund may designate from time to time by notice to all Investors. The Fund may maintain such other offices at such other places as the Fund may determine to be in the best interests of the Fund. 1.6 Admission of Investors. (a) The Fund shall have the unrestricted right at all times prior to the Termination Date (as defined in Article 2) to admit to the Fund such Investors as it may deem advisable, provided the aggregate subscriptions received for Capital Contributions (as defined in Article 2) of the Investors and accepted by the Fund do not exceed $50,000,000 immediately following the admission of such Investors. The Fund in its sole discretion may increase the $50,000,000 amount to not more than $100,000,000 at any time prior to the Termination Date. One Investor Share will be issued for each $100,000 of Capital Contributions and fractional Shares may be issued in the Managing Shareholders' sole discretion for proportional amounts of Capital Contributions. After the Termination Date, the sale of Shares or different series of Shares is governed by Section 9.5. (b) Each Investor shall execute a Subscription Agreement (as defined in Article 2) and make such Capital Contributions to the Fund as subscribed by the Investor. Subject to the acceptance thereof by the Fund, each Investor who executes a Subscription Agreement shall be admitted to the Fund as an Investor. All funds received from such subscriptions will be deposited in the Fund's name in an interest-bearing escrow account at a commercial bank until the Escrow Date (as defined in Article 2). (c) If, by the close of business on July 31, 1998, Investor Shares representing Capital Contributions in the aggregate amount of at least $1,500,000 have not been sold or if the Fund withdraws the offering of Investor Shares in accordance with the terms of this Declaration, the Fund shall be immediately dissolved at the expense of the Managing Shareholders and all subscription funds shall be forthwith returned to the respective subscribers together with any interest earned thereon. As soon after the Termination Date as practicable, the Fund shall advise each Investor of the Termination Date and the aggregate amount of Capital Contributions made by all Investors. (d) The full cash price for Shares must be paid to the Fund at the time of subscription, unless, after subscriptions for at least an aggregate of 15 Investor Shares have been accepted by the Fund, a subsequent subscriber obtains the consent of the Fund (which may be refused in its sole discretion) to delay full payment until not later than the Termination Date in anticipation of obtaining financing from other sources. 1.7 Term of the Fund. For all purposes, this Declaration shall be effective on and after its date and the Fund shall continue in existence until the fortieth anniversary of that date, at which time the Fund shall terminate unless sooner terminated under any other provision of this Declaration. 1.8 Powers of the Fund. Without limiting any powers granted to the Fund under this Declaration or applicable law, in carrying out its purposes the Fund has all powers granted to a corporation incorporated under the Delaware General Corporation Law, including, without limitation: (a) To borrow money or to loan money and to pledge or mortgage any and all Fund Property and to execute conveyances, mortgages, security agreements, assignments and any other contract or agreement deemed proper and in furtherance of the Fund's purposes and affecting it or any Fund Property (including without limitation the Management Agreement (as defined in Article 2)); provided, however, that the Fund shall not loan money to the Managing Shareholders, any Trustee or any other Managing Person; (b) To pay all indebtedness, taxes and assessments due or to be due with regard to Fund Property and to give or receive notices, reports or other communications arising out of or in connection with the Fund's business or Fund Property; (c) To collect all monies due the Fund; (d) To establish, maintain and supervise the deposit of funds or Fund Property into, and the withdrawals of the same from, Fund bank accounts or securities accounts; (e) To employ accountants to prepare required tax returns and provide other professional services and to pay their fees as a Fund expense; (f) To make any election relating to adjustments in basis on behalf of the Fund or the Shareholders which is or may be permitted under the Code, particularly with respect to Sections 743, 754 and 771 of the Code; (g) To employ legal counsel for Fund purposes and to pay their fees and expenses as a Fund expense; and (h) To conduct the affairs of the Fund with the general objective of achieving capital appreciation and distributable cash flow from the Fund Property. 1.9. Preferred Participation Rights. (a) Investors whose subscriptions are accepted by the Fund and who have made full payment for those Shares not later than July 31, 1998 (or at an earlier or later date chosen by the Managing Shareholders in their sole discretion if by that date the Fund has accepted Share subscriptions for at least $5 million) will be issued Preferred Participation Rights for those Shares. Each qualifying Investor will receive Preferred Participation Rights at the rate of one right for each qualifying Share, multiplied by the number of whole months (a fractional month being considered to be a whole month) from the date the subscription is accepted by the Fund through December 31, 1998. Fractional Preferred Participation Rights will be issued. If for any reason a subscription or full payment for Shares is not received by the deadline, Preferred Participation Rights for those Shares will not be issued. (b) The holders of Preferred Participation Rights shall be entitled to distributions as provided under Section 8.1(d) but shall have no voting, liquidation or other rights in respect of the Preferred Participation Rights, except for the class voting provision of this Section 1.9(b) and the right to receive, if available, any unpaid balance in respect of the Preferred Participation Rights. Preferred Participation Rights are not transferable apart from and must be transferred with the Shares with which they are associated. Each Preferred Participation Right may be repurchased at any time by the Fund, subject to applicable law, at a price per Preferred Participation Right equal to $1,000 minus any distributions made in respect of that Preferred Participation Right. The rights of holders of Preferred Participation Rights may not be modified except by an amendment to this Declaration that is also consented to by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least a majority of the outstanding Preferred Participation Rights, voting as a class. 1.10. Incentive Shares. At the time that the offering of the Investor Shares is closed, a number of Incentive Shares shall be authorized equal to 1/15 of the total number of Investor Shares issued and outstanding at that date. Incentive Shares shall be issued solely under the Key Employees Incentive Plan as described in Section 9.7 and Capital Contributions, if any, shall be made in respect of the Incentive Shares as specified in the Plan. ARTICLE 2 DEFINITIONS The following terms, whenever used herein, shall have the meanings assigned to them in this Article 2 unless the context indicates otherwise. References to sections and articles without further qualification denote sections and articles of this Declaration. The singular shall include the plural and the masculine gender shall include the feminine, and vice versa, as the context requires, and the terms "person" and "he" and their derivations whenever used herein shall include natural persons and entities, including, without limitation, corporations, partnerships and trusts, unless the context indicates otherwise. "Act"-The federal Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and any rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. "Adjusted Capital Account"-A Shareholder's Capital Account at any time (determined before any allocations for the current fiscal period) (a) increased by (i) the amount of the Shareholder's share of partnership minimum gain (as defined in Regulation Section 1.704-2(d)) at such time, (ii) the amount of the Shareholder's share of the minimum gain attributable to a partner nonrecourse debt (as defined in Regulation Section 1.704-2(b)(4)) and (iii) the amount of the deficit balance in the Shareholder's Capital Account which the Shareholder is obligated to restore under Regulation Section 1.704-1(b)(2)(ii)(c), if any, and (b) decreased by reasonably expected adjustments, allocations and distributions described in Regulation Sections 1.704-1(b)(2)(ii)(d)(4), (5) and (6) (taking into account the adjustments required by Regulation Sections 1.704-2(g)(ii) and 1.704-2(i)(5)). "Affiliate"-An "Affiliate" of, or person "Affiliated" with, a specified person is a person that directly, or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls, or is controlled by, or is under common control with, the person specified. "Average Annual Capital Contributions"-For any calendar year or shorter period, the Fund will compute as of each day an amount equal to the total Capital Contributions of the Investors (excluding Capital Contributions made in respect of additional classes or series of Shares under Section 9.5) minus all prior distributions made under Section 8.1(c) to Investors and minus all amounts of Capital Contributions that are returned to Investors under Section to Investors. The "Average Annual Capital Contributions" will equal the sum of the amounts computed under the preceding sentence on each day in the year or period, divided by the actual number of days in the year or period. "Capital Account"-The amount representing a Shareholder's capital interest in the Fund, as determined under Article 6 hereof. "Capital Contributions"-The aggregate capital contributions of the Investors accepted by the Fund in payment of the purchase price of one or more whole or fractional Investor Shares (inclusive of the amount of any fee or other compensation waived by the Fund, the Managing Shareholders or the Placement Agent) plus any amounts contributed by the Managing Shareholders pursuant to Section 14.7, plus any amounts contributed by Incentive Plan Participants in respect of Incentive Shares and minus any return of capital by the Fund. "Certificate"-The Certificate of Trust of the Fund, as amended from time to time. "Code"-The Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended from time to time, and any rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. "Corporate Trustee"-Ridgewood Holding or its successors as Corporate Trustee. The Corporate Trustee acts as legal title holder of the Fund Property, subject to the terms of this Declaration. "Declaration"-This Declaration of Trust, as amended from time to time. "Delaware Act"-The Delaware Business Trust Act, as amended from time to time (currently codified as title 12, Chapter 38 of the Delaware Code). "Escrow Date"-The later of the dates on which the Fund (i) accepts the subscription that causes Capital Contributions in the initial offering to Investors to be at least $1,500,000, (ii) deposits at least $1,500,000 in collected funds in escrow under Section 1.6(b), provided, however, the Escrow Date shall not be later than July 31, 1998. "Fund"-The Ridgewood Power Growth Fund, a Delaware business trust. "Fund Property"-All property owned or acquired by the Corporate Trustee as part of the trust estate underthis Declaration. "Incentive Plan Participant"-A key executive or employee of the Fund, its subsidiaries or companies operating Projects for the Fund who is designated under the Key Employees Incentive Plan as a participant. "Incentive Share"-A beneficial interest in the Fund granted under the Key Employees Incentive Plan representing the right to receive a pro rata portion of cash flow allocable to participants in that Plan. "Investor"-A purchaser of Investor Shares (which will includes a Managing Shareholder to the extent it acquires Investor Shares) whose subscription is accepted by the Fund. "Investor Share"-Beneficial interests in the Fund representing an initial Capital Contribution of $100,000. "Key Employees Incentive Plan"-The employee equity incentive plan authorized under Section 9.7. "Losses"-Defined at "Profits or Losses." "Majority"-A majority in interest of a class of Shares for voting purposes, subject to the requirements ofSection 15.2(d). "Management Agreement"-The management agreement between the Fund and the Managing Shareholders as described in the Memorandum, and as may be amended. "Management Share"-An interest in the Fund that represents the beneficial interests and management rights of the Managing Shareholders in their capacity as Managing Shareholders, but excluding a Managing Shareholder's interest, if any, attributable to Investor Shares acquired by it. "Managing Person"-Any of the following: (a) Fund officers, agents, or Affiliates, a Managing Shareholder, the Corporate Trustee, Panel Members, RPMC , Ridgewood Capital, or other Affiliates of the Managing Shareholders or the Corporate Trustee and (b) any directors, officers or agents of any organizations named in (a) above when acting for the Corporate Trustee, a Managing Shareholder or any of their Affiliates on behalf of the Fund. "Managing Shareholder"-Ridgewood Power or Power VI Corp. and any substitute or different Managing Shareholder as may subsequently be created under the terms of this Declaration. "Memorandum"-The Confidential Memorandum dated February 9, 1998 of the Fund, as the same may be amended or supplemented from time to time, to which this Declaration is an Exhibit. "Net Cash Flow"-The total gross receipts of the Fund, less cash operating expenses, all other cash expenditures of the Fund and reasonable reserves as determined by the Fund to cover anticipated Fund expenses. For purposes of determining Net Cash Flow, gross receipts shall mean proceeds from any source whatsoever, including, but not limited to, income from operations and the temporary investment of Fund funds under Section 10.5 and any proceeds from the sale, exchange, financing or refinancing of Fund Property, but excluding any Capital Contributions of the Shareholders. "1940 Act"-The federal Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, and any rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. "Operation Agreement"-Any Operation Agreement, by and among the Fund or its Project Entities, the Managing Shareholders and RPMC, under which RPMC will operate specified Projects for the Fund. "Panel"-The Independent Review Panel created by Section 12.14 of this Declaration, comprised of the Panel Members, for the purpose of reviewing Ridgewood Program Transactions. "Panel Member"-An individual serving under Section 12.14 as a member of the Panel. Panel Members are not trustees of the Fund. "Plan Holder"-An Incentive Plan Participant who has acquired Incentive Shares (whether as restricted shares, as bonus shares or on exercise of options or share appreciation rights). "Payout"-The point at which total cumulative distributions to Investors from the Fund (exclusive of distributions in respect of Preferred Participation Rights and distributions under Section 9.5) equal their total Capital Contributions (exclusive of Capital Contributions made on the sale of a new series of Shares under Section 9.5). "Placement Agent"-Ridgewood Securities Corporation, a Delaware corporation, with its principal place of business at The Ridgewood Commons, 947 Linwood Avenue, Ridgewood, New Jersey 07450. "Power VI Corp."-Ridgewood Power VI Corporation, a Delaware corporation that is one of the initial Managing Shareholders. "Preferred Participation Right"-A right issued by the Fund under Section 1.9 to an Investor. A Preferred Participation Right entitles the holder to special distributions under Section 8.1(d) in recognition of the extra benefits the Fund receives from early subscriptions for Shares. "Profits" or "Losses"-For a given fiscal period, an amount equal to the Fund's taxable income or loss for such period, determined in accordance with Code Section 703(a) (for this purpose, all items of income, gain, expense, loss, deduction or credit required to be stated separately pursuant to Code Section 703(a)(1) shall be included in taxable income or loss), with the following adjustments: (a) Any income of the Fund that is exempt from federal income tax and not otherwise taken into account in computing Profits or Losses pursuant to this definition and any income and gain described in Regulation Section 1.704-1(b)(2)(iv)(i)(1) shall be added to such taxable income or loss; (b) Any expenditures of the Fund described in Code Section 705(a)(2)(B) or treated as Code Section 705(a)(2)(B) expenditures pursuant to Regulation Section 1.704-1(b)(2)(iv)(i), and not otherwise taken into account in computing Profits or Losses pursuant to this definition shall be subtracted from such taxable income or loss; (c) In the event of a distribution in kind under Section 8.2, the amount of any unrealized gain or loss deemed to have been realized on the property distributed shall be added or subtracted from such taxable income or loss; and (d) Notwithstanding any other provision of this definition, any items which are specially allocated pursuant to Sections 4.5, 4.6, 4.7 and 7.4 shall not be taken into account in computing Profits or Losses. "Project"-A facility that generates, transmits or distributes electric power or heat energy (including a cogeneration facility), or that supplies products or services for the environmental remediation, energy or public service or capital facilities development industries, except for nuclear facilities that produce electricity. Projects include the preparatory, engineering, legal, siting, financial and permitting work undertaken in anticipation of construction or acquisition of any such facility. "Project Entity"-The limited liability company or other legal entity that develops or will own a Project and holds title to its assets. "Purchase Right"-A right to purchase additional Shares granted to an Investor pursuant to Section 9.5(c). "Regulation"-A final or temporary Treasury regulation promulgated under the Code. "Ridgewood Capital"-Ridgewood Power Capital Corporation, a Delaware corporation that is an Affiliate of the Managing Shareholders. "Ridgewood Holding"-Ridgewood Energy Holding Corporation, a Delaware corporation having its principal office at 1105 North Market Street, Suite 1300, Wilmington, Delaware 19899, which is the initial Corporate Trustee. "RPMC"-Ridgewood Power Management Corporation, a Delaware corporation which is an Affiliate of Ridgewood Power and Power VI Corp. "Ridgewood Power"-Ridgewood Power Corporation, a Delaware corporation that is one of the initial Managing Shareholders. "Ridgewood Program"-Another investment program sponsored by a Managing Shareholder or an Affiliate of the Managing Shareholders. "Ridgewood Program Transaction"-A "Ridgewood Program Transaction" is any transaction material to the Fund in which both the Fund (or an entity in which the Fund has invested) and either (a) a Ridgewood Program or (b) an entity controlled by a Ridgewood Program or Programs or (c) an entity in which a Ridgewood Program has invested is a party. Ridgewood Program Transactions do not include any transaction authorized by Section 12.5 of this Declaration. "Share"-An Investor Share, an Incentive Share or a Management Share. "Shareholder"-An owner of a beneficial interest in the Fund. "Subscription Agreement"-The form of subscription agreement (contained in Exhibit F to the Memorandum, which is separately bound) which each prospective Investor must execute in order to subscribe for an interest in the Fund. "Termination Date"-The date on which the initial offering of Investor Shares is ended, as set or extended from time to time by the Fund in its sole discretion, provided that the Termination Date may not occur before the Escrow Date, and that if the offering is withdrawn, the Termination Date is the date the Fund elects to do so. ARTICLE 3 LIABILITIES 3.1 Liability and Obligations of Corporate Trustee. (a) To the fullest extent permitted by the Delaware Act, the Corporate Trustee in its capacity as a trustee of the Fund shall not be personally liable to any person other than the Fund and its Shareholders for any act or omission of the Fund, or any obligation of the Fund. The trust estate shall be directly liable for the payment or satisfaction of all obligations and liabilities of the Fund incurred by the Corporate Trustee, the Managing Shareholders, and the officers and agents of the Fund within their authority or in a manner that would entitle them to indemnification under Section 3.6. (b) The Corporate Trustee shall not exercise any management or administrative powers in respect of the Fund except on the direction of the Managing Shareholders. (c) The Corporate Trustee, as trustee, may be made party to any action, suit or proceeding to enforce an obligation, liability or right of the Fund, but it shall not solely on account thereof be liable separate from the Fund and it shall be a party in that case only insofar as may be necessary to enable such obligation or liability to be enforced against the trust estate. 3.2 Liability of Managing Shareholders to Third Parties. (a) The Managing Shareholders shall be jointly and severally liable for any wrongful act or omission of the Corporate Trustee or the Fund taken in the ordinary course of the Fund's business or with the authority of the Managing Shareholders, that causes loss or injury to any person who is not a Shareholder or that incurs any penalty. (b) The Managing Shareholders shall be jointly and severally liable for losses resulting from (i) the misapplication by the Managing Shareholders of money or property received from a person who is not a Shareholder by the Managing Shareholders within the scope of the Managing Shareholders' apparent authority or (ii) the misapplication of money or property received by the Fund in the course of its business from a person who is not a Shareholder while the money or property is in the custody of the Fund. (c) Subject to the remaining provisions of this Article 3, each Managing Shareholder shall be jointly and severally liable for all other debts and obligations of the Fund, but it may enter into a separate obligation to perform a Fund contract. 3.3 Liability of Investors and Plan Holders in General. No Investor or Plan Holder in his capacity as such shall have any liability for the debts and obligations of the Fund in any amount beyond the unpaid amount, if any, of the Capital Contributions subscribed for by him. Each Investor and Plan Holder shall have the same limitation on his liability for the Fund's debts and obligations as a stockholder of a Delaware corporation has for debts and obligations of the corporation. 3.4 Liability of Investors and Plan Holders to Trustee, Fund and Shareholders. No Investor or Plan Holder in his capacity as such shall be liable, responsible or accountable in damages or otherwise to any other Shareholder, the Corporate Trustee or the Fund for any claim, demand, liability, cost, damage and cause of action of any nature whatsoever that arises out of or that is incidental to the management of the Fund's affairs. 3.5 Liability of Managing Persons to Fund and Shareholders. (a) No Managing Person shall have liability to the Fund or to any other Shareholder for any loss suffered by the Fund that arises out of any action or inaction of the Managing Person if the Managing Person, in good faith, determined that such course of conduct was in the Fund's best interest and such course of conduct did not constitute recklessness or willful misconduct of the Managing Person. (b) No act of the Fund shall be affected or invalidated by the fact that a Managing Person may be a party to or has an interest in any contract or transaction of the Fund if the (i) interest of the Managing Person has been disclosed or is known to the Shareholders or (ii) such contract or transaction is at prevailing rates or is on terms at least as favorable to the Fund as those available from persons who are not Managing Persons or (iii) is a Ridgewood Program Transaction authorized under Section 12.14(d) or (iv) has been approved by the vote of an Independent Panel or (v) has been approved by the vote of a Majority of Voting Shares. 3.6 Indemnification of Managing Persons. (a) Each Managing Person shall be indemnified from the Fund Property against any losses, liabilities, judgments, expenses and amounts paid in settlement of any claims sustained by him in connection with the Fund or claims by the Fund, in right of the Fund or by or in right of any Shareholders, if the Managing Person would not be liable under the standards of Section 3.5 and, in the case of Managing Persons other than the Corporate Trustee and the Managing Shareholders, they were acting within the scope of authority validly delegated to them by the Corporate Trustee or the Managing Shareholders or the Declaration. The termination of any action, suit or proceeding by judgment, order or settlement shall not, of itself, create a presumption that the Managing Person charged did not act in good faith and in a manner that he reasonably believed was in the Fund's best interests. To the extent that any Managing Person is successful on the merits or otherwise in defense of any action, suit or proceeding or in defense of any claim, issue or matter therein, the Fund shall indemnify that Managing Person against the expenses, including attorneys' fees, actually and reasonably incurred by him in connection therewith. The Managing Shareholders shall have full and complete discretion to authorize indemnification of any Managing Person consistent with the requirements of this Declaration at any time, regardless of whether a claim is pending or threatened and regardless of any conflict of interest between the Managing Shareholders and the Fund that may arise in regard to the decision to indemnify a Managing Person. (b) Notwithstanding the foregoing, no Managing Person nor any broker-dealer shall be indemnified, nor shall expenses be advanced on its behalf, for any losses, liabilities or expenses arising from or out of an alleged violation of federal or state securities laws, unless (i) there has been a successful adjudication on the merits of each count involving alleged securities law violations as to the particular indemnity, or (ii) those claims have been dismissed with prejudice on the merits by a court of competent jurisdiction as to the particular indemnity or (iii) a court of competent jurisdiction approves a settlement of the claims against the particular indemnity. In any claim for federal or state securities law violations, the party seeking indemnification shall place before the court the positions of the Securities and Exchange Commission and other securities administrators to the extent required by them with respect to the issue of indemnification for securities law violations. (c) Notwithstanding any other provision of this Declaration, Panel Members shall be indemnified by the Fund against any loss, liability, judgment, expense or amount paid in settlement of any claim sustained by them in connection with the Fund or claims by the Fund, in right of the Fund or by or in right of any Shareholders, if the Panel Member would not be liable under the standards of Section 3.5. The last three sentences of Section 3.6(a), the last sentence of Section 3.6(b) and Section 3.7(a) shall apply to Panel Members' rights to indemnification, regardless of whether any condition under Section 3.7(a)(i)-(iii) is fulfilled. 3.7 General Provisions. The following provisions shall apply to all rights of indemnification and advances of expenses under this Declarationand all liabilities described in this Article 3: (a) Expenses, including attorneys' fees, incurred by a Managing Person in defending any action, suit or proceeding shall be paid by the Fund in advance of the final disposition of the action, suit or proceeding upon receipt of an undertaking by the recipient to repay such amount if it shall ultimately be determined that the Managing Person is not entitled to be indemnified by the Fund under this Declaration or otherwise and if at least one of the following conditions is satisfied: (i) The Managing Person provides appropriate security for the undertaking; or (ii) The Managing Person is insured against losses or expenses of defense or settlement so that the advances may be recovered or (iii) Independent legal counsel in a written opinion determines, based upon a review of the then readily-available facts, that there is reason to believe that the Managing Person will be found to be entitled to indemnification under Section 3.6. In so doing, it shall not be necessary to employ hearing or trial-like procedures. Counsel may rely as to matters of business judgment or as to other matters not involving determinations of law upon the advice of the Independent Review Panel or a committee of persons not affiliated with the Fund that may be appointed by the Managing Shareholders for that purpose. (b) Rights to indemnification and advances of expenses under this Declaration are not exclusive of any other rights to indemnification or advances to which a Managing Person or Investor may be entitled, both as to action in a representative capacity or as to action in another capacity taken while representing another. (c) Each Managing Person shall be entitled to rely upon the opinion or advice of or any statement or computation by any counsel, engineer, accountant, investment banker or other person retained by such Managing Person or the Fund which he believes to be within such person's professional or expert competence. In so doing, he will be deemed to be acting in good faith and with the requisite degree of care unless he has actual knowledge concerning the matter in question that would cause such reliance to be unwarranted. 3.8 Dealings with Trust. With regard to all rights of the Fund and all actions to be taken on its behalf, the Fund and not the Corporate Trustee, nor the Managing Shareholders, nor the Panel Members, nor the Fund's officers and agents, nor the Investors or Plan Holders shall be the principal and the Fund shall be entitled as such to the extent permitted by law to enforce the same, collect damages and take all other action. All agreements, obligations and actions of the Fund shall be executed or taken in the name of the Fund, by an appropriate nominee, or by the Corporate Trustee as trustee but not in its individual capacity. Money may be paid and property delivered to any duly authorized officer or agent of the Fund who may receipt therefor in the name of the Fund and no person dealing in good faith thereby shall be bound to see to the application of any moneys so paid or property so delivered. No entity whose securities are held by the Fund shall be affected by notice of such fact or be bound to see to the execution of the Fund or to ascertain whether any transfer of its securities by or to the Fund or the Corporate Trustee is authorized. ARTICLE 4 ALLOCATION OF PROFIT AND LOSS 4.1. Profits. Profits for any fiscal period shall be allocated among the Shareholders as follows: (a) First, 100% to Power VI Corp. until the Profits so allocated to Power VI Corp. plus the cumulative Profits allocated to Power VI Corp. for prior fiscal periods during which a Profit was earned by the Fund equal the cumulative amounts distributable to Power VI Corp. under Article 8 hereof for the current and prior periods; and (b) The balance, if any, to the Investors and to the Incentive Plan Participants in proportion to the distributions made to the Investors and to the Incentive Plan Participants for the fiscal period. 4.2. Losses. Losses for any fiscal period shall be allocated 99% to the Investors and 1% to Power VI Corp.; provided that Losses shall not be allocated pursuant to this Section 4.2 to the extent that such allocation would cause any Investor to have a negative amount in the Investor's Adjusted Capital Account at the end of this fiscal period. 4.3 General Allocation Provisions. (a) Except as otherwise provided in this Declaration, all items of Fund income, gain, expense, loss, deduction and credit for a particular fiscal period and any other allocations not otherwise provided for shall be divided among the Shareholders in the same proportions as they share Profits or Losses, as the case may be, for the fiscal period. (b) The Shareholders shall be bound by the provisions of this Declaration in reporting their shares of Fund income and loss for income tax purposes. (c) The Fund may use any permissible method under Code Section 706(d) and the Regulations thereunder to determine Profits, Losses and other items on a daily, monthly or other basis for any fiscal period in which there is a change in a Shareholder's interest in the Fund. (d) The definition of "Capital Account" and certain other provisions of this Declaration are intended to comply with Regulations Sections 1.704-1(b) and 1.704-2 and shall be interpreted and applied in a manner consistent with such Regulations. These Regulations contain additional rules governing maintenance of Capital Accounts that may not have been provided for in this Declaration because, in part, these rules may relate to transactions that are not expected to occur and in some instances are prohibited by this Declaration. If the Fund after consultation with its regular accountants or tax counsel determines that it is prudent to modify the manner in which the Capital Accounts, or any debits or credits thereto, are computed in order to comply with such Regulations, or to avoid the effects of unanticipated events that might otherwise cause this Declaration not to comply with such Regulations, the Fund shall make such modification without the need of prior notice to or consent of any Shareholder; so long as no such modification is likely to have a material effect on the amounts distributable to any Shareholder. 4.4 Among Investors. Each Investor shall be allocated that percentage part of the aggregate amounts allocated to all Investors or to a subgroup of Investors, as the case may be, as the number of Shares owned by the Investor bears to the aggregate number of Shares owned by all Investors or Investors in the subgroup. Allocations under Section 4.1(b) of Profits shall be made among Investors as follows: first, all Profits so allocated shall be allocated to the holders of Preferred Participation Rights in proportion to their holdings until the amounts so allocated, together with prior allocations under this sentence, equal the cumulative distributions made in respect of Preferred Participation Rights. All remaining Profits allocated under Section 4.1(b) to Investors shall be allocated among the Investors as prescribed by the first sentence of this Section 4.4. 4.5 Minimum Allocation. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Declaration, in no event shall Power VI Corp.'s allocable share of each material item of Fund income, gain, expense, loss, deduction or credit be less than 1% of such item. 4.6 Tax Allocation. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Declaration, to the extent that Power VI Corp. is treated for federal income tax purposes as having received an interest in the Fund as compensation for services which constitutes income to Power VI Corp. under Code Section 61, any amount allowed as a deduction for federal income tax purposes to the Fund (whether as an ordinary and necessary business expense or as a depreciation or amortization deduction) as a result of such characterization shall be allocated solely for federal income tax purposes to Power VI Corp. 4.7 Allocation of Gains from Dispositions. Prior to the allocation of Profits under Section 4.1, all gains derived by the Fund during any fiscal period from any sale, transfer, injury, destruction or other disposition of Fund Property or an interest therein, other than in the ordinary course of operation of Fund Property (including, without limitation, proceeds from insurance, refinancing or condemnation) shall be allocated to Power VI Corp. to the extent that the Capital Account of Power VI Corp. would have otherwise been negative as of the end of such fiscal period. Gain or loss allocable to each Shareholder will be adjusted accordingly. 4.8. Among Incentive Plan Participants. Profits and other items allocable to the Incentive Plan Participants shall be allocated among the authorized Incentive Shares on a pro rata basis. Amounts allocable to issued and outstanding Incentive Shares shall be allocated to their holders. Amounts allocable to authorized Incentive Shares that are not issued and not outstanding shall be allocated to Power VI Corp. in respect of its Management Share. ARTICLE 5 CAPITAL CONTRIBUTIONS OF SHAREHOLDERS 5.1 Additional Capital Contributions. There shall be no additional Capital Contributions by the Investors except as provided in Section 9.5. 5.2 Managing Shareholders' Capital Contributions. Power VI Corp. as a Managing Shareholder shall make Capital Contributions in accordance with Section 14.7. 5.3. Incentive Plan Participants' Capital Contributions. Incentive Plan Participants shall make Capital Contributions in respect of Incentive Shares solely as specified by the Key Employees Incentive Plan. 5.4. Returns of Capital. If the Fund for any reason at any time does not find it necessary or appropriate to retain or expend all Capital Contributions made by Investors or Incentive Plan Participants, the Managing Shareholders in their sole discretion may cause the Fund to return any or all such excess Capital Contributions ratably to Investors or those Participants, as the case may be. The Investors will be notified of the source of the payment. The Fund is not obligated to return the amount of any fees charged in connection with the Capital Contribution and the return of a Capital Contribution is net of any fees so charged. ARTICLE 6 CAPITAL ACCOUNTS 6.1 Capital Accounts. A Capital Account shall be established and maintained for each Shareholder and shall be adjusted as follows: (a) The Capital Account of each Shareholder shall be increased by: (1) The amount of such Shareholder's Capital Contributions to the Fund; (2) The amount of Profits allocated to such Shareholder pursuant to Articles 4 and 7 and Section 9.5; (3) The fair market value of property contributed by the Shareholder to the Fund (net of liabilities secured by the contributed property that the Fund under Code Section 752 is considered to have assumed or taken subject to); and (4) Any items in the nature of revenues, income or gain that are specially allocated to such Shareholder or adjusted pursuant to Sections 4.5, 4.6, 4.7 and 7.4. (b) The Capital Account of each Shareholder shall be decreased by: (1) The amount of Losses allocated to such Shareholder pursuant to Articles 4 and 7 and Section 9.5; (2) All amounts of money and the fair market value of property paid or distributed to such Shareholder pursuant to the terms hereof (other than payments made with respect to loans made by such Shareholder to the Fund), net of liabilities secured by that property that the Shareholder under Code Section 752 is considered to have assumed or taken subject to, as well as returns of capital under Section 5.3; (3) Any items in the nature of expenses or losses that are specially allocated to such Shareholder pursuant to Sections 4.5, 4.6, 4.7 and 7.4; and (4) Any return of a Capital Contribution under Section 5.4. 6.2 Calculation of Capital Account. Whenever it is necessary to determine the Capital Account of any Shareholder, the Capital Account of such Shareholder shall be determined in accordance with the rules of Regulation Sections 1.704-1 (b) (2) (iv) and 1.704-2 (as amended from time to time). If necessary to comply with the Code, an Adjusted Capital Account may be employed. 6.3 Effect of Loans. Loans by any Shareholder to the Fund shall not be considered contributions to the capital of the Fund. 6.4 Withdrawal of Capital. No Shareholder shall be entitled to withdraw any part of his Capital Account or to receive any distribution from the Fund, except as specifically provided herein. 6.5 Capital Accounts of New Shareholders. Any person who shall acquire Shares in accordance with the terms and conditions of Article 13 of this Declaration shall have the Capital Account of his transferor after adjustments reflecting the transfer, if any, except as specifically provided herein. 6.6 Limitation. Neither the Corporate Trustee, the Managing Shareholders nor any other Managing Person shall be required or shall have any personal liability to fund any or all of any negative Capital Account of any Investor or Incentive Plan Participant, including without limitation Capital Contributions. ARTICLE 7 ADDITIONAL PROVISIONS APPLICABLE TO ALLOCATIONS 7.1 Determination of Income and Loss. At the end of each Fund fiscal year, and at such other times as the Fund shall deem necessary or appropriate, each item of Fund income, gain, expense, loss, deduction and credit shall be determined for the period then ending and shall be allocated to the Capital Account of each Shareholder in accordance with this Declaration. With respect to the admission of Shareholders, the Fund will use the "interim closing date" method of accounting as permitted by the Regulations. 7.2 Determination of Income and Loss in the Event of Transfer. In the event that a Shareholder transfers his interest in the Fund in accordance with the terms of this Declaration, the determination and allocation described in Section 7.1 shall be made as of the date of such transfer and thereafter all such allocations shall be made to the account of the transferee of such interest; provided, however, that the Fund may determine that such determination and allocation shall be pro rata to the Shareholders based upon the actual number of days in such fiscal year that each such Shareholder held an interest in the Fund. In the event of a pro rata determination and allocation, the foregoing provisions of this Section relating to a pro rata determination and allocation will not be applicable to the distributive shares, with respect to the Shares transferred, of items of Fund income, gain, expense, loss, deduction and credit arising out of (a) the sale or other disposition of all or substantially all Fund Property, or (b) other extraordinary nonrecurring items, all of which will be allocated to the holder of such Trust interest on the date such items of Fund income, gain, expense, loss, deduction and credit are earned or incurred. 7.3 Allocation of Net Income and Net Losses. All items of income, gain, expense, loss, deduction and credit of the Fund from operations and in the ordinary course of operation of Fund Property shall be allocated among the Shareholders in accordance with Article 4. 7.4 Qualified Income Offset and Other Allocation Provisions. (a) If there is a net decrease in "partnership minimum gain" (within the meaning of Regulation Section 1.704-2(d)) during a fiscal period, then there shall be allocated to each Shareholder items of income and gain for such fiscal period (and, if necessary, subsequent fiscal periods) in proportion to, and to the extent of, an amount equal to the portion of such Shareholder's share of the net decrease in partnership minimum gain during such fiscal period that is allocable to the disposition of Fund Property subject to one or more nonrecourse liabilities of the Fund. However, such allocation shall be reduced to the extent (i) the Shareholder contributes capital to the Fund that is used to repay the nonrecourse liability and (ii) the Shareholder's share of the net decrease in partnership minimum gain is caused by the repayment. The foregoing is intended to be a "minimum gain chargeback" provision as described in Regulation Section 1.704-2(f), and shall be interpreted and applied in all respects in accordance with such Regulation. If there is a net decrease in the minimum gain attributable to a "partner nonrecourse debt" (as defined in Regulation Section 1.704-2(b) (4)) for a fiscal period, then, in addition to the amounts, if any, allocated pursuant to the first sentence of this Subsection 7.4(a), there shall be allocated to each Shareholder with a share of such minimum gain attributable to a "partner nonrecourse debt" items of income and gain for such fiscal period (and, if necessary, subsequent fiscal periods) in proportion to, and to the extent of, an amount equal to the portion of such Shareholder's share of the net decrease in the minimum gain attributable to a partner nonrecourse debt during such fiscal period that is allocable to the disposition of Trust Property subject to one or more nonrecourse liabilities of the Fund. However, such amount shall be reduced to the extent (i) the Shareholder contributes capital to the Fund that is used to repay the nonrecourse liability and (ii) the Shareholder's share of the net decrease in the minimum gain attributable to a partner nonrecourse debt is caused by the repayment. (b) If during any fiscal period of the Fund a Shareholder unexpectedly receives an adjustment, allocation or distribution described in Regulation Section 1.704-1(b)(2)(ii)(d)(4), (5) or (6), which causes or increases a deficit balance in the Shareholder's Adjusted Capital Account, there shall be allocated to the Shareholder items of income and gain (consisting of a pro rata portion of each item of Fund income, including gross income, and gain for such period) in an amount and manner sufficient to eliminate such deficit balance as quickly as possible. The foregoing is intended to be a "qualified income offset" provision as described in Regulation Section 1.704-1(b)(2)(ii)(d), and shall be interpreted and applied in all respects in accordance with such Regulation. (c) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in Article 4 or this Article 7, any item of deduction, loss or Code Section 705(a)(2)(B) expenditure that is attributable to "partner nonrecourse debt" shall be allocated in accordance with the manner in which the Shareholders bear the economic risk of loss for such debt (determined in accordance with Regulation Section 1.704-2(i)). (d) To the extent that any item of income, gain, loss or deduction has been specially allocated pursuant to paragraph (a), (b) or (c) of this Section 7.4 ("Required Allocations") and such allocation is inconsistent with how the same amount otherwise would have been allocated under Sections 4.1 and 4.2, subsequent allocations under Sections 4.1 and 4.2 shall be made, to the extent possible, in a manner consistent with paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of this Section 7.4 which negates as rapidly as possible the effect of all previous Required Allocations. (e) Solely for federal, state and local income and franchise tax purposes and not for book or Capital Account purposes, income, gain, loss and deduction with respect to property carried on the Fund's books at a value other than its tax basis shall be allocated (i) in the case of property contributed in kind, in accordance with the requirements of Code Section 704(c) and such Regulations as may be promulgated thereunder from time to time, and (ii) in the case of other property, in accordance with the principles of Code Section 704(c) and the Regulations thereunder, in each case, as incorporated among the requirements of the relevant provisions of the Regulations under Code Section 704(b). (f) All or a portion of the remaining items of Fund income or gain for the fiscal period, if any, shall be specially allocated to the Investors in proportion to the cumulative distributions each has received pursuant to Section 8.1(e) from the commencement of the Fund, until the aggregate amounts allocated to each Investor pursuant to this Section 7.4(f) for such period and all prior periods equal the cumulative amount of such distributions to such Investor. ARTICLE 8 INTEREST OF SHAREHOLDERS IN CASH DISTRIBUTIONS 8.1 Distribution of Net Cash Flow. Subject to the terms of this Declaration, the Fund shall make distributions of Net Cash Flow out of the Fund's cash, to the extent and at such times as it deems advisable, in the following manner: (a) Indebtedness to Shareholders. First, Net Cash Flow shall be applied pro rata (in accordance with the percentage of total loans that are owing to each Shareholder) to the payment to the Shareholders of interest and principal, in that order, on loans, if any, made by the Shareholders to the Fund. (b) Special Provisions. Distributions of Net Cash Flow in respect of an additional series of Shares under Section 9.5 are governed by the Managing Shareholders' designation under that Section and distributions made in connection with the dissolution and termination of the Fund under Section 14.1 are governed by Section 8.1(g). Net Cash Flow distributed under those provisions shall be excluded from consideration under Sections 8.1(c)-(f). (c) Proceeds from Dispositions of Property. All Net Cash Flow remaining after the application of Sections 8.1(a) and (b) from the sale, transfer, injury, destruction or other disposition of Fund Property or an interest therein, other than in the ordinary course of operation of Fund Property (and including, without limitation, proceeds from insurance, refinancing or condemnation, but excluding sales or resales of interim investments under Section 10.5) which the Fund determines to distribute, shall be distributed as follows: (1) Prior to Payout, 99% to the Investors and 1% to Power VI Corp.; and (2) After Payout, 75% to the Investors, 5% to Incentive Plan Participants and 20% to Power VI Corp. (d) Satisfaction of Preferred Participation Rights. All Net Cash Flow remaining after the application of Sections 8.1(a)-(c) that the Fund determines to distribute during a calendar year or shorter period shall first be applied to the redemption of any outstanding Preferred Participation Rights in the following order: (1) Ninety-nine percent of Net Cash Flow subject to this Section 8.1(d) and distributed during 1999 shall be distributed pro rata among the holders of Preferred Participation Rights and the remaining 1% shall be distributed to Power VI Corp. until total cumulative distributions to those holders under this Section 8.1(d) equal $500 per outstanding Preferred Participation Right, and the remaining Net Cash Flow distributed during 1999, if any, shall be distributed under Sections 8.1(e)-(f); (2) Ninety-nine percent of Net Cash Flow subject to this Section 8.1(d) and distributed during 2000 shall be distributed pro rata among the holders of Preferred Participation Rights and the remaining 1% shall be distributed to Power VI Corp. until total cumulative distributions to those holders under this Section 8.1(d) equal $1,000 per outstanding Preferred Participation Right, and the remaining Net Cash Flow distributed during 2000, if any, shall be distributed under Sections 8.1(e)-(f); and (3) If after 2000 cumulative distributions under this Section 8.1(d) to holders of Preferred Participation Rights are less than $1,000 per outstanding Preferred Participation Right, 99% of all Net Cash Flow subject to this Section 8.1(d) that is distributed thereafter shall be distributed pro rata to the holders of outstanding Preferred Participation Rights and the remaining 1% shall be distributed to Power VI Corp. until total cumulative distributions to the holders under this Section 8.1(d) equal $1,000 per Preferred Participation Right, and all remaining Net Cash Flow shall be distributed under the remaining provisions of this Article 8. (e) Investor Priority for Distributions-Pre-Payout. Until Payout is achieved, all Net Cash Flow that remains after the application of Sections 8.1(a)-(d) and that the Fund determines to distribute shall be distributed as follows: (1) Until total distributions of Net Cash Flow subject to this Section 8.1(e) during a calendar year to Investors equal the greater of (A) 12% of the Investors' Average Annual Capital Contributions or (B) 75% of Net Cash Flow distributed in that year after deducting amounts governed by Sections 8.1(a)-(d), 99% of all distributions made under this Section 8.1(e) in that year (or shorter period ending on Payout) shall be made to the Investors and the remaining 1% shall be made to Power VI Corp.; and (2) Thereafter, 80% of distributions made during the remainder of the calendar year (or shorter period ending on Payout) shall be made to Power VI Corp. and 20% shall be made to the Incentive Plan Participants. (f) Distributions-Post-Payout. After Payout is achieved, 75% of all distributions made in any calendar year or portion thereof after the application of Sections 8.1(a)-(e) shall be made to the Investors, 5% shall be made to the Incentive Plan Participants and the remaining 20% shall be made to Power VI Corp. (g) Proceeds Available Upon Dissolution. Upon dissolution and termination of the Fund under Section 14.1, the proceeds of the sale or other disposition of the Fund Property shall be paid or distributed in the following orderof priority: (1) First, there shall be paid to the Fund's creditors, other than Shareholders, funds, to the extent available, sufficient to extinguish current Fund liabilities and obligations, including costs and expenses of liquidation (or provision for payment shall be made, which provision may include a distribution of assets subject to the obligations in question); provided, however, that all loans made to fund expenditures under Section 9.5 shall be paid only from assets allocable to the Shareholders who benefited from such expenditures and only in proportion to such benefit; (2) Second, any loans owed by the Fund to the Shareholders shall be paid in proportion thereto; provided, however, that all loans made to fund expenditures under Section 9.5 shall be paid only from assets allocable to the Shareholders who benefited from such expenditures and only in proportion to such benefit; (3) Third, to the Shareholders in proportion to, and to the extent of the excess, if any, of (i) the cumulative distributions to which a Shareholder is entitled under Sections 8.1(d) and (e) from the inception of the Fund until the date on which the liquidating distribution is made over (ii) the sum of all prior distributions made to the Shareholders under Sections 8.1(d),(e) and (g)(3); provided, however, that no distribution shall be made under this Section 8.1(g)(3) that creates or increases a negative amount in the Investor's Adjusted Capital Account at the end of this fiscal period. This proviso shall be determined as follows: distributions shall be first determined tentatively pursuant to this Section 8.1(g)(3) without regard to the Shareholders' Capital Accounts and then the allocation provisions of Article 4 shall be applied tentatively as if such tentative distributions had been made. If any Investor shall thereby have a negative amount in the Investor's Adjusted Capital Account, the actual distribution to the Investor under this Section 8.1(g)(3) shall be equal to the tentative distribution to the Investor less the negative amount in the Adjusted Capital Account after application of the tentative allocation; and (4) Fourth, the balance, if any, to the Shareholders, in accordance with their Capital Accounts, after giving effect to all adjustments to Capital Accounts for all fiscal periods through and including the fiscal period in which dissolution occurs. (h) Limitation. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Declaration, no distribution may be made selectively to one Shareholder or group of Shareholders but must be made ratably to all Shareholders entitled to that type of distribution at that time, except as provided by Section 12.11(b). This Section 8.1(h) does not waive any claim, right of set-off, right to receive money or other right that the Fund may have against any Shareholder and does not compel the Fund to make distributions to a Shareholder notwithstanding the Trust's assertion of such claims or rights. 8.2 Distribution in Kind. If the Fund elects to make distribution in kind of any of the assets of the Fund, it shall give notice of its election to each Shareholder, specifying the nature and value of all such assets to be distributed in kind, the deadline for giving notice of refusal to accept a distribution in kind and to the extent advisable, the estimated time necessary for the Fund to liquidate assets if those assets are not distributed and other information as required. In making such election, the Fund shall not arbitrarily value assets to be distributed in kind nor shall it specify assets to be distributed in kind in such a manner as to unreasonably advantage or disadvantage any Shareholder. A Shareholder may refuse to accept a distribution in kind by giving written notice to the Fund not later than 30 days after the effective date of the Fund's notice of distribution. If a Shareholder refuses distribution in kind, the Fund shall retain in the Fund's name the portion of the assets which were to be distributed in kind and which were to be allocated to the refusing Shareholder (the "Retained Assets") and shall liquidate the Retained Assets in accordance with this Declaration. Upon liquidation of the Retained Assets, the sum realized shall be distributed to the Shareholder refusing distribution in kind in full discharge of the Fund's obligation to distribute the Retained Assets. In determining the Capital Accounts of the Shareholders, a distribution of assets in kind shall be considered a sale of the property distributed so that any unrealized gain or loss with respect to such property shall be deemed to have been realized and allocated among the Shareholders in accordance with Article 4. 8.3 Amounts Withheld. All amounts withheld pursuant to the Code or any provision of any state or local tax law with respect to any payment or distribution to the Fund or the Shareholders shall be treated as amounts distributed to the Shareholders pursuant to this Article 8 for all purposes under this Declaration. The Fund may allocate any such amounts among the Shareholders in any manner that is in accordance with applicable law. 8.4 Limitation. Distributions to Shareholders shall not be made to the extent they are prohibited by restrictions contained in the Delaware Act or other provisions of this Declaration. ARTICLE 9 OPERATION OF TRUST 9.1 Investment Fee. The Fund shall pay Ridgewood Power out of Fund Property an investment fee in an amount equal to 2% of each Capital Contribution from the initial offering or any future offering of Investor Shares. The investment fee payable in respect of Investors whose subscriptions for Shares are accepted by the Managing Shareholders in 1998 is for Ridgewood Power's services in investigating and evaluating investment opportunities and effecting transactions for investing the capital contributed through 1998, and the fee payable by Investors whose subscriptions for Shares are accepted by the Managing Shareholders in a later year is for those services for capital contributed in that year. The fee shall be payable on the Escrow Date as to Shares purchased through that date and on each date thereafter on which the Fund receives and collects full payment for additional accepted subscriptions for Shares. In addition, an investment fee shall be paid to Ridgewood Power in an amount equal to 2% of additional Capital Contributions received under Section 9.5, for similar services rendered by Ridgewood Power during the year in which such funds are received by the Fund. The fee in respect of services performed by Ridgewood Power during any year in which such additional funds are received by the Fund under Section 9.5 shall be payable upon the later of each date on which payment is accepted by the Fund or the fulfillment of any applicable escrow conditions. 9.2 Selling Commissions and Placement Agent Fee. The Fund shall pay out of Fund Property to Ridgewood Securities Corporation or to any broker-dealer who effects the sale of one or more whole or fractional Shares, cash selling commissions in an aggregate amount equal to 8% of each Capital Contribution. For serving as Placement Agent, Ridgewood Securities Corporation shall also be entitled to receive out of Fund Property a fee in an amount equal to 1% of each Capital Contribution. Such commissions and fees payable in respect of sales of Shares under the initial offering of Shares shall be due and payable promptly after the latest to occur of (i) acceptance by the Fund of an Investor's subscription, (ii) the Escrow Date or (iii) the receipt by the Fund of the gross purchase price for the Shares. Such commissions and fees in respect of additional Capital Contributions shall be due and payable upon the later of such date on which funds are accepted by the Fund or the fulfillment of any applicable escrow conditions. 9.3 Other Expenses. (a) The Fund shall enter into an agreement with Ridgewood Capital under which Ridgewood Capital will provide informational materials and services, support for marketing efforts by broker-dealers, and coordination for the offering of the Investor Shares. The Fund shall pay Ridgewood Capital out of Fund Property an organizational, distribution and offering fee in an amount equal to 6% of each Capital Contribution to cover all expenses incurred in the offer and sale of Shares, including legal, accounting, and consulting fees, printing, filing, postage and other expenses of organizing the Fund, distribution and selling costs and closing costs for the offering. The fee shall be payable on the Escrow Date as to Shares purchased through that date and on each date thereafter on which the Fund receives and collects full payment for additional accepted subscriptions for Shares. If these expenses exceed 6% of the aggregate Capital Contributions, Ridgewood Power shall pay such excess. (b) The Fund shall reimburse the Managing Shareholders for all other actual and necessary direct expenses paid or incurred in connection with the operation of the Fund, including but not limited to accounting, legal and consulting fees, to the extent that those expenses were incurred by the Managing Shareholders in carrying out responsibilities assigned to them by this Declaration, were consistent with this Declaration and do not constitute Organizational, Distribution and Offering Fees. The Fund shall reimburse the Corporate Trustee for all actual and necessary expenses paid or incurred in connection with the operation of the Fund, including the Fund's allocable share of the Corporate Trustee's overhead. (c) In respect of the disposition of all or a portion of the investments that the Fund may make in Projects or Project Entities on its own behalf (rather than through its participation in any entity organized to develop multiple Projects), the Fund may be required to or may find it most advantageous to engage a broker or similar adviser and to pay a brokerage fee to the broker or other persons responsible for bringing the disposition opportunity to the Fund's attention or for investigating, evaluating or negotiating the acquisition or disposition of the Fund's interest therein. However, if a Managing Shareholder or an Affiliate performs those services in respect of an investment acquisition or disposition opportunity for the Fund relating to a particular Project or Project Entity, the Managing Shareholder or Affiliate so providing those services shall be entitled to receive a brokerage fee from the Fund for such services in an amount not in excess of 2% of the gross proceeds of that disposition. (d) If the Fund engages RPMC or another Affiliate of a Managing Shareholder to manage Projects under Section 12.5 of this Declaration, it shall reimburse that person for its actual costs incurred (which may include a reasonable allocation of overhead items and of expenses incurred commonly with the Managing Shareholder or their Affiliates) as an expense of the Fund. 9.4. Management Fee. For each 12-month period beginning on the Termination Date and ending upon the winding up of the Fund's business, the Fund shall pay Power VI Corp. from Fund Property a Management Fee, payable in advance in equal monthly installments, at the annual rate of 2.5% of the aggregate Capital Contributions. The Management Fee shall be in lieu of any reimbursement to the Managing Shareholders for administrative and overhead expenses, including without limitation postage, communication, computer service, accounting, regulatory reporting and compensation costs of the Managing Shareholders allocable to the Fund. Those administrative and overhead expenses do not include fees, expenses and payments made by the Fund to persons other than the Managing Shareholders (such as legal, outside accounting and consulting expenses) or extraordinary expenses incurred by the Managing Shareholder. The Fund may enter into a management agreement with the Managing Shareholders regarding the services to be provided and compensated from the Management Fee. 9.5 Additional Offers of Shares. (a) Beginning six months and one day after the Termination Date, the Fund from time to time may create and sell additional Investor Shares or additional classes or series of Shares if the Managing Shareholders determine that the best interests of the Fund so require. Additional classes or series may but are not required to be limited to the results of Projects or Project Entities that are not coextensive with the entire Fund Property. The Managing Shareholders are authorized to determine or alter any or all of the powers, preferences and rights, and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions granted to or imposed upon any unissued class or series of additional Shares, and to fix, alter or reduce the number of Shares comprising any such class or series and the designation thereof, or any of them, and to provide for the rights and terms of redemption or conversion of the Shares of any such class or series. The Managing Shareholders' designation of the Shares and the terms and conditions of any new class or series of Shares shall be deemed an amendment of this Declaration and shall be effective without any notice to, action by or approval of the Investors. Any Shares so designated may be offered to such persons and on such terms and conditions as the Fund may determine. (b) Any additional Shares or classes or series of Shares shall have voting rights as designated by the Managing Shareholders; however, no such Share shall have more than one vote per $100,000 of Capital Contributions for that Share on matters in which the holders of those Shares vote with the holders of Investor Shares, without the consent of the holders of a Majority of the Investor Shares. (c) The Fund may but is not required to offer all Investors the right (a "Purchase Right") to acquire additional Shares of any type to be offered by the Fund; however, no Investor who declined to subscribe to a previous series of Shares whose net proceeds were invested in a Project or Project Entity in which any net proceeds of the proposed series are to be invested shall be entitled to a Purchase Right for the proposed series. A Purchase Right may be exercisable prior to or concurrent with the offering of the series to other persons. If the Fund offers a Purchase Right, the Fund shall give each Investor entitled thereto a notice specifying the total Shares of the additional series that it is offering and the terms and conditions of the offering, together with any other required information. The Fund will require the Investors to notify the Fund of their decision to exercise the Purchase Right and to deliver the subscription documents and the price for the Shares offered within a reasonable period set by the Fund and specified in the notice, which shall not be less than 10 days after the effective date of the notice. (d) If a Purchase Right is offered and the Investors do not purchase all the offered Shares within the period specified in the Fund's notice, the Fund may dispose of the remaining offered Shares in its sole discretion or may modify its plan of activity accordingly. (e) All Profits, Losses and other items attributable to additional Shares shall be allocated as specified in the determination of the Managing Shareholders creating those Shares, except that any such allocation shall not unreasonably reduce allocations to existing Investors of Profits, Losses, Net Cash Flow and other items to the extent attributable to their Capital Contributions. The Managing Shareholders' election in good faith of allocation methods (which may include subjective elements) shall be conclusive in the absence of willful misconduct or gross negligence. 9.6 Payment and Recoupment of Fees. As soon as funds have been released to the Fund from the escrow account referred to in Section 1.6, they may be used to pay the fees referred to in Sections 9.1, 9.2 and 9.3 then due. If the Managing Shareholders withdraw the offering of Shares, any person that has received payments from the proceeds of the offering shall return such payments to the Fund upon demand by the Managing Shareholders. 9.7. Key Employee Incentive Plan. (a) The Managing Shareholders at any time may institute a Key Employee Incentive Plan as a means of allowing key officers and employees of the Fund and its subsidiaries, or employees of the Managing Shareholders and Affiliates of the Managing Shareholders who perform significant duties for the Fund or its subsidiaries, to obtain an equity interest in the Fund through the issuance of Incentive Shares. At the close of the initial offering of Investor Shares, a number of Incentive Shares shall be authorized for issuance under the Plan equal to 1/15 of the number of Investor Shares issued and outstanding. The interest in distributions appertaining to the Incentive Shares is specified in Article 8. Until Incentive Shares are issued and outstanding, the distributions appertaining thereto shall be assigned to Power VI Corp. The consideration, if any, for the issuance of Incentive Shares or rights to acquire Incentive Shares shall be determined by the Managing Shareholders. (b) In its sole discretion, Power VI Corp. may transfer a portion of its interest in any distributions and a proportionate part of its allocations of Profits (but not Losses) to the Plan, whereupon an additional number of Incentive Shares shall be created in proportion to the ratio of the interest in post-Payout distributions so transferred to the 5% interest in post-Payout distributions allotted to the Plan under other provisions of this Declaration. Power VI Corp. shall not transfer an interest that causes the number of Incentive Shares to increase by more than 60%. ARTICLE 10 ACCOUNTING 10.1 Elections. The Fund shall elect the calendar year as its fiscal year. The Fund shall adopt the accrual method of accounting or such other method of accounting as the Fund shall determine. The Fund shall elect to be taxed only as a partnership. The Fund may but shall not be required to make an election under Section 754 of the Code or corresponding state taxation laws. The Managing Shareholders are empowered to make any other election permitted by law, including without limitation an election under Code Section 771, without prior notice to or consent by any other Shareholder. 10.2 Books and Records. The Fund's books and records shall be kept at the principal place of business of the Fund and shall be maintained in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, consistently applied. The Fund shall maintain supplemental records on the basis utilized in preparing the Fund's federal income tax return with such adjustments in accounting as are required by this Declaration or as the Fund determines would be in the best interests of the Fund. 10.3 Reports. (a) The Fund will keep each Investor and assignees complying with Article 13 currently advised as to activities of the Fund by reports furnished at least quarterly. An independent certified public accounting firm selected by the Fund will prepare the Fund's federal income tax return as soon as practicable after the conclusion of each year and each Shareholder will be furnished, at that time, with the necessary accounting information for each Shareholder to take into account and report separately such Shareholder's distributive share of the income and deductions of the Fund. The Fund will use its reasonable best efforts to obtain the information necessary for the accounting firm as soon as practicable and to transmit the resulting accounting and tax information to the Shareholders as soon as possible after receipt from the accounting firm. The Fund shall make available to each Shareholder as soon as practicable after the conclusion of each year annual financial statements of the Fund which have been audited by the Fund's independent certified public accounting firm. The annual financial statements will include in the notes thereto a reconciliation of net income as reported therein to the annual reported cash flow from operations and to net income for tax purposes. (b) Within 180 days after the end of each year following the fourth anniversary of the Termination Date, the Fund shall make available to the Investors an estimated valuation per Share based, if possible, upon a generally accepted method or methods of valuation of the Fund Property. 10.4 Bank Accounts. The Fund shall maintain separate segregated accounts in its name at one or more commercial banks, and the cash funds of the Fund shall be kept in any of those accounts as determined by the Fund. 10.5 Interim Assets. The Fund may purchase, to the extent the Fund's funds are not otherwise committed to transactions or required for other purposes, either or both of the following: (a) Obligations of banks or savings and loan associations that either (i) have assets in excess of $5 billion or (ii) are insured in their entirety by agencies of the United States government; (b) Obligations of or guaranteed by the United States government or its agencies; and (c) Money market or other short-term obligations (having a maturity of nine months or less) rated at least A1 or P1 by a nationally recognized securities rating organization. ARTICLE 11 RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF INVESTORS 11.1 Participation in Management. No Investor (other than the Managing Shareholders acting in their capacity as such) shall have the right, power, authority or responsibility to participate in the ordinary and routine management of the Fund's affairs or to bind the Fund in any manner. 11.2 Rights to Engage in Other Ventures. No Investor or Incentive Plan Participant or any officer, director, shareholder or other person holding a legal or beneficial interest in any Investor shall, by virtue of his ownership of a direct or indirect interest in the Fund, be in any way prohibited from or restricted in engaging in, or possessing an interest in, any other business venture of a like or similar nature including any venture involving the independent power industry. 11.3 Limitations on Transferability. The interest of an Investor shall not be transferable except under the conditions set forth in Article 13 hereof. 11.4 Information. (a) Each Investor's rights to obtain information from the Fund from time to time are set forth in this Section. In addition to information provided under Section 10.3, each Investor shall be provided on request with the following: (1) True and full information regarding the status of the Fund's business and financial condition; (2) Promptly after becoming available, a copy of the Fund's federal, state and local income tax returns or information returns for the preceding year and prior years to the extent reasonably available; (3) A current list of the name and last known business, residence or mailing address of each Shareholder and of any confidential representative of each Shareholder, if specifically designated as such in writing (unless such Shareholder has specified that the Fund is not to disclose such information, in which case the Fund, at the requesting Investor's cost, shall forward communications, sealed or unsealed, from the requesting Investor to such Shareholder or representative upon assertion by the Investor in writing to the Fund of a proper purpose for the communication); (4) A copy of the Certificate and this Declaration and all amendments thereto; (5) True and full information regarding the amount of cash and a description and statement of the agreed value of any other property or services contributed by each Shareholder and which any Shareholder has agreed to contribute in the future, and the date on which each current Shareholder acquired his Shares; and (6) Such other information regarding the Fund's affairs as is just and reasonable. (b) The Fund shall establish reasonable standards governing without limitation the information and documents to be furnished and the time and the location, if appropriate, of furnishing that information and documents. Costs of providing information and documents shall be borne by the requesting Investor except for de minimis amounts consistent with the Fund's ordinary practices. The Fund shall be entitled to reimbursement for its direct, out-of-pocket expenses incurred in declining unreasonable requests (in whole or in part) for information. (c) The Fund may keep confidential from Investors for such period of time as it deems reasonable any information that it reasonably believes to be in the nature of trade secrets or other information that the Fund in good faith believes would not be in the best interests of the Fund to disclose or that could damage the Fund or its business or that the Fund is required by law or by agreement with a third party to keep confidential. (d) The Fund may keep its records in other than written form if capable of conversion into written form within a reasonable time. (e) All demands or requests for information under this Section shall be solely for a purpose reasonably related to the Investor's interest in the Fund. All requests or demands for information under this Section shall be in writing and shall state the purpose of the demand; the Fund's acceptance of oral requests shall not waive or limit the scope of this provision. Any action to enforce rights under this Section may be brought in the Delaware Court of Chancery. ARTICLE 12 POWERS, DUTIES AND LIMITATIONS OF MANAGING SHAREHOLDERS AND CORPORATE TRUSTEE 12.1 Management of the Fund. (a) The Managing Shareholders shall have full, exclusive and complete discretion in the management and control of the Fund, except as otherwise provided herein. The Managing Shareholders agree to manage and control the affairs of the Fund to the best of its ability and to conduct the operations contemplated under this Declaration in a careful and prudent manner and in accordance with good industry practice. The Managing Shareholders may bind the Fund. (b) Each Managing Shareholder has full authority to act on behalf of the Fund without notice to or consent by the other. The fact that this Declaration or another document states that action is to be taken by "the Managing Shareholders" does not preclude a single Managing Shareholder from acting unilaterally. If the Managing Shareholders disagree on a course of action, decision or other determination, the decision of Ridgewood Power will control. 12.2 Acceptance of Subscriptions. The Managing Shareholders shall not cause the Fund to accept any subscription for Shares except as provided in Article 1 or in Sections 9.5 or 9.7, as the case may be. 12.3 Specific Limitations. (a) The Managing Shareholders shall not take any of the following actions without the approval of all Investors: (1) Any act that would make it impossible to carry on the Fund's ordinary business; (2) Causing the dissolution or termination of the Fund prior to the expiration of its term, except as provided under Article 14; (3) Possessing Fund Property or assigning rights in specific Fund Property for other than a Fund purpose; or (4) Constituting any other person as a Managing Shareholder, except as provided in Article 14. (b) The Managing Shareholders shall not sell, exchange, lease, mortgage, pledge or transfer all or substantially all of the Fund's assets if not in the ordinary course of operation of Fund Property without the approval of a Majority of Voting Shares. (c) The Corporate Trustee, the Fund and the Fund's agents shall not take any action that is prohibited to the Managing Shareholders by this or any other provision of this Declaration. 12.4 Specific Powers. In addition to the powers and duties otherwise provided for in this Declaration, the Managing Shareholders have the following powers and duties: (a) To direct or supervise the Corporate Trustee, the Fund and the Fund's agents in the exercise of any action relating to the Fund's affairs, including without limitation the powers described in Section 1.8; (b) To take the actions specified in Section 12.3 if the approvals specified therein are obtained; (c) To amend this Declaration as specified in Section 15.8(a) or other provisions of this Declaration; (d) To lend money to the Fund (without being obligated to do so) if such loan bears interest at a reasonable rate not exceeding the interest cost to the Managing Shareholder lending the money or the amount that would be charged to the Fund by an unrelated lender on a comparable loan for the same purpose (without reference to the financial abilities or guarantees of the Managing Shareholder lending the money). The Managing Shareholder may not receive points or other financing charges or fees regardless of the amount loaned to the Fund. Before a Managing Shareholder makes any loans to the Fund, the Managing Shareholders will attempt to obtain a loan from an unrelated lender secured, if at all, only by Fund Property; (e) To approve in their sole discretion any transfer of Investor Shares; (f) To terminate the offering of Shares at any time prior to the Termination Date, provided that the Escrow Date has occurred; (g) To withdraw the offering of Shares at any time as provided in Section 1.6; (h) To acquire such assets or properties, real or personal, as the Managing Shareholders in their sole discretion deem necessary or appropriate for the conduct of the Fund's business and to sell, exchange or distribute to Shareholders in kind or otherwise dispose of any part of the Fund Property; (i) To operate any Project or other Fund Property acquired by the Fund, or to contract for operation under Section 12.5, or to engage non-Affiliates to operate any Project or other Fund Property on such terms as they may determine in their sole discretion; (j) To waive any fees or compensation payable to them and to credit such waived amount in their discretion against any obligations they may have to contribute capital under Section 14.7; (k) To provide, or arrange for the provision of, managerial assistance to those persons in which the Fund invests; and (l) To establish valuation principles and to periodically apply such principles to the Fund's investment portfolio. 12.5. Operation by Affiliate. The Fund, by action of the Managing Shareholders, may engage RPMC or another Affiliate of a Managing Shareholder to provide management, purchasing, planning and administrative services for any or all Projects operated by the Fund. A manager under this Section 12.5 shall act under the supervision and direction of the Managing Shareholders and does not have the authority to bind the Fund or act directly in its name except as authorized by the Managing Shareholders or an officer of the Fund. A manager under this Section 12.5 shall be reimbursed for all costs incurred by it as provided in Section 9.3(d) but shall not receive any compensation in excess of its costs. A manager under this Section 12.5 may provide services to the Managing Shareholders, their Affiliates or other entities sponsored by the Managing Shareholders or their Affiliates and costs and expenses shall be reasonably allocated among those entities. The Fund may enter into an Operation Agreement or other agreements to implement this Section 12.5. A manager under this Section 12.5 shall not be compensated or reimbursed for any services related to the administration of the Fund as a whole, to relations with Investors or the offering of Shares or to the identification, acquisition or disposition of Projects. 12.6 Officers of Trust. (a) The Managing Shareholders shall appoint a President, one or more Vice Presidents as designated by the Managing Shareholders, a Secretary and such other officers and agents of the Fund as the Managing Shareholders may from time to time consider appropriate, none of whom need be a Shareholder. Except as otherwise prescribed by the Managing Shareholders or in this Declaration, each officer shall have the powers and duties usually appertaining to a similar officer of a Delaware corporation under the direction of the Managing Shareholders and shall hold office during the pleasure of the Managing Shareholders. Any two or more offices may be held by the same person. Any officer may resign by delivering a written resignation to the Managing Shareholders and such resignation shall take effect upon delivery or as specified therein. (b) All conveyances of real property or any interest therein by the Fund may be made by the Corporate Trustee, which shall execute on behalf of the Fund any instruments necessary to effect the conveyance. A certificate of the Secretary of the Fund stating compliance with this Section 12.6(b) shall be conclusive in favor of any person relying thereon. (c) All other documents, agreements, instruments and certificates that are to be made, executed or endorsed on behalf of the Fund shall be made, executed or endorsed by such officers of the Fund, or a Managing Shareholder or persons as the Managing Shareholders shall from time to time authorize and such authority may be general or confined to specific instances. In the absence of other provisions, the President is authorized to execute any document, to take any action on behalf of the Fund within this Section 12.6(c), and to authorize other officers to execute confirmatory documents or certificates. 12.7 Presumption of Power. The execution by the Corporate Trustee, the Managing Shareholders or the officers on behalf of the Fund of leases, assignments, conveyances, contracts or agreements of any kind whatsoever shall be sufficient to bind the Fund. No person dealing with the Managing Shareholders or the Fund's officers shall be required to determine their authority to make or execute any undertaking on behalf of the Fund, nor to determine any fact or circumstances bearing upon the existence of their authority nor to see the application or distribution of revenues or proceeds derived therefrom, unless and until such person has received written notice to the contrary. 12.8 Obligations Not Exclusive. The Managing Shareholders, the Panel Members and the Corporate Trustee shall be required to devote only such part of their time as is reasonably needed to manage the business of the Fund or discharge their duties, it being understood that the Managing Shareholders, the Panel Members and the Corporate Trustee have and shall have other business interests and therefore shall not be required to devote their time exclusively to the Fund. The Managing Sharehollders, the Panel Members and the Corporate Trustee shall in no way be prohibited from or restricted in engaging in, or possessing an interest in, any other business venture of a like or similar nature including any venture involving the independent power industry. Nothing in this Section 12.8 shall relieve the Managing Shareholders of other fiduciary obligations to the Investors, except as limited in Article 3. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Article or elsewhere in this Declaration, the Managing Shareholders shall have no duty to take any affirmative action with respect to management of the Fund business or the Fund Property which might require the expenditure of monies by the Fund or the Managing Shareholders unless the Fund is then possessed of such monies available for the proposed expenditure. Under no circumstances shall the Managing Shareholders be required to expend their own funds in connection with the day to day operation of Fund business. 12.9. Allocation of Duties and Fees. The Managing Shareholders may agree between themselves as to the working division of responsibilities and may assign or transfer amounts payable to a Managing Shareholder among them. 12.10 Management Share. Power VI Corp. shall be credited with a Management Share which shall have no voting rights and shall be deemed to have attached to it the distribution and allocation rights appertaining to the Managing Shareholders under this Declaration. No Management Share shall be held by or transferred to a person who is not a Managing Shareholder except as provided by Section 13.1. 12.11 Removal or Incapacity of a Managing Shareholder. (a) The holders of at least 10% of the Investor Shares may propose the removal of a Managing Shareholder, either by calling a meeting or soliciting consents in accordance with the terms of this Declaration. On the affirmative vote of a Majority of the Voting Shares that Managing Shareholder shall be removed effective as of the date the vote is completed. (b) In the event of a removal or other incapacity (other than voluntary resignation without cause) of a Managing Shareholder as enumerated in Section 14.1(c), the former Managing Shareholder may elect in its sole discretion to take and to cause the Fund to take one of the following courses of action: (1) The former Managing Shareholder may elect to exchange its Management Share for a series of cash payments from the Fund to the former Managing Shareholder in amounts equal to the amounts of distributions to which the former Managing Shareholder would otherwise have been entitled under this Declaration in respect of investments made by the Fund prior to the date of the removal or other incapacity. Such payments shall be payable out of the Fund's available cash before any distributions are made to the Investors pursuant to this Declaration. For purposes of this Section 12.11(b)(1), from and after the date of any such removal or other incapacity: (i) the former Managing Shareholder's interest in the Fund attributable to its Management Share shall be terminated and its Capital Account shall be reduced by the amount which is attributable to its Management Share and (ii) the former Managing Shareholder shall continue to receive its pro rata share of all allocations to Investors provided in this Declaration that are attributable to Investor Shares acquired by the Managing Shareholder. (2) In the alternative, the former Managing Shareholder may elect to engage a qualified independent appraiser and cause the Fund to engage a separate qualified independent appraiser (at the Fund's expense in each case), who shall value the Fund Property as of the date of such removal or other incapacity as if the Fund Property had been sold at its fair market value so as to include all unrecognized gains or losses. If the two appraisers cannot agree on a value, they shall appoint a third independent appraiser (whose cost shall be borne by the Fund) whose determination, made on the same basis, shall be final and binding. Based on the appraisal, the Fund shall make allocations to the former Managing Shareholder's Capital Account of Profits, Losses and other items resulting from the appraisal as of the date of such removal or other incapacity as if the Fund's fiscal year had ended solely for the purpose of determining the former Managing Shareholder's Capital Account. If the former Managing Shareholder has a positive Capital Account after such allocation, the Fund shall deliver a promissory note of the Fund to the former Managing Shareholder, with a principal amount equal to the former Managing Shareholder's Capital Account and which shall bear interest at a rate per annum equal to the prime rate in effect at Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A. on the date of removal or other incapacity, with interest payable annually and principal payable only from 20% of any available cash before any distributions thereof are made to the Investors under this Declaration. If the Capital Account of the former Managing Shareholder has a negative balance after such allocation, the former Managing Shareholder shall contribute to the capital of the Fund in its discretion either cash in an amount equal to the negative balance in its Capital Account or a promissory note to the Fund in such principal amount maturing five years after the date of such removal or other incapacity, bearing interest at the rate specified above. For purposes of this Section 12.11(b)(2), from and after the date of any such removal or other incapacity, the former Managing Shareholder's interest in the Fund shall be terminated and the former Managing Shareholder shall no longer have any interest in the Fund other than the right to receive the promissory note and payments thereunder as provided above. (c) In the event that a Managing Shareholder is removed or no longer serves as a Managing Shareholder due to an incapacity enumerated in Section 14.1(c), the former Managing Shareholder shall not be entitled to any uncollected fees specified in Article 9 to the extent not accrued before the date of such removal or other incapacity. 12.12 Indemnification of Placement Agent. (a) The Placement Agent shall not have any duty, responsibility or obligation to the Fund, the Panel Members, the Corporate Trustee or any Shareholder as a consequence of its right to receive any selling commissions or placement agent fees from the Fund in connection with any offering of Shares, except to the extent provided under the Act. The Placement Agent has not assumed, and will not assume, any responsibility with respect to the Fund nor will it be permitted by the Fund to assume any duties, responsibilities or obligations regarding the management, operations or any of the business affairs of the Fund, subsequent to any offering of Shares. (b) The Placement Agent shall be indemnified and held harmless by the Fund against any losses, damages, liabilities or costs (including attorneys' fees) arising from any threatened, pending or completed action, suit, claim or proceeding by any Shareholder against the Placement Agent (except as may be limited by the Act or applicable state statutes, including, but not limited to, the Massachusetts Securities Act and the Tennessee Securities Act), based upon the assertion that the Placement Agent has any continuing duty or obligation, subsequent to any offering of Shares, to the Fund, the Panel Members, the Corporate Trustee or any Shareholder or otherwise to monitor Trust operations or report to Investors concerning Trust operations. 12.13 Contribution. Each of the initial Managing Shareholders and subsequent Managing Shareholders agrees that it shall remain jointly or jointly and severally liable as required by law for any obligation or recourse liability of the Fund incurred during the period in which it is a Managing Shareholder. However, the existing and subsequent Managing Shareholders hereby agree among themselves to contribute to each other the amount of funds necessary to effectuate a sharing of Fund obligations and recourse liabilities in proportion to each Managing Shareholder's share of such obligations and liabilities as they accrue. 12.14. Independent Review Panel. (a) There shall be a standing Independent Review Panel comprised of at least two Panel Members. The number of Panel Members may be increased (but to not more than eight) or decreased (but to not fewer than two) from time to time by action of both of the Managing Shareholders and at least one-half of the incumbent Panel Members. No Panel Member shall be (i) an Affiliate of the Fund (although by serving as such he or she shall not be deemed to be an Affiliate); (ii) an investment advisor or underwriter of the Fund; (iii) a person beneficially owning five percent or more of the Investor Shares, or an entity, five percent or more of whose outstanding equity securities are beneficially owned by the Fund; (iv) any officer, director, general partner or employee of the Fund or its subsidiaries; (v) any member of the immediate family of any individual named in (i)-(iv); or (vi) any person who has acted as legal counsel for the Fund or a Managing Shareholder at any time since the beginning of the second-to-last completed fiscal year of the Fund, or a principal, officer, partner, counsel or employee of that counsel. (b) If at any time a Panel Member fails to meet the foregoing requirements, either he or she or the Fund will take action under Section 12.14(c) within 180 days to correct that condition. The Panel Members shall have terms of indefinite duration, subject only to removal, incapacity or resignation under this Section 12.14. (c) Vacancies, however caused, in the authorized number of Panel Members shall be filled by a majority of the remaining Panel Members and the Managing Shareholders. If no Panel Member remains and if the Managing Shareholders do not elect to suspend the Panel under Section 12.14(i), the Managing Shareholders shall nominate Panel Members and not later than 120 days after the last vacancy results they shall either request written consents from Investors or call a special meeting of Investors for the purpose of electing Panel Members. (d) The Fund shall not consummate any Ridgewood Program Transaction without the approval of a majority of the incumbent Panel Members (if there are two Panel Members, both shall be required to approve) or approval by a Majority of the Voting Shares. The Managing Shareholders, in their sole discretion, may elect to refer to the Panel other transactions in which a Managing Shareholder or Affiliates of a Managing Shareholder may have an interest. In that event, the Panel in its sole discretion may elect not to review the transaction, or to review the transaction and report to the Managing Shareholder. The Panel Members shall incur no liability to the Fund or any Shareholders by their decision to review or not to review and the concurrence of the Panel shall not be required for the consummation of any transaction other than a Ridgewood Program Transaction referred to the Panel. (e) The Panel Members are not trustees of the Fund and have no responsibility for any action or failure to take action by the Fund other than to review Ridgewood Program Transactions referred to them. They have no general responsibility for oversight of the Fund and are not charged with fiduciary responsibility for the investments of the Fund. (f) The Panel shall meet on the call of the Managing Shareholders. Except to the extent conflicting with the Delaware Act or this Declaration, the law of Delaware governing meetings of directors of corporations shall govern meetings, voting and consents by the Panel Members. (g) As compensation for services rendered to the Fund, each Panel Member shall be paid by the Fund the sum of $5,000 annually in quarterly installments and shall be reimbursed for all reasonable out-of-pocket expenses relating to attendance at meetings or otherwise performing his duties hereunder. The Managing Shareholders and the Panel may review the compensation payable to the Panel Members no more often than annually and may increase or decrease it as they find to be reasonable, upon approval by both the Managing Shareholders and a majority of the incumbent Panel Members. No compensation for consulting services shall be paid to a Panel Member without prior approval of both the Managing Shareholders and a majority of the remaining Panel Members. (h) Any Panel Member may resign if he or she gives notice to the Fund of the intent to resign and cooperates fully with any successor Panel Member appointed under Section 12.5(b), effective on the designation of the successor Panel Member. (i) Any Panel Member may be removed (x) for cause by the action of at least two-thirds of the remaining Panel Members or (y) by action of the holders of at least two-thirds of the Voting Shares. The Panel may be suspended by the Managing Shareholders, upon their certification recorded in the minutes of the Fund that there is no reasonable probability that the Fund will engage in future Ridgewood Program Transactions. In that case the annual stipend for Panel Members shall cease during the period of suspension. The Managing Shareholders may reinstate the Panel at any time after a suspension. Removal of a Panel Member shall not affect the validity of any actions taken prior to the date of removal. ARTICLE 13 TRANSFERS OF SHARES 13.1 Transfer or Resignation by a Managing Shareholder. (a) A Managing Shareholder shall not sell, assign or otherwise transfer its Management Share or resign without cause (which cause shall not include the fact or the determination that continued service would be unprofitable to the Managing Shareholder) without first obtaining the consent of a Majority of the Voting Shares, except that (i) Section 13.1(b) permits certain withdrawals by Ridgewood Power; (ii) a Managing Shareholder may pledge its Management Share for a loan to either Managing Shareholder provided that such pledge does not reduce the cash flow of the Fund distributable to other Shareholders and (iii) either Managing Shareholder may waive or assign compensation or fees payable to it. (b) If each of the following conditions is satisfied: (i) Ridgewood Power is a party to any transaction or proposed transaction with a Prior Program described in Rule 901(c)(1) of and not excepted by Rules 901(c)(2) and (3) of Regulation S-K of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or otherwise is a party to a transaction or proposed transaction involving a Prior Program which will cause the securities of the Prior Program to become freely tradable (either by registration under the Securities Act of 1933 or through a business combination or by a change in business entity or tax status), and (ii) Power VI Corp. has assets of at least $100,000 and is, in the written opinion of its Board of Directors, adequately capitalized and has adequate resources (either of its own or by contractual access to personnel and property of its Affiliates) to carry out all duties and responsibilities of the Managing Shareholders, then Ridgewood Power may withdraw as a Managing Shareholder in its sole discretion by giving prior written notice to Power VI Corp. on behalf of the Fund, specifying the effective date of the withdrawal. The withdrawal shall be effective as of the effective date of the transaction unless counsel for Ridgewood Power advises it and the Fund that an earlier date is advisable for consummating the transaction or reducing conflicts of interest, in which case an earlier date may be specified. The Fund shall give written notice to all Investors and Plan Holders (which may be in periodic communications with Investors) of the withdrawal not later than 60 days after receipt of the notice of withdrawal from Ridgewood Power. (c) Ridgewood Power shall cease to have any authority to act on behalf of the Trust or to receive any compensation for periods beginning on and after the effective date of its withdrawal under Section 13.1(b), but it will be entitled to accrued but unpaid compensation for periods ending before the effective date. Ridgewood Power shall have no obligation to compensate the Trust in the event of its withdrawal under Section 13.1(b). Power VI Corp. shall succeed to all rights and responsibilities of Ridgewood Power in the event of a withdrawal under Section 13.1(b) and on and after the effective date of the withdrawal any reference in this Declaration to Ridgewood Power, to action by Ridgewood Power, to the Managing Shareholders or action by the Managing Shareholders shall refer to Power VI Corp. alone. 13.2 Transfers by Investors and Incentive Plan Participants. An Investor may sell, exchange or transfer his Shares except as restricted by and upon compliance with all applicable laws and all of the following provisions of this Section 13.2: (a) Shares may not be transferred to any person or entity if, as determined by the Fund, such assignment would have adverse regulatory consequences to the Fund or any Fund Property. (b) Within 30 days after written notice of a proposed sale or assignment is received by the Fund from an Investor, the Fund may request in its sole discretion an opinion of counsel acceptable to the Fund that the proposed transfer (i) would not invalidate the exemption afforded by Section 4(2) of the Act or by Regulation D promulgated under the Act and the exemption afforded by any applicable state securities laws as to any offering of interests in the Fund and (ii) complies with the exemption afforded by Section 4(1) of the Act and qualifies for an exemption from registration under any applicable state securities laws (including any investor suitability standard applicable to the transferee or the Fund). (c) The written approval of the Managing Shareholders must be obtained, the granting or denial of which shall be within their sole and absolute discretion. (d) The transferor and transferee must deliver a dated notice in writing signed by each, confirming that (i) the transferee accepts and agrees to comply with all the terms of this Declaration and (ii) the transfer was made in compliance with this Declaration and all applicable laws and regulations. (e) The transferor, transferee and the Fund must execute all other certificates, instruments and documents and take all such additional action as the Fund may deem appropriate. (f) The Fund may require as a condition to any transfer that may create a future interest that an opinion of counsel acceptable to the Fund be delivered to the Fund confirming that the proposed transfer does not have adverse effects on the Fund under the rule against perpetuities or similar provisions of law. Transfers shall be effective and recognized upon fulfillment of the requirements of clauses (a) through (f) above and the transferee shall be an Investor owning Investor Shares with the same rights as appertained to the transferor. Any purported sale or transfer consummated without first complying with this Section 13.2 shall be void. (g) Transfers of Incentive Shares are subject to the restrictions of the Key Employees Incentive Plan and any instrument or agreement of grant thereunder. In addition to those restrictions, no transfer of Incentive Shares may be made without compliance with Sections 13.2(a)-(f) above. 13.3 Assignments by Operation of Law. If any Investor or Plan Holder shall die, with or without leaving a will, or become non compos mentis, bankrupt or insolvent, or if a corporate, partnership or trust Investor dissolves during the Fund term or if any other involuntary transfer of an Investor's or Plan Holder's Shares is made, the legal representatives, heirs and legatees (and spouse, if the Shares have been community property of such Investor and his or her spouse), bankruptcy assignees, successors, assigns and corporate, partnership or trust distributees or such other involuntary transferees shall not become transferees but shall have (subject to the other terms and provisions hereof) such rights as are provided with respect to such persons under the law; provided, however, that such legal representatives, heirs and legatees, spouse, bankruptcy assignees, successors, assigns and corporate, partnership or trust distributees or involuntary transferees may become transferees in accordance with the provisions of Section 13.2. 13.4 Expenses of Transfer. In the sole discretion of the Fund, the person acquiring Shares pursuant to any of the provisions of this Article 13 may be required to bear all costs and expenses necessary to effect a transfer of such Shares including, without limitation, reasonable attorney's fees incurred in preparing any required amendments to this Declaration and the Certificate to reflect such transfer or acquisition and the cost of filing such amendments with the appropriate governmental officials. 13.5 Survival of Liabilities. No sale or assignment of Shares shall release the transferor from those liabilities to the Fund which survive such assignment or sale as a matter of law or that are imposed under Section 3.4. 13.6 No Accounting. No transfer of Shares, whether voluntary, involuntary or by operation of law, shall entitle the transferor or transferee to demand or obtain immediate valuation, accounting or payment of the transferred Shares. ARTICLE 14 DISSOLUTION, TERMINATION AND LIQUIDATION 14.1 Dissolution. Unless the provisions of Section 14.2 are elected, the Fund shall be dissolved and its business shall be wound up upon the decision of the Managing Shareholders to withdraw the offering of Shares described in the Memorandum in accordance with Section 12.4(g) or on the earliest to occur of: (a) Forty years from the effective date of this Declaration; (b) The sale of all or substantially all of the Fund Property; (c) The death, removal, dissolution, resignation, insolvency, bankruptcy or other legal incapacity of both Managing Shareholders or any other event which would legally disqualify both Managing Shareholders from acting hereunder; (d) The decision of all Investors or the Managing Shareholders and a Majority of Investors; or (e) The occurrence of any other event which, by law, would require the Fund to be dissolved. 14.2 Continuation of the Fund. Upon the occurrence of any event of dissolution described in Sections 14.1 (a) through (e), inclusive, the Fund shall be dissolved and wound up unless (i) the Managing Shareholders and a Majority of the Voting Shares within 90 days after the occurrence of any such event of dissolution elect to continue the Fund or, (ii) if there are no remaining Managing Shareholders within 90 days after the occurrence of any such event of dissolution, holders of a Majority of the Voting Shares shall elect, in writing, that the Fund shall be continued on the terms and conditions herein contained and shall designate one or more persons willing to be substituted as a Managing Shareholder or Managing Shareholders. In the event there are no remaining Managing Shareholders and a Majority of the Voting Shares elect to continue the Fund, it shall be continued with the new Managing Shareholder or Managing Shareholders who shall succeed to and assume all of the powers, privileges and obligations of the previous Managing Shareholder or Managing Shareholders hereunder except as specified in Section 12.11. In the event of a dissolution under this Section 14.2, the former Managing Shareholder or Managing Shareholders shall have the rights specified in Section 12.11. 14.3 Obligations on Dissolution. The dissolution of the Fund shall not release any of the parties hereto from their contractual obligations under this Declaration. 14.4 Liquidation Procedure. Upon dissolution of the Fund for any reason: (a) A reasonable time shall be allowed for the orderly liquidation of the assets of the Fund and the discharge of liabilities to creditors so as to enable the Fund to minimize the losses normally attendant to a liquidation; (b) The Shareholders shall continue to receive Net Cash Flow, subject to the other provisions of this Declaration and to the provisions of subsection (c) hereof, and shall share Profits and Losses for all tax and other purposes during the period of liquidation; and (c) Ridgewood Power shall act as liquidating Managing Shareholder (or, in its absence, any other Managing Shareholder shall act) and shall proceed to liquidate the Fund Properties to the extent that they have not already been reduced to cash unless the liquidating Managing Shareholder elects to make distributions in kind to the extent and in the manner herein provided and such cash, if any, and property in kind, shall be applied and distributed in accordance with Article 8 and Section 9.5 (if applicable). 14.5 Liquidating Trustee. (a) If the dissolution of the Fund is caused by circumstances under which no Managing Shareholders shall be acting as Managing Shareholders or if all liquidating Managing Shareholders are unable or refuse to act, the holders of a Majority of the Voting Shares shall appoint a liquidating trustee who shall proceed to wind up the business affairs of the Fund. If no liquidating trustee is appointed within 180 days after the event of dissolution, any Shareholder may petition the Court of Chancery of Delaware to appoint a liquidating trustee. The liquidating trustee shall have no liability to the Fund or to any Shareholder for any loss suffered by the Fund which arises out of any action or inaction of the liquidating trustee if the liquidating trustee, in good faith, determined that such course of conduct was in the best interests of the Shareholders and such course of conduct did not constitute negligence or misconduct of the liquidating trustee. The liquidating trustee shall be indemnified by the Fund against any losses, judgments, liabilities, expenses and amounts paid in settlement of any claims sustained by it in connection with the Fund, provided that the same were not the result of negligence or misconduct of the liquidating trustee. (b) Notwithstanding the above, the liquidating trustee shall not be indemnified and no expenses shall be advanced on its behalf for any losses, liabilities or expenses arising from or out of an alleged violation of federal or state securities laws, unless (1) there has been a successful adjudication on the merits of each count involving alleged securities law violations as to the particular indemnitee, or (2) such claims have been dismissed with prejudice on the merits by a court of competent jurisdiction as to the particular indemnitee, or (3) a court of competent jurisdiction approves a settlement of the claims against a particular indemnitee. (c) In any claim for indemnification for federal or state securities law violations, the party seeking indemnification shall place before the court the position of the Securities and Exchange Commission or other applicable securities administrators if required, with respect to the issue of indemnification for securities law violations. (d) The Fund shall not incur the cost of that portion of any insurance, other than public liability insurance, which insures any party against any liability the indemnification of which is herein prohibited. 14.6 Death, Insanity, Dissolution or Insolvency of an Investor or Trustee. The death, insanity, dissolution, winding up, insolvency, bankruptcy, receivership or other legal termination of a Trustee, an Investor who is not a Managing Shareholder or an Incentive Plan Participant shall have no effect on the life of the Fund and the Fund shall not be dissolved thereby. 14.7 Managing Shareholders' Capital Contributions. Upon or prior to the first distribution in liquidation, Power VI Corp. shall contribute to the capital of the Fund an amount equal to any deficit in the Capital Account of such Power VI Corp. calculated just prior to the date of such distribution, to the extent not previously contributed. 14.8 Withdrawal of Offering. Dissolution of the Fund resulting from withdrawal of the offering of Shares is governed by Section 1.6(c) and Section 12.4(g). ARTICLE 15 MISCELLANEOUS 15.1 Notices. Notices or instruments of any kind which may be or are required to be given hereunder by any person to another shall be in writing and deposited in the United States Mail, certified or registered, postage prepaid, addressed to the respective person at the address appearing in the records of the Fund. Any Investor or Plan Holder may change his address by giving notice in writing, stating his new address, to the Fund. Any notice shall be deemed to have been given effective as of 72 hours, excluding Saturdays, Sundays and holidays, after the depositing of such notice in an official United States Mail receptacle. Notice to the Fund may be addressed to its principal office. 15.2 Meetings of Shareholders. (a) Meetings. The Managing Shareholders may call meetings of the Shareholders, the Investors, the Plan Holders or any subgroup thereof concerning any matter on which they may vote as provided by this Declaration or by law or to receive and act upon a report of the Managing Shareholders on matters pertaining to the Fund's business and activities. Investors holding 10% or more of the outstanding securities or Shares entitled to vote on the matter may also call meetings by giving notice to the Fund demanding a meeting and stating the purposes therefor. After calling a meeting or within 20 days after receipt of a written request or requests meeting the requirements of the preceding sentence, the Fund shall mail to all Shareholders entitled to vote on the matter written notice of the place and purposes of the meeting, which shall be held on a date not less than 15 days nor more than 45 days after the Fund mails the notice of meeting to the Shareholders. Any Shareholder entitled to vote on the matter may appear and vote or consent at a meeting by proxy, provided that such authority is granted by a writing signed by the Shareholder and delivered to the Fund at or prior to the meeting. (b) Consents. Any consent required by this Declaration or any vote or action by the Shareholders or any subgroup thereof may be effected without a meeting by a consent or consents in writing signed by the persons required to give such consent, to vote or to take action. The Managing Shareholders may solicit consents or Investors holding 10% or more of the outstanding securities or Shares entitled to vote on the matter may demand a solicitation of consents by giving notice to the Fund stating the purpose of the consent and including a form of consent. The Fund shall effect a solicitation of consents by giving those Shareholders who may vote a notice of solicitation stating the purpose of the consent, a form of consent and the date on which the consents are to be tabulated, which shall be not less than 15 days nor more than 45 days after the Fund transmits the notice of solicitation for consents. If Investors holding 10% or more of the outstanding securities or Shares entitled to vote on the matter demand a solicitation, the Fund shall transmit the notice of solicitation not later than 20 days after receipt of the demand. (c) General. To the extent not inconsistent with this Declaration, Delaware law governing stockholders' meetings, proxies and consents for corporations shall apply as to the procedure, validity and use of meetings, proxies and consents. Any Shareholder may waive notice of or attendance at any meeting or notice of any consent, whether before or after any action is taken. The date on which the Fund transmits the notice of meeting or notice soliciting consents shall be the record date for determining the right to vote or consent. A list of the names, addresses and shareholdings of all Shareholders shall be maintained as part of the Fund's books and records. (d) Interested Parties. A Shareholder may vote Shares owned by it on any question permitted under this Declaration regardless of whether that Shareholder, Affiliates of that Shareholder or other persons associated with or related to that Shareholder have a personal interest in the subject matter of the transaction. Delaware law governing the voting of shares in a corporation shall determine the legal effect of a vote by a Shareholder having an interest described in the preceding sentence. 15.3 Loan to Trust by Shareholder. If any Shareholder shall, in addition to his Capital Contribution to the Fund, lend any monies to the Fund, the amount of any such loan shall not increase his Capital Account nor shall it entitle him to any increase in his share of the distributions of the Fund, but the amount of any such loan shall be an obligation on the part of the Fund to such Shareholder and shall be repaid to him on the terms and at the interest rate negotiated at the time of the loan, and the loan shall be evidenced by a promissory note executed by the Fund except that no Shareholder shall be personally obligated to repay the loan, which shall be payable and collectible only out of the assets of the Fund. 15.4 Delaware Laws Govern. This Declaration shall be governed and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Delaware, and venue for any litigation between or against any of the parties hereto may be maintained in New Castle County, Delaware. 15.5 Power of Attorney. Each Investor irrevocably constitutes and appoints the Managing Shareholders as his true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents to effectuate and to act in his name, place and stead, in effectuating the purposes of the Fund including the execution, verification, acknowledgment, delivery, filing and recording of this Declaration as well as all authorized amendments thereto and hereto, all assumed name and doing business certificates, documents, bills of sale, assignments and other instruments of conveyances, leases, contracts, loan documents and counterparts thereof, and all other documents which may be required to effect a continuation of the Fund and which the Fund deems necessary or reasonably appropriate, including documents required to be executed in order to correct typographical errors in documents previously executed by such Investor and all conveyances and other instruments or other certificates necessary or appropriate to effect an authorized dissolution and liquidation of the Fund. The power of attorney granted herein shall be deemed to be coupled with an interest, shall be irrevocable and shall survive the death, incompetency or legal disability of an Investor. 15.6 Disclaimer. In forming this Fund, all Investors recognize that the independent power business is highly speculative and that neither the Fund nor the Managing Shareholders nor the Corporate Trustee nor any other Managing Person makes any guaranty or representation to any Investor as to the probability or amount of gain or loss from the conduct of Fund business. 15.7 Corporate Trustee Resignation and Replacement. The Managing Shareholders may increase or decrease the number of Corporate Trustees so long as there is at least one Corporate Trustee which meets the requirements of Section 3807 of the Delaware Act. A Corporate Trustee may resign by delivering a written resignation to the Managing Shareholders not less than 60 days prior to the effective date of the resignation. The Managing Shareholders may remove a Corporate Trustee at any time, provided that if there is no incumbent, at least one new Corporate Trustee is concurrently appointed. In the event of the absence, death, resignation, removal, dissolution, insolvency, bankruptcy or legal incapacity of a Corporate Trustee or if an additional Corporate Trustee is to be appointed, the Managing Shareholders shall appoint the Corporate Trustee in writing and shall subsequently give notice to the Investors, although such notice is not necessary to the validity of the appointment. A Corporate Trustee so appointed shall qualify by filing his written acceptance at the Fund's principal place of business. If there are multiple Corporate Trustees, each is vested with an undivided interest in the trust estate and may exercise all powers vested in the Corporate Trustee as directed by the Managing Shareholders. 15.8 Amendment and Construction of Declaration. (a) This Declaration may be amended by the Managing Shareholders, without notice to or the approval of the Investors, from time to time for the following purposes: (1) to cure any ambiguity, formal defect or omission or to correct or supplement any provision herein that may be inconsistent with any other provision contained herein or in the Memorandum or to effect any amendment without notice to or approval by Investors or Incentive Plan Participants, as specified in other provisions of this Declaration; (2) to make such other changes or provisions in regard to matters or questions arising under this Declaration that will not materially and adversely affect the interest of any Investor or Incentive Plan Participants; (3) to otherwise equitably resolve issues arising under the Memorandum or this Declaration so long as similarly situated Investors or Incentive Plan Participants are not treated materially differently; (4) to maintain the federal tax status of the Fund and any of its Shareholders (so long as no Investor's or Incentive Plan Participant's liability is materially increased without his consent) or as provided in Section 4.3(d); (5) to authorize additional Shares or new classes or series of Shares under Section 9.5, (6) as otherwise provided in this Declaration or (7) to comply with law. (b) Other amendments to this Declaration may be proposed by either the Managing Shareholders or persons owning 10% or more of the outstanding Voting Shares, in each case by calling a meeting or requesting consents under Section 15.2 and specifying the text of the amendment and the reasons therefor. No amendment under this Section 15.8(b) that increases any Shareholder's liability, changes the Capital Contributions required of him or his rights in interest in the Profits, Losses, deductions, credits, revenues or distributions of the Fund in more than a de minimis manner, his rights on dissolution, or any voting or management rights set forth in this Declaration shall become effective as to that Shareholder without his written approval thereof. Unless otherwise provided herein, all other amendments must be approved by the holders of a Majority of the outstanding Voting Shares and, if the terms of a series of Shares or securities so require, by the vote of the holders of such class, series or group specified therein. (c) The Managing Shareholders have power to construe this Declaration and to act upon any such construction. Its construction of the same and any action taken pursuant thereto by the Fund or a Managing Person in good faith shall be final and conclusive. 15.9 Bonds and Accounting. The Corporate Trustee and other Managing Persons shall not be required to give bond or otherwise post security for the performance of their duties and the Fund waives all provisions of law requiring or permitting the same. No person shall be entitled at any time to require the Corporate Trustee, the Panel Members, the Fund or any Shareholder to submit to a judicial or other accounting or otherwise elect any judicial, administrative or executive supervisory proceeding applicable to non-business trusts. 15.10 Binding Effect. This Declaration shall be binding upon and shall inure to the benefit of the Shareholders (and their spouses if the Shares of such Shareholders shall be community property) as well as their respective heirs, legal representatives, successors and assigns. This Declaration constitutes the entire agreement among the Fund, the Corporate Trustee, the Panel Members, and the Shareholders with respect to the formation and operation of the Fund, other than the Subscription Agreement entered into between the Fund and each Investor and the Management Agreement. 15.11 Headings. Headings of Articles and Sections used herein are for descriptive purposes only and shall not control or alter the meaning of this Declaration as set forth in the text. 15.12 Tax Matters Partner. Power VI Corp. is the tax matters partner of the Fund under Code Section 6221. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned have signed this Declaration as of the date first above written. RIDGEWOOD ENERGY HOLDING CORPORATION, Grantor and Corporate Trustee By: /s/ ROBERT E. SWANSON Robert E. Swanson, President RIDGEWOOD POWER CORPORATION, Managing Shareholder By: /s/ ROBERT E. SWANSON Robert E. Swanson, President RIDGEWOOD POWER VI CORPORATION, Managing Shareholder By: /s/ ROBERT E. SWANSON Robert E. Swanson, President EX-10.A 5 STOCK AND WARRANT AGREEMENT FOR ZAP POWER SYSTEMS STOCK AND WARRANT PURCHASE AGREEMENT THIS AGREEMENT (the "Agreement") is entered into as of the 29th day of March, 1999 by and between ZAP Power Systems, a California corporation having its principal place of business at 117 Morris Street, Sebastopol, California 95472 ("Seller"), and Ridgewood ZAP, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company having its principal place of business at 947 Linwood Avenue, Ridgewood, New Jersey 07450 ("Buyer"). Preliminary Statement. Buyer desires to purchase and acquire and Seller desires to issue and sell to Buyer a variable number of shares of Common Stock of Seller (depending on the price of the stock in the open market) and a Warrant for Common Stock of Seller in the amount, for the consideration and on the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement. Agreement. In consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained in this Agreement and other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which is hereby acknowledged, the parties covenant and agree as follows: ARTICLE ONE Definitions and Construction 1.1 Definitions. The following terms shall have the meanings set forth below: "Affiliate" shall mean, when used with reference to a specified person, any person that directly or indirectly controls or is controlled by or is under common control with the specified person. For purposes of this definition, the term "person" means an individual, corporation, partnership, proprietorship, limited liability company, limited liability partnership or other entity, and the term "control" means the power to direct the management and policies of the specified person. "Articles of Incorporation" means the Articles of Incorporation of Seller, as amended, dated September 25, 1994. "Audited Balance Sheet" shall have the meaning given in Section 4.14. "Balance Sheets" shall have the meaning given in Section 4.14. "Buyer" shall have the meaning given in the first paragraph hereof. "Closing" shall have the meaning given in Section 2.4. "Closing Date" shall have the meaning given in Section 2.4. "Closing Documents" mean this Agreement, the Warrant and the Investor's Rights Agreement. "Contract" shall have the meaning given in Section 4.27. "Environmental Laws" means, collectively, all federal, state, local and other applicable laws, statute and regulation, which in any way relate to health, safety or the environment. "Financial Statements" shall have the meaning given in Section 4.14. "GAAP" means generally accepted accounting principles, applied on a basis consistent with Seller's most recent audited financial statements. "Governmental Approval" means any applicable authorization, approval, consent, license, lease, ruling, permit, tariff, certification, exemption, notice, filing or registration by or with any Governmental Person. "Governmental Person" means any federal, state, local or other government, any political subdivision or any governmental, judicial, public or statutory instrumentality, tribunal, agency (including those pertaining to health, safety or the environment), authority, body or entity, or other regulatory bureau, authority, body or entity having legal jurisdiction over the matter or Person in question. "Governmental Rule" means any applicable federal, state, local or other law, statute, treaty, rule, regulation, ordinance, order, code, judgment, decree, directive, injunction, writ or similar action or decision duly implementing any of the foregoing by any Governmental Person, but does not include Governmental Approvals. "Hazardous Substances" means any material which by reason of its composition or characteristics is a hazardous substance, toxic substance or hazardous waste under any Environmental Law or which would give rise to liability to the owner or operator of the Facility under any Environmental Law. "Investment Company Act" means the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended. "Investor's Rights Agreement" means the Investor's Rights Agreement of even date herewith by and between Seller and Buyer substantially in the form attached hereto as Exhibit A. "Knowledge," "known" and "knows," whether or not capitalized herein and when used with respect to matters covered by any representation, warranty, covenant or other provision of this Agreement applicable to any party to this Agreement means the actual knowledge and beliefs of each of the officers of such party who are responsible for such matters. "Laws" shall mean all federal, state, territorial, municipal or local statutes, regulations or by-laws applicable to the parties hereto, including all orders, notices, rules, decisions, codes, guidelines, policies, directions, permits, approvals, licenses and similar authorizations issued, rendered or imposed by any level of government including any ministry, department or administrative or regulatory agency or authority. "Licensed Intellectual Property" has the meaning given in Section 4.24. "Lien" means any lien, mortgage, encumbrance, charge, pledge, lease, security interest, claim, option or right of any kind (including any conditional sale or other title retention agreement). "Person" shall mean a natural person, corporation, limited partnership, general partnership, joint stock company, joint venture, association, company, trust, bank, trust company, and trust, business trust or other organization, whether or not a legal entity, or a government or agency or any political subdivision thereof. "Purchase Price" shall have the meaning given in Section 2.2 of this Agreement. "Schedules" means the schedules appended to this Agreement. "Securities" shall mean the Shares and all Common Stock of the Company issuable upon exercise of the Warrant. "Securities Act" means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and all rules and regulations adopted thereunder. "Seller" shall have the meaning given in the first paragraph hereof. "Seller's Intellectual Property" has the meaning given in Section 4.23. "Shares" shall have the meaning given in Section 2.1. "Tax Liabilities" means all income, excise, sales, unemployment, employer and employee withholding, social security, occupation, franchise, customs and other taxes, duties or charges that are levied, assessed or imposed upon, or accrued or attributed to the operation of Seller. "Tax Returns" has the meaning set forth in Section 4.17(a). "Unaudited Balance Sheet" shall have the meaning given in Section 4.14. "Warrant" shall have the meaning given in Section 2.3. 1.2 Interpretations.2 Interpretations. For purposes of this Agreement, except as otherwise expressly provided or unless the context otherwise necessarily requires: (a) the terms "herein," "herewith" and "hereof" are references to this Agreement, taken as a whole; (b) the terms "include," "includes" and "including" shall mean "including, without limitation"; (c) references to a "Section," "Article", "Exhibit" or "Schedule" shall mean a Section, Article, Exhibit or Schedule of this Agreement, as the case may be; (d) references to a given agreement, instrument or other document shall be a reference to that agreement, instrument or other document (including all exhibits and schedules) as modified, amended, supplemented and restated through the date as of which such reference is made; (e) references to a Person includes its permitted successors and permitted assigns; (f) the singular shall include the plural and the masculine shall include the feminine and neuter, and vice versa; (g) reference to a given Governmental Rule is a reference to that Governmental Rule as amended, modified, supplemented or restated as of the date on which the reference is made; and (h) accounting terms have the meaning given to them by GAAP applied on a consistent basis by the Person to which they relate. ARTICLE TWO Agreement to Sell; Actions at Closing 2.1 Agreement to Purchase and Sell the Shares. Upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in this Agreement and upon the representations and warranties made herein, Seller shall sell, grant, convey, assign, transfer and deliver to Buyer, and Buyer shall purchase and acquire from Seller, the number of shares of Common Stock of Seller, having no par value, with the rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions set forth in the Articles of Incorporation (the "Shares") that result from the division of $2,050,000 by the number equal to seventy-five percent (75%) of the average closing price of the Shares as reported on the "Bulletin Board" for the twenty (20) days prior to the date of the Closing, subject to a maximum cap on the average closing price of $4.50 per share and a minimum floor on the average closing price of $3.50 per share. Proceeds of Ridgewood's investment shall be used in accordance with Schedule 2.1 to this Agreement. 2.2 Purchase Price. In consideration for issuance of the Shares and Warrant, Buyer agrees to pay to Seller Two Million Fifty Thousand Dollars ($2,050,000) (the "Purchase Price") on the Closing Date. 2.3 Warrant. Buyer is purchasing a Warrant in form and substance as attached hereto as Exhibit B. The warrant must be exercised in whole for Two Million Dollars ($2,000,000) in the event Seller meets the milestones prescribed in the Warrant. The period in which the milestones must be met ends on December 29, 1999. Buyer may, at its option, exercise the Warrant at any time prior to December 29, 1999. The number of Shares to be received upon exercise of the Warrant will be determined by dividing Two Million Dollars ($2,000,000) by 85% of the average closing price of the shares for the twenty (20) days prior to the exercise of the Warrant, subject to a maximum cap on the average closing price of $4.50 per share and a minimum floor on the average closing price of $3.50 per share. 2.4 Closing. The closing of the purchase and sale of the Shares provided herein (the "Closing") will be at the office of seller located at 117 Morris Street, Sebastopol, California at 10:00 a.m., local time, on April 15, 1999, or at such other place or at such other date and time as Seller and Buyer may mutually agree. Such date and time of Closing is herein referred to as the "Closing Date." 2.5 Closing Actions. Subject to the conditions set forth in this Agreement, at the Closing: (a) Seller shall: (i) execute and deliver to Buyer this Agreement and the other Closing Documents to be signed by it; (ii) deliver to Buyer an original stock certificate executed by Seller evidencing the shares issued in the name of Buyer or its designee; and (iii) deliver to Buyer or its designee the original Warrant executed by Seller issued in the name of Buyer or its designee. (b) Buyer shall: (i) execute and deliver to Seller this Agreement and the other Closing Documents to be signed by it; and (ii) pay the Purchase Price to Seller by wire transfer to an account designated by Seller. (iii) ARTICLE THREE Conditions to Closing 3.1 Buyer's Conditions of Closing. The obligation of Buyer to purchase and pay for the Shares and the Warrant shall be subject to and conditioned upon the satisfaction at the Closing of each of the following conditions: (a) All representations and warranties of Seller contained in this Agreement shall be true and correct as of the Closing Date and Seller shall have performed all agreements and covenants and satisfied all conditions on its part to be performed or satisfied by the Closing Date pursuant to the terms of this Agreement. (b) Seller shall have completed the actions referenced in Sections 2.4(a) of this Agreement to the satisfaction of Buyer, and Seller shall have performed in all material respects all of its covenants and agreements under this Agreement and the other Closing Documents prior to the Closing Date. (c) There shall have been no material adverse change since the date of the Unaudited Balance Sheet in the financial condition, business or affairs of Seller, and Seller shall not have suffered any material loss (whether or not insured) by reason of physical damage caused by fire, earthquake, accident or other calamity which substantially affects the value of its assets, properties or business. (d) Seller shall have delivered to Buyer: (i) copies of all instruments, agreements, certificates and other documents referenced in the Schedules; (ii) evidence of all necessary corporate action of Seller to authorize and approve the execution, delivery and performance of the Closing Documents by Seller and all other documents and agreements contemplated thereby and the consummation of the transactions contemplated thereby; (iii) a certificate of incumbency of its officers executing the Closing Documents; (iv) a certificate of good standing from the office of the Secretary of State of California and the department of taxation for each jurisdiction in which Seller is required to qualify to do business or file a Tax Return; and (v) such other documents as Buyer may reasonably request in connection with the consummation of the transactions contemplated at the Closing. (e) Buyer shall have received from Seller's counsel opinion with respect to the matters set forth in Exhibit C attached hereto, addressed to Buyer, dated the Closing Date and in form and substance satisfactory to Buyer. (f) Seller shall have obtained all government consents, if any, necessary to allow the transaction to be completed. (g) No action or proceeding before any court or government body will be pending wherein a judgment, decree or order would prevent any of the transactions contemplated hereby or cause such transactions to be declared unlawful or rescinded. (h) All proceedings to be taken by Seller in connection with the consummation of the Closing on the Closing Date and the other transactions contemplated hereby and all documents required to be delivered by Seller in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby shall be reasonably satisfactory in form and substance to Buyer. (i) The management team of Seller shall have entered into employment and non-competition agreements and invention assignments and proprietary information agreements acceptable to Buyer. (j) Seller shall have delivered a certificate to Buyer certifying that all conditions set forth in this Section 3.1 have been satisfied (except to the extent waived by Buyer in writing). Any condition specified in this Section 3.1 may be waived by Buyer provided that no such waiver will be effective unless it is set forth in writing executed by Buyer. 3.2 Seller's Conditions of Closing. The obligation of Seller to sell the Shares shall be subject to and conditioned upon the satisfaction at the Closing of each of the following conditions: (a) All representations and warranties of Buyer contained in this Agreement shall be true and correct as of the Closing Date and Buyer shall have performed all agreements and covenants and satisfied all conditions on its part to the performed or satisfied by the Closing Date pursuant to the terms of this Agreement. (b) Buyer shall have completed the actions referenced in Section 2.4(b) of this Agreement to the satisfaction of Seller and shall have performed in all material respects all of its covenants and agreements under this Agreement and the other Closing Documents prior to the Closing Date. (c) Buyer shall have delivered to Seller: (i) resolutions of its Manager authorizing the execution, delivery and performance of the Closing Documents and of all other agreements contemplated thereby to which Buyer is a party and the consummation of the transactions contemplated thereby; (ii) such other documents as Seller may reasonably request in connection with the consummation of the transactions contemplated at the Closing. (d) No action or proceeding before any court or government body will be pending wherein a judgment, decree or order would prevent any of the transactions contemplated hereby or cause such transactions to be declared unlawful or rescinded. (e) All proceedings to be taken by Buyer in connection with the consummation of the Closing on the Closing Date and the other transactions contemplated hereby and all documents required to be delivered by Buyer in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby shall be reasonably satisfactory in form and substance to Seller. (f) Buyer shall have a delivered a certificate to Seller certifying that all conditions set forth in this Section 3.2 have been satisfied (except to the extent waived by Seller in writing). Any condition specified in this Section 3.2 may be waived by Seller provided that no such waiver will be effective unless it is set forth in writing executed by Seller. ARTICLE FOUR Representations and Warranties of Seller As of the date of this Agreement and the Closing Date, Seller represents and warrants to Buyer as follows: 4.1 Organization and Authority. Seller is a corporation validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the State of California, with full power and authority to enter into and perform this Agreement and the other agreements contemplated hereby to which it is a party. Seller is duly licensed or qualified to do business as a foreign corporation and is in good standing in all jurisdictions in which the character of the properties owned or leased by it therein or in which the transaction of its business makes such qualification necessary, except for jurisdictions where failure to so qualify could not reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on the business and operations of the Seller taken as a whole. Seller has all requisite corporate power and authority to own its properties, to carry on its business as now conducted, and to enter into and perform its obligations under the Closing Documents. 4.2 Authorization; Binding Effect. Seller has taken all corporate actions which are necessary to authorize the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and the other agreements contemplated hereby to which it is a party, and the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby. This Agreement and the other agreements contemplated hereby to which Seller is a party constitute the legal and binding obligations of such party, enforceable in accordance with their respective terms, except as such enforceability may be limited by applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, moratorium or similar laws affecting creditors' rights and the enforcement of debtors' obligations generally and by general principles of equity, regardless of whether enforcement is pursuant to a proceeding in equity or at law. 4.3 No Breach; No Default. Neither the execution, delivery or performance of this Agreement or the other agreements contemplated hereby to which Seller is a party, nor the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby or thereby by Seller, (a) conflicts with or results in any breach of, (b) constitutes a default under, (c) results in a violation of, or (d) gives any third party any right to accelerate any obligation under any Contract (as defined below) to which Seller is a party or by which any of its assets are bound. 4.4 No Bankruptcy or Insolvency. Seller has not .4 No Bankruptcy or Insolvency. Seller has not filed any voluntary petition in bankruptcy or been adjudicated a bankrupt or insolvent, filed any petition or answer seeking any reorganization, liquidation, dissolution or similar relief under any federal bankruptcy, insolvency, or other debtor relief law, or sought or consented to or acquiesced in the appointment of any trustee, receiver, conservator or liquidator of all or any substantial part of its properties. No court of competent jurisdiction has entered an order, judgment or decree approving a petition filed against Seller seeking any reorganization, arrangement, composition, readjustment, liquidation, dissolution or similar relief under any federal bankruptcy act, or other debtor relief law, and no other liquidator has been appointed of Seller or of all or any substantial part of its properties. 4.5 No Litigation. There are no actions, suits or proceedings of any type pending or, to the knowledge of Seller, threatened, against Seller which if adversely determined could have an adverse effect on the Seller's ability to perform the obligations contemplated under the Closing Documents. To the knowledge of Seller, Seller is not operating under, or subject to, or in default with respect to, any order, writ, injunction or decree affecting the ability of Seller to enter into this Agreement or perform its obligations contemplated under the Closing Documents to which it is a party. 4.6 Investment Company. Seller is not, and is not controlled by, an "Investment Company" within the meaning of the Investment Company Act. 4.7 Governmental Consents and Notices. No Governmental Approval is necessary or appropriate in connection with the execution and delivery by Seller of this Agreement or the other Closing Documents to which it is a party or the consummation by Seller of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby. 4.8 Additional Consents and Notices. No filing, registration, qualification, notice, consent, approval or authorization to, with or from any Person is necessary or appropriate in connection with the execution and delivery by Seller of this Agreement or the other Closing Documents to which it is a party, or the consummation by Seller of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby. 4.9 No Brokers. Except as previously disclosed to Buyer regarding the fees to be paid to Preferred Capital Equities Corporation and Harry Kraatz, Seller has not entered into any contract, arrangement or understanding with any person or firm which may result in the obligation of Seller to pay any finder's fees, brokerage or agent's commissions or other like payments in connection with the negotiations leading to this Agreement or the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby, and Seller is not aware of any claim or basis for any claim for payment of any finder's fees, brokerage or agent's commissions or other like payments in connection with the negotiations leading to this Agreement or the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby. 4.10 Compliance with Laws. Seller is not in violation of or in default under any order of any court, governmental authority or arbitration board or tribunal to which Seller is a party or is subject. To the Seller's knowledge, except for any violations that individually or in the aggregate would not have a material adverse impact on the Seller's business, Seller is in compliance with all Laws applicable to it, its business operations and its properties, including without limitation Environmental Laws. Seller has made all filings, registrations, has obtained all governmental consents, permits and other authorizations, and has taken all actions required by applicable Laws or governmental approvals and regulations in connection with its business as now conducted. 4.11 Business Activities; Affiliates. Seller has not engaged in any business or activities other than the manufacture, sale and marketing of two and three wheel bicycles and scooters and components therefor. Seller does not have any Affiliates other than its individual shareholders, which are disclosed on Schedule 4.18 hereto. 4.12 Jurisdiction. California is the only jurisdiction in which Seller is doing business to the extent necessary to be qualified and Seller is presently licensed or qualified to do business in California. Seller has not been denied admission to conduct any type of business in any jurisdiction in which it is not presently admitted, has not had its license or qualification to conduct business in any jurisdiction revoked or suspended, and has not been involved in any proceeding to revoke or suspend a license or qualification. 4.13 Corporate Records. The corporate minute book of Seller delivered to Buyer at Closing contains true and complete copies of the articles of incorporation, bylaws, and the minutes of all meetings of directors and shareholders and consent resolutions reflecting all actions taken by the directors or shareholders without a meeting, from the date of incorporation of Seller to the Closing Date. The officers and directors of Seller are as set forth in Schedule 4.13. 4.14 Financial Statements. Seller has furnished to Buyer (a) an audited income statement and balance sheet and notes thereto of Seller as of the fiscal year ended December 31, 1998 (the "Audited Balance Sheet"), (b) an audited statement of operations of Seller for the fiscal year ended December 31, 1998, and (c) an unaudited income statement and balance sheet and notes thereto for the period ending ________________ (the "Unaudited Balance Sheet"). The documents referenced in (a), (b) and (c) above are collectively referred to as the "Financial Statements." The Audited Balance Sheet and the Unaudited Balance Sheet are collectively referred to as the "Balance Sheets." The Financial Statements present fairly the financial condition of Seller as of the dates indicated, and the results of its operations for the periods indicated, in accordance with GAAP consistently applied, except as otherwise stated therein. 4.15 Indebtedness; Undisclosed Liabilities. Schedule 4.15 sets forth a true and complete schedule of all of Seller's indebtedness for borrowed money, including amounts owed to shareholders of Seller. Seller has no liabilities or obligations, either accrued, absolute, contingent or otherwise, which are not reflected or provided for in the Financial Statements, except (i) liabilities not in an excess of $25,000 in the aggregate arising after the date of the Unaudited Balance Sheet which are incurred in the ordinary course of business, and none of which is materially adverse, and (ii) as and to the extent specifically described in Schedule 4.15 attached hereto. 4.16 No Adverse Changes. Except as disclosed on Schedule 4.16, since the date of the Unaudited Balance Sheet, Seller has not: (a) except as disclosed in Section 4.15 above, incurred any obligation or liability (fixed or contingent); (b) discharged or satisfied any lien, security interest or encumbrance or paid any obligation or liability (fixed or contingent), other than in the ordinary course of business and consistent with past practice; (c) mortgaged, pledged or subjected to any lien, security interest or other encumbrance any of its assets or properties. (d) transferred, leased or otherwise disposed of any of its assets or properties except for a fair consideration in the ordinary course of business and consistent with past practice or, except in the ordinary course of business and consistent with past practice, acquired any assets or properties; (e) canceled or compromised any debt or claim, except in the ordinary course of business and consistent with past practice; (f) waived or released any rights of material value; (g) except pursuant to those contracts listed on Schedule 4.25 hereto, transferred or granted any rights under any concessions, leases, licenses, agreements, patents, inventions, trademarks, trade names, service marks or copyrights or with respect to any know-how; (h) made or granted any wage or salary increase applicable to any group or classification of employees generally, entered into any employment contract with, or made any loan to, or entered into any material transaction of any other nature with, any officer or employee of Seller; (i) entered into any transaction, contract, or commitment, except (i) contracts listed on Schedules 4.24, 4.25 and 4.27 hereto and (ii) this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby; (j) suffered any casualty loss or damage (whether or not such loss or damage shall have been covered by insurance) which affects in any material respect its ability to conduct business; or (k) declared any dividends or bonuses, or authorized or affected any amendment or restatement of the articles of incorporation (except for the Articles of Incorporation) or by-laws of Seller or taken any steps looking toward the dissolution or liquidation of Seller. 4.17 Taxes. Seller (a) has duly and timely filed or caused to be filed all federal, state, local and foreign tax returns including, without limitation, consolidated and/or combined tax returns) required to be filed by it prior to the date of this Agreement which relate to Seller or with respect to which Seller is liable or to which the assets or properties of Seller are in any way subject (the "Tax Returns") (b) has paid or fully accrued for all taxes shown to be due and payable under the laws and regulations pursuant to which the Tax Returns were filed, and (c) has properly accrued for all such taxes accrued in respect of Seller or the assets and properties of Seller for periods subsequent to the periods covered by the Tax Returns. No deficiency in payment of taxes for any period has been asserted by any taxing body and remains unsettled at the date of this Agreement. Copies of all of Seller's Tax Returns have been made available for inspection by Buyer. 4.18 Capitalization. The Seller's authorized capital consists solely of 10,000,000 shares of Common Stock without par value. There are 2,710,321 shares of Common Stock outstanding prior to the Closing. Assuming complete exercise of all warrants, options and other rights, including conversion of preferred stock the total outstanding common stock of Seller would consist of 3,762,016 shares of Common Stock. Schedule 4.18(A) sets forth a true, accurate and complete capitalization table setting forth (i) all outstanding capital stock of Seller, including the name and address of the holders of more than 5% of the issued and outstanding stock, the class or series issued, the price paid, and the date of issuance; (ii) all outstanding warrants, options, subscriptions other rights to purchase capital stock of Seller or any note or security convertible into capital stock of the Seller, including the name and address of the holder, the class or series issuable, the exercise price, and the expiration date of the instrument; and (iii) the common stock of Seller reserved for issuance to holders of instruments referenced in Subsection (ii) above. Except as set forth on Schedule 4.18(A), Seller has not authorized or issued any other class or series of capital stock and there are no outstanding rights, warrants, options, subscriptions, agreements or commitments giving anyone any right to require Seller to sell or issue any capital stock or other equity interest in Seller. Except as set forth on Schedule 4.18(B), neither Seller, nor, to Seller's knowledge, any of Seller's shareholders are party to any shareholders agreements or other agreements providing voting rights, rights of first refusal or similar rights. All options to purchase stock granted by Seller are in the form previously delivered to Buyer. 4.19 Title to Shares. The Shares are duly authorized, and, upon issuance to Buyer under this Agreement, shall be validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable. Based in part on the representations and warranties made by Buyer in Article 5 hereof, the Shares are subject to no restrictions with respect to transferability to Buyer in accordance with the terms of this Agreement. Upon issuance of the Shares to Buyer by Seller in accordance with the terms of this Agreement, Buyer will receive good and marketable title to all of the Shares, free and clear of all security interests, liens, encumbrances, charges, assessments, restrictions and adverse claims, except as set forth in the Investor's Rights Agreement, the Articles of Incorporation and applicable law. 4.20 Title to Property and Assets. Seller has good and marketable title to all of the properties and assets used by it in the conduct of its business (including, without limitation, the properties and assets reflected in the Balance Sheets except any thereof since disposed of for value in the ordinary course of business). Except as set forth on Schedule 4.20, none of such properties or assets is subject to a contract of sale not in the ordinary course of business, or subject to security interests, mortgages, encumbrances, liens or charges, except for (i) statutory liens for the payment of current taxes that are not yet delinquent and (ii) liens, encumbrances and security interests which arise in the ordinary course of business (other than in connection with the incurrence of debt by the Seller), and which, in the case of (i) or (ii) above, do not affect material properties and assets of the Seller. 4.21 Condition of Personal Property. All tangible personal property, equipment, fixtures and inventories included within the assets of Seller or required to be used in the ordinary course of business are in good, merchantable or in reasonably repairable condition and are suitable for the purposes for which they are used. No value in excess of applicable reserves has been given to any inventory with respect to obsolete or discontinued products. All of the inventories and equipment, including equipment leased to others, are well maintained and in good operating condition. 4.22 Real Property. Schedule 4.22 contains a list of all real property owned by Seller or in which Seller has a leasehold or other interest and of any Lien thereupon. Schedule 4.22 also contains a legal description of all such real property and the principal terms (including rents, termination dates and renewal conditions) of any rental, lease or other arrangements affecting such property. The improvements upon such properties and use thereof by Seller conforms to all applicable land use laws, regulations and ordinances and any applicable deed, easement or lease restrictions. 4.23 Seller's Intellectual Property. Schedule 4.23 sets forth a list of each patent, trademark, servicemark, tradename, copyright, trade secret or other item of intellectual property, including any and all registrations and applications therefor, which are owned by Seller. In each case, the registration number, date of issuance or registration, and a brief description of such property is set forth in Schedule 4.23. The property referenced in Schedule 4.23, together with all designs, methods, inventions and know-how related thereto and all trademarks, trade names, service marks, and copyrights claimed or used by Seller which have not been registered is hereinafter referred to as "Seller's Intellectual Property." 4.24 Licensed Intellectual Property. Schedule 4.24 lists all licenses held by Seller authorizing Seller to use computer software, patents, trademarks, servicemarks, tradenames, copyrights, trade secrets or other items of intellectual property used or useful to Seller's business ("Licensed Intellectual Property"). 4.25 Licenses and Rights Granted by Seller. Schedule 4.25 lists any licenses, purchase options or other interests held by any Person in Seller's Intellectual Property. 4.26 Intellectual Property Rights and Interests. Seller's Intellectual Property and the Licensed Intellectual Property constitutes all such proprietary rights which are owned or held by Seller and which are reasonably necessary to, or used in the conduct of, the business of Seller. Seller has taken all reasonably necessary steps required under applicable law to protect its trade secrets. Seller owns or has valid rights to use Seller's Intellectual Property and the Licensed Intellectual Property without conflict with the rights of others. Except as set forth in Schedule 4.26, no person or corporation has made or, to the knowledge of Seller, threatened to make any claim that Seller's use of Seller's Intellectual Property and the Licensed Intellectual Property is in violation of any license held by Seller or infringes any proprietary right or interest of any third party. To the knowledge of Seller, no third party is infringing upon any of Seller's Intellectual Property or is in violation of any license to use Seller's Intellectual Property granted by Seller. Seller holds Seller's Intellectual Property and the Licensed Intellectual Property free and clear of all Liens. 4.27 Contracts and Agreements. Schedule 4.27 sets forth a description of each of the following, and, in each case, Seller has furnished Buyer with true and complete copies of all documents and complete descriptions of all oral agreements and understandings, if any, referred to in this Section 4.27 (collectively, the "Contracts"): (a) deeds, lease agreements or other documents relating to the ownership or lease of real property; (b) equipment leases or other documents permitting Seller to use personal property owned by a third party (other than leases which in the aggregate do not require payment in excess of $10,000 per year and which are not otherwise material to the operation, affairs or prospects of Seller); (c) all notes, loan agreements, indentures, commitments or debt arrangements under which Seller has incurred a debt obligation to any person or under which Seller is entitled to borrow money from any Person; (d) all collective bargaining agreements, employment and consulting agreements, executive compensation plans, bonus plans, profit-sharing plans, deferred compensation agreements, employee pension or retirement plans, employee stock purchase and stock option plans, group life insurance, hospitalization insurance or other plans or arrangements providing for benefits to employees of Seller; and (e) any other contracts, understandings and commitments to which Seller is a party, or to which it or any of its assets or properties are subject (other than contracts, understandings and commitments which do not involve payments in excess of $10,000 individually or in excess of $10,000 in the aggregate and which in any event are not material to the operation, affairs or prospects of Seller) 4.28 No Breach or Default. Seller is not in default under any Contract to which it is a party or by which it is bound, nor has any event occurred which, after the giving of notice or the passage of time or both, would constitute a default under any such Contract, which default could reasonably be expected to have a materially adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition or assets. Seller has no reason to believe that the parties to such Contracts will not fulfill their obligations under such Contracts in all material respects or are threatened with insolvency. 4.29 Labor Controversies. Seller is not a party to any collective bargaining agreement. There are no disputes or controversies between Seller and any of its employees which might reasonably be expected to materially adversely affect the conduct of its business, or any unresolved labor union grievances or unfair labor practice or labor arbitration proceedings pending or, to the Seller's knowledge, threatened relating to its business, and there are no organizational efforts presently being made or, to the Seller's knowledge, or threatened involving any of Seller's employees. Seller has not received notice of any claim that Seller has not complied with any laws relating to the employment of labor, including any provisions thereof relating to wages, hours, collective bargaining, the payment of social security and similar taxes, equal employment opportunity, employment discrimination and employment safety, or that Seller is liable for any arrears of wages or any taxes or penalties for failure to comply with any of the foregoing. 4.30 Litigation. Except as set forth in Schedule 4.30, there are no actions, suits or proceedings with respect to Seller involving claims by or against Seller or Seller which are pending, or to the knowledge of Seller, threatened against Seller, at law or in equity, or before or by any federal, state, municipal or other governmental department, commission, board, bureau, agency or instrumentality. To the knowledge of Seller, no basis for any action, suit or proceeding exists, and there are no orders, judgments, injunctions or decrees of any court or governmental agency with respect to which Seller has been named or to which Seller is a party, which apply, in whole or in part, to the business of Seller, or to any of the assets or properties of Seller, or the Shares or which would result in any material adverse change in the business or prospects of Seller. 4.31 Environmental Matters. Without limiting the generality of Section 4.10, (i) Seller and its properties are in compliance in all material respects with all Environmental Laws, and (ii) during the time that Seller has leased or owned its properties or owned or operated any facilities, there has not been any release, emission, seepage, disposal, spill or discharge at or to any property owned, leased or operated by Seller, whether onto or into the ground, water, air or otherwise, of any Hazardous Substance, and to the best of knowledge of Seller, none is reasonably expected to occur imminently, other than those which (A) are not material, (B) are permitted under all applicable Environmental Laws, Governmental Approvals and Governmental Rules, and (C) are not reasonably expected to have any material adverse impact on Seller or its properties. 4.32 Bank Accounts. Schedule 4.32 also sets forth the name of each bank, savings institution or other person with which Seller has an account or safe deposit box and the names and identification of all persons authorized to drawn thereon or to have access thereto. 4.33 Insurance. Schedule 4.33 contains a list and description of all insurance policies of any type (other than title insurance policies) which are held by Seller (or which otherwise insure Seller's properties) specifying the insurer, amount of coverage, type of insurance, policy number and any pending claims thereunder. Except as disclosed on Schedule 4.31, no claim of any type (exceeding $5,000) has been made and remains unresolved under any of such policies. ARTICLE FIVE Representations and Warranties of Buyer As of the date of this Agreement and the Closing Date, Buyer represents and warrants to Seller as follows: 5.1 Organization and Authority. Buyer is a limited liability company validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the State of Delaware, with full power and authority to enter into and perform this Agreement and the other agreements contemplated hereby to which it is a party. 5.2 Authorization; Binding Effect. Buyer has taken all limited liability company actions which are necessary to authorize the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and the other agreements contemplated hereby to which it is a party, and the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby. This Agreement and the other agreements contemplated hereby to which Buyer is a party constitute the legal and binding obligations of such party, enforceable in accordance with their respective terms, except as such enforceability may be limited by applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, moratorium or similar laws affecting creditors' rights and the enforcement of debtors' obligations generally and by general principles of equity, regardless of whether enforcement is pursuant to a proceeding in equity or at law. 5.3 No Breach; No Default. Neither the execution, delivery or performance of this Agreement or the other agreements contemplated hereby to which Buyer is a party, nor the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby or thereby by Buyer, (a) conflicts with or results in any breach of, (b) constitutes a default under, (c) results in a violation of, or (d) gives any third party any right to accelerate any obligation under any agreement or instrument to which Buyer is a party or by which any of its assets are bound. 5.4 No Bankruptcy or Insolvency. Buyer has not .4 No Bankruptcy or Insolvency. Buyer has not filed any voluntary petition in bankruptcy or been adjudicated a bankrupt or insolvent, filed any petition or answer seeking any reorganization, liquidation, dissolution or similar relief under any federal bankruptcy, insolvency, or other debtor relief law, or sought or consented to or acquiesced in the appointment of any trustee, receiver, conservator or liquidator of all or any substantial part of its properties. No court of competent jurisdiction has entered an order, judgment or decree approving a petition filed against Buyer seeking any reorganization, arrangement, composition, readjustment, liquidation, dissolution or similar relief under any federal bankruptcy act, or other debtor relief law, and no other liquidator has been appointed of Buyer or of all or any substantial part of its properties. 5.5 No Litigation. There are no actions, suits or proceedings of any type pending or, to the knowledge of Buyer, threatened, against Buyer, which, if adversely determined could have an adverse effect on the Buyer's ability to perform the obligations contemplated under the Closing Documents. Buyer is not operating under, or subject to, or in default with respect to, any order, writ, injunction or decree affecting the ability of Buyer to enter into this Agreement or perform its obligations contemplated under the Closing Documents to which it is a party. 5.6 Investment Company. Buyer is not, and is not controlled by, an "Investment Company" within the meaning of the Investment Company Act. 5.7 Governmental Approvals. No Governmental Approval is necessary or appropriate in connection with the execution and delivery by Buyer of this Agreement or the other Closing Documents to which it is a party or the consummation by Buyer of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby. 5.8 Additional Consents and Notices. No filing, registration, qualification, notice, consent, approval or authorization to, with or from any Person (excluding Governmental Persons) is necessary or appropriate in connection with the execution and delivery by Buyer of this Agreement or the other Closing Documents to which it is a party, or the consummation by Buyer of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby. 5.9 No Brokers. Buyer has not entered into any contract, arrangement or understanding with any person or firm which may result in the obligation of Seller to pay any finder's fees, brokerage or agent's commissions or other like payments in connection with the negotiations leading to this Agreement or the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby, and , other than the Preferred Capital Equities Corporation and Harry Kraatz fees to be paid by Seller, Buyer is not aware of any claim or basis for any claim for payment of any finder's fees, brokerage or agent's commissions or other like payments in connection with the negotiations leading to this Agreement or the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby. 5.10 Purchase for Own Account. The Securities will be acquired for investment purposes and for Buyer's own account, not as a nominee or agent, and not with a view to the public resale or distribution thereof within the meaning of the 1933 Act, and Buyer has no present intention of selling, granting any participation in, or otherwise distributing the same. 5.11 Disclosure of Information. Buyer has received or has had full access to all the information it considers necessary or appropriate to make an informed investment decision with respect to the Securities to be purchased by it under this Agreement. Buyer further has had an opportunity to ask questions and receive answers from Seller regarding the terms and conditions of the offering of the Securities and to obtain additional information (to the extent Seller possessed such information or could acquire it without unreasonable effort or expense) necessary to verify any information furnished to Buyer or to which it had access. The foregoing, however, does not in any way limit or modify the representations and warranties made by Seller in Section 4. 5.12 Investment Experience. Buyer understands that the purchase of the Securities involves substantial risk. Buyer has experience as an investors in securities of companies in the development stage and acknowledges that Buyer is able to fend for itself, can bear the economic risk of its investment in the Securities and has such knowledge and experience in financial or business matters that Buyer is capable of evaluating the merits and risks of this investment in the Securities and protecting its own interests in connection with this investment. 5.13 Accredited Investor Status. Buyer is an "accredited investor" within the meaning of Regulation D promulgated under the 1933 Act. 5.14 Restricted Securities. Buyer understands that the Securities are characterized as "restricted securities" under the 1933 Act inasmuch as they are being acquired from Seller in a transaction not involving a public offering and that under the 1933 Act and applicable regulations thereunder such Securities may be resold without registration under the 1933 Act only in certain limited circumstances. In this connection, Buyer represents that it is familiar with Rule 144 of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"), as presently in effect, and understands the resale limitations imposed thereby and by the 1933 Act. Buyer understands that Seller is under no obligation to register any of the Securities sold hereunder except as provided in the Investor's Rights Agreement. ARTICLE SIX Pre-Closing Covenants 6.1 Pre-Closing Covenants. Prior to the Closing, Seller hereby covenants and agrees to take the following actions: (a) Conduct the business of Seller in the ordinary course and refrain from taking any action that would cause any representation or warranty made herein to be untrue or materially misleading; (b) Comply in all material respects with contractual obligations of Seller and legal requirements applicable to Seller; (c) Permit Buyer and any of its employees, agents and representatives and their representatives to have reasonable access to Seller's books and records of account; (d) Permit Buyer and any of its employees, agents and representatives and their representatives to contact Seller's accountants and certain key employees of Seller for the purpose of completing its due diligence; (e) Provide Buyer with copies of all documents referenced on the Schedules (including, without limitation, contracts, deeds, lease agreements, intellectual property license agreements, intellectual property registrations, environmental site assessments, and real property title search results); and (f) Provide Buyer with such other instruments, agreements and documents as Buyer may reasonably request in order to complete its due diligence review of Seller. ARTICLE SEVEN Termination 7.1 Termination Prior to Closing. This Agreement may be terminated at any time prior to the Closing: (a) by mutual written consent of the parties; (b) by Buyer on one hand, or by Seller on the other hand, if there has been a material misrepresentation or material breach of warranty or covenant on the part of the other party with respect to the representations, warranties or covenants set forth in this Agreement given by such other party or parties; or (c) by any party if the Closing has not occurred on or before June 1,1999. 7.2 Effect of Termination. In the event of termination of this Agreement as provided in Section 7.1 hereof, this Agreement will forthwith become void and there will be no continuing liability on the part of Buyer or Seller, except that, to the extent that any of such parties has made material misrepresentations or has committed a material breach of warranty or covenant prior to the date of termination, such party shall remain fully liable therefor. Notwithstanding any termination of this Agreement, the parties shall treat as confidential and not disclose, or use whatsoever, or permit others under its control to disclose or use any information concerning another party to this transaction obtained pursuant to or in connection with the transaction which is the subject of this Agreement which is not generally known to the trade or a matter of public knowledge, for a period of one year after termination. ARTICLE EIGHT Additional Provisions 8.1 Survival. The representations, warranties, covenants and agreements of Buyer and Seller set forth in this Agreement will survive the Closing Date and the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby, notwithstanding any examination made for or on behalf of Buyer or Seller, the knowledge of Buyer or Seller, or any of their officers, directors, shareholders, employees or agents, or the acceptance of any certificate or opinion. 8.2 Indemnification. (a) Seller agrees to indemnify Buyer and hold it harmless against any loss, liability, damage or expense (including reasonable legal expenses and costs) which Buyer may suffer, sustain or become subject to, as the result of a breach of any representation, warranty, covenant, or agreement by Seller contained in this Agreement or in any other agreement, instrument, certificate or other document delivered in connection with the transactions contemplated in this Agreement. (b) Buyer agrees to indemnify Seller and hold it harmless against any loss, liability, damage or expense (including reasonable legal expenses and costs) which Seller may suffer, sustain or become subject to, as the result of a breach of any representation, warranty, covenant, or agreement by Buyer contained in this Agreement or in any other agreement, instrument, certificate or other document delivered in connection with the transactions contemplated in this Agreement. (c) Any party seeking indemnity pursuant to this Section 8.2 shall give notice to the other party promptly after such party seeking indemnity has actual knowledge of any claim as to which indemnity may be sought hereunder. The failure of the party seeking indemnity to give such notice shall relieve the party that does not receive such notice of its obligations under this Section 8.2 to the extent that such failure to give notice is prejudicial. (d) After the indemnifying party has acknowledged in writing that it is indemnifying another party to this Agreement with respect to litigation involving any claim to the full extent of such claim, the indemnifying party will be entitled to assume the defense of any such litigation, provided that the other party may at its election participate in any such defense to the extent that it in its sole discretion believes that such litigation will materially affect its ongoing business. At the indemnifying party's reasonable request, the other party will cooperate with the indemnifying party in the preparation of any such defense, and the indemnifying party will reimburse the other party for any expenses incurred in connection with such request. The indemnifying party shall not enter into any settlement of any claim which is the subject of indemnification without the written consent of the indemnified party. (e) Payment with respect to either party's indemnification obligations hereunder shall be due and payable within thirty (30) days of receipt of written notice by the indemnifying party. The rights of the parties hereunder are cumulative and shall be in addition to all other rights and remedies available at law or in equity. 8.3 Expenses. At Closing, Seller will pay Buyer the sum of $50,000 as partial reimbursement of expenses incurred by Buyer in connection with the transactions contemplated herein. Except as otherwise provided in this Agreement or the other Closing Documents, each party will pay all of its expenses, including attorneys' and accountants' fees, in connection with the negotiation of this Agreement and the other Closing Documents, the performance of its obligations hereunder and thereunder, and the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and the other Closing Documents. 8.4 Press Releases and Announcements. Neither party shall issue a press release or announcement regarding this Agreement without the prior written consent of the other parties to this Agreement. 8.5 Third-Party Beneficiaries. This Agreement does not create any rights in any parties who are not otherwise a party to this Agreement. ARTICLE NINE Miscellaneous 9.1 Entire Agreement; Amendment and Waiver. This Agreement, together will all exhibits and schedules referenced herein, constitutes the full and entire understanding and agreement between the parties with regard to the subject hereof and thereof. Neither this Agreement nor any term hereof may be amended, waived, discharged or terminated, except by a written instrument signed by Seller and Buyer. 9.2 Notices. Except as otherwise expressly set forth in this Agreement, all notices, demands and other communications to be given or delivered under or by reason of the provisions of this Agreement will be in writing and will be deemed to have been given when delivered personally, or by documented overnight delivery service. Notices, demands and communications to Buyer or Seller will, unless another address is specified in writing, be sent to the address indicated below. All such notices and other written communications shall be effective (i) if mailed, five (5) days after mailing, (ii) if sent by a nationally recognized overnight courier, one business day after delivery to such courier, and (iii) if faxed or delivered, upon fax or delivery. Notices to Buyer with a copy to: Ridgewood ZAP, LLC Downs Rachlin & Martin PLLC Ridgewood Commons 199 Main Street 947 Linwood Avenue PO Box 190 Ridgewood, NJ 07450 Burlington, VT 05402-0190 Attn: Robert E. Swanson, President Attn: Thomas H. Moody, Esq. Fax: (201) 947-0474 Fax: (802) 860-3948 Notices to Seller: with a copy to: ZAP Power Systems Evers & Hendrickson, LLP 117 Morris Street 155 Montgomery St., 12th Floor Sebastopol, California 95472 San Francisco, CA 94104 Attn: Gary Starr Attn: William D. Evers, Esq. Fax: 707-824-4159 Fax: 415-772-8101 9.3 Assignment. This Agreement and all of the provisions hereof will be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties hereto and their respective successors and permitted assigns. Neither this Agreement nor any of the rights, interests or obligations hereunder may be assigned by either party without prior written consent of the other party; provided, however, that Buyer may assign its rights but not its obligations hereunder to an Affiliate. 9.4 Severability. Whenever possible, each provision of this Agreement will be interpreted in such manner as to be effective and valid under applicable law, but if any provision of this Agreement is held to be prohibited by or invalid under applicable law, such provisions will be ineffective only to the extent of such prohibition or invalidity, without invalidating the remainder of such provision or the remaining provisions of this Agreement. 9.5 No Strict Construction. The language used in this Agreement will be deemed to be the language chosen by the parties hereto to express their mutual intent, and no rule of strict construction will be applied against any party. 9.6 Captions. The captions used in this Agreement are for convenience of reference only and do not constitute a part of this Agreement and will not be deemed to limit, characterize or in any way affect any provision of this Agreement, and all provisions of this Agreement will be enforced and construed as if no caption had been used in this Agreement. 9.7 Governing Law. Disputes arising under this Agreement shall be governed by and interpreted and construed in accordance with the substantive law (and not the law of conflicts) of the State of California. 9.8 Jurisdiction and Venue. The parties hereto agree that courts located within the State of California shall have exclusive jurisdiction over any dispute arising under this Agreement and the parties hereby consent to such courts as having venue and personal and subject matter jurisdiction as to all matters arising under this Agreement and to service of process by registered mail, return receipt requested, or by any other manner provided by law, and the prevailing party or parties in a suit for breach of this Agreement shall be entitled to all costs of such suit, including attorneys' fees. 9.9 Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in one or more counterparts, any one of which need not contain the signatures of more than one party, but all such counterparts taken together will constitute one and the same instrument. Confirmation of execution of this Agreement by telefax shall be binding upon any party so confirming. 9.10 Further Assurances. The parties recognize that the consummation of this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby will require the ongoing cooperation of the parties, and each hereby agrees to comply in good faith with the reasonable requests of any other party which may be made from time to time in furtherance of the objectives of the parties in entering into this Agreement. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this Stock and Warrant Purchase Agreement on the day and year first above written. ZAP POWER SYSTEMS By:_____________________________ Name:___________________________ Title:____________________________ RIDGEWOOD ZAP, LLC By: Ridgewood Management Corporation, Manager By:_____________________________ Name:___________________________ Title:____________________________ ::ODMA\PCDOCS\BURLINGTON\126824\4 EX-10.B 6 WARRANT FOR ZAP POWER SYSTEMS, INC. THIS WARRANT AND ANY SHARES ACQUIRED UPON THE EXERCISE OF THIS WARRANT HAVE NOT BEEN REGISTERED UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED, AND MAY NOT BE SOLD OR OTHERWISE TRANSFERRED EXCEPT PURSUANT TO AN EFFECTIVE REGISTRATION STATEMENT FILED UNDER SUCH ACT OR PURSUANT TO AN EXEMPTION FROM REGISTRATION UNDER SUCH ACT. ***************************************** ZAP POWER SYSTEMS COMMON STOCK PURCHASE WARRANT ***************************************** This certifies that, for good and valuable consideration, ZAP Power Systems, a California corporation (the "Company"), grants to Ridgewood ZAP, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (the "Warrantholder"), the right to subscribe for and purchase from the Company the number of fully paid and nonassessable shares (the "Warrant Shares") of the Company's Common Stock, no par value (the "Common Stock") specified herein, at the purchase price per share Exercise Price determined as set forth herein, exercisable, subject to the restrictions set forth herein, during the Exercise Period (as such term is defined in Section 1.4 hereof), all subject to the terms, conditions and adjustments herein set forth. Capitalized terms used herein shall have the meanings assigned to them in Section 8 hereof. 1. Exercise of Warrant. 1.1 Duration and Exercise of Warrant. (a) Cash Exercise. This Warrant may be exercised by the Warrantholder at any time during the Exercise Period by (i) the surrender of this Warrant to the Company, with a duly executed Exercise Form (attached hereto as Exhibit A) specifying the number of Warrant Shares to be purchased, during normal business hours on any Business Day during the Exercise Period and (ii) the delivery of payment to the Company, for the account of the Company, by wire transfer of immediately available funds to a bank account specified by the Company or by certified or bank cashier's check, of the Exercise Price for the number of Warrant Shares specified in the Exercise Form in lawful money of the United States of America. The Company agrees that Warrant Shares shall be deemed to be issued to the Warrantholder as the record holder of such Warrant Shares as of the close of business on the date on which this Warrant shall have been surrendered and payment made for the Warrant Shares as aforesaid. As promptly as practicable on or after such date and in any event within ten (10) days thereafter, the Company at its expense shall issue and deliver to the Warrantholder a stock certificate or certificates for the Warrant Shares specified in the Exercise Form. If this Warrant shall have been exercised only in part, the Company shall, at the time of delivery of the stock certificate or certificates, deliver to the Warrantholder a new Warrant evidencing the rights to purchase the remaining Warrant Shares, which new Warrant shall in all other respects be identical with this Warrant. No adjustments shall be made on Warrant Shares issuable on the exercise of this Warrant for any cash dividends paid or payable to holders of record of Common Stock prior to the date as of which the Warrantholder shall be deemed to be the record holder of such Warrant Shares. 1.2 Number of Warrant Shares. This Warrant shall entitle the Warrantholder to purchase that number of Warrant Shares as is determined according to the following formula, as such number shall be adjusted from time to time pursuant to Section 6 hereof: X= $2,000,000 divided by the Exercise Price (as defined below) Where X = the number of shares of Common Stock which may be purchased. 1.3 Exercise Price. The price at which this Warrant may be exercised shall be an amount equal to eighty-five percent (85%) of the average daily closing price of the Common Stock for the twenty (20) days prior to the date of exercise (or, for purposes of Section 6 hereof, twenty (20) days prior to the relevant measurement date) (provided that, for purposes of this calculation, the average closing price shall be no higher than $4.50 per share and no lower than $3.50 per share), as such exercise price shall be adjusted from time to time pursuant to Section 6 hereof (the "Exercise Price"). 1.4 Term of Warrant and Exercisability. (a) Term of Warrant. Subject to the terms and conditions set forth herein, this Warrant shall be exercisable, in whole or in part, during the term commencing on the date hereof and ending at 5 p.m., Pacific Standard Time on December 29, 1999 and shall be void thereafter (the "Exercise Period"). (b) Exercisability. This Warrant shall be exercisable in whole or in part during the Exercise Period. 1.5 Payment of Taxes. The issuance of certificates for Warrant Shares shall be made without charge to the Warrantholder for any stock transfer or other issuance tax in respect thereto; provided, however, that the Warrantholder shall be required to pay any and all taxes which may be payable in respect of any transfer involved in the issuance and delivery of any certificate in a name other than that of the then Warrantholder as reflected upon the books of the Company. 1.6 Information. Upon receipt of a written request from a Warrantholder, the Company agrees to deliver promptly to such Warrantholder a copy of its currently available financial statements and to provide such other information concerning the Company as such Warrantholder may reasonably request in order to assist the Warrantholder in evaluating the merits and risks of exercising the Warrant and to make an informed investment decision in connection with such exercise. 2. Restrictions on Transfer; Restrictive Legends. 2.1 Restrictions on Transfer; Compliance with Securities Laws. This Warrant and the Warrant Shares issued upon the exercise of the Warrant may not be transferred or assigned in whole or in part without compliance with all applicable federal and state securities laws by the transferor and transferee (including the delivery of investment representation letters and legal opinions reasonably satisfactory to the Company, if such are requested by the Company). The Warrantholder, by acceptance hereof, acknowledges that this Warrant and the Warrant Shares to be issued upon exercise hereof are being acquired solely for the Warrantholder's own account and not as a nominee for any other party, and for investment, and that the Warrantholder will not offer, sell or otherwise dispose of any Warrant Shares to be issued upon exercise hereof except under circumstances that will not result in a violation of the Securities Act or any state securities laws. Upon exercise of this Warrant, the Warrantholder shall, if requested by the Company, confirm in writing, in a form satisfactory to the Company, that the Warrant Shares so purchased are being acquired solely for the Warrantholder's own account and not as a nominee for any other party, for investment, and not with a view toward distribution or resale. 2.2 Restrictive Legends. This Warrant shall (and each Warrant issued upon transfer in whole or in part of this Warrant pursuant to this Section 2 or issued in substitution for this Warrant pursuant to Section 4 shall) be stamped or otherwise imprinted with a legend in substantially the following form: "THIS WARRANT AND ANY SHARES ACQUIRED UPON THE EXERCISE OF THIS WARRANT HAVE NOT BEEN REGISTERED UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED, AND MAY NOT BE SOLD OR OTHERWISE TRANSFERRED EXCEPT PURSUANT TO AN EFFECTIVE REGISTRATION STATEMENT FILED UNDER SUCH ACT OR PURSUANT TO AN EXEMPTION FROM REGISTRATION UNDER SUCH ACT." Except as otherwise permitted by this Section 2, each stock certificate for Warrant Shares issued upon the exercise of any Warrant and each stock certificate issued upon the direct or indirect transfer of any such Warrant Shares shall be stamped or otherwise imprinted with a legend in substantially the following form: "THE SHARES REPRESENTED BY THIS CERTIFICATE HAVE NOT BEEN REGISTERED UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED, AND MAY NOT BE SOLD OR OTHERWISE TRANSFERRED EXCEPT PURSUANT TO AN EFFECTIVE REGISTRATION STATEMENT FILED UNDER SUCH ACT OR PURSUANT TO AN EXEMPTION FROM REGISTRATION UNDER SUCH ACT." Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Warrantholder may require the Company to issue a stock certificate for Warrant Shares without a legend if (i) such Warrant Shares, as the case may be, have been registered for resale under the Securities Act or sold pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act (or a successor rule thereto) or (ii) the Warrantholder has received an opinion of counsel reasonably satisfactory to the Company that such registration is not required with respect to such Warrant Shares. 3. Reservation and Registration of Shares, Etc. The Company covenants and agrees that all Warrant Shares which are issuable upon the exercise of this Warrant will, upon issuance, be validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable and free from all taxes, liens, security interests, charges and other encumbrances with respect to the issue thereof, other than taxes in respect of any transfer occurring contemporaneously with such issue. The Company further covenants and agrees that, during the Exercise Period, the Company will at all times have authorized and reserved, and keep available free from preemptive rights, a sufficient number of shares of Common Stock to provide for the exercise of the rights represented by this Warrant and will, at its expense, upon each such reservation of shares, procure such listing of such shares of Common Stock (subject to issuance or notice of issuance) as then may be required on all stock exchanges on which the Common Stock is then listed or on Nasdaq. The Company agrees that its issuance of this Warrant shall constitute full authority to its officers who are charged with the duty of executing stock certificates to execute and issue the necessary certificates for shares of Common Stock upon the exercise of this Warrant. 4. Exchange, Loss or Destruction of Warrant. Upon receipt by the Company of evidence satisfactory to it of the loss, theft, destruction or mutilation of this Warrant and, in the case of loss, theft or destruction, of such bond or indemnification as the Company may require, and, in the case of such mutilation, upon surrender and cancellation of this Warrant, the Company will execute and deliver a new Warrant of like tenor and amount. The term "Warrant" as used in this Agreement shall be deemed to include any Warrants issued in substitution or exchange for this Warrant. 5. Ownership of Warrant. The Company may deem and treat the person in whose name this Warrant is registered as the holder and owner hereof (notwithstanding any notations of ownership or writing hereon made by anyone other than the Company) for all purposes and shall not be affected by any notice to the contrary. 6. Certain Adjustments. The Exercise Price and the number of shares purchasable hereunder are subject to adjustment from time to time as follows: 6.1 Merger, Sale of Assets, etc. If at any time while this Warrant, or any portion thereof, is outstanding and unexpired there shall be (a) a reorganization (other than a combination, reclassification, exchange or subdivision of shares otherwise provided for herein), (b) a merger or consolidation of the Company with or into another corporation in which the Company is not the surviving entity, or a reverse triangular merger in which the Company is the surviving entity but the shares of the Company's capital stock outstanding immediately prior to the merger are converted by virtue of the merger into other property, whether in the form of securities, cash or otherwise, or (c) a sale or transfer of the Company's properties and assets as, or substantially as, an entirety to any other person, then, as a part of such reorganization, merger, consolidation, sale or transfer, lawful provision shall be made so that the holder of this Warrant shall thereafter be entitled to receive upon exercise of this Warrant, during the period specified herein and upon payment of the Exercise Price then in effect, the number of shares of stock or other securities or property of the successor corporation resulting from such reorganization, merger, consolidation, sale or transfer that a holder of the shares deliverable upon exercise of this Warrant would have been entitled to receive in such reorganization, consolidation, merger, sale or transfer if this Warrant had been exercised immediately before such reorganization, merger, consolidation, sale or transfer, all subject to further adjustment as provided in this Section 6. The foregoing provisions of this Section 6.1 shall similarly apply to successive reorganizations, consolidations, mergers, sales and transfers and to the stock or securities of any other corporation that are at the time receivable upon the exercise of this Warrant. If the per-share consideration payable to the holder hereof for shares in connection with any such transaction is in a form other than cash or marketable securities, then the value of such consideration shall be determined in good faith by the Company's Board of Directors. In all events, appropriate adjustment (as determined in good faith by the Company's Board of Directors) shall be made in the application of the provisions of this Warrant with respect to the rights and interests of the Holder after the transaction, to the end that the provisions of this Warrant shall be applicable after that event, as near as reasonably may be, in relation to any shares or other property deliverable after that event upon exercise of this Warrant. 6.2 Reclassification, etc. If the Company, at any time while this Warrant, or any portion thereof, remains outstanding and unexpired by reclassification of securities or otherwise, shall change any of the securities as to which purchase rights under this Warrant exist into the same or a different number of securities of any other class or classes, this Warrant shall thereafter represent the right to acquire such number and kind of securities as would have been issuable as the result of such change with respect to the securities that were subject to the purchase rights under this Warrant immediately prior to such reclassification or other change and the Exercise Price therefor shall be appropriately adjusted, all subject to further adjustment as provided in this Section 6. 6.3 Split, Subdivision or Combination of Shares. If the Company at any time while this Warrant, or any portion thereof, remains outstanding and unexpired shall split, subdivide or combine the securities as to which purchase rights under this Warrant exist, into a different number of securities of the same class, then (a) in the case of a split or subdivision, the Exercise Price for such securities shall be proportionately decreased and the securities issuable upon exercise of this Warrant shall be proportionately increased, and (b) in the case of a combination, the Exercise Price for such securities shall be proportionately increased and the securities issuable upon exercise of this Warrant shall be proportionately decreased. 6.4 Adjustments for Dividends in Stock or Other Securities or Property. If while this Warrant, or any portion hereof, remains outstanding and unexpired the holders of the securities as to which purchase rights under this Warrant exist at the time shall have received, or, on or after the record date fixed for the determination of eligible stockholders, shall have become entitled to receive, without payment therefor, other or additional stock or other securities or property (other than cash) of the Company by way of dividend, then and in each case, this Warrant shall represent the right to acquire, in addition to the number of shares of the security receivable upon exercise of this Warrant, and without payment of any additional consideration therefor, the amount of such other or additional stock or other securities or property (other than cash) of the Company that such holder would hold on the date of such exercise had it been the holder of record of the security receivable upon exercise of this Warrant on the date hereof and had thereafter, during the period from the date hereof to and including the date of such exercise, retained such shares and/or all other additional stock available by it as aforesaid during such period, giving effect to all adjustments called for during such period by the provisions of this Section 6. 6.5 Certificate as to Adjustments. Upon the occurrence of each adjustment or readjustment pursuant to this Section 6, the Company at its expense shall promptly compute such adjustment or readjustment in accordance with the terms hereof and furnish to each Holder of this Warrant a certificate setting forth such adjustment or readjustment and showing in detail the facts upon which such adjustment or readjustment is based. The Company shall, upon the written request, at any time, of any such Holder, furnish or cause to be furnished to such Holder a like certificate setting forth: (a) such adjustments and readjustments; (b) the Exercise Price at the time in effect; and (c) the number of shares and the amount, if any, of other property that at the time would be received upon the exercise of the Warrant. 6.6 No Impairment. The Company will not, by any voluntary action, avoid or seek to avoid the observance or performance of any of the terms to be observed or performed hereunder by the Company, but will at all times in good faith assist in the carrying out of all the provisions of this Section 6 and in the taking of all such action as may be necessary or appropriate in order to protect the rights of the Holders of this Warrant against impairment. 6.7 Fractional Shares. No fractional shares of Common Stock or scrip shall be issued to any Warrantholder in connection with the exercise of this Warrant. Instead of any fractional shares of Common Stock that would otherwise be issuable to such Warrantholder, the Company will pay to such Warrantholder a cash adjustment in respect of such fractional interest in an amount equal to that fractional interest of the fair market value of one share of Common Stock as of the date of exercise. 6.8 Carryover. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Section 6, no adjustment shall be made to the number of shares of Common Stock to be delivered to the Warrantholder (or to the Exercise Price) if such adjustment represents less than 1% of the number of shares to be so delivered, but any lesser adjustment shall be carried forward and shall be made at the time and together with the next subsequent adjustment which together with any adjustments so carried forward shall amount to 1% or more of the number of shares to be so delivered. 7. Notices of Corporate Action. In the event of: (a) any taking by the Company of a record of the holders of any class of securities for the purpose of determining the holders thereof who are entitled to receive any dividend or other distribution, or any right to subscribe for, purchase or otherwise acquire any shares of stock of any class or any other securities or property, or to receive any other right, or (b) any capital reorganization of the Company, any reclassification or recapitalization of the capital stock of the Company or any Change of Control, or (c) any voluntary or involuntary dissolution, liquidation or winding-up of the Company, or (d) any redemption or conversion of any outstanding Preferred Stock or Common Stock, or (e) the filing of the Company's first registration statement with the SEC, the Company will mail to the Warrantholder a notice specifying (i) the date or expected date on which any such record is to be taken for the purpose of such dividend, distribution or right and the amount and character of any such dividend, distribution or right, (ii) the date or expected date on which any such reorganization, reclassification, recapitalization, Change of Control, dissolution, liquidation or winding-up is to take place and the time, if any such time is to be fixed, as of which the holders of record of Common Stock (or other securities) shall be entitled to exchange their shares of Common Stock (or other securities) for the securities or other property deliverable upon such reorganization, reclassification, recapitalization, Change of Control, dissolution, liquidation or winding-up and (iii) that in the event of a Change of Control, the Warrants are exercisable immediately prior to the consummation of such Change of Control. Such notice shall be mailed at least 20 days prior to the date therein specified, in the case of any date referred to in the foregoing subdivision (i), and at least 20 days prior to the date therein specified, in the case of the date referred to in the foregoing subdivision (ii). 8. Definitions. As used herein, unless the context otherwise requires, the following terms have the following respective meanings: Business Day: any day other than a Saturday, Sunday or a day on which national banks are authorized by law to close in the City of San Francisco, State of California. Change of Control: shall mean (i) the consolidation of the Company with or merger of the Company with or into any other person in which the Company is not the surviving corporation, (ii) the sale of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company to any other person or (iii) any sale or transfer of any capital stock of the Company after the date of this Warrant, following which 50% of the combined voting power of the Company becomes beneficially owned by one person or group (other than the Warrantholder) acting together. For purposes of this definition of Change of Control, "group" shall have the meaning as such term is used in Section 13(d)(1) under the Exchange Act. Common Stock: the meaning specified on the cover of this Warrant. Company: ZAP Power Systems, a California corporation. Exchange Act: the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or any successor federal statute, and the rules and regulations of the SEC thereunder, all as the same shall be in effect at the time. Reference to a particular section of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, shall include a reference to a comparable section, if any, of any successor federal statute. Exercise Form: an Exercise Form in the form annexed hereto as Exhibit A. Exercise Period: the meaning specified in Section 1.4(a). Exercise Price: the meaning specified on the cover of this Warrant, as such price may be adjusted pursuant to Section 1 or Section 6 hereof. Nasdaq: the Nasdaq National Market or the Nasdaq SmallCap Market. Preferred Stock: shall mean any and all series of Preferred Stock of the Company, whether currently existing or created in the future. SEC: the Securities and Exchange Commission or any other federal agency at the time administering the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, whichever is the relevant statute for the particular purpose. Securities Act: the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or any successor federal statute, and the rules and regulations of the Commission thereunder, all as the same shall be in effect at the time. Reference to a particular section of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, shall include a reference to the comparable section, if any, of any successor federal statute. Trading Day: any day other than a day on which securities are not traded, listed or reported on the principal securities exchange or securities market on which the Common Stock is traded, listed or reported. Warrantholder: the meaning specified on the cover of this Warrant. Warrant Shares: the meaning specified on the cover of this Warrant, subject to the provisions of Section 1 or Section 6 hereof. 9. Miscellaneous. 9.1 Entire Agreement. This Warrant constitutes the entire agreement between the Company and the Warrantholder with respect to this Warrant. 9.2 Binding Effects; Benefits. This Warrant shall inure to the benefit of and shall be binding upon the Company and the Warrantholder and their respective successors. Nothing in this Warrant, expressed or implied, is intended to or shall confer on any person other than the Company and the Warrantholder, or their respective successors, any rights, remedies, obligations or liabilities under or by reason of this Warrant. 9.3 Amendments and Waivers. This Warrant may not be modified or amended except by an instrument or instruments in writing signed by the Company and the Warrantholder. Either the Company or the Warrantholder may, by an instrument in writing, waive compliance by the other party with any term or provision of this Warrant on the part of such other party hereto to be performed or complied with. The waiver by any such party of a breach of any term or provision of this Warrant shall not be construed as a waiver of any subsequent breach. 9.4 Section and Other Headings. The section and other headings contained in this Warrant are for reference purposes only and shall not be deemed to be a part of this Warrant or to affect the meaning or interpretation of this Warrant. 9.5 Further Assurances. Each of the Company and the Warrantholder shall do and perform all such further acts and things and execute and deliver all such other certificates, instruments and documents as the Company or the Warrantholder may, at any time and from time to time, reasonably request in connection with the performance of any of the provisions of this Agreement. 9.6 Notices. All notices and other communications required or permitted to be given under this Warrant shall be in writing and shall be deemed to have been duly given if delivered personally or sent by United States mail, postage prepaid, or by facsimile (with electronic confirmation of successful transmission) to the parties hereto at the following addresses or to such other address as any party hereto shall hereafter specify by notice to the other party hereto: (a) if to the Company, addressed to: ZAP Power Systems 117 Morris Street Sebastopol, CA 95472 Attention: Managing Director Telecopier: (707) 824-4159 (b) if to the Warrantholder, addressed to: Ridgewood ZAP, LLC c/o Ridgewood Capital Corporation 947 Linwood Avenue Ridgewood, NJ 07450 Attention: President Telecopier: (201) 447-0474 Except as otherwise provided herein, all such notices and communications shall be deemed to have been received on the date of delivery thereof, if delivered personally, or on the third Business Day after the mailing thereof. 9.7 Separability. Any term or provision of this Warrant which is invalid or unenforceable in any jurisdiction shall, as to such jurisdiction, be ineffective to the extent of such invalidity or unenforceability without rendering invalid or unenforceable the terms and provisions of this Warrant or affecting the validity or enforceability of any of the terms or provisions of this Warrant in any other jurisdiction. 9.8 Governing Law. This Warrant shall be deemed to be a contract made under the laws of the State of California (irrespective of its choice of law principles). 9.9 No Rights or Liabilities as Stockholder. Nothing contained in this Warrant shall be determined as conferring upon the Warrantholder any rights as a stockholder of the Company or as imposing any liabilities on the Warrantholder to purchase any securities whether such liabilities are asserted by the Company or by creditors or stockholders of the Company or otherwise. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Company has caused this Warrant to be signed by its duly authorized officer. Dated: March 29, 1999. ZAP POWER SYSTEMS By:__________________________ Gary Starr Managing Director Exhibit A THIS WARRANT AND ANY SHARES ACQUIRED UPON THE EXERCISE OF THIS WARRANT HAVE NOT BEEN REGISTERED UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED, AND MAY NOT BE SOLD OR OTHERWISE TRANSFERRED EXCEPT PURSUANT TO AN EFFECTIVE REGISTRATION STATEMENT FILED UNDER SUCH ACT OR PURSUANT TO AN EXEMPTION FROM REGISTRATION UNDER SUCH ACT. EXERCISE FORM (To be executed upon exercise of this Warrant) The undersigned hereby irrevocably elects to exercise the right, represented by this Warrant, to purchase Warrant Shares: ___ herewith tenders payment for _______ of the Warrant Shares to the order of ZAP Power Systems in the amount of $_________ in accordance with the terms of this Warrant. The undersigned requests that a certificate (or certificates) for such Warrant Shares be registered in the name of the undersigned and that such certificate (or certificates) be delivered to the undersigned's address below. In exercising this Warrant, the undersigned hereby confirms and acknowledges that the Warrant Shares are being acquired solely for the account of the undersigned and not as a nominee for any other party, or for investment, and that the undersigned will not offer, sell or otherwise dispose of any such Warrant Shares except under circumstances that will not result in a violation of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or any state securities laws. Dated: ___________________. RIDGEWOOD ZAP, LLC By:_____________________ Name:___________________ Title:____________________ If said number of shares shall not be all the shares purchasable under the within Warrant, a new Warrant is to be issued in the name of said undersigned for the balance remaining of the shares purchasable thereunder. ::ODMA\PCDOCS\BURLINGTON\126822\3 EX-10.C 7 INVESTORS' RIGHTS AGREEMENT ZAP POWER SYSTEMS INVESTOR'S RIGHTS AGREEMENT THIS AGREEMENT made and entered into as of the 29th day of March, 1999, by and between ZAP Power Systems, a California corporation having a principal place of business at 117 Morris Street, Sebastopol, California 95472 (the "Company"), and Ridgewood ZAP LLC, a Delaware limited liability company having a principal place of business at 947 Linwood Avenue, Ridgewood, New Jersey 07450 (the "Investor"). W I T N E S S E T H: WHEREAS, the Company and the Investor have entered into a certain Stock and Warrant Purchase Agreement of even date herewith (the "Purchase Agreement"), under which the Investor has agreed to purchase Common Stock of the Company and the Company has agreed to issue a warrant to purchase additional shares of Common Stock of the Company; WHEREAS, the Company and the Investor desire to set forth their agreement as to registration rights and other matters; NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual promises and covenants set forth herein, and other good and valuable consideration the sufficiency of which is hereby acknowledged, the parties hereto agree as follows: SECTION 1 Restrictions on Transferability of Securities; Registration Rights 1.1 Certain Definitions. As used in this Agreement, the following terms shall have the meanings set forth below: (a) "Commission" shall mean the Securities and Exchange Commission or any other federal agency at the time administering the Securities Act. (b) "Exchange Act" shall mean the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or any similar successor federal statute and the rules and regulations thereunder, all as the same shall be in effect from time to time. (c) "Holder" shall mean the Investor (to the extent that the Investor holds Registrable Securities), and any other holder of Registrable Securities that have not been sold to the public or sold pursuant to Rule 144 to whom the registration rights conferred by this Agreement have been transferred by Holder in accordance with Section 1.11 hereof. (d) "Indemnified Party" shall have the meaning given in Section 1.7(c) hereof. (e) "Indemnifying Party" shall have the meaning given in Section 1.7(c) hereof. (f) "Initiating Holders" shall mean any Holder or Holders who in the aggregate hold not less than twenty-five percent (25%) of the outstanding Registrable Securities. (g) "Investor" shall have the meaning set forth in the preamble of this Agreement. (h) "Purchase Agreement" shall have the meaning set forth in the recitals of this Agreement. (i) "Registrable Securities" shall mean (i) Shares issued to Investor in accordance with the Purchase Agreement and shares issued pursuant to the Warrant), and (ii) any Shares issued as a dividend or other distribution with respect to or in exchange for or in replacement of such Shares described in clause (i) of this subsection; provided, however, that Registrable Securities shall not include (x) any Shares which have previously been registered or which have been sold to the public, (y) any Registrable Securities sold by a person in a transaction in which registration rights have not been assigned in accordance with this Agreement, or (z) any Registrable Securities that may immediately be sold under Rule 144 during any 90-day period. (j) The terms "register," "registered" and "registration" shall refer to a registration effected by preparing and filing a registration statement in compliance with the Securities Act and applicable rules and regulations thereunder, and the declaration or ordering of the effectiveness of such registration statement. (k) "Registration Expenses" shall mean all expenses incurred in effecting any registration pursuant to this Agreement, including, without limitation, all registration, qualification, and filing fees, printing expenses, escrow fees, fees and disbursements of counsel for the Company, blue sky fees and expenses, and expenses of any regular or special audits incident to or required by any such registration, but shall not include Selling Expenses and except as otherwise provided herein, fees and disbursements of counsel for the Holders (but excluding the compensation of regular employees of the Company, which shall be paid in any event by the Company). (l) "Rule 144" shall mean Rule 144 as promulgated by the Commission under the Securities Act, as such Rule may be amended from time to time, or any similar successor rule that may be promulgated by the Commission. (m) "Rule 145" shall mean Rule 145 as promulgated by the Commission under the Securities Act, as such Rule may be amended from time to time, or any similar successor rule that may be promulgated by the Commission. (n) "Securities Act" shall mean the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or any similar successor federal statute and the rules and regulations thereunder, all as the same shall be in effect from time to time. (o) "Selling Expenses" shall mean all underwriting discounts and selling commissions applicable to the sale of Shares and fees and disbursements of counsel for any Holder (other than the fees and disbursements of counsel included in Registration Expenses). (p) "Shares" means shares of the Common Stock of the Company. (q) "Significant Holder" shall have the meaning given in Section 3.2 hereof. (r) "Warrant" shall mean the Warrant issued to the Investor pursuant to the Purchase Agreement. 1.2 Demand Registration. (a) Request for Registration. Upon receipt by the Company of written demand from the Initiating Holders that the Company effect a registration with respect to all or a part of the Registrable Securities having an anticipated aggregate offering price, net of underwriting discounts and commissions, equal to or greater than $7,500,000, the Securities Act), the Company shall: (i) within twenty (20) days after the receipt of such request, give written notice of the proposed registration to all other Holders; and (ii) as soon as practicable after receipt of such demand (and if possible within 90 days after such demand), use its best efforts to effect the registration (including, without limitation, filing post-effective amendments, appropriate qualifications under applicable blue sky or other state securities laws, and appropriate compliance with the Securities Act) of such Registrable Securities as would permit or facilitate the sale and distribution of all or such portion of the Registrable Securities of any Holder or Holders joining in such request as are specified in a written request received by the Company within twenty (20) days after such written notice from the Company is mailed or delivered. The Company shall not be obligated to effect, or to take any action to effect, any such registration pursuant to this Section 1.2: (A) Made sooner than March 15, 2000; (B) After the Company has initiated two such registrations pursuant to this Section 1.2(a) (counting for these purposes only registrations which have been declared or ordered effective); (C) During the period starting with the date sixty (60) days prior to the Company's good faith estimate of the date of filing of, and ending on a date one hundred eighty (180) days after the effective date of, a Company initiated registration; provided that the Company is actively employing in good faith all reasonable efforts to cause such registration statement to become effective; (D) If the Initiating Holders propose to dispose of Registrable Securities which may be immediately registered on Form S-3 pertinent to a request made under Section 1.6 hereof; (E) If the Initiating Holders do not request that such offering be firmly underwritten by underwriters selected by the Initiating Holders (subject to the consent of the Company, which consent will not be unreasonably withheld) or the Company and the Initiating Holders are unable to obtain the commitment of such underwriter to firmly underwrite such offering. (b) Deferral by Company. Subject to the foregoing clauses (A) through (E), the Company shall file a registration statement covering the Registrable Securities so requested to be registered as soon as practicable after receipt of the request or requests of the Initiating Holders; provided, however, that if (i) in the good faith judgment of the Board of Directors of the Company, such registration would be seriously detrimental to the Company and the Board of Directors of the Company concludes, as a result, that it is essential to defer the filing of such registration statement at such time, and (ii) the Company shall furnish to such Holders a certificate signed by the Managing Director of the Company stating that, in the good faith judgment of the Board of Directors of the Company, it would be seriously detrimental to the Company for such registration statement to be filed in the near future and that it is, therefore, essential to defer the filing of such registration statement, then the Company shall have the right to defer such filing for the period during which such disclosure would be seriously detrimental, provided that (except as provided in clause (C) above) the Company may not defer the filing for a period of more than one hundred eighty (180) days after receipt of the request of the Initiating Holders, and, provided further, that the Company shall not defer its obligation in this manner more than once in any twelve-month period.(b) Deferral by Company. Subject to the foregoing clauses (A) through (E), the Company shall file a registration statement covering the Registrable Securities so requested to be registered as soon as practicable after receipt of the request or requests of the Initiating Holders; provided, however, that if (i) in the good faith judgment of the Board of Directors of the Company, such registration would be seriously detrimental to the Company and the Board of Directors of the Company concludes, as a result, that it is essential to defer the filing of such registration statement at such time, and (ii) the Company shall furnish to such Holders a certificate signed by the Managing Director of the Company stating that, in the good faith judgment of the Board of Directors of the Company, it would be seriously detrimental to the Company for such registration statement to be filed in the near future and that it is, therefore, essential to defer the filing of such registration statement, then the Company shall have the right to defer such filing for the period during which such disclosure would be seriously detrimental, provided that (except as provided in clause (C) above) the Company may not defer the filing for a period of more than one hundred eighty (180) days after receipt of the request of the Initiating Holders, and, provided further, that the Company shall not defer its obligation in this manner more than once in any twelve-month period. The registration statement filed pursuant to the request of the Initiating Holders may, subject to the provisions of Sections 1.2(b) and (d) hereof, include other securities of the Company, with respect to which registration rights have been granted, and may include securities of the Company being sold for the account of the Company. (c) Underwriting. The right of any Holder to registration pursuant to this Section 1.2 shall be conditioned upon such Holder's participation in such underwriting and the inclusion of such Holder's Registrable Securities in the underwriting to the extent provided herein. A Holder may elect to include in such underwritings all or a part of the Registrable Securities he holds. (d) Procedure. If the Company shall request inclusion in any registration pursuant to Section 1.2 of securities being sold for its own account, or if other persons shall request inclusion in any registration pursuant to Section 1.2, the Initiating Holders shall, on behalf of all Holders, offer to include such securities in the underwriting and may condition such offer on the acceptance of and compliance with the further applicable provisions of this Agreement by the Company and such other persons. The Company shall (together with all Holders and other persons proposing to distribute their securities through such underwriting) enter into an underwriting agreement in customary form with the representative of the underwriter or underwriters selected by a majority in interest of the Initiating Holders, which underwriters are reasonably acceptable to the Company. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Section 1.2, if the representative of the underwriters advises the Initiating Holders in writing that marketing factors require a limitation on the number of shares to be underwritten, the Initiating Holders may limit, to the extent advised by the managing underwriter(s), the amount of securities to be included in the registration by the Company's Shareholders (including the Holders); provided, however, that the aggregate rate of securities (including Registrable Securities) to be included in such registrations by the Holders may not be so reduced to less than thirty-three percent (33%) of the total value of all securities included in such registration. If a person who has requested inclusion in such registration as provided herein does not agree to the terms of any such underwriting, such person shall be excluded therefrom by written notice from the Company, the underwriter or the Initiating Holders. The securities so excluded shall also be withdrawn from registration. Any Registrable Securities or other securities excluded or withdrawn from such underwriting shall also be withdrawn from such registration. If Shares are so withdrawn from the registration and if the number of Shares to be included in such registration was previously reduced as a result of marketing factors pursuant to this Section 1.2(d), then the Company shall offer to all Holders who have retained rights to include securities in the registration the right to include additional securities in the registration in an aggregate amount equal to the number of Shares so withdrawn, with such Shares to be allocated among such Holders requesting additional inclusion in accordance with this Section 1.12(d). 1.3 Company Registration. (a) Piggyback Rights. If the Company shall determine to register any of its securities either for its own account or for the account of a security holder or holders exercising their respective demand registration rights (other than pursuant to this Agreement), other than a registration relating solely to employee benefit plans, or a registration relating solely to a Rule 145 (or its successor rule under the Securities Act) transaction, or a registration on any registration form that does not permit secondary sales, the Company will: (i) at least thirty (30) days prior to filing any such registration statement under the Securities Act, give to each Holder written notice thereof; and (ii) use its best efforts to include in such registration (and any related qualification under blue sky laws or other compliance), and in any underwriting involved therein, all the Registrable Securities specified in a written request or requests, made by any Holder and received by the Company within twenty (20) days after the written notice from the Company described in clause (i) above is mailed or delivered by the Company. Such written request may specify all or a part of a Holder's Registrable Securities. (b) Underwriting. If the registration of which the Company gives notice is for a registered public offering involving an underwriting, the Company shall so advise the Holders as a part of the written notice given pursuant to Section 1.3(a)(i). In such event, the right of any Holder to registration pursuant to this Section 1.3 shall be conditioned upon such Holder's participation in such underwriting and the inclusion of such Holder's Registrable Securities in the underwriting to the extent provided herein. All Holders proposing to distribute their securities through such underwriting shall (together with the Company and the other holders of securities of the Company with registration rights to participate therein distributing their securities through such underwriting) enter into an underwriting agreement in customary form for offerings of the type proposed with the representative of the underwriter or underwriters selected by the Company. (c) Procedures. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Section 1.3, if the managing underwriter(s) advises the Company in writing that marketing factors require a limitation on the number of Shares to be underwritten, the managing underwriter(s) may (subject to the limitations set forth below) exclude all Registrable Securities from, or limit the number of Registrable Securities to be included in, the registration and underwriting. The Company may limit, to the extent so advised by the managing underwriter(s), the amount of securities to be included in the registration by the Company's shareholders (including the Holders); provided, however, that the aggregate value of securities (including Registrable Securities) to be included in such registration by the Holders may not be so reduced to less than thirty-three percent (33%) of the total value of all securities included in such registration. If any Holder does not agree to the terms of any such underwriting, he shall be excluded therefrom by written notice from the Company or the underwriter. Any Registrable Securities or other securities excluded or withdrawn from such underwriting shall be withdrawn from such registration. If securities are so withdrawn from the registration and if the number of Shares of Registrable Securities to be included in such registration was previously reduced as a result of marketing factors, the Company shall then offer to all persons who have retained the right to include securities in the registration the right to include additional securities in the registration in an aggregate amount equal to the number of shares so withdrawn, with such shares to be allocated among the persons requesting additional inclusion in accordance with this Section 1.3 hereof. 1.4 Expenses of Registration. All registration expenses incurred in connection with any registration, qualification or compliance pursuant to Sections 1.2, 1.3 and 1.5 hereof, and reasonable fees of one counsel for all selling shareholders in the case of registrations pursuant to Section 1.2 hereof, shall be borne by the Company (but excluding underwriter(s) and banker's discounts and commissions); provided, however, that unless the Holders bear the registration expenses for any registration proceeding begun pursuant to Section 1.2 and subsequently withdrawn by the Holders registering Shares therein, such registration proceeding shall be counted as a requested registration pursuant to Section 1.2 hereof for all Holders, except in the event that such withdrawal is based upon material adverse information relating to the Company that is different from the information known or available (upon request from the Company or otherwise) to the Holders requesting registration at the time of their request for registration under Section 1.2 and have withdrawn their request for registration with reasonable promptness after learning of such material adverse information, in which event such registration shall not be treated as a counted registration for purposes of Section 1.2 hereof, even though the Holders do not bear the registration expenses for such registration. All Selling Expenses relating to securities so registered shall be borne by the Holders of such securities pro rata on the basis of the number of Shares of securities so registered on their behalf. 1.5 Registration on Form S-3. (a) The Company shall use its best efforts to qualify for the use of Form S-3 to register its shares or any comparable or successor form or forms. After the Company has qualified for the use of Form S-3 to register its shares, in addition to the rights contained in the foregoing provisions of this Section 1, the Holders of Registrable Securities shall have the right to request registrations on Form S-3 (such requests shall be in writing and shall state the number of shares of Registrable Securities to be disposed of and the intended methods of disposition of such shares by such Holder or Holders), provided, however, that the Company shall not be obligated to effect any such registration if (i) the Holders, together with the holders of any other securities of the Company entitled to inclusion in such registration, propose to sell Registrable Securities and such other securities (if any) on Form S-3 at an aggregate price to the public of less than $1,000,000, or (ii) in the event that the Company shall furnish the certification described in Section 1.2(b)(ii) (but subject to the limitations set forth therein) or (iii) in a given twelve-month period, the Company has effected one (1) such registration in such period or (iv) it is to be effected more than five (5) years after the Company's initial public offering or (v) in any particular jurisdiction in which the Company would be required to do business or execute a general consent to service of process in effecting such registration, qualification or compliance or (vi) Form S-3 is not available for such offering. (b) If a request complying with the requirements of Section 1.5(a) hereof is delivered to the Company, the provisions of Sections 1.2(a)(i) and (ii) and hereof shall apply to such registration. If the registration is for an underwritten offering, the provisions of Sections 1.2(c) and 1.2(d) hereof shall apply to such registration. (c) Form S-3 registrations shall not be deemed to be demand registrations as described in Section 1.2 or 1.3. 1.6 Registration Procedures. In the case of each registration effected by the Company pursuant to Section l, the Company will keep each Holder advised in writing as to the initiation of each registration and as to the completion thereof. At its expense, the Company will use its best efforts to: (a) Keep such registration effective for a period of ninety (90) days or until the Holder or Holders have completed the distribution described in the registration statement relating thereto, whichever first occurs; provided, however, that (i) such 90-day period shall be extended for a period of time equal to the period the Holder refrains from selling any securities included in such registration at the request of an underwriter of Shares (or other securities) of the Company; and (ii) in the case of any registration of Registrable Securities on Form S-3 which are intended to be offered on a continuous or delayed basis, such 90-day period shall be extended, if necessary, for a period of up to one year, to keep the registration statement effective until all such Registrable Securities are sold, provided that Rule 415, or any successor rule under the Securities Act, permits an offering on a continuous or delayed basis, and provided further that applicable rules under the Securities Act governing the obligation to file a post-effective amendment permit, in lieu of filing a post-effective amendment that (I) includes any prospectus required by Section l0(a)(3) of the Securities Act or (II) reflects facts or events representing a material or fundamental change in the information set forth in the registration statement, the incorporation by reference of information required to be included in (I) and (II) above to be contained in periodic reports filed pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act in the registration statement; (b) Prepare and file with the Commission such amendments and supplements to such registration statement and the prospectus used in connection with such registration statement as may be necessary to comply with the provisions of the Securities Act with respect to the disposition of all securities covered by such registration statement; (c) Furnish such number of prospectuses and other documents incident thereto, including any amendment of or supplement to the prospectus, as a Holder from time to time may reasonably request; (d) Notify each seller of Registrable Securities covered by such registration statement at any time when a prospectus relating thereto is required to be delivered under the Securities Act of the happening of any event as a result of which the prospectus included in such registration statement, as then in effect, includes an untrue statement of a material fact or omits to state a material fact required to be stated therein necessary to make the statements therein not misleading or incomplete in the light of the circumstances then existing, and at the request of any such seller, prepare and furnish to such seller a reasonable number of copies of a supplement to or an amendment of such prospectus as may be necessary so that, as thereafter delivered to the purchasers of such shares, such prospectus shall not include an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading or incomplete in the light of the circumstances then existing; (e) Cause all such Registrable Securities registered pursuant hereunder to be listed on each securities exchange on which similar securities issued by the Company are then listed; (f) Provide a transfer agent and registrar for all Registrable Securities registered pursuant to such registration statement and a CUSIP number for all such Registrable Securities, in each case not later than the effective date of such registration; (g) Otherwise use its best efforts to comply with all applicable rules and regulations of the Commission, and make available to its security holders, as soon as reasonably practicable, an earnings statement covering the period of at least twelve months, but not more than eighteen months, beginning with the first month after the effective date of the registration statement, which earnings statement shall satisfy the provisions of Section 11(a) of the Securities Act; and (h) In connection with any underwritten offering pursuant to a registration statement filed pursuant to Section 1.2 hereof, the Company and the Holders registering Registrable Securities will enter into an underwriting agreement in form reasonably necessary to effect the offer and sale of Shares, provided such underwriting agreement contains customary underwriting provisions and provided further that if the underwriter so requests the underwriting agreement will contain customary contribution provisions. 1.7 Indemnification. (a) To the extent permitted by law, the Company will indemnify each Holder, each of its officers, directors and partners, legal counsel, and accountants and each person controlling such Holder within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act, with respect to which registration, qualification, or compliance has been effected pursuant to this Section 1, and each underwriter (as defined in the Securities Act) for such Holder, if any, and each person who controls within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act any such underwriter, against all expenses, claims, losses, damages, and liabilities (or actions, proceedings, or settlements in respect thereof) arising out of or based on any untrue statement (or alleged untrue statement) of a material fact contained in any prospectus, offering circular, or other document (including any related registration statement, notification, or the like) incident to any such registration, qualification, or compliance, or based on any omission (or alleged omission) to state therein a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, or any violation by the Company of the Securities Act, Exchange Act or any rule or regulation thereunder applicable to the Company and relating to action or inaction required of the Company in connection with any such registration, qualification, or compliance, and will reimburse each such Holder, each of its officers, directors, partners, legal counsel, and accountants and each person controlling such Holder, each such underwriter, and each person who controls any such underwriter, for any legal and any other expenses reasonably incurred in connection with investigating and defending or settling any such claim, loss, damage, liability, proceeding, or action, provided that the Company will not be liable in any such case to the extent that any such claim, loss, damage, liability, or expense arises out of or is based on any untrue statement (or alleged untrue statement) or omission (or alleged omission) based upon written information furnished to the Company by such Holder, officer, director, partner, underwriter for such Holder, or controlling person of such Holder and stated to be specifically for use therein. It is agreed that the indemnity agreement contained in this Section 1.7(a) shall not apply to amounts paid in settlement of any such loss, claim, damage, liability, or action if such settlement is effected without the consent of the Company (which consent has not been unreasonably withheld). (b) To the extent permitted by law, each Holder will, if Registrable Securities held by him are included in the securities as to which such registration, qualification, or compliance is being effected, indemnify the Company, each of its directors, officers, partners, legal counsel, and accountants and each underwriter, if any, of the Company's securities covered by such a registration statement, each person who controls the Company or such underwriter within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act, each other such Holder and Other Shareholder, and each of their officers, directors, and partners, and each person controlling such Holder or Other Shareholder, against all expenses, claims, losses, damages and liabilities (or actions, proceedings or settlements in respect thereof) arising out of or based on any untrue statement (or alleged untrue statement) of a material fact contained in any prospectus, offering circular, or other document (including any related registration statement, notification, or the like) incident to any such registration, qualification or compliance, or based on any omission (or alleged omission) to state therein a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading or any violation, by the Company of the Securities Act or Exchange Act or any rule or regulation thereunder applicable to the Company and relating to action or inaction required of the Company in connection with any such registration, qualification, or compliance, and will reimburse the Company and such Holders, Other Shareholders, directors, officers, partners, legal counsel, and accountants, persons, underwriters, or control persons for any legal or any other expenses reasonably incurred in connection with investigating or defending any such claim, loss, damage, liability, proceeding, or action, in each case to the extent, but only to the extent, that such untrue statement (or alleged untrue statement) or omission (or alleged omission) is made in such registration statement, prospectus, offering circular, or other document or such other alleged violation by the Company of the Securities Act or Exchange Act is committed in reliance upon and in conformity with written information furnished to the Company by such Holder and stated to be specifically for use therein provided, however, that the obligations of such Holder hereunder shall not apply to amounts paid in settlement of any such claims, losses, damages, or liabilities (or actions in respect thereof) if such settlement is effected without the consent of such Holder, which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld. (c) Each party entitled to indemnification under this Section 1.7 (the "Indemnified Party") shall give notice to the party required to provide indemnification (the "Indemnifying Party") promptly after such Indemnified Party has actual knowledge of any claim as to which indemnity may be sought, and shall permit the Indemnifying Party to assume the defense of such claim or any litigation resulting therefrom, provided that counsel for the Indemnifying Party, who shall conduct the defense of such claim or any litigation resulting therefrom, shall be approved by the Indemnified Party (whose approval shall not unreasonably be withheld), and the Indemnified Party may participate in such defense at such party's expense. The failure of any Indemnified Party to give notice as provided herein shall relieve the Indemnifying Party of its obligations under this Section 1 to the extent such failure is prejudicial. No Indemnifying Party, in the defense of any such claim or litigation, shall, except with the consent of each Indemnified Party, consent to entry of any judgment or enter into any settlement that does not include as an unconditional term thereof the giving by the claimant or plaintiff to such Indemnified Party of a release from all liability in respect to such claim or litigation. Each Indemnified Party shall furnish such information regarding itself or the claim in question as an Indemnifying Party may reasonably request in writing and as shall be reasonably required in connection with defense of such claim and litigation resulting therefrom. (d) If the indemnification provided for in this Section 1.7 is held by a court of competent jurisdiction to be unavailable to an Indemnified Party with respect to any loss, liability, claim, damage, or expense referred to therein, then the Indemnifying Party, in lieu of indemnifying such Indemnified Party hereunder, shall contribute to the amount paid or payable by such Indemnified Party as a result of such loss, liability, claim, damage, or expense in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect the relative fault of the Indemnifying Party on the one hand and of the Indemnified Party on the other in connection with the statements or omissions that resulted in such loss, liability, claim, damage, or expense as well as any other relevant equitable considerations. The relative fault of the Indemnifying Party and of the Indemnified Party shall be determined by reference to, among other things, whether the untrue or alleged untrue statement of a material fact or the omission to state a material fact relates to information supplied by the Indemnifying Party or by the Indemnified Party and the parties' relative intent, knowledge, access to information, and opportunity to correct or prevent such statement or omission. (e) Notwithstanding the foregoing, to the extent that the provisions on indemnification and contribution contained in the underwriting agreement entered into in connection with the underwritten public offering are in conflict with the foregoing provisions, the provisions in the underwriting agreement shall control. (f) The foregoing indemnity agreements of the Company and the Holder are subject to the condition that, insofar as they relate to any untrue statement of a material fact or an omission of a material fact made in a preliminary prospectus but eliminated or remedied in the amended prospectus on file with the SEC at the time the registration statement in question becomes effective or the amended prospectus filed with the SEC pursuant to SEC Rule 424(b) (the "Final Prospectus"), such indemnity agreement shall not inure to be benefit of any person if a copy of the Final Prospectus was furnished to the indemnified party and was not furnished to the person asserting the loss, liability, claim or damage at or prior to the time such action is required by the Securities Act. (g) The obligations of the Company and the Holder under this Section 1.7 shall survive the completion of any offering of Registrable Securities in a registration statement and otherwise. 1.8 Information By Holder. It is a condition precedent to the Company's obligations under Sections 1.2, 1.3 and 1.5 that each Holder of Registrable Securities shall furnish to the Company such information regarding such Holder and the distribution proposed by such Holder as the Company may reasonably request in writing and as shall be reasonably required in connection with any registration, qualification, or compliance referred to in this Section 1. 1.9 Limitations on Registration of Issues of Securities. From and after the date of this Agreement, the Company shall not, without the prior written consent of Holders holding a majority of the then outstanding Registrable Securities, enter into any agreement with any holder or prospective holder of any securities of the Company giving such holder or prospective holder any registration rights which are inconsistent with the provisions of this Agreement. 1.10 Rule 144 Reporting. With a view to making available the benefits of certain rules and regulations of the Commission that may permit the sale of the Restricted Securities to the public without registration, after such time as a public market exists for the Shares of Company, the Company agrees to use its best efforts to: (a) Make and keep public information regarding the Company available as those terms are understood and defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act, at all times from and after ninety (90) days following the effective date of the first registration under the Securities Act filed by the Company for an offering of its securities to the general public; (b) File with the Commission in a timely manner all reports and other documents required of the Company under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act at any time after it has become subject to such reporting requirements; (c) So long as a Holder owns any Registrable Securities, furnish to the Holder forthwith upon written request a written statement by the Company as to its compliance with the reporting requirements of Rule 144 (at any time from and after ninety (90) days following the effective date of the first registration statement filed by the Company for an offering of its securities to the general public), and of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act (at any time after it has become subject to such reporting requirements), a copy of the most recent annual or quarterly report of the Company, and such other reports and documents so filed as a Holder may reasonably request in availing itself of any rule or regulation of the Commission allowing a Holder to sell any such securities without registration (at any time after the Company has become subject to the reporting requirements of the 1934 Act). 1.11 Transfer or Assignment of Registration Rights. The rights to cause the Company to register securities granted to a Holder by the Company under this Section 1 may be transferred or assigned by a Holder only to a transferee or assignee of not less than 5% of the outstanding voting stock of the Company (on a fully diluted basis), provided that the Company is given written notice prior to the time of such transfer or assignment, stating the name and address of the transferee or assignee and identifying the securities with respect to which such registration rights are being transferred or assigned, and, provided further, that the transferee or assignee of such rights assumes in writing prior to such transfer or assignment, the obligations of such Holder under this Section 1. 1.12 "Market Stand-Off" Agreement. If requested by the Company and an underwriter of Shares (or other securities) of the Company, each Holder shall not sell or otherwise transfer or dispose of any Shares (or other securities) of the Company then owned by such Holder (other than those included in the registration) during the one hundred eighty (180) day period following the effective date of a registration statement of the Company filed under the Securities Act, provided that: (a) such agreement shall only apply to the first such registration statement of the Company which covers securities to be sold on its behalf to the public in an underwritten offering; and (b) all officers and directors of the Company then holding Common Stock of the Company are bound by and have entered into similar agreements. The obligations described in this Section 1.12 shall not apply to a registration relating solely to employee benefit plans on Form S-1 or Form S-8 or similar forms that may be promulgated in the future, or a registration relating solely to a Commission Rule 145 transaction on Form S-4 or similar forms that may be promulgated in the future. In order to enforce the above covenant, the Company shall have the right to place restrictive legends on the certificates representing the Shares subject to this Section and to impose stop-transfer instructions with respect to the shares (or securities) subject to the foregoing restriction until the end of such one hundred eighty (180) day period. 1.13 Delay of Registration. No Holder shall have any right to take any action to restrain, enjoin, or otherwise delay any registration as the result of any controversy that might arise with respect to the interpretation or implementation of this Section 1. SECTION 2 Financial Information 2.1 Basic Financial Information. The Company hereby covenants and agrees, so long as any Holder owns not less than 5% of the outstanding voting stock of the Company (on a fully diluted basis), it will furnish the following reports to each Holder: (a) As soon as practicable after the end of each fiscal year of the Company, and in any event within ninety (90) days thereafter, a consolidated balance sheet of the Company and its subsidiaries, if any, as at the end of such fiscal year, and consolidated statements of income and cash flows of the Company and its subsidiaries, if any, for such year, prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles consistently applied and setting forth in each case in comparative form the figures for the previous fiscal year (if any), all in reasonable detail and certified by Grant Thornton LLP or independent public accountants of recognized national standing selected by the Company. (b) As soon as practicable after the end of the first, second, and third quarterly accounting periods in each fiscal year of the Company, and in any event within forty-five (45) days thereafter, a consolidated balance sheet of the Company and its subsidiaries, if any, as of the end of each such quarterly period, and consolidated statements of income and cash flows of the Company and its subsidiaries for such period and for the current fiscal year to date, prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles consistently applied and setting forth in comparative form the figures for the corresponding periods of the previous fiscal year and to the Company's operating plan then in effect and approved by its Board of Directors, subject to changes resulting from normal year-end audit adjustments, all in reasonable detail and certified by the principal financial or accounting officer of the Company, except that such financial statements need not contain the notes required by generally accepted accounting principles. (c) As soon as practical after the end of each month and in any event within thirty (30) days thereafter a consolidated balance sheet of the Company and its subsidiaries, if any, as at the end of such month and consolidated statements of income and cash flows of the Company and its subsidiaries, for each month and for the current fiscal year of the Company to date, all subject to normal year-end audit adjustments, prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles consistently applied and certified by the principal financial or accounting officer of the Company, together with a comparison of such statements to the corresponding periods of the prior fiscal year and to the Company's operating plan then in effect and approved by its Board of Directors. (d) Annually (but in any event at least thirty (30) days prior to the commencement of each fiscal year of the Company) the financial plan of the Company, in such manner and form as approved by the Board of Directors of the Company, which financial plan shall include a projection of income and a projected cash flow statement for such fiscal year and a projected balance sheet as of the end of such fiscal year. Any material changes in such business plan shall be submitted as promptly as practicable after such changes have been approved by the Board of Directors of the Company. (e) Within 30 days of receipt by the Company, a copy of the annual management review letter of the Company's independent public accountants. (f) As soon as practicable after transmission or occurrence and in any event within ten days thereof, copies of any reports or communications delivered to any class of the Company's security holders or broadly to the financial community, including any filings by the Company with any securities exchange, the Securities and Exchange Commission or the National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc. 2.2 Limitations on Information Rights. (a) The provisions of Section 2.1 shall not be in limitation of any rights which any Holder or Significant Holder may have with respect to the books and records of the Company and its subsidiaries, or to inspect their properties or discuss their affairs, finances and accounts, under the laws of the jurisdictions in which they are incorporated. (b) Anything in Section 2 to the contrary notwithstanding, no Holder or Significant Holder by reason of this Agreement shall have access to any trade secrets or classified information of the Company. Each Significant Holder hereby agrees to hold in confidence and trust and not to disclose any confidential information provided pursuant to this Section 2.2 and to use such confidential information only in connection with its rights hereunder. (c) The rights granted under Section 2.1 may be transferred or assigned by a Holder only to a transferee or assignee of not less than 5% of the outstanding capital stock of the Company (on a fully diluted basis), provided that the Company is given written notice prior to the time of such transfer or assignment, stating the name and address of the transferee or assignee and identifying the securities with respect to which such registration rights are being transferred or assigned, and, provided further, that the transferee or assignee of such rights assumes in writing, prior to such transfer or assignment, the obligations of such Holder under Section 2.1. SECTION 3 Right of First Refusal 3. Right of First Refusal. The Company hereby grants to any Holder who owns not less than 5% of the voting stock of the Company on a fully diluted basis (a "Significant Holder"), the right of first refusal to purchase a pro rata share of New Securities (as defined in this Section 3) which the Company may, from time to time, propose to sell and issue. A Significant Holder's pro rata share, for purposes of this right of first refusal, is the ratio of the number of Shares owned by such Holder immediately prior to the issuance of New Securities, assuming full conversion of any convertible securities of the Company held by such Holder, and exercise of any options or warrants held by such Holder, to the total number of Shares outstanding immediately prior to the issuance of New Securities, assuming full conversion of any outstanding preferred stock of the Company, including those held by such Holder, and exercise of all outstanding rights, options and warrants to acquire Shares of the Company. This right of first refusal shall be subject to the following provisions: (a) "New Securities" shall mean any capital stock (including Shares and/or any preferred stock) of the Company whether now authorized or not, and rights, options or warrants to purchase such capital stock, and securities of any type whatsoever that are, or may become, convertible into capital stock; provided that the term "New Securities" does not include (i) Shares purchased under the Purchase Agreement or Shares issuable upon exercise of the Warrant (ii) securities issued pursuant to the acquisition of another business entity or business segment of any such entity by the Company by merger, purchase of substantially all the assets or other reorganization whereby the Company will own more than fifty percent (50%) of the voting power of such business entity or business segment of any such entity immediately following closing such transfer; (iii) any borrowings, direct or indirect, from financial institutions or other persons by the Company, whether or not presently authorized, including any type of loan or payment evidenced by any type of debt instrument, provided such borrowings do not have any equity features including warrants, options or other rights to purchase capital stock and are not convertible into capital stock of the Company; (iv) securities issued to employees, consultants, officers or directors of the Company pursuant to any stock option, stock purchase or stock bonus plan, agreement or arrangement approved by the Company's Board of Directors; (v) securities issued in connection with any commercial transaction or any equipment leases, real property leases, loans, credit lines, guarantees of indebtedness or similar financing; (vi) securities issued in any new public offering pursuant to a registration under the Securities Act with aggregate net proceeds of at least $7,500,000; (vii) securities issued in connection with any stock split, stock dividend or recapitalization of the Company; and (viii) any right, option or warrant to acquire any security convertible into, or exercisable for, the securities excluded from the definition of New Securities pursuant to subsections (i) through (vii) above. (a) New Securities shall mean any capital stock (including Shares and/or any preferred stock) of the Company whether now authorized or not, and rights, options or warrants to purchase such capital stock, and securities of any type whatsoever that are, or may become, convertible into capital stock; provided that the term New Securities does not include (i) Shares purchased under the Purchase Agreement or Shares issuable upon exercise of the Warrant (ii) securities issued pursuant to the acquisition of another business entity or business segment of any such entity by the Company by merger, purchase of substantially all the assets or other reorganization whereby the Company will own more than fifty percent (50%) of the voting power of such business entity or business segment of any such entity immediately following closing such transfer; (iii) any borrowings, direct or indirect, from financial institutions or other persons by the Company, whether or not presently authorized, including any type of loan or payment evidenced by any type of debt instrument, provided such borrowings do not have any equity features including warrants, options or other rights to purchase capital stock and are not convertible into capital stock of the Company; (iv) securities issued to employees, consultants, officers or directors of the Company pursuant to any stock option, stock purchase or stock bonus plan, agreement or arrangement approved by the Company's Board of Directors; (v) securities issued in connection with any commercial transaction or any equipment leases, real property leases, loans, credit lines, guarantees of indebtedness or similar financing; (vi) securities issued in any new public offering pursuant to a registration under the Securities Act with aggregate net proceeds of at least $7,500,000; (vii) securities issued in connection with any stock split, stock dividend or recapitalization of the Company; and (viii) any right, option or warrant to acquire any security convertible into, or exercisable for, the securities excluded from the definition of New Securities pursuant to subsections (i) through (vii) above. (b) In the event the Company proposes to undertake an issuance of New Securities, it shall give each Significant Holder written notice of its intention, describing the type of New Securities, and their price and the general terms upon which the Company proposes to issue the same. Each Significant Holder shall have ten (10) days after any such notice is mailed or delivered to agree to purchase such Holder's pro rata share of such New Securities for the price and upon the terms specified in the notice by giving written notice to the Company and stating therein the quantity of New Securities to be purchased. (c) In the event the Significant Holders fail to exercise fully the right of first refusal within such ten (10) day period, the Company shall have one hundred twenty (120) days thereafter to sell or enter into an agreement (pursuant to which the sale of New Securities covered thereby shall be closed, if at all, within one hundred twenty (120) days from the date of such agreement) to sell the New Securities respecting which the Holders' right of first refusal option set forth in this Section 3.1 was not exercised, at a price and upon terms no more favorable to the purchasers thereof than specified in the Company's notice to the Significant Holders pursuant to Section 3.1(b). In the event the Company has not sold within such 120-day period or entered into an agreement to sell the New Securities in accordance with the foregoing within one hundred twenty (120) days from the date of such agreement, the Company shall not thereafter issue or sell any New Securities, without first again offering such securities to the Holders in the manner provided in Section 3.1(b) above. (d) The rights granted under Section 3 of this Agreement shall expire upon the earliest of, and shall not be applicable to (i) the first sale of Common Stock of the Company to the public after the date of this Agreement effected pursuant to a registration statement filed with, and declared effective by, the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "Commission") under the Securities Act, with proceeds of more than $7,500,000, (ii) four (4) years from the date of this Agreement, and (iii) (A) the acquisition of all or substantially all the assets of the Company or (B) an acquisition of the Company by another corporation or entity by consolidation, merger or other reorganization in which the holders of the Company's outstanding voting stock immediately prior to such transaction own, immediately after such transaction, securities representing less than fifty percent (50%) or more of the voting power of the corporation or other entity surviving such transaction. (d) The rights granted under Section 3 of this Agreement shall expire upon the earliest of, and shall not be applicable to (i) the first sale of Common Stock of the Company to the public after the date of this Agreement effected pursuant to a registration statement filed with, and declared effective by, the Securities and Exchange Commission (the Commission) under the Securities Act, with proceeds of more than $7,500,000, (ii) four (4) years from the date of this Agreement, and (iii) (A) the acquisition of all or substantially all the assets of the Company or (B) an acquisition of the Company by another corporation or entity by consolidation, merger or other reorganization in which the holders of the Company's outstanding voting stock immediately prior to such transaction own, immediately after such transaction, securities representing less than fifty percent (50%) or more of the voting power of the corporation or other entity surviving such transaction. (e) The right of first refusal set forth in this Section 3 may be assigned or transferred by any Holder only to a transferee or assignee of not less than 5% of the outstanding capital stock of the Company (on a fully diluted basis), provided that the Company is given written notice prior to the time of such transfer or assignment, stating the name and address of the transferee or assignee identifying the securities with respect to which registration rights are being transferred or assigned and provided further that the transferee or assignee of such rights assumes, in writing, prior to such transfer or assignment, the obligation of such Holder under Section 3. (e) The right of first refusal set forth in this Section 3 may be assigned or transferred by any Holder only to a transferee or assignee of not less than 5% of the outstanding capital stock of the Company (on a fully diluted basis), provided that the Company is given written notice prior to the time of such transfer or assignment, stating the name and address of the transferee or assignee identifying the securities with respect to which registration rights are being transferred or assigned and provided further that the transferee or assignee of such rights assumes, in writing, prior to such transfer or assignment, the obligation of such Holder under Section 3. SECTION 4 Miscellaneous 4.1 Governing Law. This Agreement shall be governed in all respects by the laws of the State of California, as if entered into by and between California residents exclusively for performance entirely within California. 4.2 Successors and Assigns. Except as otherwise expressly provided herein, the provisions hereof shall inure to the benefit of, and be binding upon, the successors, assigns, heirs, executors and administrators of the parties hereto. 4.3 Entire Agreement; Amendment; Waiver. This Agreement constitutes the full and entire understanding and agreement between the parties with regard to the subjects hereof and thereof. Neither this Agreement nor any term hereof may be amended, waived, discharged or terminated, except by a written instrument signed by the Company and the holders in interest of at least sixty-six and two-thirds percent (66 _%) of the then Registrable Securities and any such amendment, waiver, discharge or termination shall be binding on all the Holders and other parties hereto and beneficiaries hereof, but in no event shall the obligation of any Holder hereunder be materially increased, except upon the written consent of such Holder. 4.4 Notices, etc. All notices and other communications required or permitted hereunder shall be in writing and shall be mailed by United States first-class mail, postage prepaid, or delivered personally by hand or nationally recognized courier addressed (a) if to a Holder, to the address set forth in the first paragraph of this Agreement, or at such other address as such Holder or permitted transferee shall have furnished to the Company in writing, or (b) if to the Company, at, or at such other address as the Company shall have furnished to each holder in writing. All such notices and other written communications shall be effective (i) if mailed, five (5) days after mailing, (ii) if sent by a nationally recognized overnight courier, one business day after delivery to such courier, and (iii) if faxed or delivered, upon fax or delivery. 4.5 Delays or Omissions. No delay or omission to exercise any right, power or remedy accruing to any Holder, upon any breach or default of the Company under this Agreement shall impair any such right, power or remedy of such Holder nor shall it be construed to be a waiver of any such breach or default, or an acquiescence therein, or of or in any similar breach or default thereafter occurring; nor shall any waiver of any single breach or default be deemed a waiver of any other breach or default therefore or thereafter occurring. Any waiver, permit, consent or approval of any kind or character on the part of any Holder of any breach or default under this Agreement or any waiver on the part of any Holder of any provisions or conditions of this Agreement must be made in writing and shall be effective only to the extent specifically set forth in such writing. All remedies, either under this Agreement or By law or otherwise afforded to any Holder, shall be cumulative and not alternative. 4.6 Rights; Separability. Unless otherwise expressly provided herein, a Holder's rights hereunder are several rights, not rights jointly held with any of the other Holders. In case any provision of the Agreement shall be invalid, illegal or unenforceable, the validity, legality and enforceability of the remaining provisions shall not in any way be affected or impaired thereby. 4.7 Information Confidential. Each Holder acknowledges that the information received by them pursuant hereto may be confidential and for its use only, and it will not use such confidential information in violation of the Exchange Act or reproduce, disclose or disseminate such information to any other person (other than its employees or agents having a need to know the contents of such information, and its attorneys), except in connection with the exercise of rights under this Agreement, unless the Company has made such information available to the public generally or such Holder is required to disclose such information by a governmental body. 4.8 Titles and Subtitles. The titles of the paragraphs and subparagraphs of this Agreement are for convenience of reference only and are not to be considered in construing this Agreement. 4.9 Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be an original, but all of which together shall constitute one instrument. 4.10 Severability. If one or more provisions of this Agreement are held to be unenforceable under applicable law, then such provision(s) shall be excluded from this Agreement and the balance of this Agreement shall be interpreted as if such provision(s) were so excluded and shall be enforceable in accordance with its terms. 4.11 Third Parties. Nothing in this Agreement, express or implied, is intended to confer upon any person, other than the parties hereto and their successors and assigns, any rights or remedies under or by reason of this Agreement. 4.12 Costs and Attorneys' Fees. In the event that any action, suit or other proceeding is instituted concerning or arising out of this Agreement or any transaction contemplated hereunder, the prevailing party shall recover all of such party's costs and attorneys' fees incurred in each such action, suit or other proceeding, including any and all appeals or petitions therefrom. 4.13 Adjustment for Stock Splits, Etc. Wherever in this Agreement there is a reference to a specific number of shares of Common Stock or preferred stock of the Company of any class or series, then, upon the occurrence of any subdivision, combination or stock dividend of such class or series of stock, the specific number of shares so referenced in this Agreement shall automatically be proportionally adjusted to reflect the affect on the outstanding shares of such class or series of stock by such subdivision, combination or stock dividend. 4.14 Aggregation of Stock. All shares held or acquired by affiliated entities or persons shall be aggregated together for the purpose of determining the availability of any rights under this Agreement. [Remainder of Page Intentionally Left Blank] IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this Investor's Rights Agreement effective as of the day and year first above written. ZAP POWER SYSTEMS By:________________________________ Name:_____________________________ Title:______________________________ RIDGEWOOD ZAP, LLC By: Ridgewood Management Corporation, Manager By:_______________________________ Name:____________________________ Title:_____________________________ BTV\125807.4 EX-10.D 8 MILESTONE AGREEMENT WITH ZAP POWER SYSTEMS RIDGEWOOD ZAP, LLC 947 Linwood Avenue Ridgewood, New Jersey 07450 as of March 29, 1999 Gary Starr, Managing Director ZAP Power Systems, Inc. 117 Morris Street Sebastopol, California 95472 Re: Common Stock Purchase Warrant Dear Gary: This letter agreement is intended to constitute a binding contract with respect to our obligation to the exercise of the Common Stock Purchase Warrant dated as of March 29, 1999 (the "Warrant") for the purchase of Common Stock of ZAP Power Systems, Inc. We hereby agree that the Warrant shall be exercised totally for all shares, not partially, prior to December 29, 1999 ("Exercise Date") if, in the reasonable judgment of the Warrantholder, 1. The Company has not experienced a material adverse change in its financial condition or business prospects; and 2. The Company has satisfied the following milestones of performance: (a) Completion of the acquisition of a model bike rental unit which has gross income of at least $400,000 per annum for the last two calendar years; (b) Completion of at least three of the following six joint marketing agreements that are currently being pursued by the Company: MTV Networks; Baywatch Television Series; Ford Motor Company; KOA, Disney and Huffy Bikes; and (c) Completion of the following financial milestones for the period commencing on January 1, 1999: Net Sales of $8,500,000; Gross Profit of $2,500,000; and Net Profit of $350,000. In the event that we wish to exercise the Warrant before the Exercise Date, we will notify you of the proposed exercise date and you agree to furnish us with a written certification from you, as Managing Director of ZAP Power Systems, that the conditions set forth above have been satisfied. To the extent required by us, you also agree to furnish us with copies of joint marketing agreements and with a balance sheet dated within 30 days prior to the proposed exercise date and an income statement for the 12-month period ending within 30 days prior to the proposed exercise date. Unless we have exercised the Warrant sooner, you agree to furnish us with the information referenced in the preceding paragraph within 20 days prior to the Exercise Date. If the conditions set forth in paragraphs numbered 1 and 2 above are met, in our reasonable judgment, we will exercise the Warrant in accordance with the procedures set forth in the Warrant. This letter agreement shall be deemed a contract governed by the laws of California. Please countersign below as an indication of your acceptance and approval of the terms of this letter. Sincerely yours, RIDGEWOOD ZAP, LLC By: Ridgewood Management Corporation its Manager By:_____________________ Authorized Agent Accepted and Agreed: ZAP POWER SYSTEMS By:_____________________ Authorized Agent BTV\126823.1 EX-10.E 9 LETTER RE BOARD REP. WITH ZAP POWER SYSTEMS as of March 29, 1999 Ridgewood ZAP, LLC 947 Linwood Avenue Ridgewood, New Jersey 07450 Attn: Robert L. Gold Dear Gentlemen: In order to induce Ridgewood ZAP, LLC ("Ridgewood") to enter into a certain Stock and Warrant Purchase Agreement dated as of March 29, 1999 with ZAP Power Systems ("ZAP"), for so long as Ridgewood owns not less than 5 percent of the outstanding voting stock of ZAP, the undersigned shareholders of ZAP hereby agree to vote all or such portion of their stock of ZAP as may be necessary to cause to be elected to the Board of Directors of ZAP up to two persons nominated by Ridgewood. In the event of the resignation of a director nominated by Ridgewood, or a vacancy in any such position arising for any reason, the undersigned shareholders agree to cause such vacancy to be filled with a person nominated by Ridgewood. Ridgewood shall provide written or verbal notification to the undersigned shareholders of its nominee(s) at or immediately prior to any meeting called for the purpose of electing directors. As of the date of this letter agreement, Ridgewood nominates, and the undersigned shareholders agree to cause to be elected to the Board of Directors the following individuals: Robert L. Gold and Douglas Wilson. This letter agreement shall be deemed a contract governed by the laws of California and shall be binding on the undersigned and any purchaser of shares held by the undersigned. Sincerely yours, /s/ Gary D. Starr Gary D. Starr, individually /s/ James McGreen James McGreen, individually Accepted and Agreed: RIDGEWOOD ZAP, LLC By: Ridgewood Management Corporation By:_____________________ EX-10.F 10 MANAGEMENT AGREEMENT WITH RIDGEWOOD POWER. MANAGEMENT AGREEMENT AGREEMENT made as of the 9th day of February, 1998 by and between THE RIDGEWOOD POWER GROWTH FUND, a Delaware business trust (the "Trust"), and Ridgewood Power Corporation, a Delaware corporation (hereinafter referred to as the "Management Company"). W I T N E S S E T H: WHEREAS, the Trust is a business trust organized under The Delaware Business Trust Act, as amended, and is engaged in business to invest in and operate independent electric power projects and other projects as provided in its Declaration of Trust, as amended (the "Declaration"); and WHEREAS, the Management Company is the managing shareholder of the Trust and will engage principally in rendering management, administrative and investment advisory services to the Trust; and WHEREAS, the Trust desires to retain the Management Company to render management, administrative and certain investment advisory services to the Trust in the manner and on the terms hereinafter set forth; and WHEREAS, the Management Company is willing to provide management, administrative and investment advisory services to the Trust on the terms and conditions hereinafter set forth. NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the premises and the covenants hereinafter contained, the Trust and the Management Company hereby agree as follows: ARTICLE I Duties of the Management Company The Trust hereby employs the Management Company to furnish, or arrange for affiliates of the Management Company to furnish, the management, administrative and investment advisory services described below. The Management Company hereby accepts such employment and agrees during such period, at its own expense, to render, or arrange for the rendering of, such services and to assume the obligations herein set forth for the compensation provided for herein. (a) Management Services. The Management Company shall perform (or arrange for the performance of) the management and administrative services necessary for the operation of the Trust, including providing managerial assistance to portfolio companies of the Trust and such other services related to investments in non-utility generating facilities which sell electric and/or thermal power and in other non-utility facilities, as shall be necessary for the operation of the Trust. The Management Company shall also perform services related to administering the accounts and handling relations with all holders of beneficial interests in the Trust. The Management Company shall provide the Trust with office space, equipment and facilities and such other services as the Management Company shall from time to time determine to be necessary or useful to perform its obligations under this Agreement. The Management Company shall also, on behalf of the Trust, conduct relations with custodians, depositories, transfer agents, other shareholder service agents, accountants, attorneys, underwriters, brokers and dealers, corporate fiduciaries, insurers, banks and such other persons in any such other capacity deemed to be necessary or desirable. The Management Company shall furnish advice and recommendations with respect to such other aspects of the business and affairs of the Trust as the Management Company shall determine to be desirable. (b) Investment Advisory Services. Pursuant to the Declaration, the Management Company in its capacity as the managing shareholder of the Trust is responsible for providing investment advisory services in connection with the Trust's power and other project investments and in connection with the money market securities or other non-power liquid investments held by the Trust (such investments being referred to herein as the "Investments"). The Management Company shall also provide the Trust with such investment research, advice and supervision as the latter may from time to time consider necessary for the proper supervision of the Investments and shall determine from time to time which Investments shall be purchased, sold or exchanged and what portion of the Trust's assets shall be held in the various money market securities or cash, subject always to any restrictions of the Declaration, as amended from time to time, and the Trust's investment objectives, investment policies and investment restrictions as the same are set forth in the reports filed by the Trust under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The Management Company shall also make determinations with respect to the manner in which voting rights, rights to consent to corporate action and any other rights pertaining to the Trust's Investments shall be exercised. The Management Company shall take, on behalf of the Trust, all actions which it deems necessary to implement its investment policies. Subject to applicable provisions of law, the Management Company may select brokers or dealers with which it or the Trust is affiliated to effect the purchase or sale of Investments. The Management Company, in its sole discretion, may engage professionals, consultants and other persons whose expertise or qualifications may assist the Management Company or the Trust in connection with the Trust's business and, if such persons are not affiliated with the Management Company, may treat the costs and expenses so incurred as a Trust expense. ARTICLE II Allocation of Charges and Expenses (a) The Management Company. The Management Company assumes and shall pay the expense for maintaining the staff and personnel necessary to perform its obligations under this Agreement and shall at its own expense, provide the Trust with office space, facilities, equipment and personnel necessary to carry out its obligations hereunder. The Management Company will bear the administrative and service expenses associated with the management services it is to provide for the Investments of the Trust pursuant to the terms of this Agreement. (b) The Trust. The Trust assumes and shall pay or cause to be paid all other expenses of the Trust not expressly assumed by the Management Company, including, without limitation: expenses of portfolio transactions, valuation costs (including the quarterly calculation of net asset value), expenses of printing reports and other documents distributed to the Securities and Exchange Commission and holders of beneficial interests, Securities and Exchange Commission and other regulatory fees, interest, taxes, fees and actual out-of-pocket expenses of the Independent Panel Members of the Trust, fees for legal, auditing and consulting services, litigation expenses, costs of printing proxies and other expenses related to meetings of holders of beneficial interest, postage and other expenses properly payable by the Trust. ARTICLE III Compensation of the Management Company (a) Management Fee. For the services rendered, the facilities furnished and the expenses assumed by the Management Company, the Trust shall pay to the Management Company compensation which shall be at the annual rate of 2.5% of the Capital Contributions of the Trust determined in the manner set forth in the Confidential Memorandum ("Memorandum") of the Trust dated February 9, 1998. Such fee is payable monthly in advance. To the extent that the Trust does not have cash or readily marketable securities in an amount sufficient to pay the management fee, the Trust will accrue such fee as a liability and pay the accrued fee at such time as it has sufficient cash available to it. Interest on the amount of the accrued fee will be assessed at the annual rate of ten percent (10%). (b) Other Fees. In connection with the offering of shares of beneficial interest in the Trust ("Shares"), the Management Company is entitled to receive an organizational, distribution and offering fee of 6% of each capital contribution to the Trust to defray expenses incurred in the offer and sale of the shares. In connection with the initial management of the capital contributions, the Management Company is also entitled to receive an investment fee of 2% of each capital contribution to the Trust for services in investigating and evaluating investment opportunities. If the Management Company or an affiliate performs brokerage services in connection with the acquisition or disposition of Trust investments in the independent power industry (other than the Trust's participation in or investments made through any entity organized to develop multiple independent power projects), the entity providing those services will be entitled to a brokerage fee of up to 2% of the gross proceeds of the acquisition or disposition. Ridgewood Securities Corporation, an affiliate of the Management Company, is acting as placement agent for the offering of Shares and is entitled to a 1% placement fee from each capital contribution and, to the extent it effects the sales of Shares as a broker-dealer, to an 8% selling commission on each such Share. The Trust will reimburse Ridgewood Energy Holding Corporation, the corporate trustee of the Trust, for all actual and necessary expenses paid or incurred in connection with the operation of the Trust, including the Trust's allocable share of the corporate trustee's overhead. All these fees and expenses are to be paid pursuant to the provisions of the Declaration. (c) Expense Limitations. In the event the operating expenses of the Trust, including amounts payable to the Management Company pursuant to subsection (a) hereof, for any fiscal year ending on a date on which this Agreement is in effect exceed any expense limitations applicable to the Trust imposed by applicable state securities laws or regulations thereunder, as such limitations may be raised or lowered from time to time, the Management Company shall reduce its management fee hereunder by the extent of such excess and, if required pursuant to any such laws or regulations, will reimburse the Trust in the amount of such excess; provided, however, to the extent permitted by law, there shall be excluded from such expenses the amount of any interest, taxes, portfolio transaction costs and extraordinary expenses (including but not limited to legal claims and liabilities and litigation costs and any indemnification related thereto) paid or payable by the Trust. Whenever the expenses of the Trust exceed a pro rata portion of the applicable annual expense limitations, the estimated amount of reimbursement under such limitations shall be applicable as an offset against the monthly payment of the fee due to the Management Company. Should two or more such expense limitations be applicable as at the end of the last business day of the month, that expense limitation which results in the largest reduction in the Management Company's management fee shall be applicable. ARTICLE IV Limitation of Liability of the Management Company (a) As more fully described in Article 3 of the Declaration, the Management Company shall not be liable for any loss suffered by the Trust that arises out of any action or inaction of the Trust, any Trust officers, agents or affiliates, the Independent Panel Members, the Management Company, the Corporate Trustee, or any affiliate of the Management Company or a Trustee, or any director, officer or agent of those entities (collectively, "Managing Persons") or out of any error of judgment or mistake of law, if the Managing Person responsible, in good faith, determined that such course of action was in the Trust's best interest and such course of conduct was within the scope of this Management Agreement or the Declaration of Trust and did not constitute negligence or misconduct of the Managing Persons involved. (b) Indemnification. The provisions of Section 3.7 of the Declaration are hereby incorporated by reference into this Management Agreement. The Management Company shall be entitled to indemnification hereunder in each instance where the "Managing Shareholder" is entitled to indemnification under said Section 3.7. ARTICLE V Activities of the Management Company The services of the Management Company of the Trust to be performed under this Management Agreement are not deemed to be exclusive, the Management Company being free to render services to others. It is understood that affiliates of the Trust (other than the Independent Panel Members) and holders of beneficial interest of the Trust are or may become interested in the Management Company as directors, officers, employees or shareholders of the Management Company or otherwise and that the Management Company or its directors, officers, employees or shareholders are or may become interested in the Trust as controlling persons or officers (other than as an Independent Panel Member), holders of beneficial interests or otherwise. ARTICLE VI Duration and Termination of this Contract This Agreement shall become effective as of the date first above written and shall remain in force indefinitely. This Agreement may be terminated at any time, without the payment of any penalty, by vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Trust, or by the Management Company, on sixty days' written notice to the other party. ARTICLE VII Amendments of this Agreement This Agreement may be amended by the parties only if such amendment is specifically approved by the Independent Panel Members of the Trust by a vote cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval or by the vote of a majority of the holders of outstanding voting securities of the Trust. ARTICLE VIII Governing Law This Agreement shall be construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed and delivered this Agreement as of the date first above written. THE RIDGEWOOD POWER GROWTH FUND By: Robert E. Swanson President RIDGEWOOD POWER CORPORATION By: Robert E. Swanson President EX-10.G 11 KEY EMPLOYEES' INCENTIVE PLAN THE RIDGEWOOD POWER GROWTH FUND KEY EMPLOYEES INCENTIVE PLAN 1. General. This Key Employees Incentive Plan (the "Plan") is adopted by The Ridgewood Power Growth Fund, a Delaware business trust (the "Fund"). The Plan will give certain individual key employees designated below ("Incentive Plan Participants") of the Fund and its subsidiaries and affiliates an incentive based upon the Fund's Incentive Shares ("Incentive Shares"). The Plan provides for the grant of non-transferable options ("Share Options") for the purchase of Incentive Shares, the grant of nontransferable Share appreciation rights based on the appreciation of Incentive Shares ("SAR's"), the grant of restricted Incentive Shares ("Restricted Shares") and the grant of bonus Incentive Shares ("Share Bonuses"). Capitalized terms not defined in this Plan shall have the meanings assigned to them by the Fund's Declaration of Trust, as amended from time to time. 1.1. Incentive Share Options. Share Options under the Plan may be granted as incentive Share Options ("Incentive Share Options") that qualify under Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code") or Share Options that do not so qualify ("Non-qualified Share Options"). No provision of the Plan is intended or shall be construed to grant employees alternative rights in any Incentive Share Option granted under the Plan so as to prevent such Option from qualifying under Section 422 of the Code. 1.2. Federal Securities Laws. The Plan is intended to conform to the extent necessary with all provisions of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act") and any and all regulations and rules promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission thereunder, including without limitation, Rule 16b-3. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the Plan shall be administered, and Share Options shall be granted and may be exercised, only in such a manner as to conform to such laws, rules and regulations. To the extent permitted by applicable law, the Plan and Share Options granted hereunder shall be deemed amended to the extent necessary to conform to such laws, rules and regulations. 1.3. Definitions. For purposes of the Plan "affiliate" means any person or entity which is controlled by, controls or is under common control with the Fund, including without limitation the Managing Shareholders of the Fund; "fair market value" of a Incentive Share on a particular date is the average of the high and low sale prices on that date or the last preceding date on which the Incentive Shares are traded (the "Trade Date") on the principal securities exchange on which they are listed. If no such price exists, the fair market value is computed as the average of the lowest bid price and highest ask price on the Incentive Shares on the Trade Date in their principal medium of quotation. If no such price exists, the fair market value shall be determined by the Fund in good faith in a manner complying with the requirements of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, for valuation in connection with Share Options, SAR's, Restricted Shares or Share Bonuses; "Grants" mean grants of Share Options, SAR's, Restricted Shares or Share Bonuses; "incentive Share Option requirements" mean the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or any successor statute, and all related regulations, revenue rulings, case law and other legal authority governing the granting of Incentive Share Options; and a "subsidiary" consists of any corporation or business entity in which the Fund directly or indirectly owns or controls 50% or more of the outstanding stock or equity interests by value. 2. Effective Date of the Plan. The Plan is effective February 9, 1998. Each Investor in the Fund consents to the Plan as a condition of subscribing for Investor Shares. No further shareholder approval shall be required with respect to the making of Grants pursuant to the Plan, except as provided in Section 12 hereof. 3. Administration of the Plan. The Plan shall be administered by the Boards of Directors of the Managing Shareholders, acting together as a single group (the "Board") or by a committee selected by the Board. The committee, or the Board when acting in the absence of the committee, is referred to as the "Committee" in this Plan. 3.1. Membership after Exchange Act Registration. At any time after Incentive Shares are registered pursuant to the Exchange Act, (a) at least two members of the Board must be members of the Committee, (b) the Committee shall have no member who, during the one-year period immediately preceding such person's election or appointment to the Committee, has received any Grants under the Plan or any similar Share Option or stock incentive plan, other than a formula-based plan as defined in Rule 16b-3 under the Exchange Act, maintained by the Fund or any subsidiary or affiliated corporation and (c) no member of the Committee shall be eligible to participate in the Plan while serving on the Committee. 3.2. Procedure. A majority of the members of the Committee shall constitute a quorum. The acts of a majority of the members present at any meeting at which a quorum is present (or acts unanimously approved in writing by the members of the Committee) shall constitute binding acts of the Committee. 3.3. Powers of the Committee. Subject to the terms and conditions of the Plan, the Committee is authorized and empowered (a) To select the Incentive Plan Participants to whom Grants may be made; (b) To determine the number of Incentive Shares to be covered by any Grant; (c) To prescribe the terms and conditions of any Grants made under the Plan, and the forms and agreements used in connection with such Grants, which shall include agreements governing the granting of Share Options, SAR's and Restricted Shares, which may provide that the stock which is the subject of any such Grant shall be subject to the restrictions on transfer contained in any agreement in effect among the Fund and one or more of its shareholders; (d) To determine the time or times when Share Options and/or SAR's will be granted and when they will terminate in whole or in part; (e) To determine the time or times when Share Options and SAR's that are granted may be exercised; (f) To determine, at the time a Share Option is granted under the Plan, whether such Share Option is an Incentive Share Option entitled to the Benefits of Section 422 of the Code; (g) To establish any other Share Option agreement provisions not inconsistent with the terms and conditions of the Plan or, where the Share Option is an Incentive Share Option, with the terms and conditions of Section 422 of the Code; (h) To determine whether SAR's will be made part of any Grants consisting of Share Options; (i) To determine the terms and conditions of any Grant of Restricted Share and the conditions under which the Grant vests; and (j) To determine the circumstances under which the Trust will repurchase Incentive Shares granted under the Plan upon the cessation of any Incentive Plan Participant's employment with the Fund or its Affiliates. 4. Employees Eligible for Grants. Incentive Plan Participants under the Plan are key employees of the Fund or a subsidiary or an Affiliate whose business benefits the Fund and who are designated from time to time by the Committee in its sole and exclusive discretion. The Committee may designate or terminate the designation of any individual at any time in its sole and complete discretion. Designation, without more, shall not entitle any Incentive Plan Participant to a Grant. Incentive Plan Participants may include, but shall not necessarily be limited to, members of the Board of Directors (excluding members of the Committee after Exchange Act registration) and officers of the Fund and any subsidiary or Affiliate. Robert E. Swanson, however, is ineligible to be an Incentive Plan Participant. 5. Shares Subject to the Plan. A number of Incentive Shares equal to 1/15 of the number of Investor Shares issued and outstanding as of the date the initial offering of Investor Shares terminates, adjusted thereafter as described in the Plan, have been reserved for issuance and are available for Grants. Either Incentive Shares held as treasury stock or authorized and unissued Incentive Shares, or both, may be so issued, in such amount or amounts within the maximum limits of the Plan as the Committee shall from time to time determine. 5.1. Exercised Shares not Available for Further Grant. If SAR's are granted in tandem with a Share Option pursuant to Section 7 and such SAR's are thereafter exercised in whole or in part, then such Share Option or the portion thereof to which the duly exercised SAR's relate shall be deemed to have been exercised for purposes of such Share Option. In the event SAR's are granted other than in tandem with a Share Option and such SAR's are thereafter exercised in whole or in part, the number of Incentive Shares available for issuance under the Plan shall be reduced by the number of Incentive Shares covered by such exercised SAR's. 5.2. Adjustments to Number of Shares. If, at any time subsequent to the date of adoption of the Plan by the Board, the number of Incentive Shares are increased or decreased, or changed into or exchanged for a different number or kind of shares of stock or other securities of the Fund or of another corporation (whether as a result of a stock split, stock dividend, combination or exchange of shares, exchange for other securities, reclassification, reorganization, redesignation, merger, consolidation, recapitalization or otherwise): (a) there shall automatically be substituted for each Incentive Share available for grant under the Plan or that have been granted as unvested Restricted Shares, the number and kind of shares of stock or other securities into which each outstanding Incentive Share shall be changed or for which each such Incentive Share shall be exchanged; (b) there shall automatically be substituted for each Incentive Share subject to an unexercised Share Option or SAR (in whole or in part) granted under the Plan, the number and kind of shares of stock or other securities into which each outstanding Incentive Share shall be changed or for which each such Incentive Share shall be exchanged and (c) the option price per Incentive Share or unit of securities shall be increased or decreased proportionately so that the aggregate purchase price for the securities subject to a Share Option or SAR shall remain the same as immediately prior to such event. In addition to the foregoing, the Committee shall be entitled in the event of any such increase, decrease or exchange of Incentive Shares to make other adjustments to unvested Restricted Shares or the securities subject to a Share Option or SAR, the provisions of the Plan, and to any related Restricted Share, Share Option or SAR agreements (including adjustments which may provide for the elimination of fractional shares), where necessary (under Section 422(a)(2) of the Code or otherwise) to preserve the terms and conditions of any Grants hereunder. 6. Share Option Provisions. 6.1. Conditions of Grant. 6.1.1. General. The Committee may grant to Incentive Plan Participants (also referred to as "optionees") nontransferable Share Options that either qualify as Incentive Share Options under Section 422 of the Code or do not so qualify. The Committee may grant more than one Share Option, with or without SAR's, to the same Incentive Plan Participant. The day on which the Committee approves the granting of a Share Option shall be considered the date on which such Option is granted. 6.1.2. Incentive Share Options. Any Incentive Share Option shall only be granted within 10 years from February 9, 1998. Incentive Share Options shall only be granted to Incentive Plan Participants while actually employed by the Fund or a subsidiary or Affiliate. 6.2. Share Option Price. 6.2.1. Incentive Share Options. The option price per Incentive Share which may be purchased under an Incentive Share Option under the Plan shall be determined by the Committee at the time of Grant, but shall not be less than 100% of the fair market value of a Incentive Share, determined as of the date such Option is granted; however, if a Incentive Plan Participant to whom an Incentive Share Option is granted is, at the time of the grant of such Option, the owner of more than 10% of the combined voting power of all classes of stock of the Fund or any parent or subsidiary (a "Substantial Shareholder"), the price per Incentive Share of such Option shall not be less than 110% of the fair market value of a Incentive Share on the date such Option is granted. 6.2.2. Other Share Options. The option price per Incentive Share under each Share Option granted pursuant to the Plan which is not an Incentive Share Option shall be determined by the Committee at the time of Grant. 6.3. Period of Share Option. The Committee shall determine when each Share Option is to expire. However, no Incentive Share Option shall be exercisable after the expiration of 10 years from the date upon which such Option is granted. Further, no Incentive Share Option granted to an employee who is a Substantial Shareholder at the time of the grant of such Option shall be exercisable after the expiration of five years from the date of grant of such Option. 6.4. Limitation on Exercise and Transfer of Share Options. Only the person to whom a Share Option is granted may exercise such Option, except where a guardian or other legal representative has been duly appointed for such person, and except as otherwise provided in the case of the optionee's death. No Share Option granted hereunder shall be transferable by an optionee other than by will or the laws of descent and distribution. No Share Option granted hereunder may be pledged or hypothecated, nor shall any such Option be subject to execution, attachment or similar process. 6.5. Employment, Holding Period Requirements For Certain Options. The Committee may condition any Share Option granted hereunder upon the continued employment of the optionee by the Fund or by a subsidiary corporation or affiliated corporation, and may make any such Share Option immediately exercisable. However, the Committee will require that, from and after the date of grant of any Incentive Share Option granted hereunder until the day three months prior to the date such Option is exercised, such optionee must be an employee of the Fund or of a subsidiary or Affiliate, but always subject to the right of the Fund or any such subsidiary or Affiliate to terminate such optionee's employment during such period (except if the optionee's employment is terminated due to death or permanent and total disability, in which event such period shall be one year). Each Share Option shall be subject to such additional restrictions as to the time and method of exercise as shall be prescribed by the Committee. Upon compliance with any condition or requirement imposed by the Committee pursuant to the foregoing, a Share Option or the appropriate portion thereof may be exercised in whole or in part from time to time during the option period; however, such exercise right(s) shall be limited to whole shares. 6.6. Payment for Share Option Price. A Share Option shall be exercised by an optionee giving written notice to the Fund of his intention to exercise the same, the exercise date and sufficient information to allow the Fund to determine which Grant and the amount of the Grant that are being exercised. The notice shall be accompanied by full payment of the purchase price in cash or by check or, with the consent of the Committee, in whole or in part with a surrender of Incentive Shares having a fair market value on the date of exercise equal to that portion of the purchase price for which payment in cash or check is not made. The Committee may, in its sole discretion, approve other methods of exercise for a Share Option or payment of the option price, provided that no such method shall cause any option granted under the Plan as an Incentive Share Option to not qualify under Section 422 of the code, or cause any Incentive Share issued in connection with the exercise of an option not to be a fully paid and non-assessable Incentive Share. 6.7. Cancellation and Replacement of Share Options and Related Rights. The Committee may at any time or from time to time permit the voluntary surrender by an optionee who is the holder of any outstanding Share Options under the Plan, where such surrender is conditioned upon the granting to such optionee of new Share Options for such number of shares as the Committee shall determine, or may require such a voluntary surrender as a condition precedent to the grant of new Share Options. The Committee shall determine the terms and conditions of new Share Options, including the prices at and periods during which they may be exercised, in accordance with the provisions of the Plan, all or any of which may differ from the terms and conditions of the Share Options surrendered. Any such new Share Options shall be subject to all the relevant provisions of this Plan. The Incentive Shares subject to any Share Option so surrendered, and/or any Incentive Shares subject to any Share Option that has lapsed, been forfeited, or been canceled and extinguished in connection with the exercise of an SAR, shall no longer be charged against the limitation provided in Section 5 of this Plan and may again become shares subject to the Plan. The granting of new Share Options in connection with the surrender of outstanding Share Options under this Plan shall be considered for the purposes of the Plan as the granting of new Share Options and not an alteration, amendment or modification of the Plan or of the Share Options being surrendered. 6.8. Limitation on Exercisable Incentive Share Options. If the aggregate fair market value of the Incentive Shares first becoming subject to exercise as Incentive Share Options by a Incentive Plan Participant during any given calendar year exceeds the sum of $100,000, such Share Option shall be treated, to the extent of such excess, as an option which does not qualify as an Incentive Share Option. Such aggregate fair market value shall be determined as of the date such Option is granted, taking into account, in the order in which granted, any other incentive Share Options granted by the Fund, or by a parent or subsidiary thereof. 6.9. Withholding of Taxes. The Committee may, in its sole discretion, require, as a condition to any Grant or to the delivery of certificates for shares issued hereunder, that the optionee pay to the Fund, in cash, any federal, state or local taxes of any kind required by law to be withheld with respect to any Grant or any delivery of Incentive Shares upon exercise thereof. The Committee, in its sole discretion, may permit optionees to pay such taxes through the withholding of Incentive Shares otherwise deliverable to such optionee in connection with such Grant or the delivery to the Fund of Incentive Shares otherwise acquired by the optionee. The Fair Market Value of Incentive Shares withheld by the Fund or tendered to the Fund for the satisfaction of tax withholding obligations under this Section 6.10 shall be determined on the date such Incentive Shares are withheld or tendered. The Fund, to the extent permitted or required by law, shall have the right to deduct from any payment of any kind (including salary, bonus, severance or insurance proceeds) otherwise due to an optionee any federal, state or local taxes of any kind required by law to be withheld with respect to any Grant or to the delivery of Incentive Shares under the Plan, or to retain or sell without notice a sufficient number of Incentive Shares to be issued to such optionee to cover any such taxes, provided that the Fund shall not sell any such Incentive Shares if such sale would be considered a sale by such optionee for purposes of Section 16 of the Exchange Act. 7. Stock Appreciation Rights. A Incentive Plan Participant may be granted the right to receive a payment based on the increase in the value of Incentive Shares occurring after the date of such Grant. Such rights shall be known as Share Appreciation Rights ("SAR's"). SAR's may (but need not) be granted to a Incentive Plan Participant in tandem with, and exercisable in lieu of exercising, a Grant of Share Options. No optionee shall be entitled to SAR rights solely as a result of the grant of a Share Option to him. 7.1. Procedure for Grant. SAR's will be specifically granted upon terms and conditions specified by the Committee, if the Fund is the employer of the Incentive Plan Participant, or by a subsidiary or affiliated corporation subject to the Committee's approval, if such subsidiary or affiliated corporation is the employer of the Incentive Plan Participant. The terms of SAR's granted in tandem with a Share Option will be contained in the Share Option agreement in forms approved by the Committee and not inconsistent with this Plan. Each of those agreements will include the option price per share, which shall be the "Base Price" against which the SAR will be valued, the periods during which the SAR can be exercised, the amounts exercisable at each time and any other conditions. If an SAR is granted independent of Share Options, the Base Price will be determined by the Committee and that price and the other information described above will be contained in an SAR agreement to be executed by the holder and the Fund. 7.2. Valuation of SAR's . When granted in tandem with a Share Option, an SAR shall provide that the holder of a Share Option shall have the right to receive an amount equal to 100% of the excess, if any, of the fair market value of the Incentive Shares covered by such Option, determined as of the date of exercise of such SAR by the Committee (in the same manner as such value is determined for purposes of the granting of Share Options), over the price to be paid for such Incentive Shares under such Option. If SAR's are granted independently of a Share Option, they will be granted with respect to a fixed number of Incentive Shares available for Grant under the Plan. In that event, the SAR will entitle its holder to receive the excess, if any, of the fair market value of the Incentive Shares covered by the SAR as of the exercise date of the SAR over the SAR Base Price. 7.3. Exercise of SAR's. SAR's, if granted, may only be exercised by the holder thereof, and, unless otherwise provided in the applicable SAR agreement, may be exercised either with respect to all, or a portion, of the amount of the Grant exercisable at that time. A SAR shall be exercised by its holder's giving written notice to the Fund of the intention to exercise the same, the exercise date and sufficient information to allow the Fund to determine which Grant and the amount of the Grant that are being exercised. If a SAR is granted in tandem with a Share Option, it cannot be exercised unless (i) such person is then permitted to exercise the Share Option or the portion thereof with respect to which such SAR's relate, and (ii) the fair market value of the Incentive Shares covered by the Share Option, determined as provided above, exceeds the option price of such Incentive Shares. 7.4. Payment under SAR. Payment on exercise of a SAR shall be made by the employer of the Incentive Plan Participant, in one or more of the following manners, as determined by the Committee: (a) cash (or check); (b) fully paid Incentive Shares having a fair market value equal to such amount; or (c) a combination of cash (or check) and Incentive Shares. A SAR granted in tandem with a Share Option shall be modified under Sections 6.7-6.9 at the same time and to the extent that the underlying Share Option is modified. Other SAR's are subject to Sections 6.7 and 6.9 as if the exercise of the SAR was the exercise of a Share Option. 7.5. Other Provisions. Upon the exercise of any SAR's, the Share Option, or that portion thereof to which such SAR's relate, shall be canceled and automatically extinguished. The granting of a Share Option or SAR shall impose no obligation upon the optionee to exercise such Share Option or SAR. The Fund's or a subsidiary corporation's obligation to satisfy SAR's shall not be funded or secured in any manner. No SAR granted hereunder shall be transferable by the Incentive Plan Participant granted such SAR, other than by will or the laws of descent and distribution. 7.6. Section 16 Compliance. After the Grant of an SAR, an optionee intending to rely on an exemption from Section 16(b) of the Exchange Act shall be required to hold such SAR for six months from the date the price for such SAR is fixed to the date of cash settlement. Additionally, in order to remain exempt from Section 16(b) of the Exchange Act, a SAR must be exercised by an optionee subject to such Section only during the period beginning on the third business day following the release of a summary statement of the Fund's quarterly or annual sales and earnings and ending on the twelfth business day following said date. 8. Restricted Shares. (a) Grant. The Committee shall determine the Incentive Plan Participants to whom, and the time or times at which, Grants of Restricted Shares will be made, the number of Restricted Shares to be granted, the price (if any) to be paid by such Incentive Plan Participants (subject to Section 8(b)), the time or times within which such Restricted Share grants may be subject to forfeiture, and the other terms and conditions of the grants in addition to those set forth in Section 8(b). The Committee may condition the grant of Restricted Shares upon the attainment of specified performance goals or such other factors as the Committee may determine in its sole discretion. (b) Terms and Conditions. Restricted Shares granted under the Plan shall contain any terms and conditions, not inconsistent with the provisions of the Plan, which are deemed desirable by the Committee. A Incentive Plan Participant who receives a grant of Restricted Shares shall not have any rights with respect to such Grant unless and until such Incentive Plan Participant has executed an agreement evidencing such Grant in the form approved from time to time by the Committee, has delivered a fully executed copy thereof to the Company, and has otherwise complied with the applicable terms and conditions of such Grant. In addition, Restricted Shares granted under the Plan shall be subject to the following terms and conditions: (i) The purchase price for Restricted Shares will be specified by the Committee. (ii) Grants of Restricted Shares shall only be accepted by executing a Restricted Share agreement and paying, in cash or by check, whatever price (if any) if required under Section 8(b)(i). (iii) Each Incentive Plan Participant granted Restricted Shares shall be issued a Share certificate in respect of such Restricted Shares. Such certificate shall be registered in the name of such Incentive Plan Participant and shall bear an appropriate legend referring to the terms, conditions, and restrictions applicable to such Grant. (iv) Any Share certificates evidencing Restricted Shares shall either (A) be held in custody by the Fund until the employment and other restrictions thereon shall all have lapsed; or (B) be affixed with a legend, identifying such Shares as Restricted Shares and expressly prohibiting the sale, transfer, tender, pledge, assignment or encumbrance of such Shares, as the Committee shall determine. With respect to any Restricted Shares held in custody by the Fund, the Incentive Plan Participant granted such Restricted Share shall deliver to the Fund a Share power, endorsed in blank, relating to the Restricted Shares. With respect to any Restricted Shares held by a Incentive Plan Participant under legend, the Incentive Plan Participant granted such Restricted Shares shall deliver to the Fund an acknowledgment that such Shares remain subject to a substantial risk of forfeiture in the event of termination of employment under certain circumstances, and that the certificates representing ownership of such Shares will be surrendered to the Fund immediately upon any such termination of employment. (v) Subject to the provisions of the Plan and the Restricted Share agreement, during a temporal period set by the Committee and commencing with the date of such Grant (the "Restriction Period"), a Incentive Plan Participant shall not be permitted to sell, transfer, tender, pledge, assign or otherwise encumber any Restricted Share granted under the Plan. However, the Committee, in its sole discretion, may provide for the lapse of such transfer or other restrictions in installments, or accelerate or waive such restrictions in whole or in part, based on service, performance or other factors and criteria selected by the Committee. (vi) Except as provided in this Section 8(b)(vi) and in Section 8(b)(v), a Incentive Plan Participant shall have, with respect to Restricted Shares granted to him, all of the rights of a shareholder of the Fund, including the right to vote such Shares. Any distributions thereon shall be held by the Fund until the restrictions on those Shares terminate, at which time they shall be paid without interest to the Incentive Plan Participant. The Committee, in its sole discretion and as determined at the time of a Grant of Restricted Shares, may permit or require cash dividends otherwise due and payable to be reinvested either in additional Restricted Shares (to the extent available). Share dividends issued with respect to Restricted Shares shall be treated as additional Restricted Shares. As Restricted Shares, such additional Shares will be subject to the same restrictions, terms and conditions applicable to the Restricted Shares with respect to which such additional Shares were issued. (vii) No Restricted Share shall be transferable by a Incentive Plan Participant other than by will or by the laws of descent and distribution. (viii) In the event Restricted Shares are forfeited by a Incentive Plan Participant, the Fund will refund to such Incentive Plan Participant any payment(s) made by such Incentive Plan Participant to purchase such Share, promptly upon such forfeiture (and any corresponding surrender of Share certificates). (c) Minimum Value Provisions. To ensure that Grants of Restricted Shares actually reflect the performance of the Fund and service of the Incentive Plan Participant, the Committee may provide, in its sole discretion, for a tandem performance-based award, or other grant, designed to guarantee a minimum value, payable in cash or Incentive Shares, to the recipient of a Restricted Share Grant, subject to such performance, future service, deferral and other terms and conditions as may be specified by the Committee. 9. Share Bonuses. The Committee at any time may award a Share Bonus to an Incentive Plan Participant. Incentive Plan Participants are not required to make any payment for Share Bonuses but may be required to pay income taxes on the fair market value of the Grant. The Fund may require the Participant to make a cash payment to the Fund equal to the amount of tax withholding required on the Grant or may withhold a portion of the Share Bonus to fund the withholding requirement, in the Committee's discretion. 10. Termination of Employment. If a Incentive Plan Participant ceases to be an employee of the Fund or any of its subsidiaries or affiliates, for a reason other then death, retirement, permanent and total disability (as defined below), his Grants of Stock Options and SAR's shall, unless extended by the Committee on or before his date of termination of employment, terminate on the effective date of such termination of employment. Neither the Incentive Plan Participant nor any other person shall have any right after such date to exercise all or any part of his Share Options or SAR's. 10.1. Automatic Extension of Exercise Period. If termination of employment is due to death or permanent and total disability, then outstanding Share Options and SAR's may be exercised within the one year period ending on the anniversary of such death or permanent and total disability In the case of death, such outstanding Share Options and SAR's may be exercised by the holder's personal representative, or the person designated by such Incentive Plan Participant by will, or as otherwise designated by the laws of descent and distribution. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in no event shall any Share Option or SAR be exercisable after the expiration of the option period, and in the case of exercises made after a Incentive Plan Participant's death, not to any greater extent than such Incentive Plan Participant would have been entitled to exercise such Option or SAR at the time of his death.. 10.2. Retirement. Subject to the discretion of the Committee, in the event a Incentive Plan Participant terminates employment with the Fund and all subsidiary or affiliated corporations because of normal or early retirement under any pension plan or retirement plan hereafter adopted by the Fund or the employer, (a) any then-outstanding Share Options and/or SAR's held by such Incentive Plan Participant shall lapse at the end of the term of such Share Option or SAR, or 30 days after such retirement, whichever first occurs. 10.3. Definitions. For purposes hereof, "permanent and total disability" means a permanent and total disability as defined in Section 22(e)(3) of the Code. In the event an employee of the Fund or one of its subsidiary corporations is granted a leave of absence by the Fund or such subsidiary corporation to enter military service or because of sickness, his employment with the Fund or such subsidiary corporation shall not be considered terminated, and he shall be deemed an employee of the Fund or such subsidiary corporation during such leave of absence or any extension thereof granted by the Fund or such subsidiary corporation. 11. Amendments to Plan. The Committee is authorized to interpret this Plan and from time to time adopt any rules and regulations for carrying out this Plan that it may deem advisable. The Board may at any time amend, modify, suspend or terminate this Plan or the Committee may take such action with the approval of the Board. In no event, however, without the approval of shareholders, shall any action of the Committee or the Board of Directors result in: (a) Materially amending, modifying or altering the eligibility requirements provided in Section 4 hereof; (b) Increasing, except as provided in Section 5 hereof, the maximum number of Incentive Shares or SAR's that may be made subject to Grants; or (c) Materially increasing the benefits accruing to participants under this Plan; except to conform this Plan and any agreements made hereunder to changes in the Code or required by governing law. 12. Investment Representation, Approvals and Listing. The Committee may, if it deems appropriate, condition its grant of any Share Option, SAR, Restricted Shares or Share Bonuses hereunder upon receipt of the following investment representation from the optionee: "I agree that any Incentive Shares of [the issuer] (the "Fund") which I may acquire by virtue of this [Share Option] shall be acquired for investment purposes only and not with a view to distribution or resale, and may not be transferred, sold, assigned, pledged, hypothecated or otherwise disposed of by me unless (i) a registration statement or post-effective amendment to a registration statement under the Securities Act, with respect to said Incentive Shares has become effective so as to permit the sale or other disposition of said shares by me; or (ii) there is presented to the Fund. an opinion of counsel satisfactory to the Fund and its counsel to the effect that the sale or other proposed disposition of said Incentive Shares by me may lawfully be made otherwise than pursuant to an effective registration statement or post-effective amendment to a registration statement relating to the said shares under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended." The Fund shall not be required to issue any certificate or certificates for Incentive Shares on any Grant or upon the exercise of any Share Option or an SAR granted under this Plan prior to (a) the obtaining of any approval from any governmental agency which the Committee shall, in its sole discretion, determine to be necessary or advisable; (b) the admission of such shares to listing on any national securities exchange on which the Incentive Shares may be listed; (c) the completion of any registration or other qualifications of the Incentive Shares under any state or federal law or ruling or regulations of any governmental body which the Committee shall, in its sole discretion, determine to be necessary or advisable or the determination by the Committee, in its sole discretion, that any registration or other qualification of the Incentive Shares is not necessary or advisable; or (d) the obtaining of an investment representation from the optionee in the form stated above or in such other form as the Committee, in its sole discretion, shall determine to be adequate. 13. General Provisions. The form and substance of Share Option agreements, SAR agreements and Restricted Stock agreements made hereunder, whether granted at the same or different times, need not be identical. Nothing in this Plan or in any Share Option, SAR or Restricted Stock agreement shall confer upon any employee any right to continue in the employ of the Fund or any of its subsidiary corporations or Affiliates or to interfere with or limit the right of the Fund or any subsidiary or Affiliate to terminate his employment at any time, with or without cause. Nothing contained in this Plan or in any Share Option, SAR or Restricted Stock agreement shall be construed as entitling any Incentive Plan Participant to any rights of a shareholder as a result of the Grant of a Share Option or an SAR, until such time as Incentive Shares are actually issued to such optionee pursuant to the exercise of such Option or SAR. This Plan may be assumed by the successors and assigns of the Fund. The liability of the Fund under this Plan and any sale made hereunder is limited to the obligations set forth herein with respect to such sale and no term or provision of this Plan shall be construed to impose any liability on the Fund in favor of any employee (or any other party acting on his behalf or in his stead) with respect to any loss, cost or expense which such employee or party may incur in connection with or arising out of any transaction in connection with this Plan. The expense of administering this Plan shall be borne by the Fund. The captions and section numbers appearing in this Plan are inserted only as a matter of convenience. They do not define, limit, construe or describe the scope or intent of the provisions of this Plan. This Plan and the agreements issued under it are the entire agreement among the Fund and the Incentive Plan Participants. This Plan shall be governed by the law of the State of Delaware. All actions taken by the Committee or the Fund under the Plan or with respect to Share Options, SAR's, Restricted Shares or Incentive Shares thereunder are final and binding on all persons, and no member of the Committee or person acting on behalf of the Fund or an employer shall be liable for any action taken or determination made relating to the Plan, except for willful misconduct. 14. Provisions Applicable Solely to Insiders. The following provisions shall apply only to persons who are subject to Section 16 of the Exchange Act with respect to securities of the Fund ("Insiders"), and shall apply to Insiders notwithstanding any provisions of the Plan to the contrary: 14.1 Compliance with Statute. No Insider shall be permitted to transfer any security of the Fund acquired by him, except to the extent permitted by Section 16(b) of the Exchange Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder. 14.2. Limitation on Satisfying Withholding Obligations with Incentive Shares. An Insider may elect to have shares withheld from a Grant or tender shares to the Fund in order to satisfy the tax withholding consequences of a Grant only during the period beginning on the third business day following the date on which the Fund releases the financial information specified in 17 C.F.R. Section 240.16b-3(e)(1)(ii) and ending on the twelfth business day following such date. Notwithstanding the foregoing, an Insider may elect to have shares withheld from a Grant in order to satisfy tax withholding consequences thereof by providing the Fund with a written election to so withhold at least six months in advance of the withholding of shares otherwise issuable upon exercise of a Share Option. 15. Provisions Affecting Incentive Plan Participants Prior to Liquidity Event. If for any reason a Share Option or SAR becomes exercisable and is held by a person who is not, or who does not claim through, an employee of the Fund or its successor or an Affiliate or subsidiary of the Fund or its successor, and if the Incentive Shares are not listed or quoted on a national securities exchange or a national quotation system during the period beginning 90 days before the Share Option or SAR becomes exercisable and ending upon an exercise, the Fund or the employer of the optionee shall have the option but not the obligation to redeem the Share Option or SAR in cash for an amount equal to the amount, in the case of a Share Option, payable on an SAR granted in tandem with the Share Option and exercised on the later of the date the Share Option became exercisable or the date on which the Fund elected to exercise this right, and, in the case of an SAR, the value of the SAR. 16. Termination of this Plan. This Plan shall terminate on February 8, 2008, and thereafter no Share Options, Restricted Shares, Share Bonuses or SAR's shall be granted hereunder. All Share Options, SAR's and Restricted Shares outstanding at the time of termination of this Plan shall continue in full force and effect according to their terms and the terms and conditions of this Plan. EX-10.H 12 MERGER AGREEMENT RIDGEWOOD POWER LLC AGREEMENT OF MERGER This AGREEMENT OF MERGER, dated, this ___ day of April, 1999, entered into pursuant to Section 264 of Title 8 of the General Corporation Law of Delaware and Section 2B-20(b) of Title 42 of the New Jersey Limited Liability Company Act, is between Ridgewood Power Corporation, a Delaware corporation (the "Non-Surviving Corporation") and Ridgewood Power LLC, a New Jersey limited liability company (the "Surviving Company"). WITNESSETH that: WHEREAS, the Non-Surviving Corporation and the Surviving Company desire to merge into a single limited liability company; NOW, THEREFORE, the parties to this Agreement, in consideration of the mutual covenants, agreements and provisions hereinafter contained, do hereby prescribe the terms and conditions of said merger and mode of carrying the same into effect as follows: FIRST: The Non-Surviving Corporation hereby merges itself into and with the Surviving Company, which shall be the surviving company and which shall be governed by the laws of the State of New Jersey. SECOND: Upon the filing of the appropriate Certificate of Merger in the Office of the Secretary of State of Delaware, the separate corporate existence of the Non-Surviving Corporation shall terminate. THIRD: The manner of converting the outstanding shares of the capital stock of the Non-Surviving Corporation, and the membership interests in the Surviving Company existing prior to the effective date of the merger, into membership interests in the Surviving Company after the effective date of the mergers shall be as follows: (a) All shares of common stock of the Non-Surviving Corporation which shall be issued and outstanding on the effective date of this merger, and all rights in respect thereof, shall from and after the effective date of the merger be converted into 100% of the membership interests in the Surviving Company, with each such share representing a proportional membership interest. The rights and obligations of the holders of such shares as members of the Surviving Company are as set forth in the operating agreement of the Surviving Company. (b) Each membership interest of the Surviving Company which shall be issued and outstanding on the effective date of the merger, and all rights in respect thereof, shall from and after the effective date of the merger be converted to cash in the amount of $100.00. FOURTH: The terms and conditions of the merger are as follows: (a) The operating agreement of the Surviving Company as it shall exist on the effective date of this merger shall be and remain the operating agreement of the Surviving Company after the effective date of the merger until the same shall be altered, amended or repealed as therein provided. (b) The manager and officers of the Surviving Company holding offices immediately prior to the effective date of the merger shall continue in such offices as the manager and officers of the Surviving Company after the effective date of the merger until their respective successors shall have been designated or elected and qualified. (c) The merger shall become effective upon filing a Certificate of Merger with the Secretary of State of Delaware and a Certificate of Merger with the Secretary of State of New Jersey. (d) Upon the merger becoming effective, all the property, rights, privileges, franchises, patents, trademarks, licenses, registrations and other assets of every kind and description of the Non-Surviving Corporation shall be transferred to, vested in and devolve upon the Surviving Company without further act or deed and all property, rights and every other interest of the Non-Surviving Corporation and the Surviving Company shall be as effectively the property of the Surviving Company after the effective date of the merger as they were of the Non-Surviving Corporation and the Surviving Company respectively immediately prior to the effective date of the merger. The Non-Surviving Corporation hereby agrees from time to time, as and when requested by the Surviving Company or by its successors or assigns, to execute and deliver or cause to be executed and delivered all such deeds and instruments and to take or cause to be taken such further or other action as the Surviving Company may deem necessary or desirable in order to vest in and confirm to the Surviving Company title to and possession of any property of the Non-Surviving Corporation acquired or to be acquired by reason of or as a result of the merger herein provided for and otherwise to carry out the intent and purposes hereof, and the proper officers and directors of the Non-Surviving Corporation and the proper officers and directors of the Surviving Company are fully authorized in the name of the Non-Surviving Corporation or otherwise to take any and all such action. (e) The Surviving Company may be served with process in the State of Delaware in any proceeding for enforcement of any obligation of Non-Surviving Corporation as well as for enforcement of any obligation of the Surviving Company arising from the merger, including any suit or other proceeding to enforce the right of any stockholder as determined in appraisal proceedings pursuant to the provisions of Section 262 of the General Corporation Law of Delaware, and the Surviving Company does hereby irrevocably appoint the Secretary of State of Delaware as its agent to accept service of process in any such suit or other proceeding. The address to which a copy of such process shall be mailed by the Secretary of State of Delaware is Ms. Mirna Valdes, Assistant Secretary, Ridgewood Power LLC, 947 Linwood Avenue, Ridgewood, New Jersey, 07450, until the Surviving Company shall have hereafter designated in writing to the said Secretary of State a different address for such purpose. Service of such process may be made by personally delivering to and leaving with the Secretary of State of Delaware duplicate copies of such process, one of which copies the Secretary of State of Delaware shall forthwith send by registered mail to Ridgewood Power LLC at the above address. FIFTH: Anything herein or elsewhere to the contrary notwithstanding, this Agreement may be terminated and abandoned by the President or the Executive Vice President of any constituent entity at any time prior to the time that this merger becomes effective. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties to this Agreement, have caused these presents to be executed by the President of each party hereto as the respective act, deed and agreement of each of said entities, on this ___ day of April, 1999. Ridgewood Power Corporation, a Delaware Corporation By:__________________________________ Robert E. Swanson, President Ridgewood Power LLC, a New Jersey Limited Liability Company By: __________________________________ Robert E. Swanson, President BTV\128508.2 EX-10.I 13 MERGER AGREEMENT RIDGEWOOD POWER VI LLC AGREEMENT OF MERGER This AGREEMENT OF MERGER, dated, this ___ day of April, 1999, entered into pursuant to Section 264 of Title 8 of the General Corporation Law of Delaware and Section 2B-20(b) of Title 42 of the New Jersey Limited Liability Company Act, is between Ridgewood Power VI Corporation, a Delaware corporation (the "Non-Surviving Corporation") and Ridgewood Power VI LLC, a New Jersey limited liability company (the "Surviving Company"). WITNESSETH that: WHEREAS, the Non-Surviving Corporation and the Surviving Company desire to merge into a single limited liability company; NOW, THEREFORE, the parties to this Agreement, in consideration of the mutual covenants, agreements and provisions hereinafter contained, do hereby prescribe the terms and conditions of said merger and mode of carrying the same into effect as follows: FIRST: The Non-Surviving Corporation hereby merges itself into and with the Surviving Company, which shall be the surviving company and which shall be governed by the laws of the State of New Jersey. SECOND: Upon the filing of the appropriate Certificate of Merger in the Office of the Secretary of State of Delaware, the separate corporate existence of the Non-Surviving Corporation shall terminate. THIRD: The manner of converting the outstanding shares of the capital stock of the Non-Surviving Corporation, and the membership interests in the Surviving Company existing prior to the effective date of the merger, into membership interests in the Surviving Company after the effective date of the mergers shall be as follows: (a) All shares of common stock of the Non-Surviving Corporation which shall be issued and outstanding on the effective date of this merger, and all rights in respect thereof, shall from and after the effective date of the merger be converted into 100% of the membership interests in the Surviving Company, with each such share representing a proportional membership interest. The rights and obligations of the holders of such shares as members of the Surviving Company are as set forth in the operating agreement of the Surviving Company. (b) Each membership interest of the Surviving Company which shall be issued and outstanding on the effective date of the merger, and all rights in respect thereof, shall from and after the effective date of the merger be converted to cash in the amount of $100.00. FOURTH: The terms and conditions of the merger are as follows: (a) The operating agreement of the Surviving Company as it shall exist on the effective date of this merger shall be and remain the operating agreement of the Surviving Company after the effective date of the merger until the same shall be altered, amended or repealed as therein provided. (b) The manager and officers of the Surviving Company holding offices immediately prior to the effective date of the merger shall continue in such offices as the manager and officers of the Surviving Company after the effective date of the merger until their respective successors shall have been designated or elected and qualified. (c) The merger shall become effective upon filing a Certificate of Merger with the Secretary of State of Delaware and a Certificate of Merger with the Secretary of State of New Jersey. (d) Upon the merger becoming effective, all the property, rights, privileges, franchises, patents, trademarks, licenses, registrations and other assets of every kind and description of the Non-Surviving Corporation shall be transferred to, vested in and devolve upon the Surviving Company without further act or deed and all property, rights and every other interest of the Non-Surviving Corporation and the Surviving Company shall be as effectively the property of the Surviving Company after the effective date of the merger as they were of the Non-Surviving Corporation and the Surviving Company respectively immediately prior to the effective date of the merger. The Non-Surviving Corporation hereby agrees from time to time, as and when requested by the Surviving Company or by its successors or assigns, to execute and deliver or cause to be executed and delivered all such deeds and instruments and to take or cause to be taken such further or other action as the Surviving Company may deem necessary or desirable in order to vest in and confirm to the Surviving Company title to and possession of any property of the Non-Surviving Corporation acquired or to be acquired by reason of or as a result of the merger herein provided for and otherwise to carry out the intent and purposes hereof, and the proper officers and directors of the Non-Surviving Corporation and the proper officers and directors of the Surviving Company are fully authorized in the name of the Non-Surviving Corporation or otherwise to take any and all such action. (e) The Surviving Company may be served with process in the State of Delaware in any proceeding for enforcement of any obligation of Non-Surviving Corporation as well as for enforcement of any obligation of the Surviving Company arising from the merger, including any suit or other proceeding to enforce the right of any stockholder as determined in appraisal proceedings pursuant to the provisions of Section 262 of the General Corporation Law of Delaware, and the Surviving Company does hereby irrevocably appoint the Secretary of State of Delaware as its agent to accept service of process in any such suit or other proceeding. The address to which a copy of such process shall be mailed by the Secretary of State of Delaware is Ms. Mirna Valdes, Assistant Secretary, Ridgewood Power VI LLC, 947 Linwood Avenue, Ridgewood, New Jersey, 07450, until the Surviving Company shall have hereafter designated in writing to the said Secretary of State a different address for such purpose. Service of such process may be made by personally delivering to and leaving with the Secretary of State of Delaware duplicate copies of such process, one of which copies the Secretary of State of Delaware shall forthwith send by registered mail to Ridgewood Power VI LLC at the above address. FIFTH: Anything herein or elsewhere to the contrary notwithstanding, this Agreement may be terminated and abandoned by the President or the Executive Vice President of any constituent entity at any time prior to the time that this merger becomes effective. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties to this Agreement, have caused these presents to be executed by the President of each party hereto as the respective act, deed and agreement of each of said entities, on this ___ day of April, 1999. Ridgewood Power VI Corporation, a Delaware Corporation By:__________________________________ Robert E. Swanson, President Ridgewood Power VI LLC, a New Jersey Limited Liability Company By: __________________________________ Robert E. Swanson, President BTV\128508.3 EX-21 14 SUBSIDIARIES OF THE REGISTRANT EXHIBIT 21 - SUBSIDIARIES OF THE REGISTRANT Name of Subsidiary Type of entity Jurisdiction of organization ZAP, LLC limited liability company Delaware EX-27 15 ARTICLE 5 FIN. DATA SCHEDULE FOR 1998 10-K
5 This schedule contains summary financial information extracted from the Registrant's audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 1998 and is qualified in its entirety by reference to those financialstatements. 0001057076 THE RIDGEWOOD POWER GROWTH FUND YEAR DEC-31-1998 DEC-31-1998 25,256,560 0 0 0 0 25,352,238 0 0 25,733,430 1,378,749 0 0 0 0 24,354,681 25,733,430 0 494,002 0 0 1,345,747 0 0 (851,745) 0 (851,745) 0 0 0 (851,745) (2,869) (2,869) Includes $9,330 due from affiliates. Includes $1,114,129 due to affiliates. Represents Investor Shares of beneficial interestin Trust with capital accounts of $24,363,198 less managing shareholder's accumulated deficit of $8,517.
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