Consolidation

The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Federated, which include Hermes, Federated Funds and other entities in which Federated holds a controlling financial interest. Federated is involved with various entities in the normal course of business that may be deemed to be VREs or VIEs. From time to time, Federated invests in Federated Funds for general corporate investment purposes or, in the case of newly launched products, in order to provide investable cash to establish a performance history. Federated's investment in, and/or receivables from, these Federated Funds represents its maximum exposure to loss. The assets of each consolidated Federated Fund are restricted for use by the respective Federated Fund. Generally, neither creditors of, nor equity investors in, the Federated Funds have any recourse to Federated's general credit. Given that the entities follow investment company accounting, which prescribes fair-value accounting, a deconsolidation generally does not result in gains or losses for Federated. Receivables from all Federated Funds for advisory and other services totaled $35.0 million and $27.4 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

In the ordinary course of business, Federated may implement Fee Waivers for various Federated Funds for competitive, regulatory or contractual reasons. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, Fee Waivers totaled $358.2 million and $345.5 million, respectively, of which $242.9 million and $222.1 million, respectively, related to money market funds which meet the scope exception of the consolidation guidance.

Like other sponsors of investment companies, Federated in the ordinary course of business may make capital contributions to certain money market Federated Funds in connection with the reorganization of such funds into certain affiliated money market Federated Funds or in connection with the liquidation of a money market Federated Fund. In these instances, such capital contributions typically are intended to either offset realized losses or other permanent impairments to a fund's NAV, increase the market-based NAV per share of the fund's portfolio that is being reorganized to equal the market-based NAV per share of the acquiring fund or to bear a portion of expenses relating to a fund liquidation. Under current money fund regulations and SEC guidance, Federated is required to report these types of capital contributions to U.S. money market mutual funds to the SEC as financial support to the investment company that is being reorganized or liquidated. There were no contributions for the year ended December 31, 2018 and no material contributions for the year ended December 31, 2017.

In accordance with Federated's consolidation accounting policy, Federated first determines whether the entity being evaluated is a VRE or a VIE. Once this determination is made, Federated proceeds with its evaluation of whether to consolidate the entity. The disclosures below represent the results of such evaluations as of December 31, 2018 and 2017.

(a) Consolidated Voting Rights Entities

Most of the Federated Funds meet the definition of a VRE. Federated consolidates certain VREs when it is deemed to have control. Consolidated VREs are reported on Federated's Consolidated Balance Sheets in Investments—Consolidated Investment Companies and Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest in Subsidiaries.

(b) Consolidated Variable Interest Entities

As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, Federated was deemed to be the primary beneficiary of, and therefore consolidated, certain Federated Funds as a result of its controlling financial interest. The following table presents the balances related to the consolidated Federated Fund VIEs that were included on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as well as Federated's net interest in the consolidated Federated Fund VIEs at December 31:



(in millions)	2018			2017
Cash and Cash Equivalents		$	0.0		$	0.1
Investments—Consolidated Investment Companies		21.2			39.7
Receivables		0.4			1.0
Less: Liabilities		0.3			0.4
Less: Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest in Subsidiaries		11.2			27.7
Federated's Net Interest in Federated Fund VIEs		$	10.1		$	12.7

Federated's net interest in the consolidated Federated Fund VIEs represents the value of Federated's economic ownership interest in these Federated Funds.

Federated did not newly consolidate or deconsolidate any VIEs during the year ended December 31, 2018.

Federated's involvement with certain Federated Funds that are deemed to be VIEs includes serving as the investment manager, or at times, holding a minority interest or both. Federated's variable interest is not deemed to absorb losses or receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE. Therefore, Federated is not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs and has not consolidated these entities.

At December 31, 2018, Federated did not have a variable interest in a non-consolidated VIE. Of the previously disclosed receivables from all Federated Funds, $16.2 million related to non-consolidated VIEs at December 31, 2018 and represented Federated's maximum risk of loss from non-consolidated VIE receivables.

At December 31, 2017, Federated's investment and maximum risk of loss related to a variable interest in a non-consolidated VIE was $0.9 million (recorded in Investments—Affiliates and Other on the Consolidated Balance Sheets) and was entirely related to one Federated Fund. AUM for this non-consolidated Federated Fund totaled $55.8 million at December 31, 2017. Of the previously disclosed receivables from Federated Funds, $2.3 million related to non-consolidated VIEs at December 31, 2017 and represented Federated's maximum risk of loss from non-consolidated VIE receivables.