Pension and Post-Employment Benefits

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Retirement Benefits [Abstract]

Pension and Post-Employment Benefits

Note 10.     Pension and Post-Employment Benefits

United Kingdom plan

The Company maintains a defined benefit pension plan covering certain current and former employees in the United Kingdom (the “UK Plan”). The UK Plan is closed to future service accrual and has a large number of deferred and current pensioners. The Projected Benefit Obligation (“PBO”) is based on final salary and years of credited service reduced by social security benefits according to a plan formula. Normal retirement age is 65 but provisions are made for early retirement. The UK Plan’s assets are invested by several investment management companies in funds holding United Kingdom and overseas equities, United Kingdom and overseas fixed interest securities, index linked securities, property unit trusts and cash or cash equivalents. The trustees’ investment policy is to seek to achieve specified objectives through investing in a suitable mixture of real and monetary assets. The trustees recognize that the returns on real assets, while expected to be greater over the long-term than those on monetary assets, are likely to be more volatile. A mixture across asset classes should nevertheless provide the level of returns required by the UK Plan to meet its liabilities at an acceptable level of risk for the trustees and an acceptable level of cost to the Company.

In 2021, the Company contributed $0.0 million (2020 – $0.0 million) in cash to the UK Plan in accordance with an agreement with the trustees. For the year ending December 31, 2022, there are no plans to make cash contributions to the UK Plan.

The service cost shown in the table below has been recognized in selling, general and administrative expenses within corporate costs and the other items recognized within other income, net.

(in millions)	2021			2020			2019
Service cost	$	1.6		$	1.2		$	0.9
Interest cost on PBO		7.6			11.2			15.2
Expected return on plan assets		(15.5	)		(17.8	)		(22.0	)
Amortization of prior service cost/(credit)		0.3			(0.5	)		(0.9	)
Amortization of actuarial net losses		1.6			0.9			—
Settlement event		(0.3	)		—			—
Net periodic benefit	$	(4.7	)	$	(5.0	)	$	(6.8	)
Plan assumptions at December 31, (%):
Discount rate		1.84			1.36			1.95
Inflation rate		3.55			2.35			2.25
Rate of return on plan assets – overall on bid-value		2.30			2.00			2.50
Plan asset allocation by category (%):
Debt securities and insurance contracts		82			86			86
Equity securities and real estate		5			10			10
Cash		13			4			4
		100			100			100

The discount rate used represents the annualized yield based on a cash flow matched methodology with reference to an AA corporate bond spot curve and having regard to the duration of the Plan’s liabilities.

The inflation rate is derived using a similar cash flow matched methodology as used for the discount rate but having regard to the difference between yields on fixed interest and index linked United Kingdom government gilts.

A 0.25% change in the discount rate assumption would change the PBO at December 31, 2021 by approximately $22 million and the net pension credit for 2022 would change by approximately $1.4 million. A 0.25% change in the level of price inflation assumption would change the PBO at December 31, 2021 by approximately $14 million and the net pension credit for 2022 by approximately $0.3 million.

Movements in PBO and fair value of Plan assets are as follows:

(in millions)	2021			2020
Change in PBO:
Opening balance	$	758.7		$	701.0
Interest cost		7.6			11.2
Service cost		1.6			1.2
Benefits paid		(37.3	)		(45.5	)
Settlements		(10.6	)		—
Plan amendments		5.4			5.5
Actuarial losses/(gains)		(40.5	)		61.1
Exchange effect		(5.8	)		24.2
Closing balance	$	679.1		$	758.7
Fair value of plan assets:
Opening balance	$	876.7		$	816.9
Benefits paid		(37.3	)		(45.5	)
Settlements		(10.6	)		—
Actual return on assets		17.5			77.6
Exchange effect		(7.4	)		27.7
Closing balance	$	838.9		$	876.7
Net pension asset	$	159.8		$	118.0

The current investment strategy of the UK Plan is to divest equity securities and real estate in order to achieve a lower risk return on assets from debt securities and cash.

The UK Plan holds approximately 10% (December 31, 2020 – 11%) of the Plan’s assets in debt securities issued by non-US governments and government agencies. No more than 5% of the Plan’s assets were invested in any one individual company’s investment funds.

For the vast majority of assets, a market approach is adopted to assess the fair value of the assets, with the inputs being the quoted market prices for the actual securities held in the relevant fund.

Settlement

The 2021 settlement threshold for the total of interest cost and service cost was triggered in October 2021 by the level of transfers paid out of the UK Plan during the year. As a result, a settlement value of $10.6 million has been included for the PBO movements in 2021.

Debt securities

Fixed income securities are valued based on quotations received from independent pricing services or from dealers who make markets in such securities and are classified as Level 1. Corporate debt securities are classified as Level 2 in line with the industry standard.

Equity backed securities

Common and preferred stock for which market prices are readily available at the measurement date are valued at the last reported sale price or official closing price on the primary market or exchange on which they are actively traded. Other financial derivatives are classified as level 2 and certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) have not been categorized with a hierarchy.

Other asset backed securities

The Company has invested in insurance contracts, known as buy-in contracts. The value of the insurance contract is based on significant unobservable inputs including plan participant medical data, in addition to observable inputs which include expected return on assets and estimated value premium. Therefore, we have classified the contracts as Level 3 investments. Fair value estimates are provided by external parties and are subsequently reviewed and approved by management.

The Company also invests in real estate as a low risk asset backed security, classified as Level 1.

The fair values of pension assets by level of input were as follows:

(in millions)	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)			Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Total
At December 31, 2021
Debt securities:
Debt securities issued by non-U.S. governments and government agencies	$	80.3	$			$		$	80.3
Corporate debt securities				445.7					445.7
Equity backed securities:
Other financial derivatives				(1.5	)				(1.5	)
Other asset backed securities:
Insurance contracts							162.2		162.2
Real estate		47.0							47.0
Total assets at fair value		127.3		444.2			162.2		733.7
Cash		105.2							105.2
Total plan assets	$	232.5	$	444.2		$	162.2	$	838.9

(in millions)	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)			Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Total
At December 31, 2020
Debt securities:
Debt securities issued by non-U.S. governments and government agencies	$	99.5	$			$		$	99.5
Corporate debt securities				488.0					488.0
Equity backed securities:
Other financial derivatives				(2.3	)				(2.3	)
Investments measured at net asset value (1)									51.0
Other asset backed securities:
Insurance contracts							167.4		167.4
Real estate		40.2							40.2
Total assets at fair value		139.7		485.7			167.4		843.8
Cash		32.9							32.9
Total plan assets	$	172.6	$	485.7		$	167.4	$	876.7

(1) Certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) have not been categorized in the fair value table with a hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts presented in the statement of financial position.

The reconciliation of the fair value of the Plan assets measured using significant unobservable inputs was as follows:

(in millions)	Other Assets
Balance at December 31, 2019	$	157.9
Realized/unrealized gains/(losses):
Relating to assets still held at the reporting date		10.8
Purchases, issuances and settlements		(6.6	)
Exchange effect		5.3
Balance at December 31, 2020	$	167.4
Realized/unrealized gains/(losses):
Relating to assets still held at the reporting date		3.3
Purchases, issuances and settlements		(7.0	)
Exchange effect		(1.5	)
Balance at December 31, 2021	$	162.2

The projected net periodic benefit for the year ending December 31, 2022 is as follows:

(in millions)
Service cost	$	2.4
Interest cost on PBO		11.0
Expected return on plan assets		(17.5	)
Amortization of prior service credit		0.5
Amortization of actuarial net losses		—
Net periodic benefit	$	(3.6	)

The following benefit payments are expected to be made:

(in millions)
2022	$	37.6
2023	$	36.8
2024	$	36.8
2025	$	36.7
2026	$	36.1
2027-2031	$	175.5

German plan

The Company also maintains an unfunded defined benefit pension plan covering certain current and former employees in Germany (the “German plan”), which is reported within our Fuel Specialties segment. The German plan is closed to new entrants and has no assets.

The service cost shown in the table below has been recognized in selling, general and administrative expenses within corporate costs and the other items recognized within other income, net.

(in millions)	2021		2020		2019
Service cost	$	0.1	$	0.1	$	0.1
Interest cost on PBO		0.1		0.1		0.2
Amortization of actuarial net loss		1.0		0.8		0.3
Net periodic cost	$	1.2	$	1.0	$	0.6

Plan assumptions at December 31, (%):

Discount rate	0.90	0.40	0.80
Inflation rate	2.00	1.50	1.75
Rate of increase in compensation levels	2.75	2.75	2.75

Movements in PBO of the German plan are as follows:

(in millions)	2021			2020
Change in PBO:
Opening balance	$	15.2		$	13.3
Service cost		0.1			0.1
Interest cost		0.1			0.1
Benefits paid		(0.4	)		(0.3	)
Actuarial losses/(gains)		(0.7	)		0.8
Exchange effect		(1.1	)		1.2
Closing balance	$	13.2		$	15.2

Other plans

As at December 31, 2021, we have post-employment obligations in our Performance Chemicals European businesses with a liability of $4.6 million (December 31, 2020 – $5.3 million). For the year ended December 31, 2021 we have recognized an actuarial loss of $0.1 million in other comprehensive loss in relation to the Performance Chemicals pension in France (December 31, 2020 – $0.2 million).

Company contributions to defined contribution schemes during 2021 were $10.9 million (2020 – $10.3 million), across all our reporting segments.