10-Q

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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒Quarterly report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2020

Or

☐Transition report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

for the transition period from                 to

Commission File Number 000-24085

AXT, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

DELAWARE	94-3031310
(State or other jurisdiction of Incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

4281 Technology Drive, Fremont, California 94538

(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip code)

(510) 438-4700

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class:	Trading Symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered:
Common Stock, $0.001 par value	AXTI	The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check-mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check-mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check-mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐	Accelerated filer ☒
Non-accelerated filer ☐	Smaller reporting company ☐
	Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check-mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.   ☐

Indicate by check-mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). YES ☐ NO ☒

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

Class	Outstanding at May 1, 2020
Common Stock, $0.001 par value	40,845,912

AXT, INC.

FORM 10-Q

TABLE OF CONTENTS

	Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements (unaudited)
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019	3
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019	4
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019	5
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019	6
Notes To Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	7
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	28
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	43
Item 4. Controls and Procedures	45
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings	46
Item 1A. Risk Factors	46
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	68
Item 3. Defaults upon Senior Securities	68
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures	68
Item 5. Other Information	69
Item 6. Exhibits	69
Signatures	71

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements (unaudited)

AXT, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Unaudited, in thousands, except per share data)

	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	20,061	$	26,892
Short-term investments		8,697		9,427
Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $34 as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019		23,613		19,031
Inventories		48,253		49,152
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		10,638		8,703
Total current assets		111,262		113,205
Property, plant and equipment, net		97,490		97,403
Operating lease right-of-use assets		2,810		2,938
Other assets		11,078		9,803
Total assets	$	222,640	$	223,349
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	9,518	$	10,098
Accrued liabilities		10,371		11,681
Bank loan		6,071		5,747
Total current liabilities		25,960		27,526
Long-term portion of royalty payments		1,445		—
Noncurrent operating lease liabilities		2,542		2,695
Other long-term liabilities		503		366
Total liabilities		30,450		30,587
Commitments and contingencies (Note 12)
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock Series A, $0.001 par value; 2,000 shares authorized; 883 shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (Liquidation preference of $7,213 and $7,169 as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019)		3,532		3,532
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 70,000 shares authorized; 40,827 and 40,632 shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019		41		41
Additional paid-in capital		238,041		236,957
Accumulated deficit		(47,961)		(47,783)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(6,637)		(4,862)
Total AXT, Inc. stockholders’ equity		187,016		187,885
Noncontrolling interests		5,174		4,877
Total stockholders’ equity		192,190		192,762
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	222,640	$	223,349

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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ub

AXT, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(Unaudited, in thousands, except per share data)

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
Revenue	$	20,723	$	20,208
Cost of revenue		15,201		13,513
Gross profit		5,522		6,695
Operating expenses:
Selling, general and administrative		4,749		4,723
Research and development		1,407		1,346
Total operating expenses		6,156		6,069
Income (loss) from operations		(634)		626
Interest income (expense), net		(29)		95
Equity in loss of unconsolidated joint ventures		(120)		(1,454)
Other income (expense), net		1,366		(134)
Income (loss) before provision for income taxes		583		(867)
Provision for income taxes		366		156
Net income (loss)		217		(1,023)
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests		(395)		(81)
Net loss attributable to AXT, Inc.	$	(178)	$	(1,104)
Net loss attributable to AXT, Inc. per common share:
Basic and diluted	$	(0.01)	$	(0.03)
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding:
Basic and diluted		39,812		39,352

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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AXT, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

(Unaudited, in thousands)

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
Net income (loss)	$	217	$	(1,023)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Change in foreign currency translation gain (loss), net of tax		(1,874)		2,474
Change in unrealized gain on available-for-sale debt investments, net of tax		1		57
Reclassification adjustment for gains included in net loss upon deconsolidation of a subsidiary		—		(617)
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		(1,873)		1,914
Comprehensive income (loss)		(1,656)		891
Less: Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests		(297)		(756)
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to AXT, Inc.	$	(1,953)	$	135

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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AXT, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited, in thousands)

	March 31,
	2020		2019
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)	$	217	$	(1,023)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		993		1,460
Amortization of marketable securities premium		10		18
Impairment charge on equity investee		—		1,068
Stock-based compensation		643		558
Loss on disposal of equipment		—		31
Gain from deconsolidation of a subsidiary		—		(175)
Loss from equity method investments, net		120		561
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		(4,691)		153
Inventories		354		6,279
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		(2,042)		517
Other assets		(1,383)		(766)
Accounts payable		(484)		(5,555)
Accrued liabilities		(1,388)		(5,996)
Other long-term liabilities, including royalties		1,547		7
Net cash used in operating activities		(6,104)		(2,863)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property, plant and equipment		(2,139)		(2,909)
Proceeds from sales and maturities of available-for-sale debt securities		720		9,800
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		(1,419)		6,891
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from common stock options exercised		441		—
Proceeds from sale of previously consolidated subsidiary shares		—		366
Proceeds from short-term loan		391		—
Net cash provided by financing activities		832		366
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		(140)		140
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		(6,831)		4,534
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the year		26,892		16,526
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year	$	20,061	$	21,060

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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AXT, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

Note 1. Basis of Presentation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements of AXT, Inc. (“AXT,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to AXT, Inc. and all of its consolidated subsidiaries) are unaudited, and have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“US GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, this interim quarterly financial report does not include all disclosures required by US GAAP. In the opinion of our management, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, considered necessary to present fairly the financial position, results of operations and cash flows of AXT and our consolidated subsidiaries for all periods presented.

Our management has made a number of estimates and assumptions relating to the reporting of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities to prepare these condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with US GAAP. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been uncertainty and disruption in the global economy and financial markets. These estimates and assumptions may change as new events occur and additional information is obtained. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected in the future or for the full fiscal year. It is recommended that these condensed consolidated financial statements be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on March 12,  2020.

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of AXT, our wholly-owned subsidiaries, Beijing Tongmei Xtal Technology Co., Ltd. (“Tongmei”), Baoding Tongmei Xtal Technology Co., Ltd. (“Tongmei Baoding”), ChaoYang Tongmei Xtal Technology Co., Ltd. (“Tongmei ChaoYang”), ChaoYang LiMei Semiconductor Technology Co., Ltd. (“LiMei ChaoYang”), Nanjing JinMei Gallium Co., Ltd. (“JinMei”), ChaoYang JinMei Gallium Ltd. and MaAnShan JinMei Gallium Ltd., and, except as discussed below and in Note 7, our majority-owned subsidiary,  Beijing BoYu Semiconductor Vessel Craftwork Technology Co., Ltd. (“BoYu”). Tongmei Baoding is located in the city of Dingxing, China. Each of Tongmei ChaoYang and LiMei ChaoYang is located in the city of Kazuo, China. All significant inter‑company accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Investments in business entities in which we do not have controlling interests, but have the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial policies (generally 20-50% ownership), are accounted for by the equity method. As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, we have five companies accounted for by the equity method. For the majority-owned subsidiary that we consolidate, we reflect the portion we do not own as noncontrolling interests on our condensed consolidated balance sheets in stockholders' equity and in our condensed consolidated statements of operations.

When market conditions are warranted, we intend to construct facilities at the LiMei ChaoYang location to provide us with additional production capacity. For the quarter ended March 31, 2020, expenses associated with LiMei ChaoYang had a de minimis impact on the condensed consolidated financial statements.

As discussed in Note 7, “Investments in Privately-Held Companies”, effective as of March 11, 2019 we reduced our ownership in Beijing JiYa Semiconductor Material Co., Ltd. (“JiYa”) from 46% to 39% by selling a portion of our JiYa shares to our investor partner, which is also JiYa’s landlord. As a result of this transaction, our investor partner became the largest shareholder of JiYa and assumed the right to appoint the general manager of JiYa and thereby exercised greater control over JiYa’s long-term strategic direction.  Further, although our Chief Executive Officer remains on the board, as of March 11, 2019, he was no longer the chairman of JiYa’s board of directors and our Chief Financial Officer was no longer a member  of JiYa’s board of financial supervisors. Therefore, we deconsolidated JiYa from our consolidated financial statements as of March 11, 2019 in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification

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(“ASC”) Topic 810 Consolidation (“ASC 810”).  As of March 12, 2019, we accounted for our retained investment in JiYa under the equity method of accounting, as we continue to exercise significant influence.  

Our condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019, as reported, does not include the assets and liabilities of JiYa since we deconsolidated JiYa as of March 11, 2019. Our unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2019 includes JiYa’s results for the period through March 11, 2019.

As discussed in Note 7, in May 2019, we purchased the remaining 3% ownership interest of JinMei from retiring members of the JinMei management team for approximately $413,000. As a result, our ownership of JinMei increased from 97% to 100%. As of June 1, 2019, we referred to JinMei as a wholly-owned subsidiary instead of a significantly controlled subsidiary and reduced the carrying value of the corresponding noncontrolling interests to zero.

Note 2. Investments and Fair Value Measurements

Our cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and instruments with original maturities of less than three months. Our investments consist of instruments with original maturities of more than three months. As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, our cash, cash equivalents and debt investments are classified as follows (in thousands):

	March 31, 2020								December 31, 2019
			Gross		Gross						Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair		Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair
	Cost		Gain		(Loss)		Value		Cost		Gain		(Loss)		Value
Classified as:
Cash	$	20,061	$	—	$	—	$	20,061	$	26,892	$	—	$	—	$	26,892
Cash equivalents:
Certificates of deposit 1		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total cash and cash equivalents		20,061		—		—		20,061		26,892		—		—		26,892
Investments (available-for-sale):
Certificates of deposit 2		1,680		2		—		1,682		2,400		2		—		2,402
Corporate bonds		7,019		2		(6)		7,015		7,030		4		(9)		7,025
Total investments		8,699		4		(6)		8,697		9,430		6		(9)		9,427
Total cash, cash equivalents and investments	$	28,760	$	4	$	(6)	$	28,758	$	36,322	$	6	$	(9)	$	36,319
Contractual maturities on investments:
Due within 1 year 3	$	8,699					$	8,697	$	9,430					$	9,427
Due after 1 through 5 years 4		—						—		—						—
	$	8,699					$	8,697	$	9,430					$	9,427

1. Certificates of deposit with original maturities of less than three months.

2. Certificates of deposit with original maturities of more than three months.

3. Classified as “Short-term investments” in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

4. Classified as “Long-term investments” in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

We manage our debt investments as a single portfolio of highly marketable securities that is intended to be available to meet our current cash requirements. Certificates of deposit and corporate bonds are typically held until maturity. 

The gross unrealized losses related to our portfolio of available-for-sale debt securities were immaterial, and primarily due to normal market fluctuations and not due to increased credit risk or other valuation concerns. We have determined that the gross unrealized losses on our available-for-sale debt securities as of March 31, 2020 are temporary in nature and we believe that it is probable the principal and interest will be collected in accordance with the contractual

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terms. We review our debt investment portfolio at least quarterly, or when there are changes in credit risks or other potential valuation concerns, to identify and evaluate whether an allowance for credit losses or impairment would be necessary. Factors considered in determining whether a loss is temporary include the magnitude of the decline in market value, the length of time the market value has been below cost (or adjusted cost), credit quality, and our ability and intent to hold the securities for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in market value.

A portion of our debt investments would generate a loss if we sold them on March 31, 2020. The following table summarizes the fair value and gross unrealized losses related to available-for-sale debt securities, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of March 31, 2020 (in thousands):

	In Loss Position				In Loss Position				Total In
	< 12 months				> 12 months				Loss Position
			Gross				Gross				Gross
	Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized
As of March 31, 2020	Value		(Losses)		Value		(Losses)		Value		(Losses)
Investments:
Corporate bonds		5,763		(6)		—		—		5,763		(6)
Total in loss position	$	5,763	$	(6)	$	—	$	—	$	5,763	$	(6)

The following table summarizes the fair value and gross unrealized losses related to available-for-sale debt securities, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2019 (in thousands):

	In Loss Position				In Loss Position				Total In
	< 12 months				> 12 months				Loss Position
			Gross				Gross				Gross
	Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized
As of December 31, 2019	Value		(Loss)		Value		(Loss)		Value		(Loss)
Investments:
Corporate bonds		4,515		(9)		—		—		4,515		(9)
Total in loss position	$	4,515	$	(9)	$	—	$	—	$	4,515	$	(9)

Investments in Privately-held Raw Material Companies

We have made strategic investments in private companies located in China in order to gain access at a competitive cost to raw materials that are critical to our substrate business (see Note 7). The investment balances for the non-consolidated companies are accounted for under the equity method and included in “Other assets” in the condensed consolidated balance sheets and totaled $5.8 million and $6.0 million as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. As of March 31, 2020, there were five companies accounted for under the equity method. There were no impairment charges in the three months ended March 31, 2020. The three months ended March 31, 2019 include an impairment charge of $1.1 million for one of our minority investments (see Note 7).

Fair Value Measurements

We invest primarily in money market accounts, certificates of deposits, corporate bonds and notes, and government securities. We review our debt investment portfolio for credit loss at least quarterly or when there are changes in credit risk or other potential valuation concerns. As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the total unrealized loss, net of tax, included in accumulated other comprehensive loss was immaterial. We believe it is probable the principal and interest will be collected in accordance with the contractual terms, and the unrealized loss on these securities was due to normal market fluctuations, and not due to increased credit risk or other valuation concerns. ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (“ASC 820”), establishes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value. Level 1 instrument valuations are obtained from real-time quotes for transactions in active exchange markets of the asset or identical assets. Level 2 instrument valuations are obtained from readily-available, observable pricing sources for comparable instruments. Level 3 instrument valuations are obtained from unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data, which require us to develop our own assumptions. On a recurring basis,

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we measure certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value, primarily consisting of our short-term and long-term debt investments.

The type of instrument valued based on quoted market prices in active markets include our money market funds, which are generally classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. We classify our available-for-sale debt securities including certificates of deposit and corporate bonds as having Level 2 inputs. The valuation techniques used to measure the fair value of these financial instruments having Level 2 inputs were derived from bank statements, quoted market prices, broker or dealer statements or quotations, or alternative pricing sources with reasonable levels of price transparency.

We place short-term foreign currency hedges that are intended to offset the potential cash exposure related to fluctuations in the exchange rate between the United States dollar and Japanese yen. We measure the fair value of these foreign currency hedges at each month end and quarter end using current exchange rates and in accordance with US GAAP. At quarter end, any foreign currency hedges not settled are netted in “Accrued liabilities” on the condensed consolidated balance sheet and classified as Level 3 assets and liabilities. As of March 31, 2020, the net change in fair value from the placement of the hedge to settlement at each month end during the quarter had a de minimis impact on the condensed consolidated results.

There were no changes in valuation techniques or related inputs in the three months ended March 31, 2020. There have been no transfers between fair value measurements levels during the three months ended March 31, 2020.

The following table summarizes our financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis in accordance with ASC 820 as of March 31, 2020 (in thousands):

			Quoted Prices in				Significant
			Active Markets of		Significant Other		Unobservable
	Balance as of		Identical Assets		Observable Inputs		Inputs
	March 31, 2020		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Assets:
Cash equivalents and investments:
Certificates of deposit	$	1,682	$	—	$	1,682	$	—
Corporate bonds		7,015		—		7,015		—
Total	$	8,697	$	—	$	8,697	$	—

The following table summarizes our financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis in accordance with ASC 820 as of December 31, 2019 (in thousands):

			Quoted Prices in				Significant
			Active Markets of		Significant Other		Unobservable
	Balance as of		Identical Assets		Observable Inputs		Inputs
	December 31, 2019		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Assets:
Cash equivalents and investments:
Certificates of deposit	$	2,402	$	—	$	2,402	$	—
Corporate bonds		7,025		—		7,025		—
Total	$	9,427	$	—	$	9,427	$	—

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Items Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

Certain assets that are subject to nonrecurring fair value measurements are not included in the table above. These assets include investments in privately-held companies accounted for by the equity or cost method (see Note 7).  One such investment is a 25% ownership interest in a germanium materials company in China.  After receiving such company’s preliminary first quarter 2019 financial results in early April 2019 and its projections for significant losses going forward, we determined that this asset was fully impaired and wrote the asset balance down to zero.  This resulted in a $1.1 million impairment charge in our first quarter 2019 financial results. Except as mentioned above, we did not record other-than-temporary impairment charges for the remainder of these investments during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Note 3. Inventories

The components of inventories are summarized below (in thousands):

	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Inventories:
Raw materials	$	20,974	$	20,677
Work in process		24,874		24,946
Finished goods		2,405		3,529
	$	48,253	$	49,152

As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, carrying values of inventories were net of inventory reserves of $16.6 million and $16.4 million, respectively, for excess and obsolete inventory and $97,000 and $91,000, respectively, for lower of cost or net realizable value reserves.

Note 4. Property, Plant and Equipment, Net

The components of our property, plant and equipment are summarized below (in thousands):

	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Property, plant and equipment:
Machinery and equipment, at cost	$	44,797	$	45,742
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization		(36,740)		(37,115)
Building, at cost		38,171		38,837
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization		(12,846)		(12,736)
Leasehold improvements, at cost		4,849		4,877
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization		(4,041)		(4,035)
Construction in progress		63,300		61,833
	$	97,490	$	97,403

As of March 31, 2020, the balance of construction in progress was $63.3 million, of which $50.2 million was related to our buildings in our new Dingxing and Kazuo locations, $3.6 million was for manufacturing equipment purchases not yet placed in service and $9.5 million was for our construction in progress for our other consolidated subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2019, the balance of construction in progress was $61.8 million, of which $48.8 million was for our buildings in our new Dingxing and Kazuo locations, $3.4 million was for manufacturing equipment purchases not yet placed in service and $9.6 million was for our construction in progress at our other consolidated subsidiaries. 

We reviewed our estimates of the useful lives of our property, plant and equipment. As a result of the review, we determined a portion of our manufacturing equipment was lasting longer than the estimate previously established for the respective useful lives. Where appropriate, we extended the useful life of the manufacturing equipment in our

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accounting records. In addition, the useful life of our buildings located in China was extended to better align with industry standards. The changes in our estimate of the useful life, effective January 1, 2020, were made in order to remain consistent with US GAAP regarding management estimates. The effect of the change in the useful lives decreased our manufacturing costs by approximately $0.3 million and decreased our basic and diluted net loss per share by approximately $0.01 for the quarter ended March 31, 2020 as a result of lower depreciation expense.

Note 5. Accrued Liabilities

The components of accrued liabilities are summarized below (in thousands):

	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Preferred stock dividends payable	$	2,901	$	2,901
Accrued compensation and related charges		2,552		3,307
Payable in connection with land restoration of Nanjing JinMei factory		691		703
Payable in connection with construction		604		1,447
Advance from customers		429		396
Current portion of operating lease liabilities		363		319
Accrued product warranty		362		387
Accrued professional services		324		630
Current portion of royalty payments		300		—
Accrued income taxes		238		171
Other tax payable		162		50
Payable in connection with repurchase of subsidiaries shares		151		151
Other personnel-related costs		56		180
Accrual for sales returns		13		26
Other accrued liabilities		1,225		1,013
	$	10,371	$	11,681

Note 6. Related Party Transactions

Effective as of March 11, 2019, we reduced our ownership in JiYa from 46% to 39% by selling a portion of our JiYa shares to our investor partner, which is also JiYa’s landlord. Based on an independent third party valuation analysis, we sold these shares for $366,000.  Previously, we were the largest shareholder of JiYa and as such, we had the right to appoint the general manager of JiYa and the ability to exercise control in substance over JiYa’s long-term strategic direction.  Further, our Chief Executive Officer was the chairman of JiYa’s board of directors and our Chief Financial Officer was a member of JiYa’s board of financial supervisors.  As a result of this transaction, our investor partner, Shanxi Aluminum Industrial Co., Ltd. became the largest shareholder of JiYa and assumed the right to appoint the general manager of JiYa and thereby exercised greater control over JiYa’s long-term strategic direction.  Further, although our Chief Executive Officer remains on the board, as of March 11, 2019, he was no longer chairman of JiYa’s board of directors and our Chief Financial Officer was no longer on JiYa’s board of financial supervisors. 

Previously, we accounted for JiYa’s financial performance under the consolidation method of accounting.  As a result of the changes, we began to account for JiYa’s financial performance under the equity method of accounting.  Therefore, we deconsolidated JiYa from our consolidated financial statements as of March 11, 2019 in accordance with ASC 810. As of March 12, 2019, we accounted for our investment in JiYa under the equity method of accounting as we continue to have board representation and substantial ownership.  Pro-forma financials have not been presented because we believe the effects were not material to our condensed consolidated financial position and results of operation for all periods presented. JiYa continues to be a related party to us after deconsolidation, from whom we may purchase raw materials for production in the ordinary course of business from time to time.

Beginning in 2012, our wholly-owned subsidiary, JinMei, became contractually obligated under an agency sales agreement to sell raw material on behalf of its equity investment entity. JinMei bills the customers and remits the receipts, net of its portions of sales commission, to this equity investment entity. For the three months ended March 31,

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2020 and 2019, JinMei has recorded $0 and $0 income from agency sales, respectively, which were included in “Other income (expense), net” in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

In March 2012, Tongmei, entered into an operating lease for the land it owns with our consolidated joint venture, BoYu. The lease agreement for the land of approximately 22,081 square feet commenced on January 1, 2012 for a term of 10 years with annual lease payments of $24,000, subject to a 5% increase at each third year anniversary. The annual lease payment is due by January 31st of each year.

Tongmei ChaoYang purchases raw materials from one of our equity investment entities, Donghai County Dongfang High Purity Electronic Materials Co., Ltd., for production in the ordinary course of business. As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, amounts payable of $0 and $0, respectively, were included in “Accounts payable” in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Tongmei ChaoYang also purchases raw materials from one of our equity investment entities, Emei Shan Jiamei Materials Co., Ltd. (“JiaMei”), for production in the ordinary course of business. As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, amounts payable of $0 and $0, respectively, were included in “Accounts payable” in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Tongmei and Tongmei ChaoYang also purchase raw materials from one of our equity investment entities, Xilingol Tongli Germanium Refine Co., Ltd. (“Tongli”), for production in the ordinary course of business. As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, amounts payable of $0 and $0, respectively, were included in “Accounts payable” in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

In July 2017, Tongmei, provided an inter-company loan to JinMei in the amount of $768,000 in preparation for the acquisition of the land use rights and the construction of a new building. The inter-company loan carries an interest rate of 4.9% per annum. The principle is due in three installments between December 2021 and December 2023 while the interest is due in December of each year.  As of March 31, 2020, JinMei repaid principal and interest totaling $481,000 to Tongmei. As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the remaining balance of principal and interest totaled $283,000 and $285,000, respectively. JinMei is in the process of relocating its headquarters and manufacturing operations to the city of Kazuo, located in the province of Liaoning near the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, near our own location.

In April 2016, our consolidated joint venture, BoYu, provided a personal loan of $177,000 to one of its executive employees. This loan is secured by the officer’s shares in BoYu. The loan bears interest at 2.75% per annum. During the three months ended June 30, 2017, the repayment of the principal and interest totaling $180,000 was received by our consolidated joint venture. In November 2017, BoYu provided another personal loan of $291,000 to the same executive employee. This loan bears interest at 2.75% per annum. Principal and accrued interest are due on November 30, 2020. In May 2019, BoYu provided another personal loan of $146,000 to the same executive employee. This loan bears interest at 2.75% per annum. Principal and accrued interest are due at such time BoYu pays a dividend to its shareholders. In March 2020, BoYu provided another personal loan of $141,000 to the same executive employee. This loan bears interest at 2.75% per annum. Principal and accrued interest are due on December 31, 2024. As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the balances, including both principal and accrued interest, were $586,000 and $449,000, respectively, and included in “Other assets” in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

On November 2, 2017, our consolidated joint venture, BoYu, raised additional capital in the amount of $2 million in cash from a third-party investor through the issuance of shares equivalent to 10% ownership of BoYu. This third-party investor is an immediate family member of the owner of one of BoYu's customers. For the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, BoYu has recorded $254,000 and $38,000, respectively, in revenue from this customer. As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, amounts receivable of $235,000 and $12,000, respectively, were included in “Accounts receivable” in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Our Related Party Transactions Policy seeks to prohibit all conflicts of interest in transactions between related parties and us, unless they have been approved by our Board of Directors. This policy applies to all of our

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employees, directors, and our consolidated subsidiaries. Our executive officers retain board seats on the board of directors of the companies in which we have invested in our China joint ventures. See Note 7 for further details.

Note 7. Investments in Privately-Held Raw Material Companies

We have made strategic investments in private companies located in China in order to gain access at a competitive cost to raw materials that are critical to our substrate business. These companies form part of our overall supply chain.

As of March 31, 2020, the investments are summarized below (in thousands):

	Investment Balance as of
	March 31,		December 31,		Accounting	Ownership
Company	2020		2019		Method	Percentage
Nanjing JinMei Gallium Co., Ltd.	$	592	$	592	Consolidated	**100	%
Beijing JiYa Semiconductor Material Co., Ltd.		N/A		N/A	Consolidated	*46	%
Beijing BoYu Semiconductor Vessel Craftwork Technology Co., Ltd.		1,346		1,346	Consolidated	63	%
	$	1,938	$	1,938
Donghai County Dongfang High Purity Electronic Materials Co., Ltd.	$	1,327	$	1,326	Equity	46	%
Beijing JiYa Semiconductor Material Co., Ltd.		1,446		1,621	Equity	*39	%
Xilingol Tongli Germanium Co., Ltd.		—		—	Equity	25	%
Xiaoyi XingAn Gallium Co., Ltd.		2,401		2,367	Equity	25	%
Emeishan Jia Mei High Purity Metals Co., Ltd.		595		647	Equity	25	%
	$	5,769	$	5,961

* Ownership percentage decreased from 46% to 39% as of March 11, 2019 in connection with our sale of shares of this entity.

** In May 2019, we purchased the remaining 3% ownership interest from retiring members of the JinMei management team for approximately $413,000. As a result, our ownership of JinMei increased from 97% to 100%.  

Effective as of March 11, 2019, we reduced our ownership in JiYa from 46% to 39% by selling a portion of our JiYa shares to our investor partner, which is also JiYa’s landlord.  Based on an independent third party valuation analysis, we sold these shares for $366,000.  Previously, we were the largest shareholder and, as such, we had the right to appoint the general manager of JiYa and the ability to exercise control in substance over JiYa’s long-term strategic direction.  Further, our Chief Executive Officer was the chairman of JiYa’s board of directors and our Chief Financial Officer was a member of JiYa’s board of financial supervisors.  As a result of this transaction, our investor partner, Shanxi Aluminum Industrial Co., Ltd., became the largest shareholder and assumed the right to appoint the general manager and thereby exercised greater control over JiYa’s long-term strategic direction.  Further, although our Chief Executive Officer remains on the board, as of March 11, 2019 he was no longer the chairman of JiYa’s board of directors and our Chief Financial Officer was no longer a member of JiYa’s board of financial supervisors. 

Previously, we accounted for JiYa’s financial performance under the consolidation method of accounting.  As a result of the changes we began to account for JiYa’s financial performance under the equity method of accounting.  Therefore, we deconsolidated JiYa from our consolidated financial statements as of March 11, 2019 in accordance with ASC 810. As of March 12, 2019, we accounted for our investment in JiYa under the equity method of accounting as we continue to have board representation and substantial ownership.  Pro-forma financials have not been presented because we believe the effects were not material to our condensed consolidated financial position and results of operation for all periods presented. JiYa continues to be a related party to us after deconsolidation, whom we may purchase raw materials from for production in the ordinary course of business from time to time.

We recorded a gain on the deconsolidation of JiYa of $175,000 as a component of “Equity in loss of unconsolidated joint ventures” for the three months ended March 31, 2019 in the condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss). On the date of deconsolidation, the fair value of the Company’s investment

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in JiYa exceeded the Company’s share of the net assets of JiYa, which generated the gain. As of March 12, 2019, we recorded our investment in JiYa at a fair value of $2,040,000, which was based on an independent third party valuation analysis. The valuation is based on the asset-based approach. The market-based approach is not deemed appropriate due to lack of availability of market data for comparable companies on the open market and the discounted cash flow approach is not deemed reliable because of the difficulty in predicting the future profitability of JiYa due to the volatility of the gallium market, the concentration of customers and the significant accumulated losses of JiYa. The asset-based approach examines the value of a company’s assets net of its liabilities to derive a value for the equity holders. The gain on deconsolidation includes the following:

	Amount
	(in thousands)
Fair value of the consideration received	$	366
Fair value of the retained investment in Beijing JiYa Semiconductor Material Co., Ltd.		2,040
Carrying value of noncontrolling interest, net of accumulated other comprehensive income attributable to subsidiary		617
Derecognition of Beijing JiYa Semiconductor Material Co., Ltd.'s net asset		(2,848)
Gain recognized on deconsolidation of Beijing JiYa Semiconductor Material Co., Ltd.	$	175
	Amount
	(in thousands)
Fair value of the retained investment in Beijing JiYa Semiconductor Material Co., Ltd.	$	2,040
Carrying value of retained noncontrolling investment		(1,559)
Gain on retained noncontrolling investment due to remeasurement	$	481

Our ownership of JinMei is 100%. Before June 15, 2018, our ownership of JinMei was 83%. On June 15, 2018, we purchased a 12% ownership interest from one of the minority owners of JinMei for $1.4 million. The $1.4 million was scheduled to be paid in two installments. On June 15, 2018, we paid the first installment of $163,000. In May 2019, we paid the second installment of $1.2 million as the relocation of JinMei’s headquarters and manufacturing operations was nearly complete, which had been previously included in “Accrued liabilities” in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. As a result, our ownership of JinMei increased from 83% to 95%. In September 2018, we purchased a 2% ownership interest from one of the three remaining minority owners of JinMei for $252,000. As a result, our ownership of JinMei increased from 95% to 97%. In May 2019, we purchased the remaining 3% ownership interest from retiring members of the JinMei management team for approximately $413,000. We paid approximately $262,000 in May 2019 and plan to pay the remainder of approximately $151,000 at a date to be determined by both parties. As a result, our ownership of JinMei increased from 97% to 100%. Prior to June 1, 2019, we reported JinMei as a consolidated joint venture as we had a controlling financial interest and have majority control of the board. As of June 1, 2019, we now refer to it as a wholly-owned subsidiary and reduced the carrying value of the corresponding noncontrolling interests to zero. Our Chief Executive Officer is chairman of the JinMei board and we have appointed two other representatives to serve on the JinMei board.

Our ownership of BoYu is 63%. On November 2, 2017, BoYu raised additional capital in the amount of $2 million in cash from a third-party investor through the issuance of shares equivalent to 10% ownership of BoYu. As a result, our ownership of BoYu was diluted from 70% to 63%. We continue to consolidate BoYu as we have a controlling financial interest and have majority control of the board and, accordingly, no gain was recognized as a result of this equity transaction. Our Chief Executive Officer is chairman of the BoYu board and we have appointed two other representatives to serve on the board.

Although we have representation on the board of directors of each of the privately held raw material companies, the daily operations of each of these companies are managed by local management and not by us. Decisions concerning their respective short-term strategy and operations, ordinary course of business capital expenditures and sales of finished product, are made by local management with regular guidance and input from us.

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During the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, the consolidated joint ventures, before eliminating inter-company transactions, generated income of $1.1 million and $0.7 million, respectively, of which gains of $395,000 and $81,000, respectively, were allocated to noncontrolling interests, resulting in a reduction of $0.7 million and $0.6 million, respectively, to our net loss. Our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2019 include JiYa’s results for the period through March 11, 2019.

For AXT’s minority investment entities that are not consolidated, the investment balances are included in “Other assets” in our condensed consolidated balance sheets and totaled $5.8 million and $6.0 million as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. Our respective ownership interests in each of these companies are 46%,  39%,  25%,  25% and 25%. These minority investment entities are not considered variable interest entities because:

· all minority investment entities have sustainable businesses of their own;

· our voting power is proportionate to our ownership interests;

· we only recognize our respective share of the losses and/or residual returns generated by the companies if they occur; and

· we do not have controlling financial interest in, do not maintain operational or management control of, do not control the board of directors of, and are not required to provide additional investment or financial support to any of these companies.

One of the minority investment entities in which we have a 25% ownership interest is a germanium materials company in China.  This company provides results to us only on a quarterly basis.  We received its preliminary first quarter 2019 financial results in early April 2019 as well as its projections for significant losses going forward. Such projected losses would fully deplete our asset investment balance for this company in 2019.  The Company is experiencing significant disruptions due to upgrades and repairs required to comply with stronger environmental regulations in China.  As a result, we determined that this asset was fully impaired and wrote the asset balance down to zero.  This resulted in a $1.1 million impairment charge in our first quarter 2019 financial results.

AXT’s minority investment entities are not consolidated and are accounted for under the equity method. Excluding one fully impaired entity, the equity entities had the following summarized income information (in thousands) for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
Net revenue	$	3,953	$	6,441
Gross profit (loss)	$	2,020	$	(51)
Operating income (loss)	$	197	$	(2,039)
Net income (loss)	$	2	$	(2,446)

Our portion of the income and losses, including impairment charges, from these minority investment entities that are not consolidated and are accounted for under the equity method was a loss of $120,000 and $1.6 million, respectively, for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019. 

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Note 8. Stockholders’ Equity

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity

(in thousands)

The changes in stockholders’ equity by component for the three months ended March 31, 2020 are as follows:

									Accumulated
									Other		AXT, Inc.				Total
	Preferred		Common		Additional		Accumulated		Comprehensive		Stockholders’		Noncontrolling		Stockholders’
	Stock		Stock		Paid-In Capital		Deficit		Income (Loss)		Equity		Interests		Equity
Balance as of December 31, 2019	$	3,532	$	41	$	236,957	$	(47,783)	$	(4,862)	$	187,885	$	4,877	$	192,762
Common stock options exercised		—		—		441		—		—		441		—		441
Stock-based compensation		—		—		643		—		—		643		—		643
Net income (loss)		—		—		—		(178)		—		(178)		395		217
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—		—		(1,775)		(1,775)		(98)		(1,873)
Balance as of March 31, 2020	$	3,532	$	41	$	238,041	$	(47,961)	$	(6,637)	$	187,016	$	5,174	$	192,190

The changes in stockholders’ equity by component for the three months ended March 31, 2019 are as follows:

									Accumulated
									Other		AXT, Inc.				Total
	Preferred		Common		Additional		Accumulated		Comprehensive		Stockholders’		Noncontrolling		Stockholders’
	Stock		Stock		Paid-In Capital		Deficit		Income (Loss)		Equity		Interests		Equity
Balance as of December 31, 2018	$	3,532	$	40	$	234,418	$	(45,183)	$	(1,972)	$	190,835	$	3,697	$	194,532
Reclassification out of accumulated other comprehensive income and noncontrolling interests upon the deconsolidation of a subsidiary		—		—		—		—		(1,150)		(1,150)		533		(617)
Stock-based compensation		—		—		558		—		—		558		—		558
Net income (loss)		—		—		—		(1,104)		—		(1,104)		81		(1,023)
Other comprehensive income		—		—		—		—		2,389		2,389		142		2,531
Balance as of March 31, 2019	$	3,532	$	40	$	234,976	$	(46,287)	$	(733)	$	191,528	$	4,453	$	195,981

Except as shown above related to the deconsolidation of a subsidiary, there were no reclassification adjustments from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019.

Stock Repurchase Program

On October 27, 2014, our Board of Directors approved a stock repurchase program pursuant to which we may repurchase up to $5.0 million of our outstanding common stock.  These repurchases can be made from time to time in the open market and are funded from our existing cash balances and cash generated from operations. During 2015, we repurchased approximately 908,000 shares at an average price of $2.52 per share for a total purchase price of approximately $2.3 million under the stock repurchase program.   No shares were repurchased from 2016 through 2019. During the three months ended March 31, 2020, we did not repurchase any shares under the approved stock repurchase program. As of March 31, 2020, approximately $2.7 million remained available for future repurchases under this program. Currently, we do not plan to repurchase additional shares.

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Note 9. Stock-Based Compensation

We account for stock-based compensation in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”), which established accounting for stock-based awards exchanged for employee services. Stock-based compensation cost is measured at each grant date, based on the fair value of the award, and is recognized as expense over the employee’s requisite service period of the award. All of our stock compensation is accounted for as an equity instrument.

The following table summarizes compensation costs related to our stock-based awards (in thousands, except per share data):

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
Cost of revenue	$	28	$	31
Selling, general and administrative		492		437
Research and development		123		90
Total stock-based compensation		643		558
Tax effect on stock-based compensation		—		—
Net effect on net income (loss)	$	643	$	558

As of March 31, 2020, the unamortized compensation costs related to unvested stock options granted to employees under our stock option plan was approximately $1.3 million, net of estimated forfeitures of $106,000. These costs will be amortized on a straight-line basis over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.8 years and will be adjusted for subsequent changes in estimated forfeitures. We did not capitalize any stock-based compensation to inventory as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 due to the immateriality of the amount.

We estimate the fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes valuation model, consistent with the provisions of ASC 718. There were no options granted in the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019.

The following table summarizes the stock option transactions during the three months ended March 31, 2020 (in thousands, except per share data):

				Weighted
				average
		Weighted-		Remaining
	Number of	average		Contractual	Aggregate
	Options	Exercise		Life	Intrinsic
Stock Options	Outstanding	Price		(in years)	Value
Balance as of January 1, 2020	2,953	$	4.00	5.95	$	3,040
Granted	—		—	0		0
Exercised	(190)		2.32	0		0
Canceled and expired	—		—	0		0
Balance as of March 31, 2020	2,763	$	4.12	5.82	$	954
Options vested as of March 31, 2020 and unvested options expected to vest, net of forfeitures	2,728	$	4.12	5.78	$	950
Options exercisable as of March 31, 2020	2,031	$	4.01	4.72	$	890

The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the total pretax intrinsic value, based on our closing price of $3.21 on March 31, 2020, which would have been received by the option holder had all option holders exercised their options on that date.

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Restricted stock awards

A summary of activity related to restricted stock awards for the three months ended March 31, 2020 is presented below (in thousands, except per share data):

		Weighted-Average
		Grant Date
Stock Awards	Shares	Share Value
Non-vested as of January 1, 2020	939	$	5.02
Granted	10	$	4.00
Vested	(3)	$	4.32
Forfeited	(5)	$	5.98
Non-vested as of March 31, 2020	941	$	5.01

As of March 31, 2020, the unamortized compensation costs related to unvested restricted stock awards was approximately $3.8 million, which is to be amortized on a straight-line basis over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.4 years.

Note 10. Net Income (Loss) Per Share

Basic net income (loss) per share is computed using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the periods less shares of common stock subject to repurchase and non-vested stock awards. Diluted net income (loss) per share is computed using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding and potentially dilutive common shares outstanding during the periods. The dilutive effect of outstanding stock options and restricted stock awards is reflected in diluted earnings per share by application of the treasury stock method. Potentially dilutive common shares consist of common shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options and vesting of restricted stock awards. Potentially dilutive common shares are excluded from the computation of weighted-average number of common shares outstanding in net loss years, as their effect would be anti-dilutive to the computation.

A reconciliation of the numerators and denominators of the basic and diluted net loss per share calculations is as follows (in thousands, except per share data):

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
Numerator:
Net loss attributable to AXT, Inc.	$	(178)	$	(1,104)
Less: Preferred stock dividends		(44)		(44)
Net loss available to common stockholders	$	(222)	$	(1,148)
Denominator:
Denominator for basic net loss per share - weighted-average common shares		39,812		39,352
Effect of dilutive securities:
Common stock options		—		—
Restricted stock awards		—		—
Denominator for dilutive net loss per common shares		39,812		39,352
Net loss attributable to AXT, Inc. per common share:
Basic	$	(0.01)	$	(0.03)
Diluted	$	(0.01)	$	(0.03)
Options excluded from diluted net loss per share as the impact is anti-dilutive		2,763		2,654
Restricted stock excluded from diluted net loss per share as the impact is anti-dilutive		941		644

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The 883,000 shares of $0.001 par value Series A preferred stock issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, valued at $3,532,000, are non-voting and non-convertible preferred stock with a 5.0% cumulative annual dividend rate payable when declared by the board of directors and a $4 per share liquidation preference over common stock, which must be paid before any distribution is made to common stockholders. These preferred shares were issued to Lyte Optronics, Inc. stockholders in connection with the completion of our acquisition of Lyte Optronics, Inc. on May 28, 1999.

Note 11. Segment Information and Foreign Operations

Segment Information

We operate in one segment for the design, development, manufacture and distribution of high-performance compound and single element semiconductor substrates and sale of raw materials integral to these substrates. Our chief operating decision-maker has been identified as our Chief Executive Officer, who reviews operating results to make decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance for the Company. Since we operate in one segment, all financial segment and product line information can be found in the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Product Information

The following table represents revenue amounts (in thousands) by product type:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
Product Type:
Substrates	$	16,881	$	16,766
Raw Materials and Other		3,842		3,442
Total	$	20,723	$	20,208

Geographical Information

The following table represents revenue amounts (in thousands) reported for products shipped to customers in the corresponding geographic region:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
Geographical region:
Europe (primarily Germany)	$	6,214	$	4,375
Taiwan		5,177		3,008
China		4,724		7,111
North America (primarily the United States)		1,918		2,738
Asia Pacific (excluding China, Taiwan and Japan)		1,356		1,184
Japan		1,334		1,792
Total	$	20,723	$	20,208

Long-lived assets consist primarily of property, plant and equipment and operating lease right-of-use assets, and are attributed to the geographic location in which they are located. Long-lived assets, net of depreciation, by geographic region were as follows (in thousands):

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	As of
	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Long-lived assets by geographic region, net of depreciation:
North America	$	920	$	1,069
China		99,380		99,272
	$	100,300	$	100,341

Significant Customers

Two customers, Landmark and Osram, represented 17% and 15%, respectively, of our revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2020 while two customers, Haisi Optoelectronics and Landmark, represented 12% and 11%, respectively, of our revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2019. Our top five customers, although not the same five customers for each period, represented 49% and 40% of our revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

We perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers’ financial condition, and limit the amount of credit extended when deemed necessary, but generally do not require collateral. Three customers accounted for 20%,  13% and 12% of our accounts receivable balance as of March 31, 2020, and three customers accounted for 14%,  13% and 12% of our accounts receivable as of December 31, 2019.  

Note 12. Commitments and Contingencies

Indemnification Agreements

We have entered into indemnification agreements with our directors and officers that require us to indemnify our directors and officers against liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors or officers, other than liabilities arising from willful misconduct of a culpable nature; to advance their expenses incurred as a result of any proceeding against them as to which they could be indemnified; and to obtain directors’ and officers’ insurance if available on reasonable terms, which we currently have in place.

Product Warranty

We provide warranties for our products for a specific period of time, generally twelve months, against material defects. We provide for the estimated future costs of warranty obligations in cost of sales when the related revenue is recognized. The accrued warranty costs represent the best estimate at the time of sale of the total costs that we expect to incur to repair or replace product parts that fail while still under warranty. The amount of accrued estimated warranty costs are primarily based on historical experience as to product failures as well as current information on repair costs. On a quarterly basis, we review the accrued balances and update the historical warranty cost trends. The following table reflects the change in our warranty accrual which is included in “Accrued liabilities” on the condensed consolidated balance sheets, during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
Beginning accrued product warranty	$	387	$	236
Accruals for warranties issued		61		127
Adjustments related to pre-existing warranties including expirations and changes in estimates		(30)		93
Cost of warranty repair		(56)		(131)
Ending accrued product warranty	$	362	$	325

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Contractual Obligations

In 2020, we and a competitor entered into a cross license and covenant agreement (the “Cross License Agreement”), which has a term that begins on January 1, 2020 and expires on December 31, 2029.  The Cross License Agreement is a fixed-cost cross license and not a variable-cost cross license that is based on revenue or units. Under the Cross License Agreement, we are obligated to make annual payments over a 10-year period.

Land Purchase and Investment Agreement

We have established a wafer processing production line in Dingxing, China.  In addition to a land rights and building purchase agreement that we entered into with a private real estate development company to acquire our new manufacturing facility, we also entered into a cooperation agreement with the Dingxing local government.  In addition to pledging its full support and cooperation, the Dingxing local government will issue certain tax credits to us as we achieve certain milestones.  We, in turn, agreed to hire local workers over time, pay taxes when due and eventually demonstrate a total investment of approximately $90 million in value, assets and capital.  The investment will include cash paid for the land and buildings, cash on deposit in our name at local banks, the gross value of new and used equipment (including future equipment that might be used for indium phosphide and germanium substrates production), the deemed value for our customer list or the end user of our substrates (for example, the end users of the 3-D sensing VCSELs), a deemed value for employment of local citizens, a deemed value for our proprietary process technology, other intellectual property, other intangibles and additional items of value.  There is no timeline or deadline by which this must be accomplished, rather it is a good faith covenant entered into between AXT and the Dingxing local government.  Further, there is no specific penalty contemplated if either party breaches the agreement. However, the agreement does state that each party has a right to seek from the other party compensation for losses.  Under certain conditions, the Dingxing local government may purchase the land and building at the appraised value. We believe that such cooperation agreements are normal, customary and usual in China and that the future valuation is flexible. We have a similar agreement with the city of Kazuo, China, although on a smaller scale. The total investment targeted by AXT in Kazuo is approximately $15 million in value, assets and capital. In addition, BoYu has a similar agreement with the city of Kazuo. The total investment targeted by BoYu in Kazuo is approximately $8 million in value, assets and capital.

Purchase Obligations with Penalties for Cancellation

In the normal course of business, we issue purchase orders to various suppliers. In certain cases, we may incur a penalty if we cancel the purchase order. As of March 31, 2020, we do not have any outstanding purchase orders that will incur a penalty if cancelled by the Company.

Legal Proceedings

From time to time we may be involved in judicial or administrative proceedings concerning matters arising in the ordinary course of business. We do not expect that any of these matters, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows or results of operations.

Note 13. Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income (expense), net for the quarter ended March 31, 2020, includes a grant of $1.4 million from a provincial government agency as an award for relocating to its province.

In addition, we incurred a foreign currency transaction exchange loss of $43,000 and $56,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

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Note 14. Income Taxes

We account for income taxes in accordance with ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”), which requires that deferred tax assets and liabilities be recognized using enacted tax rates for the effect of temporary differences between the book and tax bases of recorded assets and liabilities. ASC 740 also requires that deferred tax assets be reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that a portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. Our deferred tax assets have been reduced to zero by a valuation allowance.

We provide for income taxes based upon the geographic composition of worldwide earnings and tax regulations governing each region, particularly China. The calculation of tax liabilities involves significant judgment in estimating the impact of uncertainties in the application of complex tax laws, particularly in foreign countries such as China.

We recognize interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. Income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2020 includes no interest and penalties. As of March 31, 2020, we have no accrued interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions. We file income tax returns in the U.S. federal, various states and foreign jurisdictions. Currently, there is no tax audit in any of the jurisdictions and we do not expect there will be any significant change to this. 

Provision for income taxes for the three months ended March 31, 2020 was mostly related to our wholly owned China subsidiaries and our one partially owned subsidiary in China. Besides the state tax liabilities, no income taxes or benefits have been provided for U.S. operations for the three months ended March 31, 2020 due to the loss in the U.S. and the uncertainty of generating future profit in the U.S., which has resulted in our deferred tax assets being fully reserved.

On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”) was passed into law. The CARES Act includes several significant business tax provisions including modification to the taxable income limitation for utilization of net operating losses (“NOLs”) incurred in 2018, 2019 and 2020 and the ability to carry back NOLs from those years for a period of up to five years, an increase to the limitation on deductibility of certain business interest expense, bonus depreciation for purchases of qualified improvement property and special deductions on certain corporate charitable contributions.  The Company analyzed the provisions of the CARES Act and determined there was no effect on its provision for the current period and will continue to evaluate the impact, if any, the CARES Act may have on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

Note 15. Revenue

Revenue Recognition

We manufacture and sell high-performance compound semiconductor substrates including indium phosphide, gallium arsenide and germanium wafers, and our consolidated subsidiaries sell certain raw materials, including  high purity gallium (7N Ga), pyrolytic boron nitride (pBN) crucibles and boron oxide (B2O3). After we ship our products, there are no remaining obligations or customer acceptance requirements that would preclude revenue recognition. Our products are typically sold pursuant to purchase orders placed by our customers, and our terms and conditions of sale do not require customer acceptance. We account for a contract with a customer when there is a legally enforceable contract, which could be the customer’s purchase order, the rights of the parties are identified, the contract has commercial terms, and collectibility of the contract consideration is probable. The majority of our contracts have a single performance obligation to transfer products and are short term in nature, usually less than six months. Our revenue is measured based on the consideration specified in the contract with each customer in exchange for transferring products that are generally based upon a negotiated, formula, list or fixed price. Revenue is recognized when control of the promised goods is transferred to our customer, which is either upon shipment from our dock, receipt at the customer’s dock, or removal from consignment inventory at the customer’s location, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to receive in exchange for those goods.

We have elected to account for shipping and handling as activities to fulfill the promise to transfer the goods. Shipping and handling fees billed to customers in a sales transaction are recorded as an offset to shipping and handling

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expenses. Sales taxes and value added taxes in foreign jurisdictions that are collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are accounted for on a net basis and, therefore, are excluded from revenue.

We do not provide training, installation or commissioning services. We provide for future returns based on historical data, prior experience, current economic trends and changes in customer demand at the time revenue is recognized. We do not recognize any asset associated with the incremental cost of obtaining revenue generating customer contracts. As such, sales commissions are expensed as incurred, given that the expected period of benefit is less than one year.

Contract Balances

We receive payments from customers based on a billing schedule as established in our contracts. Contract assets are recorded when we have a conditional right to consideration for our completed performance under the contracts. Accounts receivables are recorded when the right to this consideration becomes unconditional. We believe the fair value of our accounts receivable approximate its carrying value due to its short maturities and nominal credit risk. We do not have any material contract assets as of March 31, 2020. The following table reflects the contract liabilities balance as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):

	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Contract liabilities	$	(429)	$	(396)
During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company recognized $0.2 million of revenue that was included in the contract balances as of December 31, 2019.

Disaggregated Revenue

In general, revenue disaggregated by product types and geography (See Note 11) is aligned according to the nature and economic characteristics of our business and provides meaningful disaggregation of our results of operations. Since we operate in one segment, all financial segment and product line information can be found in the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Note 16. Bank Loans and Line of Credit

On November 6, 2018, the Company entered into a Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”), by and between the Company and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association (“Wells Fargo Bank”), which established a $10 million secured revolving line of credit with a $1.0 million letter of credit sublimit facility. The revolving credit facility is collateralized by substantially all of the assets of the Company located within the United States, subject to certain exceptions. The commitments under the Credit Agreement expire on November 30, 2020 and any loans thereunder will bear interest at a rate based on the daily one-month London Inter-bank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) for the applicable interest period plus a margin of 2.00%. On February 5, 2020, the Company entered into the First Amendment to Credit Agreement (the “First Amendment”), by and between the Company and Wells Fargo Bank, which reduced the $10 million secured revolving line of credit under the Credit Agreement to $7 million. The commitments under the Credit Agreement, as amended by the First Amendment, expire on November 30, 2020 and any loans thereunder will bear interest at a rate based on the daily one-month LIBOR for the applicable interest period plus a margin of 2.5%.  As of March 31, 2020, no loans or letters of credit were outstanding under the Credit Agreement, as amended by the First Amendment.

On August 9, 2019, Tongmei entered into a credit facility with the Bank of China with a $5.8 million line of credit at an annual interest rate of approximately 0.4% over the average interest rate quoted by the National Interbank Funding Center. Accrued interest is calculated monthly and paid quarterly. The annual interest rate was approximately 4.7% as of March 31, 2020. The credit facility is collateralized by Tongmei Baoding’s land use rights and all of its buildings located at its facility in Dingxing. The primary intended use of the credit facility is for general purposes, which may include working capital and other corporate expenses.

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On August 9, 2019, Tongmei borrowed $2.8 million against the credit facility. The repayment of the full amount is due on August 9, 2020. On September 12, 2019 Tongmei borrowed an additional $2.8 million against the credit facility. The repayment of the full amount is due on September 12, 2020, unless the parties agree to a renewal. As of March 31, 2020, $5.6 million was included in “Bank loan” in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

In February 2020, our majority-owned subsidiary, BoYu, entered into a credit facility with the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (“ICBC”) with a $1.4 million line of credit at an annual interest rate of approximately 0.15% over the Loan Prime Rate. Accrued interest is calculated monthly and paid quarterly. The annual interest rate was approximately 4.3% as of March 31, 2020. The credit facility is collateralized by BoYu’s land use rights and its building located at its facility in Tianjin, China and BoYu’s accounts receivable. The primary intended use of the credit facility is for general purposes, which may include working capital and other corporate expenses.

In March 2020, BoYu borrowed $0.4 million against the credit facility. The repayment of the full amount is due in March 2021. As of March 31, 2020, $0.4 million was included in “Bank loan” in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Note 17. Leases

We lease certain equipment, office space, warehouse and facilities under long-term operating leases expiring at various dates through July 2029. The majority of our lease obligations relate to our lease agreement for a nitrogen system to be used during the manufacturing process for our facility in Dingxing, China. The equipment lease became effective in August 2019 and will expire in July 2029. There are no variable lease payments, residual value guarantees or any restrictions or covenants imposed by the equipment lease. The remainder relate to our lease agreement for our facility in Fremont, California with approximately 19,467 square feet, which expires in 2020. Under the terms of the facility lease agreement, in May 2020, we will have the option to extend the term of the lease for an additional three years. We are reasonably certain to exercise the option in the future. There are no variable lease payments, residual value guarantees or any restrictions or covenants imposed by the facility lease. All other operating leases have a term of 12 months or less.

On January 1, 2019, we adopted Accounting Standard Update 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASC 842”), which requires the recognition of the right-of-use assets and related operating and finance lease liabilities on the balance sheet. As permitted by ASC 842, we elected the adoption date of January 1, 2019, which is the date of initial application. As a result, the consolidated balance sheet prior to January 1, 2019 was not restated, continues to be reported under ASC Topic 840, Leases, (“ASC 840”), which did not require the recognition of operating lease liabilities on the balance sheet, and is not comparative. Under ASC 842, all leases are required to be recorded on the balance sheet and are classified as either operating leases or finance leases. The lease classification affects the expense recognition in the statement of operations. Operating lease charges are recorded entirely in operating expenses. Finance lease charges are split, where amortization of the right-of-use asset is recorded in operating expenses and an implied interest component is recorded in interest expense. The expense recognition for operating leases and finance leases under ASC 842 is substantially consistent with ASC 840. As a result, there is no significant difference in our results of operations presented in our consolidated statement of operations and consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss) for each year presented.

We adopted ASC 842 using a modified retrospective approach for all leases existing at January 1, 2019. The adoption of ASC 842 had a material impact on our consolidated balance sheet. The most significant impact was the recognition of the operating lease right-of-use assets and the liability for operating leases. Accordingly, upon adoption, leases that were classified as operating leases under ASC 840 were classified as operating leases under ASC 842, and we recorded an adjustment of $1.1 million to operating lease right-of-use assets and the related lease liability. The lease liability is based on the present value of the remaining minimum lease payments, determined under ASC 840, discounted using our secured incremental borrowing rate at the effective date of January 1, 2019, using the original lease term as the tenor. As permitted under ASC 842, we elected several practical expedients that permit us to not reassess (1) whether a contract is or contains a lease, (2) the classification of existing leases, and (3) whether previously capitalized costs continue to qualify as initial indirect costs. The application of the practical expedients did not have a material impact on the measurement of the operating lease liability.

Leases are classified as either finance leases or operating leases. A lease is classified as a finance lease if any

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one of the following criteria are met: the lease transfers ownership of the asset by the end of the lease term, the lease contains an option to purchase the asset that is reasonably certain to be exercised, the lease term is for a major part of the remaining useful life of the asset or the present value of the lease payments equals or exceeds substantially all of the fair value of the asset. A lease is classified as an operating lease if it does not meet any one of these criteria. All of our leases are classified as operating leases and substantially all of our operating leases are comprised of equipment and office space leases. None of our leases are classified as, finance leases.

For all leases at the lease commencement date, a right-of-use asset and a lease liability are recognized. The right-of-use asset represents the right to use the leased asset for the lease term. The lease liability represents the present value of the lease payments under the lease.

The right-of-use asset is initially measured at cost, which primarily comprises the initial amount of the lease liability, plus any initial direct costs incurred, consisting mainly of brokerage commissions, less any lease incentives received. All right-of-use assets are reviewed for impairment. The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments, discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if that rate cannot be readily determined, our secured incremental borrowing rate for the same term as the underlying lease.

Lease payments included in the measurement of the lease liability comprise the following: the fixed noncancelable lease payments, payments for optional renewal periods where it is reasonably certain the renewal period will be exercised, and payments for early termination options unless it is reasonably certain the lease will not be terminated early.

Lease expense for operating leases consists of the lease payments plus any initial direct costs, primarily brokerage commissions, and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

We have elected not to recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases that have a term of 12 months or less. The effect of short-term leases on our right-of-use asset and lease liability was not material.

As of March 31, 2020, the maturities of our operating lease liabilities (excluding short-term leases) are as follows (in thousands):

Maturity of Lease Liabilities
2020	$	340
2021		544
2022		561
2023		551
2024		262
Thereafter		1,202
Total minimum lease payments		3,460
Less: Interest		(555)
Present value of lease obligations		2,905
Less: Current portion, included in accrued liabilities		(363)
Long-term portion of lease obligations	$	2,542

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The weighted average remaining lease term and the weighted-average discount rate for our operating leases as of each date is as follows:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years)	7.74		7.94
Weighted-average discount rate	4.61	%	4.61	%

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases where we are the lessee is as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	107	$	40
Supplemental noncash information on lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets:
Leased assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	$	2,072	$	—

The components of lease expense are as follows (in thousands) within our condensed consolidated statements of operations:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
Operating lease	$	128	$	61
Short-term lease expense		13		14
Total	$	141	$	75

Note 18. Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”) was issued in June 2016. Under ASU 2016-13, existing guidance on reporting credit losses for trade and other receivables and available for sale debt securities have been replaced with a new forward-looking “expected loss” model that has resulted in the earlier recognition of allowances for losses. Our adoption of ASU 2016-13 and its subsequent series of amendments during the quarter ended March 31, 2020 using the modified retrospective transition approach did not result in a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements. As part of our assessment of the adequacy of our allowances for credit losses, we consider a number of factors including, but not limited to, customer credit ratings, bankruptcy filings, published or estimated credit default rates, age of receivables, adequacy of our allowance for doubtful accounts and expected loss rates.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

This quarterly report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.  Statements relating to our expectations regarding results of operations, market and customer demand for our products, customer qualifications of our products, our ability to expand our markets or increase sales, emerging applications using chips or devices fabricated on our substrates, the development of new products, applications, enhancements or technologies, the life cycles of our products and applications, product yields and gross margins, expense levels, the impact of the adoption of certain accounting pronouncements, our investments in capital projects, our ability to relocate our gallium arsenide production line in a timely and orderly manner, our estimated construction and relocation costs, including potential severance costs, with respect to the relocation of our gallium arsenide production line, our ability to have customers re-qualify substrates from our new manufacturing location in Dingxing, China, our ability to utilize or increase our manufacturing capacity, and our belief that we have adequate cash and investments to meet our needs over the next 12 months are forward-looking statements.  Words such as “expects,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “seeks,” “estimates,” “goals,” “should,” “continues,” “would,” “could” and similar expressions or variations of such words are intended to identify forward‑looking statements, but are not the exclusive means of identifying forward‑looking statements in this quarterly report.  Additionally, statements concerning future matters such as our strategy and plans, industry trends and the impact of trends, tariffs and trade wars, the potential or expected impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, results of operations and financial condition, mandatory factory shutdowns in China, policies and regulations in China and economic cycles on our business are forward-looking statements.  All forward-looking statements are based upon management’s views as of the date of this quarterly report and are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from historical results or those anticipated in such forward-looking statements.  Such risks and uncertainties include those set forth under the section entitled “Risk Factors” in Item 1A below, as well as those discussed elsewhere in this quarterly report, and identify important factors that could disrupt or injure our business or cause actual results to differ materially from those predicted in any such forward-looking statements.

These forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance.  Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date hereof.  Readers are urged to carefully review and consider the various disclosures made in this report, which attempt to advise interested parties of the risks and factors that may affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.  We undertake no obligation to revise or update any forward‑looking statements in order to reflect any development, event or circumstance that may arise after the date of this report. This discussion should be read in conjunction with Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 and the condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

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Overview

AXT, Inc. (“AXT”, “the company”, “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to AXT, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries) is a worldwide materials science company that develops and produces high-performance compound and single element semiconductor substrates, also known as wafers. Our consolidated subsidiaries produce and sell certain raw materials some of which are used in our substrate manufacturing process and some of which are sold to other companies.

Our wafer substrates are used when a typical silicon substrate wafer cannot meet the performance requirements of a semiconductor or optoelectronic device. The dominant substrates used in producing semiconductor chips and other electronic circuits are made from silicon. However, certain chips may become too hot or perform their function too slowly if silicon is used as the base material.  In addition, optoelectronic applications, such as LED lighting and chip-based lasers, do not use silicon substrates because they require a wave form frequency that cannot be achieved using silicon. Alternative or specialty materials are used to replace silicon as the preferred base in these situations. Our wafers provide such alternative or specialty materials. We do not design or manufacture the chips. We add value by researching, developing and producing the specialty material wafers. We have two product lines: specialty material substrates and raw materials integral to these substrates. Our compound substrates combine indium with phosphorous (indium phosphide: InP) or gallium with arsenic (gallium arsenide: GaAs). Our single element substrates are made from germanium (Ge).

InP is a high-performance semiconductor substrate used in broadband and fiber optic applications and data center connectivity. InP substrates can also be used in 5G applications. In recent years, InP demand has increased. Semi-insulating GaAs substrates are used to create various high-speed microwave components, including power amplifier chips used in cell phones, satellite communications and broadcast television applications.  Semi-conducting GaAs substrates are used to create opto-electronic products, including high brightness light emitting diodes (HBLEDs) that are often used to backlight wireless handsets and liquid crystal display (LCD) TVs and also used for automotive panels, signage, display and lighting applications. A new application for semi-conducting GaAs substrates is 3-D sensing chips using VCSELs (vertical cavity surface emitting lasers) as an array of lasers on a single chip that can be used in cell phones and other devices. Ge substrates are used in applications such as solar cells for space and terrestrial photovoltaic applications.

Our supply chain strategy includes partial ownership in raw material companies.  Two of these companies are consolidated.  One of these companies produces pyrolytic boron nitride (pBN) crucibles used in the high temperature (typically in the range 500 C to 1,500 C) growth process of single crystal ingots, effusion rings when growing OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) tools, epitaxial layer growth in MOCVD (Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition) reactors and MBE (Molecular Beam Epitaxy) reactors.  We use these pBN crucibles in our own ingot growth processes and they are also sold in the open market to other companies. The second consolidated company converts raw gallium to purified gallium.  We use purified gallium in producing our GaAs substrates and it is also sold in the open market to other companies for use in producing magnetic materials, high temperature thermometers, single crystal ingots, including gallium arsenide, gallium nitride, gallium antimonide and gallium phosphide ingots, and other materials and alloys.  In addition to purified gallium, the second consolidated company also produces InP base material which we then use to grow single crystal ingots.  In prior years, a third company was consolidated, but, in the first quarter of 2019, we sold a portion of our ownership to our investment partner and, as of March 11, 2019, we ceased to consolidate this company.  Our substrate product group generated 81%, 79% and 80% of our consolidated revenue and our raw materials product group generated 19%, 21% and 20% for the years 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

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The following chart shows our substrate products and their materials, diameters and illustrative applications and shows our raw materials group primary products and their illustrative uses and applications. 

Products
Substrate Group	Wafer Diameter	Sample of Applications
Indium Phosphide	2”, 3”, 4”	• Fiber optic lasers and detectors
(InP)		• Passive Optical Networks (PONs)
		• Data center connectivity using light/lasers
		• Silicon photonics
		• 5G
		• Photonic Integrated circuits (PICs)
		• High efficiency terrestrial solar cells (CPV)
		• RF amplifier and switching
		• Infrared light-emitting diode (LEDs) motion control
		• Infrared thermal imaging
Gallium Arsenide	1”, 2”, 3”, 4”, 5”, 6”	• Power amplifiers for wireless devices
(GaAs - semi-insulating)		• Direct broadcast television
		• High-performance transistors
		• Satellite communications
		• High efficiency solar cells for drones and automobiles
Gallium Arsenide	1”, 2”, 3”, 4”, 5", 6”	• 3-D sensing using VCSELs
(GaAs - semi-conducting)		• Data center communication using VCSELs
		• High brightness LEDs
		• Lasers
		• Near-infrared sensors
		• Printer head lasers and LEDs
		• Laser machining, cutting and drilling
		• Optical couplers
		• High efficiency solar cells for drones and automobiles
		• Night vision goggles
Germanium	2”, 4”, 6”	• Satellite solar cells
(Ge)		• Optical sensors and detectors
		• Terrestrial concentrated photo voltaic (CPV) cells •  Multi-junction solar cells for satellites •  Infrared detectors
Raw Materials Group
6N+ purified gallium		• Key material in single crystal ingots such as:
		- Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)
		- Gallium Nitride (GaN)
		- Gallium Antimonide (GaSb)
		- Gallium Phosphide (GaP)
Boron trioxide (B2O3)		• Encapsulant in the ingot growth of III-V compound semiconductors
Gallium-Magnesium alloy		• Used for the synthesis of organo-gallium compounds in epitaxial growth on semiconductor wafers
pyrolytic boron nitride (pBN) crucibles		• Used when growing single-crystal compound semiconductor ingots
		• Used as effusion rings growing OLED tools
pBN insulating parts		• Used in MOCVD reactors
		• Used when growing epitaxial layers in Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) reactors

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We manufacture all of our products in the People’s Republic of China (PRC or China), which generally has favorable costs for facilities and labor compared with comparable facilities in the United States, Europe or Japan. Our supply chain includes partial ownership of raw material companies in China (subsidiaries/joint ventures). We believe this supply chain arrangement provides us with pricing advantages, reliable supply, market trend visibility and better sourcing lead-times for key raw materials central to manufacturing our substrates. Our subsidiaries and joint venture companies produce materials, including raw gallium (4N Ga), high purity gallium (6N Ga), arsenic, germanium, germanium dioxide, pyrolytic boron nitride (pBN) crucibles and boron oxide (B2O3). Our ownership and the ownership held by one of the joint venture companies range from 100% to 25%. We have board representation in all of these raw material companies. We consolidate the companies in which we have either a controlling financial interest, or majority financial interest combined with the ability to exercise substantive control over the operations, or financial decisions, of such companies. We use the equity method to account for companies in which we have smaller financial interest and have the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, over such companies. We purchase portions of the materials produced by these companies for our own use and they sell the remainder of their production to third parties.

The Beijing city government is moving its offices into the area where our original manufacturing facility is currently located and is in the process of moving thousands of government employees into this area. The government has constructed showcase tower buildings and overseen the establishment of new apartment complexes, retail stores and restaurants. An amusement park is being constructed within a few miles of our facility. To create room and upgrade the district, the city instructed virtually all existing manufacturing companies, including AXT, to relocate all or some of their manufacturing lines. We were instructed to move our gallium arsenide manufacturing line out of the area. For reasons of manufacturing efficiency we elected to also move our germanium manufacturing line.  Our indium phosphide manufacturing line, as well as various administrative and sales functions, will remain primarily at our original site for the near future.

To mitigate our risks and maintain our production schedule, we moved our gallium arsenide equipment in stages.  As of December 31, 2019, we have ceased all crystal growth for gallium arsenide in our original manufacturing facility in Beijing and have transferred 100% of our ingot production to our new manufacturing facility in Kazuo, a city approximately 250 miles from Beijing.  We have transferred our wafer processing equipment for gallium arsenide to our new manufacturing facility in Dingxing, a city approximately 75 miles from Beijing.  Our key focus is now transferring volume production of the wafer processing steps for gallium arsenide to Dingxing.  Some of our larger, more sophisticated customers want to perform a site qualification and subsequently develop a plan to ramp up production at Dingxing. One of our largest gallium arsenide customers has already qualified our new manufacturing sites for volume production. The new facilities are intended to give us the long-term capacity and a new level of technological sophistication in our manufacturing capabilities to support the major trends that we believe are likely to drive demand for our products in the years ahead.

Customer qualification of the Dingxing site requires us to continue to diligently address the many details that arise at both of the new sites.  A failure to properly accomplish this could result in disruption to our production and have a material adverse impact on our revenue, our results of operations and our financial condition. If we fail to meet the product qualification requirements of a customer, we may lose sales to that customer. Our reputation may also be damaged. Any loss of sales could have a material adverse effect on our revenue, our results of operations and our financial condition.

In September 2018, the Trump Administration announced a list of thousands of categories of goods that became subject to tariffs when imported into the United States.  This pronouncement imposed tariffs on the wafer substrates we imported into the United States. The initial tariff rate was 10% and subsequently was increased to 25%.  Approximately 10% of our revenue derives from importing our wafers into the United States.  For the three months ended March 31, 2020, we paid approximately $190,000 in tariffs. In 2019, we paid approximately $735,000 in tariffs.  The future impact of tariffs and trade wars is uncertain.

Critical Accounting Policies, Estimates and Change in Accounting Estimates

We prepare our condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Accordingly, we make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the

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amounts reported on our condensed consolidated financial statements. These estimates, assumptions and judgments about future events and their effects on our results cannot be determined with certainty, and are made based upon our historical experience and on other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates may change as new events occur or additional information is obtained, and we may periodically be faced with uncertainties, the outcomes of which are not within our control and may not be known for a prolonged period of time.

We have identified the policies below as critical to our business operations and understanding of our financial condition and results of operations. Critical accounting policies are material to the presentation of our condensed consolidated financial statements and require us to make difficult, subjective or complex judgments that could have a material effect on our financial reports and results of operations. They may require us to make assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain at the time of the estimate. Different estimates that we could have used, or changes in the estimate that are reasonably likely to occur, may have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations.

Revenue Recognition

We manufacture and sell high-performance compound semiconductor substrates including indium phosphide, gallium arsenide and germanium wafers, and our consolidated subsidiaries sell certain raw materials, including  high purity gallium (7N Ga), pyrolytic boron nitride (pBN) crucibles and boron oxide (B2O3). After we ship our products, there are no remaining obligations or customer acceptance requirements that would preclude revenue recognition. Our products are typically sold pursuant to purchase orders placed by our customers, and our terms and conditions of sale do not require customer acceptance. We account for a contract with a customer when there is a legally enforceable contract, which could be the customer’s purchase order, the rights of the parties are identified, the contract has commercial terms, and collectibility of the contract consideration is probable. The majority of our contracts have a single performance obligation to transfer products and are short term in nature, usually less than six months. Our revenue is measured based on the consideration specified in the contract with each customer in exchange for transferring products that are generally based upon a negotiated, formula, list or fixed price. Revenue is recognized when control of the promised goods is transferred to our customer, which is either upon shipment from our dock, receipt at the customer’s dock, or removal from consignment inventory at the customer’s location, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to receive in exchange for those goods.

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and are not interest bearing. We review at least quarterly, or when there are changes in credit risks the likelihood of collection on our accounts receivable balances and provide an allowance for doubtful accounts receivable for any expected credit losses primarily based upon the age of these accounts. We evaluate receivables from U.S. customers with an emphasis on balances in excess of 90 days and for receivables from customers located outside the U.S. with an emphasis on balances in excess of 120 days and establish a reserve allowance on the receivable balances if needed. The reason for the difference in the evaluation of receivables between foreign and U.S. customers is that U.S. customers have historically made payments in a shorter period of time than foreign customers. Foreign business practices generally require us to allow customer payment terms that are longer than those accepted in the United States. We assess the probability of collection based on a number of factors, including the length of time a receivable balance has been outstanding, our past history with the customer and their credit-worthiness.

We exercise judgment when determining the adequacy of our reserves as we evaluate historical bad debt trends, general economic conditions in the United States and internationally, and changes in customer financial conditions. Uncollectible receivables are recorded as bad debt expense when a credit loss is expected through the establishment of an allowance, which would then be written off when all efforts to collect have been exhausted and recoveries are recognized when they are received. As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, our accounts receivable, net balance was $23.6 million and $19.0 million, respectively, which was net of an allowance for doubtful accounts of $34,000 and  $34,000, respectively. If actual uncollectible accounts differ substantially from our estimates, revisions to the estimated allowance for doubtful accounts would be required, which could have a material impact on our financial results for the future periods.

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Historically, our allowance for sales returns reserve was deducted from gross accounts receivable. Upon adoption, on January 1, 2018, of the new revenue recognition guidance, ASC Topic 606, we reclassified our sales returns reserve to accrued liabilities. As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the balance was $13,000 and  $26,000, respectively.

Warranty Reserve

We maintain a product warranty based upon our claims experience during the prior twelve months and any pending claims and returns of which we are aware. Warranty costs are accrued at the time revenue is recognized. As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, accrued product warranties totaled $362,000 and $387,000, respectively.  The increase in accrued product warranties is primarily attributable to increased claims for quality issues experienced by customers.  If actual warranty costs or pending new claims differ substantially from our estimates, revisions to the estimated warranty liability would be required, which could have a material impact on our financial condition and results of operations for future periods.

Inventory Valuation

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost (approximated by standard cost) or net realizable value. Cost is determined using the weighted-average cost method. Our inventory consists of raw materials as well as finished goods and work in process that include material, labor and manufacturing overhead costs. We routinely evaluate the levels of our inventory in light of current market conditions in order to identify excess and obsolete inventory, and we provide a valuation allowance for certain inventories based upon the age and quality of the product and the projections for sale of the completed products. As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, we had an inventory reserve of $16.6 million and $16.4 million, respectively, for excess and obsolete inventory and $97,000 and $91,000, respectively, for lower of cost or net realizable value reserves. If actual demand for our products were to be substantially lower than estimated, additional inventory adjustments for excess or obsolete inventory might be required, which could have a material impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Impairment of Investments

We classify marketable investments in debt securities as available-for-sale debt securities in accordance with ASC Topic 320, Investments -Debt Securities. All available-for-sale debt securities with a quoted market value below cost (or adjusted cost) are reviewed in order to determine whether the decline is other-than-temporary. Factors considered in determining whether a loss is temporary include the magnitude of the decline in market value, the length of time the market value has been below cost (or adjusted cost), credit quality, and our ability and intent to hold the securities for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in market value. We also review our debt investment portfolio at least quarterly, or when there are changes in credit risks or other potential valuation concerns to identify and evaluate whether an allowance for expected credit losses or impairment would be necessary.

We also invest in equity instruments of privately-held companies in China for business and strategic purposes. Investments in our unconsolidated joint venture companies are classified as other assets and accounted for under either the equity or cost method, depending on whether we have the ability to exercise significant influence over their operations or financial decisions. We monitor our investments for impairment and record reductions in carrying value when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Determination of impairment is highly subjective and is based on a number of factors, including an assessment of the strength of each company’s management, the length of time and extent to which the fair value has been less than our cost basis, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the company, fundamental changes to the business prospects of the company, share prices of subsequent offerings, and our intent and ability to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in our carrying value.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, we recorded an impairment charge of $1.1 million for a germanium materials company in China in which we have a 25% ownership interest. After receiving such company’s preliminary first quarter 2019 financial results in early April 2019 and its projections for significant losses going forward, we determined that this asset was fully impaired and wrote the asset balance down to zero. Except as mentioned above, there

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were no impairment charges for the remainder of these investments during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019. 

Fair Value of Investments

ASC 820, establishes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value.

Level 1 instruments represent quoted prices in active markets. Therefore, determining fair value for Level 1 instruments does not require significant management judgment, and the estimation is not difficult.

Level 2 instruments include observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for identical instruments in markets with insufficient volume or infrequent transactions (less active markets), issuer bank statements, credit ratings, non-binding market consensus prices that can be corroborated with observable market data, model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs are observable or can be derived principally from or corroborated with observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities, or quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities. These Level 2 instruments require more management judgment and subjectivity compared to Level 1 instruments, including:

· Determining which instruments are most comparable to the instrument being priced requires management to identify a sample of similar securities based on the coupon rates, maturity, issuer, credit rating, and instrument type, and subjectively select an individual security or multiple securities that are deemed most similar to the security being priced.

· Determining which model-derived valuations to use in determining fair value requires management judgment. When observable market prices for similar securities or similar securities are not available, we price our marketable debt instruments using non-binding market consensus prices that are corroborated with observable market data or pricing models, such as discounted cash flow models, with all significant inputs derived from or corroborated with observable market data.

Level 3 instruments include unobservable inputs to the valuation methodology that are significant to the measurement of fair value of assets or liabilities. The determination of fair value for Level 3 instruments requires the most management judgment and subjectivity.

We place short-term foreign currency hedges that are intended to offset the potential cash exposure related to fluctuations in the exchange rate between the United States dollar and Japanese yen. We measure the fair value of these foreign currency hedges at each month end and quarter end using current exchange rates and in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. At quarter end any foreign currency hedges not settled are netted in “Accrued liabilities” on the condensed consolidated balance sheet and classified as Level 3 assets and liabilities. As of March 31, 2020, the net change in fair value from the placement of the hedge to settlement at each month end during the quarter had a de minimis impact to the consolidated results.

There have been no transfers between fair value measurement levels during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

We evaluate the recoverability of property, equipment and intangible assets in accordance with ASC Topic 360, Property, Plant and Equipment. When events and circumstances indicate that long-lived assets may be impaired, we compare the carrying value of the long-lived assets to the projection of future undiscounted cash flows attributable to these assets. In the event that the carrying value exceeds the future undiscounted cash flows, we record an impairment charge against income equal to the excess of the carrying value over the assets’ fair value. Fair values are determined based on quoted market values, discounted cash flows or internal and external appraisals, as applicable. Assets held for

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sale are carried at the lower of carrying value or estimated net realizable value.  We had no “Assets held for sale” or any impairment of long-lived assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

Stock-based Compensation

We account for stock-based compensation in accordance with ASC Topic 718, Stock-based Compensation. Share-based awards granted include stock options and restricted stock awards. We utilize the Black‑Scholes option pricing model to estimate the grant date fair value of stock options, which requires the input of highly subjective assumptions, including estimating stock price volatility and expected term. Historical volatility of our stock price was used while the expected term for our options was estimated based on historical option exercise behavior and post-vesting forfeitures of options, and the contractual term, the vesting period and the expected term of the outstanding options. Further, we apply an expected forfeiture rate in determining the amount of share-based compensation. We use historical forfeitures to estimate the rate of future forfeitures. Changes in these inputs and assumptions can materially affect the measure of estimated fair value of our stock compensation. The cost of restricted stock awards is determined using the fair value of our common stock on the date of grant. 

We recognize the compensation costs net of an estimated forfeiture rate over the requisite service period of the options award, which is generally the vesting term of four years. Compensation expense for restricted stock awards is recognized over the vesting period, which is generally one, three or four years. Stock-based compensation expense is recorded in cost of revenue, research and development, and selling, general and administrative expenses.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes in accordance with ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”), which requires that deferred tax assets and liabilities be recognized using enacted tax rates for the effect of temporary differences between the book and tax bases of recorded assets and liabilities. ASC 740 also requires that deferred tax assets be reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that a portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. Our deferred tax assets have been reduced to zero by valuation allowance.

We provide for income taxes based upon the geographic composition of worldwide earnings and tax regulations governing each region, particularly China. The calculation of tax liabilities involves significant judgment in estimating the impact of uncertainties in the application of complex tax laws, particularly in foreign countries such as China.

See Note 14—“Income Taxes” in the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Change in Accounting Estimate – Useful Life of Equipment and Facilities

We reviewed our estimates of the useful lives of our property, plant and equipment. As a result of the review, we determined a portion of our manufacturing equipment was lasting longer than the estimate previously established for the respective useful lives. Where appropriate, we extended the useful life of the manufacturing equipment in our accounting records. In addition, the useful life of our buildings located in China was extended to better align with industry standards. The changes in our estimate of the useful life, effective January 1, 2020, were made in order to remain consistent with US GAAP regarding management estimates. The effect of the change in the useful lives decreased our manufacturing costs by approximately $0.3 million and decreased our basic and diluted net loss per share by approximately $0.01 for the quarter ended March 31, 2020 as a result of lower depreciation expense.  

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic

In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of COVID-19 to be a pandemic, which continues to be spread throughout the world. In March 2020, the President of the United States declared the COVID-19 outbreak a national emergency.  For much of the quarter ended March 31, 2020, our manufacturing facilities in China were operating at reduced staffing levels to limit the risk of COVID-19 exposure for our employees.  Recently, the

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Chinese government mandates have evolved, allowing us to return to full staffing levels at all three manufacturing locations in China. While we are unable to accurately predict the full impact COVID-19 will have due to numerous uncertainties, including the severity of the disease, the duration of the outbreak, and actions that may be taken by government authorities, we believe that the COVID-19 pandemic could have a material adverse impact on our business, consolidated results of operations and financial condition in the near term.

Results of Operations 

Revenue

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,				Increase
	2020		2019		(Decrease)		% Change
Product Type:	($ in thousands)
Substrates	$	16,881	$	16,766	$	115	0.7	%
Raw materials and other		3,842		3,442		400	11.6	%
Total revenue	$	20,723	$	20,208	$	515	2.5	%

Revenue increased $0.5 million, or 2.5%, to $20.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 from $20.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019.  The substrates revenue increase for the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the same period in 2019 was primarily the result of increased demand for our Ge wafer substrates, partially offset by lower demand for our GaAs wafer substrates. Raw materials sales increased $0.4 million, or 11.6%, to $3.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the same period in 2019. The raw materials revenue increase for the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the same period in 2019, was primarily the result of an increase in sales of refined gallium resulting from stronger market demand.

Revenue by Geographic Region

							2019 to 2020
	March 31,						Increase
	2020			2019			(Decrease)		% Change
	($ in thousands)
Europe (primarily Germany)	$	6,214		$	4,375		$	1,839	42.0	%
% of total revenue		30	%		22	%
Taiwan		5,177			3,008			2,169	72.1	%
% of total revenue		25	%		14	%
China		4,724			7,111			(2,387)	(33.6)	%
% of total revenue		23	%		35	%
North America (primarily the United States)		1,918			2,738			(820)	(29.9)	%
% of total revenue		9	%		14	%
Asia Pacific (excluding China, Taiwan and Japan)		1,356			1,184			172	14.5	%
% of total revenue		7	%		6	%
Japan		1,334			1,792			(458)	(25.6)	%
% of total revenue		6	%		9	%
Total revenue	$	20,723		$	20,208		$	515	2.5	%

Revenue in China decreased by $2.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, primarily due to lower demand for our Ge wafer substrates. Revenue in Taiwan increased by $2.2 million primarily due to increased demand for InP wafer substrates. Revenue in Europe increased $1.8 million primarily due to increased demand for Ge wafer substrates. Revenue in North America decreased by $0.8 million due to lower demand for our GaAs wafer substrates.  

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Gross Margin

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,						Increase
	2020			2019			(Decrease)		% Change
	($ in thousands)
Gross profit	$	5,522		$	6,695		$	(1,173)	(17.5)	%
Gross Margin %		26.6	%		33.1	%

Gross profit decreased $1.2 million, or 17.5%, to $5.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 from $6.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019. The decrease in gross profit is attributed to a change in product mix and less efficient manufacturing yields as a result of the relocation process. 

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,						Increase
	2020			2019			(Decrease)		% Change
	($ in thousands)
Selling, general and administrative expenses	$	4,749		$	4,723		$	26	0.6	%
% of total revenue		22.9	%		23.4	%

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased $26,000, or 0.6%, to $4.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 from $4.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019. The higher selling, general and administrative expenses were primarily from higher personnel-related, outside commissions and legal expenses partially offset by lower license and fees and travel related expenses. 

Research and Development

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,						Increase
	2020			2019			(Decrease)		% Change
	($ in thousands)
Research and development	$	1,407		$	1,346		$	61	4.5	%
% of total revenue		6.8	%		6.7	%

Research and development expenses increased $61,000, or 4.5%, to $1.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 from $1.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019. The increase in research and development expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2020 was primarily due to higher expense in our new product testing, partially offset by lower personnel related expenses.    

Interest Income (Expense), Net

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,						Increase
	2020			2019			(Decrease)		% Change
	($ in thousands)
Interest income (expense), net	$	(29)		$	95		$	(124)	(130.5)	%
% of total revenue		(0.1)	%		0.5	%

Interest income (expense), net decreased $124,000 or 130.5% for the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the same period in 2019. Interest income (expense), net decreased primarily due to a reduction in the amount of cash and cash equivalents held by us and interest expense incurred by Tongmei under the Credit Facility. 

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Equity in Loss of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,						Equity in Loss
	2020			2019			Change		% Change
	($ in thousands)
Equity in loss of unconsolidated joint ventures	$	(120)		$	(1,454)		$	1,334	91.7	%
% of total revenue		(0.6)	%		(7.2)	%

The equity in loss of unconsolidated joint venture companies was a loss of $120,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to a loss of $1.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019.  The current quarter loss is primarily due to poor financial results of two raw gallium companies.  The $1.5 million aggregate loss for the three months ended March 31, 2019 includes an impairment charge of $1.1 million for a germanium materials company in China in which we have a 25% ownership interest (See Note 7) and the poor financial results of two raw gallium companies. 

Other Income (Expense), Net

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,						Other Income
	2020			2019			Change		% Change
	($ in thousands)
Other income (expense), net	$	1,366		$	(134)		$	1,500	1,119.4	%
% of total revenue		6.6	%		(0.7)	%

Other income (expense), net increased $1.5 million to an income of $1.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 from an expense of $134,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2019.  Other income (expense), net increased primarily due to a  grant of $1.4 million received from a provincial government agency as an award for relocating to its province.

Provision for Income Taxes

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,						Increase
	2020			2019			(Decrease)		% Change
	($ in thousands)
Provision for income taxes	$	366		$	156		$	210	134.6	%
% of total revenue		1.8	%		0.8	%

Provision for income taxes for the three months ended March 31, 2020 was $366,000, which was primarily related to higher profits in China. No income taxes, except certain state tax, or benefits have been provided for our U.S. operations as the income in the U.S. had been fully offset by utilization of federal and state net operating loss carryforwards. Additionally, there is uncertainty of generating future profit in the U.S., which has resulted in our deferred tax assets being fully reserved. Our estimated tax rate can vary greatly from year to year because of the change or benefit in the mix of taxable income between our U.S. and China-based operations.

Due to our uncertainty regarding our future profitability in the U.S., we recorded a full valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets of $20 million in 2019,  $20 million in 2018 and  $22 million in 2017.

On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) was passed into law. The CARES Act includes several significant business tax provisions, including modification to the taxable income limitation for utilization of net operating losses (“NOLs”) incurred in 2018, 2019 and 2020 and the ability to carry back NOLs from those years for a period of up to five years, an increase to the limitation on deductibility of certain business interest expense, bonus depreciation for purchases of qualified improvement property, and special deductions on certain corporate charitable contributions.  We analyzed the provisions of the CARES Act and determined there was

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no effect on our provision for income taxes for the current period and will continue to evaluate the impact, if any, the CARES Act may have on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements and disclosures. 

Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests

	Three Months Ended						Net income attributable to
	March 31,						Noncontrolling interests
	2020			2019			Increase		% Change
	($ in thousands)
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	$	395		$	81		$	314	387.7	%
% of total revenue		1.9	%		0.4	%

Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests increased $314,000 or 387.7% to $395,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2020 from $81,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2019 primarily due to higher profitability from our consolidated joint venture operations in China. 

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We consider cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments as liquid and available for use within one year in our current operations. Short-term investments are comprised of U.S. government securities,  certificates of deposit and investment-grade corporate notes and bonds.

As of March 31, 2020, our principal source of liquidity was $28.8 million, which consisted of cash and cash equivalents of $20.1 million and investments of $8.7 million. In the three months ended March 31, 2020, cash and cash equivalents decreased by $6.8 million and short-term investments decreased by $0.7 million. The decrease in cash and cash equivalents of $6.8 million in the three months ended March 31, 2020 was primarily due to net cash used in operating activities of $6.1 million, net cash used in investing activities of $1.4 million and the effect of exchange rate changes of $0.1 million, partially offset by net cash provided by financing activities of $0.8 million. As of March 31, 2020, we and our consolidated joint ventures held approximately $11.2 million in cash and investments in foreign bank accounts. This consisted of $9.5 million held by our wholly-owned subsidiaries in China and $1.7 million held by our partially-owned consolidated subsidiary in China.

As of March 31, 2019, our principal source of liquidity was $34.1 million, which consisted of cash and cash equivalents of $21.1 million and short-term investments of $13.1 million. In the three months ended March 31, 2019, cash and cash equivalents increased by $4.5 million and short-term and long-term investments decreased by $9.8 million. The increase in cash and cash equivalents of $4.5 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019 was primarily due to net cash provided by investing activities of $6.9 million, net cash provided by financing activities of $0.4 million and the effect of exchange rate changes of $0.1 million, partially offset by net cash used in operating activities of $2.9 million. As of March 31, 2019, we and our consolidated joint ventures held approximately $11.4 million in cash and investments in foreign bank accounts. This consisted of $6.4 million held by our wholly-owned subsidiaries in China and $5.0 million held by our two partially-owned consolidated subsidiaries in China.

Net cash used in operating activities of $6.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 was primarily comprised of a net change of $8.1 million in operating assets and liabilities, partially offset by net income of $0.2 million,  the adjustment for non-cash items of depreciation and amortization of $1.0 million, stock-based compensation of $0.6 million and loss on equity method investments of $0.1 million.

Net cash used in operating activities of $2.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 was primarily comprised of a net loss of $1.0 million, an adjustment for a non-cash item of $0.2 million gain from the deconsolidation of a subsidiary and a net change of $5.4 million in operating assets and liabilities, partially offset by the adjustment for non-cash items of depreciation and amortization of $1.5 million, impairment charge on equity investment of $1.1 million, stock based compensation of $0.6 million and loss on equity method investments of $0.6 million.

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Net cash used in investing activities of $1.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 was primarily from the purchase of property, plant and equipment of $2.1 million,  partially offset by proceeds from sales and maturities of available-for-sale debt securities of $0.7 million.

Net cash provided by investing activities of $6.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 was primarily from the proceeds from sales and maturities of available-for-sale debt securities of $9.8 million, partially offset by purchase of property, plant and equipment of $2.9 million.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $0.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, which consisted of proceeds from short-term borrowings of $0.4 million and proceeds from common stock exercised of $0.4 million.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $0.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, which consisted of net proceeds of $366,000 on the sale of previously consolidated subsidiary shares.

On October 27, 2014, our Board of Directors approved a stock repurchase program pursuant to which we may repurchase up to $5.0 million of our outstanding common stock.  These repurchases could be made from time to time in the open market and could be funded from our existing cash balances and cash generated from operations. During 2015, we repurchased approximately 908,000 shares at an average price of $2.52 per share for a total purchase price of approximately $2.3 million under the stock repurchase program. Since 2015, no shares were repurchased under this program. During three months ended March 31, 2020, we did not repurchase any shares under the approved stock repurchase program. As of March 31, 2020, approximately $2.7 million remained available for future repurchases under this program. Currently, we do not plan to repurchase additional shares.

Dividends accrue on our outstanding Series A preferred stock, and are payable as and when declared by our board of directors.  We have never declared or paid any dividends on the Series A preferred stock.  By the terms of the Series A preferred stock, so long as any shares of Series A preferred stock are outstanding, neither the Company nor any subsidiary of the Company shall redeem, repurchase or otherwise acquire any shares of common stock, unless all accrued dividends on the Series A preferred stock have been paid.  During 2013 and 2015, we repurchased shares of our outstanding common stock.  As of December 31, 2015, the Series A preferred stock had cumulative dividends of $2.9 million and we include such cumulative dividends in “Accrued liabilities” in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. At the time we pay this accrued liability, our cash and cash equivalents will be reduced. We account for the cumulative year to date dividends on the Series A preferred stock when calculating our earnings per share. 

The Beijing city government is moving its offices into the area where our original manufacturing facility is currently located and is in the process of moving thousands of government employees into this area. The government has constructed showcase tower buildings and overseen the establishment of new apartment complexes, retail stores and restaurants. An amusement park is being constructed within a few miles of our facility. To create room and upgrade the district, the city instructed virtually all existing manufacturing companies, including AXT, to relocate all or some of their manufacturing lines.To mitigate our risks and maintain our production schedule, we moved our gallium arsenide equipment in stages.  As of December 31, 2019, we have ceased all crystal growth for gallium arsenide in our original manufacturing facility in Beijing and have transferred 100% of our ingot production to our new manufacturing facility in Kazuo, a city approximately 250 miles from Beijing. We transferred our wafer processing equipment for gallium arsenide to our new manufacturing facility in Dingxing, a city approximately 75 miles from Beijing. Our key focus is now transferring volume production of the wafer processing steps for gallium arsenide to Dingxing. We expect to spend approximately $5 million in capital expenditures for our gallium arsenide manufacturing line in 2020 and are considering additional investments in our indium phosphide manufacturing line.

One of our wholly-owned subsidiaries, JinMei, is in the process of relocating its manufacturing operations to Kazuo, very near our own location. Currently, JinMei expects to invest approximately $3.0 million to $3.5 million related to the new facilities in 2020. In July 2017, our wholly-owned subsidiary, Tongmei, provided an inter-company loan to JinMei in the amount of $768,000 in preparation for the acquisition of the land use rights and the construction of a new building. The inter-company loan carries an interest rate of 4.9% per annum and is due on June 30, 2023. As of March 31, 2020, JinMei repaid principal and interest totaling $481,000 to Tongmei.  As of March 31, 2020, the

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remaining balance of principal and interest totaled $283,000. BoYu, our consolidated pBN crucible joint venture will invest approximately $4.0 million to $4.5 million.

On November 6, 2018, the Company entered into a Credit Agreement, which established a $10 million secured revolving line of credit with a $1.0 million letter of credit sublimit facility. The revolving credit facility is collateralized by substantially all of the assets of the Company located within the United States, subject to certain exceptions. The commitments under the Credit Agreement expire on November 30, 2020 and any loans thereunder will bear interest at a rate based on the daily one-month LIBOR for the applicable interest period plus a margin of 2.00%.  As of December 31, 2019, no loans or letters of credit were outstanding under the Credit Agreement. On February 5, 2020, the Company entered into the First Amendment, which reduced the $10 million secured revolving line of credit under the Credit Agreement to $7 million. The commitments under the Credit Agreement, as amended by the First Amendment, expire on November 30, 2020 and any loans thereunder will bear interest at a rate based on the daily one-month LIBOR for the applicable interest period plus a margin of 2.5%.  As of March 31, 2020, no loans or letters of credit were outstanding under the Credit Agreement, as amended by the First Amendment.

On August 9, 2019, Tongmei entered into a credit facility with the Bank of China with a $5.8 million line of credit at an annual interest rate of approximately 0.4% over the average interest rate quoted by the National Interbank Funding Center. Accrued interest is calculated monthly and paid quarterly. The annual interest rate was approximately 4.7% as of March 31, 2020. The credit facility is collateralized by Tongmei Baoding’s land use rights and all of its buildings located at its facility in Dingxing. The primary intended use of the credit facility is for general purposes, which may include working capital and other corporate expenses. 

Tongmei borrowed $2.8 million against the credit facility. The repayment of the full amount is due on August 9, 2020. On September 12, 2019 Tongmei borrowed an additional $2.8 million against the credit facility. The repayment of the full amount is due on September 12, 2020, unless the parties agree to a renewal. As of March 31, 2020, $5.6 million was included in “Bank loan” in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

In February 2020, our majority-owned subsidiary, BoYu, entered into a credit facility with the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (“ICBC”) with a $1.4 million line of credit at an annual interest rate of approximately 0.15% over the Loan Prime Rate. Accrued interest is calculated monthly and paid quarterly. The annual interest rate was approximately 4.3% as of March 31, 2020. The credit facility is collateralized by BoYu’s land use rights and its building located at its facility in Tianjin, China and BoYu’s accounts receivable. The primary intended use of the credit facility is for general purposes, which may include working capital and other corporate expenses.

In March 2020, BoYu borrowed $0.4 million against the credit facility. The repayment of the full amount is due in March 2021. As of March 31, 2020, $0.4 million was included in “Bank loan” in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

We believe that we have adequate cash and investments to meet our operating needs over the next twelve months. If our sales decrease, however, our ability to generate cash from operations will be adversely affected which could adversely affect our future liquidity, require us to use cash at a more rapid rate than expected, and require us to seek additional capital. 

Cash from operations could be affected by various risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to those set forth below under Item 1A “Risk Factors”.

Contract to Purchase Goods and Services

Purchase orders or contracts for the purchase of certain goods and services are not considered to be part of our contractual obligations. We cannot determine the aggregate amount of such purchase orders that represent contractual obligations because purchase orders may represent authorizations to purchase rather than binding agreements. For the purposes of this disclosure, contractual obligations for purchase of goods or services are defined as agreements that are enforceable and legally binding and that specify all significant terms, including fixed or minimum quantities to be purchased; fixed, minimum, or variable price provisions; and the approximate timing of the transaction. Our purchase

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orders are based on our current needs and are fulfilled by our vendors within short time horizons. We also enter into contracts for outsourced services; however, the obligations under these contracts were not significant and the contracts generally contain clauses allowing for cancellation without significant penalty. Contractual obligations that are contingent upon the achievement of certain milestones would also not be included.

Land Purchase and Investment Agreement 

We have established a wafer processing production line in Dingxing, China.  In addition to a land rights and building purchase agreement that we entered into with a private real estate development company to acquire our new manufacturing facility, we also entered into a cooperation agreement with the Dingxing local government.  In addition to pledging its full support and cooperation, the Dingxing local government will issue certain tax credits to us as we achieve certain milestones.  We, in turn, agreed to hire local workers over time, pay taxes when due and eventually demonstrate a total investment of approximately $90 million in value, assets and capital.  The investment will include cash paid for the land and buildings, cash on deposit in our name at local banks, the gross value of new and used equipment (including future equipment that might be used for indium phosphide and germanium substrates production), the deemed value for our customer list or the end user of our substrates (for example, the end users of the 3-D sensing VCSELs), a deemed value for employment of local citizens, a deemed value for our proprietary process technology, other intellectual property, other intangibles and additional items of value.  There is no timeline or deadline by which this must be accomplished, rather it is a good faith covenant entered into between AXT and the Dingxing local government.  Further, there is no specific penalty contemplated if either party breaches the agreement. However, the agreement does state that each party has a right to seek from the other party compensation for losses.  Under certain conditions, the Dingxing local government may purchase the land and building at the appraised value. We believe that such cooperation agreements are normal, customary and usual in China and that the future valuation is flexible. We have a similar agreement with the city of Kazuo, China, although on a smaller scale. The total investment targeted by AXT in Kazuo is approximately $15 million in value, assets and capital. In addition, BoYu has a similar agreement with the city of Kazuo. The total investment targeted by BoYu in Kazuo is approximately $8 million in value, assets and capital.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of March 31, 2020, we did not have any off-balance sheet financing arrangements and have never established any special purpose entities as defined under SEC Regulation S-K Item 303(a)(4)(ii).

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

For a description of recent accounting pronouncements, including the expected dates of adoption and estimated effects, if any, on our condensed consolidated financial statements, please see “Note 18 - Recent Accounting Pronouncements” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-Q.

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ITEM 3.  QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Foreign Currency Risk

A significant portion of our business is conducted in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Foreign exchange losses have had a material adverse effect on our operating results and cash flows in the past and could have a material adverse effect on our operating results and cash flows in the future. If we do not effectively manage the risks associated with this currency risk, our revenue, cash flows and financial condition could be adversely affected. Although during 2019 and 2018, we recorded a foreign exchange gain of $321,000 and $165,000, respectively, during 2017 we recorded net foreign exchange loss of $602,000, included as part of other (expense) income, net in our consolidated statements of operation. We incur foreign currency transaction exchange gains and losses due to operations in general. In the future we may experience foreign exchange losses on our non-functional currency denominated receivables and payables to the extent that we have not mitigated our exposure. Foreign exchange losses could have a materially adverse effect on our operating results and cash flows.

Our product sales to Japanese customers are typically invoiced in Japanese yen. As such we have foreign exchange exposure on our accounts receivable and on any Japanese yen denominated cash deposits. To partially protect us against fluctuations in foreign currency resulting from accounts receivable in Japanese yen, starting in 2015, we instituted a foreign currency hedging program. We place short term hedges that are intended to offset the potential cash exposure related to fluctuations in the exchange rate between the United States dollar and Japanese yen. We measure the fair value of these hedges at each month end and quarter end using current exchange rates and in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. At quarter end and year end any foreign currency hedges not settled are netted on the condensed consolidated balance sheet and consolidated balance sheet, respectively, and classified as Level 3 assets and liabilities. As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the net change in fair value from the placement of the hedge to settlement at each month end during the quarter had a de minimis impact to the consolidated results.

The functional currency for our foreign operations is the renminbi, the local currency of China, and in the future we may establish short term hedges covering renminbi. Most of our operations are conducted in China and most of our costs are incurred in Chinese renminbi, which subjects us to fluctuations in the exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and the Chinese renminbi. We incur transaction gains or losses resulting from consolidation of expenses incurred in local currencies for our Chinese subsidiaries, as well as in translation of the assets and liabilities at each balance sheet date. Our financial results could be adversely affected by factors such as changes in foreign currency exchange rates or weak economic conditions in foreign markets, including the revaluation by China of the renminbi, and any future adjustments that China may make to its currency such as any move it might make to a managed float system with opportunistic interventions. We may also experience foreign exchange losses on our non-functional currency denominated receivables and payables.

We currently are using a hedging program to minimize the effects of currency fluctuations relating to the Japanese yen. While we may apply this program to other currencies, such as the Chinese renminbi, our hedging position is partial and may not exist at all in the future. It may not succeed in minimizing our foreign currency fluctuation risks. Our primary objective in holding these instruments is to reduce the volatility of earnings and cash flows associated with changes in foreign currency. The program is not designated for trading or speculative purposes. The company may choose not to hedge certain foreign exchange exposures for a variety of reasons, including but not limited to accounting considerations and the prohibitive economic cost of hedging particular exposures. However, even with our hedging program, we still experience losses on foreign exchange from time to time. 

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Interest Rate Risk

Cash and cash equivalents earning interest and certain variable rate debt instruments are subject to interest rate fluctuations. The following table sets forth the probable impact of a 10% change in interest rates (in thousands):

							Proforma 10%		Proforma 10%
	Balance as of		Current		Projected Annual		Interest Rate		Interest Rate
	March 31,		Interest		Interest		Decline		Increase
Instrument	2020		Rate		Income		Income		Income
Cash and cash equivalents	$	20,061	0.17	%	$	34	$	31	$	38
Investments in marketable debt		8,697	2.30	%		200		180		220
					$	234	$	211	$	258

The primary objective of our investment activities is to preserve principal while maximizing income without significantly increasing risk. Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, and trade accounts receivable. We invest primarily in money market accounts, certificates of deposits, corporate bonds and notes, and government securities. We are exposed to credit risks in the event of default by the issuers to the extent of the amount recorded on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. These securities are generally classified as available-for-sale and consequently are recorded on the balance sheet at fair value with unrealized gains or losses reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of estimated tax, further reduced by a valuation allowance for expected credit losses, if any. Our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments and long-term investments are in high-quality instruments placed with major banks and financial institutions and commercial paper. We have no investments in auction rate securities.

Credit Risk

We perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers’ financial condition, and limit the amount of credit extended when deemed necessary, but generally do not require collateral. The credit risk in our accounts receivable is mitigated by our credit evaluation process and the broad dispersion of sales transactions. Three customers accounted for 20%, 13% and 12% of our trade accounts receivable balance as of March 31, 2020, respectively, and three customers accounted for 14%, 13% and 12% of our trade accounts receivable as of December 31, 2019, respectively.  

Equity Risk

As part of our supply chain strategy, we maintain minority investments in privately-held raw material companies located in China either invested directly by us or by one of our supply chain companies in China.  These minority investments are reviewed for other than temporary declines in value on a quarterly basis. These investments are classified as other assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheets and accounted for under either the equity or cost method, depending on whether we have the ability to exercise significant influence over their operations or financial decisions. We monitor our investments for impairment and record reductions in carrying value when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Reasons for other than temporary declines in value include whether the related company would have insufficient cash flow to operate for the next twelve months, significant changes in the operating performance and changes in market conditions. The period ended December 31, 2019 includes an impairment charge from March 31, 2019 of $1.1 million for a germanium materials company in China in which we have a 25% ownership interest (see Note 7). As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, we did not maintain any direct investments under the cost method.  Our minority investments under the equity method as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 totaled $5.8 million and  $6.0 million, respectively.

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ITEM 4.  CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report. Based upon this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures as defined under Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) were effective at the reasonable assurance level to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our Securities Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the Securities and Exchange Commission and is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Our disclosure controls and procedures include components of our internal control over financial reporting. Management’s assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting is expressed at the level of reasonable assurance because a control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in management’s evaluation pursuant to Rules 13a or 15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the three months ended March 31, 2020 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.  

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

From time to time we may be involved in judicial or administrative proceedings concerning matters arising in the ordinary course of business. We do not expect that any of these matters, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows or results of operation.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

For ease of reference, we have divided these risks and uncertainties into the following general categories:

I. Risks related to our general business;

II. Risks related to international aspects of our business;

III. Risks related to our financial results and capital structure;

IV. Risks related to our intellectual property; and

V. Risks related to compliance, environmental regulations and other legal matters.

I.           Risks Related to Our General Business

Silicon substrates (wafers) are significantly lower in cost compared to substrates made from specialty materials, and new silicon-based technologies could enable silicon-based substrates to replace specialty material based substrates for certain applications.

Historically silicon wafers or substrates are less expensive than specialty material substrates, such as those that we produce.  Electronic circuit designers will generally consider silicon first and only turn to alternative materials if silicon cannot provide the required functionality in terms of power consumption, speed, wave lengths or other specifications.  Beginning in 2011, certain applications that had previously used GaAs substrates, specifically the RF chip in mobile phones, adopted a new silicon-based technology called silicon on insulator, or SOI. SOI technology uses a silicon-insulator-silicon layered substrate in place of conventional silicon substrates in semiconductor manufacturing. SOI substrates cost less than GaAs substrates and, although their performance is not as robust as GaAs substrates in terms of power consumption, heat generation and speed, they became acceptable in mobile phones and other applications that were previously dominated by GaAs substrates.  The adoption of SOI resulted in decreased GaAs wafer demand, and decreased revenue. If SOI or new silicon-based technologies gain more widespread market acceptance, or are used in more applications, our sales of specialty material based substrates could be reduced and our business and operating results could be significantly and adversely affected.

The recent outbreak of a contagious disease may affect our business operations and financial performance.

Currently, a contagious disease originating in Wuhan, China called the coronavirus or COVID-19, has spread to other cities in China and to many other countries including the United States.  This outbreak has triggered references to the SARS outbreak, which occurred in 2003 and affected our business operations.  Any severe occurrence of an outbreak of a contagious disease such as the COVID-19, SARS, Avian Flu or Ebola may cause us or the government to temporarily close our manufacturing operations in China. In January 2020, virtually all companies in China were ordered to remain closed after the traditional Lunar New Year holiday ended, including our subsidiaries in China. If there is a reoccurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic in China, the Chinese government may require companies to close again.   If one or more of our key suppliers is required to close for an extended period, we might not have enough raw material inventories to continue manufacturing operations. In addition, while we possess management skills among our China-based staff that enable us to maintain our manufacturing operations with minimal on-site supervision from our U.S.‑based staff, our business could also be harmed if travel to or from China and the United States is restricted or

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inadvisable for an extended period of time or our key China-based employees are unable to work. If our manufacturing operations were closed for a significant period, we could lose revenue and market share, which would depress our financial performance and could be difficult to recapture. Finally, if one of our key customers is required to close for an extended period, we might not be able to ship product to them and as result our revenue would decline. Further, they might default on their obligations to us. Such events would negatively impact our financial performance.

Our gross margin has fluctuated historically and may decline due to several factors.

Our gross margin has fluctuated from period to period as a result of increases or decreases in total revenue, unit volume, shifts in product mix, shifts in the cost of raw materials, costs related to the relocation of our gallium arsenide and germanium production lines, including costs related to the hiring additional manufacturing employees at our new locations, tariffs imposed by the U.S. government, the introduction of new products, decreases in average selling prices for products, utilization of our manufacturing capacity, fluctuations in manufacturing yields and our ability to reduce product costs. These factors and other variables change from period to period and these fluctuations are expected to continue in the future. A recent example is that in the second quarter of 2019 our gross margin was 34.3% but it dropped to 21.0% in the fourth quarter of 2019 as a result of several of these factors.

Further, we do not control the prices at which our raw material companies sell their raw material products to third parties and we do not control their production process. However, because we consolidate the results of two of these raw material companies with our own, any reduction in their gross margins could have a significant, adverse impact on our overall gross margins. One or more of our companies has in the past sold, and may in the future sell, raw materials at significantly reduced prices in order to gain volume sales or sales to new customers. In addition, at some points in the last three years, the market price of gallium dropped below our per unit inventory cost and we incurred an inventory write down under the lower of cost or net realizable value accounting rules.

Shutdowns or underutilizing our manufacturing facilities may result in declines in our gross margins.

An important factor in our success is the extent to which we are able to utilize the available capacity in our manufacturing facilities. A number of factors and circumstances may reduce utilization rates, including periods of industry overcapacity, low levels of customer orders, operating inefficiencies, mechanical failures and disruption of operations due to expansion, power interruptions, fire, flood, other natural disasters or calamities or government-ordered mandatory factory shutdowns, including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Severe air pollution in Beijing can trigger mandatory factory shutdowns. For example, in the first quarter of 2018, over 300 manufacturing companies, including AXT, were intermittently shut down by the local government for a total of ten days from February 27 to March 31, due to severe air pollution. Further, we are increasing capacity by adding two new sites, which may reduce our utilization rate and increase our depreciation charges, at least until we de-commission part of our Beijing site. Because many portions of our manufacturing costs are relatively fixed, high utilization rates are critical to our gross margins and operating results. If we fail to achieve acceptable manufacturing volumes or experience product shipment delays, our results of operations will be negatively affected. During periods of decreased demand, we have underutilized our manufacturing lines. If we are unable to improve utilization levels at our facilities during periods of decreased demand and correctly manage capacity, the fixed expense levels will have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, in the three months ended December 31, 2019, our revenue dropped to $18.4 million and our gross margin was only 21.0%.

If we are unable to utilize the available capacity in our manufacturing facilities, we may need to implement a restructuring plan, which could have a material adverse effect on our revenue, our results of operations and our financial condition. For example, in 2013, we concluded that incoming orders were insufficient and that we were significantly underutilizing our factory capacity. As a result, in February 2014, we announced a restructuring plan with respect to our wafer manufacturing company, Beijing Tongmei Xtal Technology Co., Ltd. (“Tongmei”), in order to better align manufacturing capacity with demand. Under the restructuring plan, we recorded a charge of approximately $907,000 in the first quarter of 2014.

If we receive fewer customer orders than forecasted or if our customers delay or cancel orders, we may not be able to reduce our manufacturing costs in the short-term and our gross margins would be negatively affected. In addition,

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lead times required by our customers are shrinking, which reduces our ability to forecast orders and properly balance our capacity utilization.

If we have low product yields, the shipment of our products may be delayed and our product cost and operating results may be adversely impacted.

A critical factor in our product cost is yield. Our products are manufactured using complex crystal growth and wafer processing technologies, and the number of usable wafer substrates we produce can fluctuate as a result of many factors, including:

· poor control of furnace temperature and pressure;

· impurities in the materials used;

· contamination of the manufacturing environment;

· quality control and inconsistency in quality levels;

· lack of automation and inconsistent processing requiring manual manufacturing steps;

· substrate breakage during the manufacturing process; and

· equipment failure, power outages or variations in the manufacturing process.

A current example where yield is of special concern is for our six-inch semi-conducting gallium arsenide substrates, which can be used for manufacturing opto-electronic devices in cell phones, enabling 3-D sensing.  This application requires very low defect densities, also called etch pit densities, or EPD, and our yields will be lower than the yields achieved for the same substrate when it will be used in other applications.  If we are unable to achieve the targeted quantity of low defect density substrates, then our manufacturing costs would increase and our gross margins would be negatively impacted.

In addition, we may modify our process to meet a customer specification, but this can impact our yields. If our yields decrease, our revenue could decline if we are unable to produce products to our customers’ requirements. At the same time, our manufacturing costs could remain fixed, or could increase. Lower yields negatively impact our gross margin. We have experienced product shipment delays and difficulties in achieving acceptable yields on both new and older products, and such delays and poor yields have adversely affected our operating results. We may experience similar problems in the future and we cannot predict when they may occur, their duration or severity.

If our manufacturing processes result in defects in our products making them unfit for use by our customers, our products would be rejected, resulting in compensation costs paid to our customers, and possible disqualification. This could lead to revenue loss and market share loss.

Risks exist in relocating our gallium arsenide and germanium manufacturing operations.

The Chinese government has imposed, and may impose in the future, manufacturing restrictions and regulations that require us to move part of our manufacturing operations to a different location or temporarily cease or limit manufacturing. Such relocation, or other restrictions on manufacturing, could materially and adversely impact our results of operations and our financial condition.

The Beijing city government is moving its offices into the area where our original manufacturing facility is currently located and is in the process of moving thousands of government employees into this area. The government has constructed showcase tower buildings and overseen the establishment of new apartment complexes, retail stores and restaurants. An amusement park is being constructed within a few miles of our facility. To create room and upgrade the

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district, the city instructed virtually all existing manufacturing companies, including AXT, to relocate all or some of their manufacturing lines. We were instructed to move our gallium arsenide manufacturing line out of the area.  For reasons of manufacturing efficiency we elected to also move our germanium manufacturing line.  Our indium phosphide manufacturing line, as well as various administrative and sales functions, will remain primarily at our original site for the near future.

To mitigate our risks and maintain our production schedule, we moved our gallium arsenide equipment in stages.  By December 31, 2019, we have ceased all crystal growth for gallium arsenide in our original manufacturing facility in Beijing and have transferred 100% of our ingot production to our new manufacturing facility in Kazuo, a city approximately 250 miles from Beijing.  We have transferred our wafer processing equipment for gallium arsenide to our new manufacturing facility in Dingxing, a city approximately 75 miles from Beijing.  Our key focus is now transferring volume production of the wafer processing steps for gallium arsenide to Dingxing.  Some of our larger, more sophisticated customers want to perform a site qualification and subsequently, develop a plan to ramp up production at Dingxing.  The new facilities are intended to give us the long-term capacity and a new level of technological sophistication in our manufacturing capabilities to support the major trends that we believe are likely to drive demand for our products in the years ahead.

Customer qualification of the Dingxing site requires us to continue to diligently address the many details that arise at both of the new sites.  A failure to properly accomplish this could result in disruption to our production and have a material adverse impact on our revenue, our results of operations and our financial condition. If we fail to meet the product qualification requirements of a customer, we may lose sales to that customer. Our reputation may also be damaged. Any loss of sales could have a material adverse effect on our revenue, our results of operations and our financial condition.

We expect many of the key employees who are employed at our current manufacturing facility to relocate to the new sites or commute under a program we are developing.  There can be no assurances that the key employees will relocate.  A loss of key employees or our inability to hire qualified employees could disrupt our production, which could materially and adversely impact our results of operations and our financial condition.

Although we expect many of our employees to relocate to our new facilities, certain employees may choose not to relocate. If we are unable to continue to employ those employees in our original manufacturing facility, we may be required to terminate those employees and could incur severance costs.  If the government does not assist us in this matter it could materially and adversely impact our results of operations and our financial condition.

The Chinese government has in the past imposed temporary restrictions on manufacturing facilities, such as the restrictions imposed on polluting factories for the 2008 Olympics and the 2014 Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation event.  These restrictions included a shutdown of the transportation of materials and power plants to reduce air pollution. To reduce air pollution in Beijing, the Chinese government has sometimes limited the construction of new, or expansion of existing, facilities by manufacturing companies in the Beijing area or required mandatory factory shutdowns. For example, in the first quarter of 2018, over 300 manufacturing companies, including AXT, were intermittently shut down by the local government for a total of ten days from February 27 to March 31 due to severe air pollution. If the government applies similar restrictions to us or requires mandatory factory shutdowns in the future, then such restrictions or shutdowns could have an adverse impact on our results of operations and our financial condition.  Our ability to supply current or new orders could be significantly impacted. Customers could then be required to purchase products from our competitors, causing our competitors to take market share from us.

In addition, from time to time, the Chinese government issues new regulations, which may require additional actions on our part to comply.  On February 27, 2015, the China State Administration of Work Safety updated its list of hazardous substances.  The previous list, which was published in 2002, did not restrict the materials that we use in our wafers.  The new list added gallium arsenide.  As a result of the newly published list, we were instructed to obtain a permit to continue to manufacture our gallium arsenide wafer substrates.  The Beijing municipal authority accepted our permit application in May 2015, but has not issued to us the requisite permit while we continue to execute our plan to relocate our gallium arsenide production.  If our application is denied in the future before we complete our relocation,

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then our gallium arsenide production could be disrupted, which could materially and adversely impact our results of operations and our financial condition.

Customers may require that they re-qualify our gallium arsenide wafer substrates or the new sites as a result of relocating our gallium arsenide manufacturing line.

As required by the Beijing city government we are relocating gallium arsenide production so that it is not within Beijing.  To mitigate our risks and maintain our production schedule, we moved our gallium arsenide equipment in stages.  By December 31, 2019 all crystal growth for gallium arsenide was closed in Beijing and 100% of our ingot production is now in Kazuo, a city approximately 250 miles from Beijing.  Wafer processing equipment for gallium arsenide has been moved to Dingxing, a city approximately 75 miles from Beijing.  Our key focus is now transferring volume production of the wafer processing steps for gallium arsenide to Dingxing.  Some of our larger, more sophisticated customers want to perform a site qualification and subsequently make a plan to ramp up at Dingxing.

Customer qualification of the Dingxing site requires us to continue to diligently address the many details that arise at both of the new sites.  A failure to properly accomplish this could result in disruption to our production and have a material adverse impact on our revenue, our results of operations and our financial condition. If we fail to meet the product qualification requirements of a customer, we may lose sales to that customer. Our reputation may also be damaged. Any loss of sales could have a material adverse effect on our revenue, our results of operations and our financial condition.  

Global economic and political conditions, including trade tariffs and restrictions, may have a negative impact on our business and financial results.

In September 2018, the Trump Administration announced a list of thousands of categories of goods that became subject to tariffs when imported into the United States.  This pronouncement imposed tariffs on wafer substrates we imported into the United States. The initial tariff rate was 10% and subsequently was increased to 25%.  Approximately 10% of our revenue derives from importing our wafers into the United States.  In the year 2019, we paid approximately $735,000 in tariffs.  The future impact of tariffs and trade wars is uncertain.

The economic and political conditions between China and the United States, in our view, create an unstable business environment.  Trade restrictions against China have resulted in a greater determination within China to be self-sufficient and produce more goods domestically.  Government agencies in China may be encouraging and supporting the founding of new companies, the addition of new products in existing companies and more vertical integration within companies.  These factors could eventually result in lower revenue from sales of our wafer substrates in China.

Our operations and financial results depend on worldwide economic and political conditions and their impact on levels of business spending, which has deteriorated significantly in many countries and regions. Uncertainties in the political, financial and credit markets may cause our customers to postpone deliveries. The recent outbreak of COVID-19 virus is an additional cause of uncertainty. Delays in the placement of new orders and extended uncertainties may reduce future sales of our products and services. The revenue growth and profitability of our business depends on the overall demand for our substrates. Because the end users of our products are primarily large companies whose businesses fluctuate with general economic and business conditions, a softening of demand for products that use our substrates, caused by a weakening economy, may result in decreased revenue. Customers may find themselves facing excess inventory from earlier purchases, and may defer or reconsider purchasing products due to the downturn in their business and in the general economy. If market conditions deteriorate, we may experience increased collection times and greater write-offs, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our profitability and our cash flow.

Future tightening of credit markets and concerns regarding the availability of credit may make it more difficult for our customers to raise capital, whether debt or equity, to finance their purchases of capital equipment or of the products we sell. Delays in our customers’ ability to obtain such financing, or the unavailability of such financing, would adversely affect our product sales and revenues and, therefore, harm our business and operating results. We cannot predict the timing, duration of or effect on our business of any future economic downturn or the timing or strength of any subsequent recovery.

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If any of our facilities are damaged by occurrences such as fire, explosion, power outage or natural disaster, we might not be able to manufacture our products.

The ongoing operation of our manufacturing and production facilities in China is critical to our ability to meet demand for our products. If we are not able to use all or a significant portion of our facilities for prolonged periods for any reason, we would not be able to manufacture products for our customers. For example, a fire or explosion caused by our use of combustible chemicals, high furnace temperatures or, in the case of InP, high pressure during our manufacturing processes could render some of our facilities inoperable for an indefinite period of time. Actions outside of our control, such as earthquakes or other natural disasters, could also damage our facilities, rendering them inoperable. If we are unable to operate our facilities and manufacture our products, we would lose customers and revenue and our business would be harmed.

On the evening of March 15, 2017, an electrical short-circuit fire occurred at our Beijing manufacturing facility.  The electrical power supply supporting 2-inch, 3-inch and 4-inch gallium arsenide and germanium crystal growth was damaged and production in that area was stopped.  In addition, a waste water pipe was damaged resulting in a halt to wafer processing for four days until the pipe could be repaired.  We were able to rotate key furnace hardware and use some of the 6-inch capacity for smaller diameter crystal growth production to mitigate the impact of the fire and resume production. If we are unable to recover from a fire or natural disaster, our business and operating results could be materially and adversely affected.

Demand for our products may decrease if demand for the end-user applications decrease or if manufacturers downstream in our supply chain experience difficulty manufacturing, marketing or selling their products.

Our products are used to produce components for electronic and opto-electronic products. Accordingly, demand for our products is subject to the demand for end-user applications which utilize our products, as well as factors affecting the ability of the manufacturers downstream in our supply chain to introduce and market their products successfully, including:

· worldwide economic and political conditions and their impact on levels of business spending;

· the competition such manufacturers face in their particular industries;

· end of life obsolescence of products containing devices built on our wafers;

· the technical, manufacturing, sales, marketing and management capabilities of such manufacturers;

· the financial and other resources of such manufacturers; and

· the inability of such manufacturers to sell their products if they infringe third‑party intellectual property rights.

If demand for the end-user applications for which our products are used decreases, or if manufacturers downstream in our supply chain are unable to develop, market and sell their products, demand for our products will decrease. For example, during 2019 widespread political and economic instability and trade war concerns resulted in a general slowdown and our revenue decreased significantly. Additionally, in the second half of 2016, manufacturers producing and selling passive optical network devices known as EPONs and GPONs experienced a slowdown in demand resulting in surplus inventory on hand. The slowdown persisted until late in 2017.  This resulted in a slowdown of sales of our InP substrates used in the PON market.  We expect similar cycles of strong demand followed by lower demand will occur for various InP, GaAs or Ge substrates in the future.

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Our revenue, gross margins and profitability can be hurt if the average sales price of the various raw materials in our partially-owned companies decreases.

Although the companies in our vertically integrated supply chain have historically made a positive contribution to our financial performance, when the average selling prices for the raw materials produced decline, this results in a negative impact on our revenue, gross margin and profitability.  For example, the average selling prices for 4N gallium and for germanium were driven down by oversupply in recent years, and negatively impacted our financial results. In 2019, 2018 and 2017, the companies accounted for under the equity method of accounting contributed a loss of $1.9 million, $1.1 million and $1.7 million, respectively, to our consolidated financial statements. Further, in several quarters over the past three years, one of our consolidated subsidiaries incurred a lower of cost or net realizable value inventory write down, which negatively impacted our consolidated gross margin. In the first quarter of 2019, we incurred an impairment charge of $1.1 million for a germanium materials company in China in which we have a 25% ownership interest, writing down our investment to zero value. If the pricing environment remains stressed by oversupply and our joint venture companies cannot reduce their production costs, then the reduced average selling prices of the raw materials produced by our joint venture companies will have a continuing adverse impact on our revenue, gross margins and net profit.

Problems incurred in our raw material joint venture companies or investment partners could result in a material adverse impact on our financial condition or results of operations.

We have invested in raw material joint venture companies in China that produce materials, including 99.99% pure gallium (4N Ga), high purity gallium (7N Ga), arsenic, germanium, germanium dioxide, pyrolytic boron nitride (pBN) crucibles and boron oxide (B2O3). We purchase a portion of the materials produced by these companies for our use and they sell the remainder of their production to third parties. Our ownership and the ownership held by one of the joint venture companies range from 100% to 20%. We consolidate the companies in which we have a majority or controlling financial interest and employ equity accounting for the companies in which we have a smaller ownership interest. Several of these companies occupy space within larger facilities owned and/or operated by one of the other investment partners. Several of these partners are engaged in other manufacturing activities at or near the same facility. In some facilities, we share access to certain functions, including water, hazardous waste treatment or air quality treatment. If a partner in any of these ventures experiences problems with its operations, or deliberately withholds or disrupts services, disruptions in the operations of our companies could occur, having a material adverse effect on the financial condition and results of operation in these companies, and correspondingly on our financial condition or results of operations. For example, since gallium is a by-product of aluminum, our raw gallium joint venture in China, which is housed in and receives services from an affiliated aluminum plant, could generate lower production and shipments of gallium as a result of reduced services provided by the aluminum plant. Accordingly, in order to meet customer supply obligations, our supply chain may have to source materials from another independent third-party supplier, resulting in higher costs and reduced gross margin.

The China central government has become increasingly concerned about environmental hazards.  Air pollution is a well-known problem in Beijing and other parts of China.  In days of severe air pollution, the government has ordered manufacturing companies to stop all production.  The central government is also tightening control over hazardous chemicals and other hazardous elements such as arsenic, which is produced by two of our unconsolidated joint venture companies. Further, the central government encourages employees to report to the appropriate regulatory agencies possible safety or environmental violations, but there may not be actual violations. Regular use in the normal course of business of hazardous chemicals or hazardous elements or a company’s failure to meet the ever-tightening standards for control of hazardous chemicals or hazardous elements could result in orders to shut down permanently, fines or other severe measures.  Any such orders directed at one of our joint venture companies could result in impairment charges if the company is forced to close its business, cease operations or incurs fines or operating losses, which would have a material adverse effect on our financial results. In the first quarter of 2019, we incurred an impairment charge of $1.1 million for a germanium materials company in China in which we have a 25% ownership interest, writing down our investment to zero value.

Further, if any of our joint venture companies or investment partners with which our joint ventures share facilities is deemed to have violated applicable laws, rules or regulations governing the use, storage, discharge or

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disposal of hazardous chemicals, the operations of that joint venture could be adversely affected and we could be subject to substantial liability for clean-up efforts, personal injury, fines or suspension or termination of our joint venture’s operations. Employees working for our joint ventures or any of the other investment partners could bring litigation against us as a result of actions taken at the joint venture or investment partner facilities, even though we are not directly controlling those operations. While we would expect to defend ourselves vigorously in any litigation that is brought against us, litigation is inherently uncertain and it is possible that our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows could be affected. Even if we are not deemed responsible for the actions of the joint ventures or investment partners, litigation could be costly, time consuming to defend and divert management attention; in addition, if we are deemed to be the most financially viable of the partners, plaintiffs may decide to pursue us for damages.

Intense competition in the markets for our products could prevent us from increasing revenue and achieving profitability.

The markets for our products are intensely competitive. We face competition for our wafer substrate products from other manufacturers of substrates, such as Sumitomo, JX, Freiberger, Umicore, and CCTC, and from companies, such as Qorvo and Skyworks, that are actively considering alternative materials to GaAs and marketing semiconductor devices using these alternative materials. We believe that at least two of our major competitors are shipping high volumes of GaAs substrates manufactured using a process similar to our VGF process technology. Other competitors may develop and begin using similar technology. Sumitomo and JX also compete with us in the InP market. If we are unable to compete effectively, our revenue may decrease and we may not maintain profitability. We face many competitors that have a number of significant advantages over us, including:

· greater name recognition and market share in the business;

· more manufacturing experience;

· extensive intellectual property; and

· significantly greater financial, technical and marketing resources.

Our competitors could develop new or enhanced products that are more effective than our products.

The level and intensity of competition has increased over the past years and we expect competition to continue to increase in the future. Competitive pressures have resulted in reductions in the prices of our products, and continued or increased competition could reduce our market share, require us to further reduce the prices of our products, affect our ability to recover costs and result in reduced gross margins and profitability.

In addition, new competitors have and may continue to emerge, such as a crystal growing company established by a former employee in China that is supplying semi-conducting GaAs wafers to the LED market. Competition from sources such as this could increase, particularly if these competitors are able to obtain large capital investments. Further, recent trade tensions between China and the United States have resulted in a greater determination within China to be self-sufficient and produce more goods domestically.  This could result in the formation of new competitors that would compete against our company and adversely affect our financial results.

Cyber-attacks, system security risks and data protection issues could disrupt our internal operations and cause a reduction in revenue, increase in expenses, negatively impact our results of operation or result in other adverse consequences.

Like most technology companies, we could be targeted in cyber-attacks. We face a risk that experienced computer programmers and hackers may be able to penetrate our network security and misappropriate or compromise our confidential and proprietary information, potentially without being detected. Our employees working remotely as a result of the current COVID-19 crisis increases our vulnerability in this regard. Computer programmers and hackers also may be able to develop and deploy viruses, worms, and other malicious software programs that attack our information technology infrastructure. The costs to us to eliminate or alleviate cyber or other security problems, bugs, viruses,

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worms, malicious software programs and security vulnerabilities could be significant, and our efforts to address these problems may not be successful and could result in interruptions and delays that may impede our sales, manufacturing, distribution, accounting or other critical functions.

Breaches of our security measures could create system disruptions or cause shutdowns or result in the accidental loss, inadvertent disclosure or unapproved dissemination of proprietary information or sensitive or confidential data about us.  Cyber-attacks could use fraud, trickery or other forms of deception. A cyber-attack could expose us to a risk of loss or misuse of information, result in litigation and potential liability, damage our reputation or otherwise harm our business. In addition, the cost and operational consequences of implementing further data protection measures could be significant.

Portions of our information technology infrastructure might also experience interruptions, delays or cessations of service or produce errors in connection with systems integration or migration work that takes place from time to time, which may have a material impact on our business. We may not be successful in implementing new systems and transitioning data, which could cause business disruptions and be more expensive, time consuming, disruptive and resource-intensive than originally anticipated. Such disruptions could adversely impact our ability to fulfill orders and interrupt other processes. Delayed sales, lower margins or lost customers could adversely affect our financial results and reputation.

The average selling prices of our substrates may decline over relatively short periods, which may reduce our revenue and gross margins.

Since the market for our products is characterized by declining average selling prices resulting from various factors, such as increased competition, overcapacity, the introduction of new products and decreased sales of products incorporating our products, the average selling prices for our products may decline over relatively short time periods. We have in the past experienced, and in the future may experience, substantial period-to-period fluctuations in operating results due to declining average selling prices.  In certain years, we have experienced an average selling price decline of our substrate selling prices of approximately 5% to 10%, depending on the substrate product. It is possible that the pace of the decline of average selling prices could accelerate beyond these levels for certain products in a commoditizing market. We anticipate that average selling prices will decrease in the future in response to the unstable demand environment, price reductions by competitors, or by other factors, including pricing pressures from significant customers.  When our average selling prices decline, our revenue and gross profit decline, unless we are able to sell more products or reduce the cost to manufacture our products. We generally attempt to combat an average selling price decline by improving yields and manufacturing efficiencies and working to reduce the costs of our raw materials and of manufacturing our products. We also need to sell our current products in increasing volumes to offset any decline in their average selling prices, and introduce new products, which we may not be able to do, or do on a timely basis.

In order to remain competitive, we must continually work to reduce the cost of manufacturing our products and improve our yields and manufacturing efficiencies. Our efforts may not allow us to keep pace with competitive pricing pressures which could adversely affect our margins. There is no assurance that any changes effected by us will result in sufficient cost reductions to allow us to reduce the price of our products to remain competitive or improve our gross margins.

Defects in our products could diminish demand for our products.

Our wafer products are complex and may contain defects, including defects resulting from impurities inherent in our raw materials or inconsistencies in our manufacturing processes. We have experienced quality control problems with some of our products, which caused customers to return products to us, reduce orders for our products, or both. If we experience quality control problems, or experience other manufacturing problems, customers may return product for credit, cancel or reduce orders or purchase products from our competitors. We may be unable to maintain or increase sales to our customers and sales of our products could decline. Defects in our products could cause us to incur higher manufacturing costs and suffer product returns and additional service expenses, all of which could adversely impact our operating results. If new products developed by us contain defects when released, our customers may be dissatisfied and

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we may suffer negative publicity or customer claims against us, lose sales or experience delays in market acceptance of our new products.

Our substrate products have a long qualification cycle that makes it difficult to forecast revenue from new customers or for new products sold to existing customers.

New customers typically place orders with us for our substrate products three months to a year or more after our initial contact with them. The sale of our products is subject to our customers’ lengthy internal evaluation and approval processes. During this time, we may incur substantial expenses and expend selling, marketing and management efforts while the customers evaluate our products. These expenditures may not result in sales of our products. If we do not achieve anticipated sales in a period as expected, we may experience an unplanned shortfall in our revenue. As a result, our operating results would be adversely affected. In addition, if we fail to meet the product qualification requirements of the customer, we may not have another opportunity to sell that product to that customer for many months or even years. In the current competitive climate, the average qualification and sales cycle for our products has lengthened even further and is expected to continue to make it difficult for us to forecast our future sales accurately. We anticipate that sales of any future substrate products will also have lengthy qualification periods and will, therefore, be subject to risks substantially similar to those inherent in the lengthy sales cycles of our current substrate products.

The loss of one or more of our key substrate customers would significantly hurt our operating results.

From time to time, sales to one or more of our customers individually represent more than 10% of our revenue and if we were to lose a major customer the loss would negatively impact our revenue. Our customers are not obligated to purchase a specified quantity of our products or to provide us with binding forecasts of product purchases. In addition, our customers may reduce, delay or cancel orders. In the past, we have experienced a slowdown in bookings, significant push-outs and cancellation of orders from customers. If we lose a major customer or if a customer cancels, reduces or delays orders, our revenue would decline. In addition, customers that have accounted for significant revenue in the past may not continue to generate revenue for us in any future period. Any loss of customers or any delay in scheduled shipments of our products could cause revenue to fall below our expectations and the expectations of market analysts or investors, causing our stock price to decline.

The cyclical nature of the semiconductor industry may limit our ability to maintain or increase net sales and operating results during industry downturns.

The semiconductor industry is highly cyclical and periodically experiences significant economic downturns characterized by diminished product demand, resulting in production overcapacity and excess inventory in the markets we serve. A downturn can result in lower unit volumes and rapid erosion of average selling prices. The semiconductor industry has experienced significant downturns, often in connection with, or in anticipation of, maturing product cycles of both semiconductor companies’ and their customers’ products or a decline in general economic conditions. This may adversely affect our results of operations and the value of our business.

Our continuing business depends in significant part upon manufacturers of electronic and opto-electronic compound semiconductor devices, as well as the current and anticipated market demand for these devices and products using these devices. As a supplier to the semiconductor industry, we are subject to the business cycles that characterize the industry. The timing, length and volatility of these cycles are difficult to predict. The compound semiconductor industry has historically been cyclical due to sudden changes in demand, the amount of manufacturing capacity and changes in the technology employed in compound semiconductors. The rate of changes in demand, including end demand, is high, and the effect of these changes upon us occurs quickly, exacerbating the volatility of these cycles. These changes have affected the timing and amounts of customers’ purchases and investments in new technology. These industry cycles create pressure on our revenue, gross margin and net income.

Our industry has in the past experienced periods of oversupply and that has resulted in significantly reduced prices for compound semiconductor devices and components, including our products, both as a result of general economic changes and overcapacity. Oversupply causes greater price competition and can cause our revenue, gross margins and net income to decline. During periods of weak demand, customers typically reduce purchases, delay

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delivery of products and/or cancel orders for our products. Order cancellations, reductions in order size or delays in orders could occur and would materially adversely affect our business and results of operations. Actions to reduce our costs may be insufficient to align our structure with prevailing business conditions. We may be required to undertake additional cost-cutting measures, and may be unable to invest in marketing, research and development and engineering at the levels we believe are necessary to maintain our competitive position. Our failure to make these investments could seriously harm our business.

A significant portion of our operating expense and manufacturing costs are relatively fixed. If revenue for a particular quarter is lower than we expect, we likely will be unable to proportionately reduce our operating expenses or fixed manufacturing costs for that quarter, which would harm our operating results. 

If we do not successfully develop new product features and improvements and new products that respond to customer requirements, our ability to generate revenue, obtain new customers, and retain existing customers may suffer.

Our success depends on our ability to offer new product features, improved performance characteristics and new products, such as larger diameter substrates, low defect density substrates, thicker or thinner substrates, substrates with extreme surface flatness specifications, substrates that are manufactured with a doped crystal growth process or substrates that incorporate leading technology and other technological advances. New products must meet customer needs and compete effectively on quality, price and performance. The markets for our products are characterized by rapid technological change, changing customer needs and evolving industry standards. If our competitors introduce products employing new technologies or performance characteristics, our existing products could become obsolete and unmarketable. Over time, we have seen our competitors selling more substrates manufactured using a crystal growth technology similar to ours, which has eroded our technological differentiation.

The development of new product features, improved performance characteristics and new products can be a highly complex process, and we may experience delays in developing and introducing them. Any significant delay could cause us to fail to timely introduce and gain market acceptance of new products. Further, the costs involved in researching, developing and engineering new products could be greater than anticipated. If we fail to offer new products or product enhancements or fail to achieve higher quality products, we may not generate sufficient revenue to offset our development costs and other expenses or meet our customers’ requirements.

We have made and may continue to make strategic investments in raw materials suppliers, which may not be successful and may result in the loss of all or part of our investment.

We have made direct investments or investments through our subsidiaries in raw material suppliers in China, which provide us with opportunities to gain supplies of key raw materials that are important to our substrate business. These affiliates each have a market beyond that provided by us. We do not have significant influence over every one of these companies and in some we have made only a strategic, minority investment. We may not be successful in achieving the financial, technological or commercial advantage upon which any given investment is premised, and we could end up losing all or part of our investment which would have a negative impact on our results of operations. In the first quarter of 2017, we incurred an impairment charge of $313,000 against one of our partially-owned suppliers, writing down our investment to zero value. Most recently, in the first quarter of 2019, we incurred an impairment charge of $1.1 million for a germanium materials company in China in which we have a 25% ownership interest, writing down our investment to zero value. The significant decline in the selling prices of raw materials which began in 2015 has weakened some of these companies and their losses have negatively impacted our financial results. Further, the increasing concern and restrictions in China of hazardous chemicals and other hazardous elements could result in orders to shut down permanently, fines or other severe measures.  Any such orders directed at one of our joint venture companies could result in impairment charges if the company is forced to close its business, cease operations or incurs fines, or operating losses, which would have a material adverse effect on our financial results.

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We purchase critical raw materials and parts for our equipment from single or limited sources, and could lose sales if these sources fail to fill our needs.

We depend on a limited number of suppliers for certain raw materials, components and equipment used in manufacturing our products, including key materials such as quartz tubing, and polishing solutions. We generally purchase these materials through standard purchase orders and not pursuant to long-term supply contracts, and no supplier guarantees supply of raw materials or equipment to us. If we lose any of our key suppliers, our manufacturing efforts could be significantly hampered and we could be prevented from timely producing and delivering products to our customers. Prior to investing in our subsidiaries and joint ventures, we sometimes experienced delays obtaining critical raw materials and spare parts, including gallium, and we could experience such delays again in the future due to shortages of materials or for other reasons. Delays in receiving equipment or materials could result in higher costs and cause us to delay or reduce production of our products. If we have to delay or reduce production, we could fail to meet customer delivery schedules and our revenue and operating results could suffer.

We may not be able to identify or form additional complementary joint ventures.

We might invest in additional joint venture companies in order to remain competitive in our marketplace and ensure a supply of critical raw materials. However, we may not be able to identify additional complementary joint venture opportunities or, even once opportunities are identified, we may not be able to reach agreement on the terms of the business venture with the other investment partners. Further, geopolitical tensions and trade wars could result in government agencies blocking such new joint ventures. New joint ventures could require cash investments or cause us to incur additional liabilities or other expenses, any of which could adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.

The financial condition of our customers may affect their ability to pay amounts owed to us.

Some of our customers may be undercapitalized and cope with cash flow issues. Because of competitive market conditions, we may grant our customers extended payment terms when selling products to them. Subsequent to our fulfilling an order, some customers have been unable to make payments when due, reducing our cash balances and causing us to incur charges to allow for a possibility that some accounts might not be paid. We observed an increase in our accounts receivable in the first quarter of 2020 and believe this has resulted from work stoppages, shelter-in-place orders and general cautiousness due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In the past we, have had some customers file for bankruptcy. If our customers do not pay amounts owed to us then we will incur charges that would reduce our earnings.

We depend on the continuing efforts of our senior management team and other key personnel.  If we lose members of our senior management team or other key personnel, or are unable to successfully recruit and train qualified personnel, our ability to manufacture and sell our products could be harmed.

Our future success depends on the continuing services of members of our senior management team and other key personnel.  Our industry is characterized by high demand and intense competition for talent, and the turnover rate can be high.  We compete for qualified management and other personnel with other specialty material companies and semiconductor companies.  Our employees could leave our company with little or no prior notice and would be free to work for a competitor.  If one or more of our senior executives or other key personnel were unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, we may not be able to replace them easily or at all, and other senior management may be required to divert attention from other aspects of the business.  The loss of any of these individuals or our ability to attract or retain qualified personnel could adversely affect our business.

Our results of operations may suffer if we do not effectively manage our inventory.

We must manage our inventory of raw materials, work in process and finished goods effectively to meet changing customer requirements, while keeping inventory costs down and improving gross margins. Although we seek to maintain sufficient inventory levels of certain materials to guard against interruptions in supply and to meet our near term needs, we may experience shortages of certain key materials. Some of our products and supplies have in the past and may in the future become obsolete while in inventory due to changing customer specifications, or become excess

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inventory due to decreased demand for our products and an inability to sell the inventory within a foreseeable period. This would result in charges that reduce our gross profit and gross margin. Furthermore, if market prices drop below the prices at which we value inventory, we would need to take a charge for a reduction in inventory values in accordance with the lower of cost or net realizable value valuation rule. We have in the past had to take inventory valuation and impairment charges. Any future unexpected changes in demand or increases in costs of production that cause us to take additional charges for un-saleable, obsolete or excess inventory, or to reduce inventory values, would adversely affect our results of operations.

Financial market volatility and adverse changes in the domestic, global, political and economic environment could have a significant adverse impact on our business, financial condition and operating results.

We are subject to the risks arising from adverse changes and uncertainty in domestic and global economies. Uncertain global economic and political conditions or low or negative growth in China, Europe or the United States, along with volatility in the financial markets, increasing national debt and fiscal concerns in various regions, pose challenges to our industry. Currently China’s economy is slowing and this could impact our financial performance. In addition, tariffs, trade restrictions, trade wars and Brexit are creating an unstable environment and can disrupt or restrict commerce. Although we remain well-capitalized, the cost and availability of funds may be adversely affected by illiquid credit markets. Volatility in U.S. and international markets and economies may adversely affect our liquidity, financial condition and profitability. Another severe or prolonged economic downturn could result in a variety of risks to our business, including:

· increased volatility in our stock price;

· increased volatility in foreign currency exchange rates;

· delays in, or curtailment of, purchasing decisions by our customers or potential customers;

· increased credit risk associated with our customers or potential customers, particularly those that may operate in industries most affected by the economic downturn; and

· impairment of our tangible or intangible assets.

In the past, most recently in the fourth quarter of 2018 and continuing in 2019, we experienced delays in customer purchasing decisions and disruptions in a normal volume of customer orders that we believe were in part due to the uncertainties in the global economy, resulting in an adverse impact on consumer spending. During challenging and uncertain economic times and in tight credit markets, many customers delay or reduce technology purchases. Should similar events occur again, our business and operating results could be significantly and adversely affected.

The effect of terrorist threats and actions on the general economy could decrease our revenue.

Countries such as the United States and China continue to be on alert for terrorist activity. The potential near and long-term impact terrorist activities may have in regards to our suppliers, customers and markets for our products and the economy is uncertain. There may be embargos of ports or products, or destruction of shipments or our facilities, or attacks that affect our personnel. There may be other potentially adverse effects on our operating results due to significant events that we cannot foresee. Since we perform all of our manufacturing operations in China, terrorist activity or threats against U.S.‑owned enterprises are a particular concern to us.

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II.          Risks Related to International Aspects of Our Business

The Chinese central government is increasingly aware of air pollution and other forms of environmental pollution and their reform efforts can impact our manufacturing, including intermittent mandatory shutdowns.

The Chinese central government is demonstrating strong leadership to improve air quality and reduce environmental pollution.  These efforts have impacted manufacturing companies through mandatory shutdowns, increased inspections and regulatory reforms.  In the fourth quarter of 2017, many manufacturing companies in the greater Beijing area, including AXT, were instructed by the local government to cease most manufacturing for several days until the air quality improved.  In the first quarter of 2018, from February 27 to March 31 over 300 manufacturing companies, including AXT, were again intermittently shut down by the local government for a total of ten days, or 30 percent of the remaining calendar days, due to severe air pollution.  Our shipments were delayed and our revenue for the quarter was negatively impacted.  We expect that mandatory factory shutdowns will occur in the future.  If the frequency of such shutdowns increases, especially at the end of a quarter, or if the total number of days of shutdowns prevents us from producing enough wafers to ship, then these shutdowns will have a material adverse effect on our manufacturing output, revenue and factory utilization.  Each of our raw material supply chain companies could also be impacted by environmental related orders from the central government.

Enhanced trade tariffs, import restrictions, export restrictions, Chinese regulations or other trade barriers may materially harm our business.

All of our wafer substrates are manufactured in China and in 2019, approximately 10% of our revenue was generated by sales to customers in North America, primarily in the U.S.  In September 2018, the Trump Administration announced a list of thousands of categories of goods that became subject to tariffs when imported into the United States.  This pronouncement imposed tariffs on wafer substrates we imported into the United States. The initial tariff rate was 10% and subsequently was increased to 25%.  Approximately 10% of our revenue derives from importing our wafers into the United States.  In the year 2019 we paid approximately $735,000 in tariffs. The future impact of tariffs and trade wars is uncertain. We may be required to raise prices, which may result in the loss of customers and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially harmed.  Additionally, the Trump Administration continues to signal that it may alter trade agreements and terms between China and the United States, including limiting trade with China, and may impose additional tariffs on imports from China.  It is possible that our business could be adversely impacted by retaliatory trade measures taken by China or other countries in response to existing or future tariffs, which could cause us to raise prices or make changes to our operations, which could materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The economic and political conditions between China and the United States, in our view, create an unstable business environment.  Trade restrictions against China have resulted in a greater determination within China to be self-sufficient and produce more goods domestically.  Government agencies in China may be encouraging and supporting the founding of new companies, the addition of new products in existing companies and more vertical integration within companies.  These factors could eventually result in lower revenue from sales of our wafer substrates in China. Further, the continued threats of tariffs and other trade restrictions could have a generally disruptive impact on the global economy and, therefore, negatively impact our sales.

In addition, we may incur increases in costs and other adverse business consequences, including loss of revenue or decreased gross margins, due to changes in tariffs, import or export restrictions, further trade barriers, or unexpected changes in regulatory requirements.  For example, in July 2012, we received notice of retroactive value-added taxes (VATs) levied by the tax authorities in China, which applied for the period from July 1, 2011 to June 30, 2012.  We expensed the retroactive VATs of approximately $1.3 million in the quarter ended June 30, 2012, which resulted in a decrease in our gross margins.  These VATs will continue to negatively impact our gross margins for the future quarters.  Given the relatively fluid regulatory environment in China and the United States, there could be additional tax or other regulatory changes in the future. Any such changes could directly and materially adversely impact our financial results and general business condition.

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The recent outbreak of a contagious disease may affect our business operations and financial performance.

Currently, a contagious disease originating in Wuhan, China called the coronavirus or COVID-19, has spread to other cities in China and to many other countries including the United States.  This outbreak has triggered references to the SARS outbreak, which occurred in 2003 and affected our business operations.  Any severe occurrence of an outbreak of a contagious disease such as the COVID-19, SARS, Avian Flu or Ebola may cause us or the government to temporarily close our manufacturing operations in China. In January 2020, virtually all companies in China were ordered to remain closed after the traditional Lunar New Year holiday ended, including our subsidiaries in China. If there is a reoccurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic in China, the Chinese government may require companies to close again.  If one or more of our key suppliers is required to close for an extended period, we might not have enough raw material inventories to continue manufacturing operations. In addition, while we possess management skills among our China-based staff that enable us to maintain our manufacturing operations with minimal on-site supervision from our U.S.‑based staff, our business could also be harmed if travel to or from China and the United States is restricted or inadvisable for an extended period of time or our key China-based employees are unable to work. If our manufacturing operations were closed for a significant period, we could lose revenue and market share, which would depress our financial performance and could be difficult to recapture. Finally, if one of our key customers is required to close for an extended period, we might not be able to ship product to them and as result our revenue would decline. Further, they might default on their obligations to us. Such events would negatively impact our financial performance.

We derive a significant portion of our revenue from international sales, and our ability to sustain and increase our international sales involves significant risks.

Approximately 90% of our revenue is from international sales. We expect that sales to customers outside the United States, particularly sales to customers in Japan, Taiwan and China, will continue to represent a significant portion of our revenue. Therefore, our revenue growth depends significantly on the expansion of our international sales and operations.

All of our manufacturing facilities and most of our suppliers are also located outside the United States. Managing our overseas operations presents challenges, including periodic regional economic downturns, trade balance issues, threats of trade wars, varying business conditions and demands, political instability, variations in enforcement of intellectual property and contract rights in different jurisdictions, differences in the ability to develop relationships with suppliers and other local businesses, changes in U.S. and international laws and regulations, including U.S. export restrictions, fluctuations in interest and currency exchange rates, the ability to provide sufficient levels of technical support in different locations, cultural differences and perceptions of U.S. companies, shipping delays, terrorist acts, acts of war, natural disasters and epidemics or pandemics, such as COVID-19, among other risks. Many of these challenges are present in China, which represents a large potential market for semiconductor devices. Global uncertainties with respect to: (i) economic growth rates in various countries; (ii) sustainability of demand for electronic products; (iii) capital spending by semiconductor manufacturers; (iv) price weakness for certain semiconductor devices; (v) changing and tightening environmental regulations; (vi) political instability in regions where we have operations; and (vii) trade wars may also affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our dependence on international sales involves a number of risks, including:

· changes in tariffs, import restrictions, export restrictions, or other trade barriers;

· unexpected changes in regulatory requirements;

· longer periods to collect accounts receivable;

· foreign exchange rate fluctuations;

· changes in export license requirements;

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· political and economic instability; and

· unexpected changes in diplomatic and trade relationships.

Most of our sales are denominated in U.S. dollars, except for sales to our Chinese customers which are denominated in renminbi and our Japanese customers which are denominated in Japanese yen. We also have some small sales denominated in Euro. Increases in the value of the U.S. dollar could increase the price of our products in non-U.S. markets and make our products more expensive than competitors’ products in these markets.

We are subject to foreign exchange gains and losses that materially impact our income statement.

We are subject to foreign exchange gains and losses that materially impact our statement of operations.  For example, in 2017 we incurred a loss of $602,000.

The functional currency of our wholly-owned Chinese subsidiary and our partially-owned joint venture companies is the Chinese renminbi, the local currency. We can incur foreign exchange gains or losses when we pay dollars to one of our China-based companies or a third-party supplier in China.  Similarly, if a company in China pays renminbi into one of our bank accounts transacting in dollars the renminbi will be converted to dollars and we can incur a foreign exchange gain or loss.  Hedging renminbi will be considered in the future but it is complicated by the number of companies involved, the diversity of transactions and restrictions imposed by the banking system in China. 

Sales to Japanese customers are denominated in Japanese yen.  This subjects us to fluctuations in the exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and the Japanese yen and can result in foreign exchange gains and losses. This has been problematic in the past and, therefore, we instituted a foreign currency hedging program dealing with yen which has mitigated the problem. 

Joint venture companies in China bring certain risks.

Since our wholly-owned subsidiaries and all of our partially-owned companies reside in China, their activities could subject us to a number of risks associated with conducting operations internationally, including:

· unexpected changes in regulatory requirements that may limit our ability to manufacture, export the products of these companies or sell into particular jurisdictions or impose multiple conflicting tax laws and regulations;

· the imposition of tariffs, trade barriers and duties;

· difficulties in managing geographically disparate operations;

· difficulties in enforcing agreements through non-U.S. legal systems;

· political and economic instability, civil unrest or war;

· terrorist activities that impact international commerce;

· difficulties in protecting our intellectual property rights, particularly in countries where the laws and practices do not protect proprietary rights to as great an extent as do the laws and practices of the United States;

· changing laws and policies affecting economic liberalization, foreign investment, currency convertibility or exchange rates, taxation or employment; and

· nationalization of foreign‑owned assets, including intellectual property.

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Uncertainty regarding the United States’ foreign policy under the current administration could disrupt our business.

We manufacture our substrates in China and, in 2019, approximately 90% of our sales were to customers located outside of the United States.  Further, we have partial ownership of raw material companies in China as part of our supply chain.  The United States’ current foreign policy has created uncertainty and caution in the international business community, resulting in disruptions in manufacturing, import/export, trade tariffs, sales, investments and other business activity.  Such disruptions have had an adverse impact on our financial performance and could continue in the future.

If China places restrictions on freight and transportation routes and on ports of entry and departure this could result in shipping delays or increased costs for shipping.

In August 2015, there was an explosion at the Port of Tianjin, China.  As a result of this incident the government placed restrictions on importing certain materials and on freight routes used to transport these materials.  We experienced some modest disruption from these restrictions.  If the government were to place additional restrictions on the transportation of materials, then our ability to transport our raw materials or products could be limited and result in manufacturing delays or bottlenecks at shipping ports, affecting our ability to deliver products to our customers. During periods of such restrictions, we may increase our stock of critical materials (such as arsenic, gallium and other items) for use during the period that these restrictions are likely to last, which will increase our use of cash and increase our inventory level. Any of these restrictions could materially and adversely impact our results of operations and our financial condition.

Our operating results depend in large part on continued customer acceptance of our substrate products manufactured in China and continued improvements in product quality.

We manufacture all of our products in China, and source most of our raw materials in China. We have in the past experienced quality problems with our China‑manufactured products. Our previous quality problems caused us to lose market share to our competitors, as some of our customers reduced their orders until our wafer surface quality was as good and as consistent as that offered by our competitors and instead allocated their requirements for compound semiconductor substrates to our competitors. If we are unable to continue to achieve customer qualifications for our products, or if we are unable to control product quality, customers may not increase purchases of our products, our China facilities will become underutilized, and we will be unable to achieve revenue growth.

Changes in China’s political, social, regulatory or economic environments may affect our financial performance.

Our financial performance may be affected by changes in China’s political, social, regulatory or economic environments. The role of the Chinese central and local governments in the Chinese economy is significant. Chinese policies toward hazardous materials, including arsenic, environmental controls, air pollution, economic liberalization, laws and policies affecting technology companies, foreign investment, currency exchange rates, taxation structure and other matters could change, resulting in greater restrictions on our ability to do business and operate our manufacturing facilities in China. We have observed a growing fluidity and tightening of regulations concerning hazardous materials, other environmental controls and air pollution.  The Chinese government could revoke, terminate or suspend our operating licenses for reasons related to environmental control over the use of hazardous materials, air pollution, labor complaints, national security and similar reasons without compensation to us. Further, the central government encourages employees to report to the appropriate regulatory agencies possible safety or environmental violations, but there may not be actual violations.  In days of severe air pollution the government has ordered manufacturing companies to stop all production.  For example, in the fourth quarter of 2017 many manufacturing companies in the greater Beijing area, including AXT, were instructed by the local government to cease most manufacturing for several days until the air quality improved. In the first quarter of 2018, from February 27 to March 31, over 300 manufacturing companies, including us, were again intermittently shut down by the local government for a total of ten days due to severe air pollution.  Our shipments were delayed and our revenue for the quarter was negatively impacted.  We expect that mandatory factory shutdowns will occur in the future. Any failure on our part to comply with governmental regulations could result in the loss of our ability to manufacture our products.  Further, any imposition of surcharges or any increase in Chinese tax rates or reduction or elimination of Chinese tax benefits could hurt our financial results.

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An important example of some of these factors is seen in a change underway in Beijing.  The Beijing city government is moving its offices into the area where our original manufacturing facility is currently located and is in the process of moving thousands of government employees into this area. The government has constructed showcase tower buildings and overseen the establishment of new apartment complexes, retail stores and restaurants. An amusement park is being constructed within a few miles of our facility. To create room and upgrade the district, the city instructed virtually all existing manufacturing companies, including AXT, to relocate all or some of their manufacturing lines. We were instructed to move our gallium arsenide manufacturing.  For reasons of manufacturing efficiency we elected to also move our germanium manufacturing line. 

Some of our larger, more sophisticated customers want to perform a site qualification and subsequently make a plan to ramp up production at Dingxing.  Customer qualification of the Dingxing site requires us to continue to diligently address the many details that arise at both of the new sites.  A failure to properly accomplish this could result in disruption to our production and have a material adverse impact on our revenue, our results of operations and our financial condition. If we fail to meet the product qualification requirements of a customer, we may lose sales to that customer. Our reputation may also be damaged. Any loss of sales could have a material adverse effect on our revenue, our results of operations and our financial condition.

Our international operations are exposed to potential adverse tax consequence in China.

Our international operations create a risk of potential adverse tax consequences.  Taxes on income in our China-based companies are dependent upon acceptance of our operational practices and intercompany transfer pricing by local tax authorities as being on an arm's length basis. Due to inconsistencies among taxing authorities in application of the arm's length standard, transfer pricing challenges by tax authorities could, if successful, materially increase our consolidated income tax expense. We are subject to tax audits in China and an audit could result in the assessment of additional income tax against us.  This could have a material adverse effect on our operating results or cash flows in the period or periods for which that determination is made and could result in increases to our overall tax expense in subsequent periods.  Various taxing agencies in China are increasingly focused on tax reform and other legislative action to increase tax revenue. In addition to risks regarding income tax we have in the past been retroactively assessed value added taxes (“VAT” or sales tax) and such VAT assessments could occur again in the future.

If there are power shortages in China, we may have to temporarily close our China operations, which would adversely impact our ability to manufacture our products and meet customer orders, and would result in reduced revenue.

In the past, China has faced power shortages resulting in power demand outstripping supply in peak periods. Instability in electrical supply has caused sporadic outages among residential and commercial consumers causing the Chinese government to implement tough measures to ease the energy shortage. If further problems with power shortages occur in the future, we may be required to make temporary closures of our operations or of our subsidiary and joint venture operations. We may be unable to manufacture our products and would then be unable to meet customer orders except from finished goods inventory on hand. As a result, our revenue could be adversely impacted, and our relationships with our customers could suffer, impacting our ability to generate future revenue. In addition, if power is shut off at any of our facilities at any time, either voluntarily or as a result of unplanned brownouts, during certain phases of our manufacturing process including our crystal growth phase, the work in process may be ruined and rendered unusable, causing us to incur costs that will not be covered by revenue, and negatively impacting our cost of revenue and gross margins.

III.         Risks Related to Our Financial Results and Capital Structure

We may utilize our cash balances for relocation, expansion, or to offset a business downturn resulting in the decline of our existing cash, cash equivalents and investment balances, and if we need additional capital, those funds may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all.

Our liquidity is affected by many factors including among others, the relocation of our gallium arsenide manufacturing operations, the extent to which we pursue on-going capital expenditures, the build out of the sites at Dingxing and Kazuo, the level of our production, the level of profits or losses, and other factors related to the

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uncertainties of the industry and global economies. Our capital expenditures and any negative cash flow effects of these other factors will draw down our cash reserves, which could adversely affect our financial condition, require us to incur debt, reduce our value and possibly impinge our ability to raise debt and equity funding in the future, at a time when we might need to raise additional cash or elect to raise additional cash. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that events will not require us to seek additional capital or, if required, that such capital would be available on terms acceptable to us, if at all.

Unpredictable fluctuations in our operating results could disappoint analysts or our investors, which could cause our stock price to decline.

We have experienced, and may continue to experience, significant fluctuations in our revenue, gross margins and earnings. Our quarterly and annual revenue and operating results have varied significantly in the past and may vary significantly in the future due to a number of factors, including:

· our ability to develop, manufacture and deliver high quality products in a timely and cost-effective manner;

· unforeseen disruptions at our new sites;

· disruptions in manufacturing if air pollution, or other environmental hazards, or outbreaks of contagious diseases causes the Chinese government to order work stoppages;

· fluctuation of our manufacturing yields;

· decreases in the prices of our or our competitors’ products;

· fluctuations in demand for our products;

· the volume and timing of orders from our customers, and cancellations, push-outs and delays of customer orders once booked;

· decline in general economic conditions or downturns in the industry in which we compete;

· expansion of our manufacturing capacity;

· expansion of our operations in China;

· limited availability and increased cost of raw materials;

· costs incurred in connection with any future acquisitions of businesses or technologies; and

· increases in our expenses, including expenses for research and development.

Due to these factors, we believe that period-to-period comparisons of our operating results may not be meaningful indicators of our future performance.

A substantial percentage of our operating expenses are fixed, and we may be unable to adjust spending to compensate for an unexpected shortfall in revenue. As a result, any delay in generating revenue could cause our operating results to fall below the expectations of market analysts or investors, which could also cause our stock price to decline.

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If our operating results and financial performance do not meet the guidance that we have provided to the public, our stock price may decline.

We provide public guidance on our expected operating and financial results.  Although we believe that this guidance provides our stockholders, investors and analysts with a better understanding of our expectations for the future, such guidance is comprised of forward-looking statements subject to the risks and uncertainties described in this report and in our other public filings and public statements.  Our actual results may not meet the guidance we have provided.  If our operating or financial results do not meet our guidance or the expectations of investment analysts, our stock price may decline.

We have adopted certain anti-takeover measures that may make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us.

Our board of directors has the authority to issue up to 800,000 shares of preferred stock in addition to the outstanding shares of Series A preferred stock and to determine the price, rights, preferences and privileges of those shares without any further vote or action by the stockholders. The rights of the holders of common stock will be subject to, and may be adversely affected by, the rights of the holders of any preferred stock that may be issued in the future. The issuance of shares of preferred stock could have the effect of making it more difficult for a third party to acquire a majority of our outstanding voting stock. We have no present intention to issue additional shares of preferred stock.

Provisions in our restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws may have the effect of delaying or preventing a merger, acquisition or change of control, or changes in our management, which could adversely affect the market price of our common stock. The following are some examples of these provisions:

· the division of our board of directors into three separate classes, each with three-year terms;

· the right of our board to elect a director to fill a space created by a board vacancy or the expansion of the board;

· the ability of our board to alter our amended and restated bylaws; and

· the requirement that only our board or the holders of at least 10% of our outstanding shares may call a special meeting of our stockholders.

Furthermore, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are subject to the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law. These provisions prohibit us from engaging in any business combination with any interested stockholder (a stockholder who owns 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock) for a period of three years following the time that such stockholder became an interested stockholder, unless:

· 662/₃% of the shares of voting stock not owned by the interested stockholder approve the merger or combination, or

· the board of directors approves the merger or combination or the transaction which resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder.

Our common stock may be delisted from The Nasdaq Global Select Market, which could negatively impact the price of our common stock and our ability to access the capital markets.

Our common stock is listed on The Nasdaq Global Select Market. The bid price of our common stock has in the past closed below the $1.00 minimum per share bid price required for continued inclusion on The Nasdaq Global Select Market under Marketplace Rule 5450(a). If the bid price of our common stock remains below $1.00 per share for thirty consecutive business days, we could be subject to delisting from the Nasdaq Global Select Market.

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Any delisting from The Nasdaq Global Select Market could have an adverse effect on our business and on the trading of our common stock. If a delisting of our common stock were to occur, our common stock would trade in the over-the-counter market and be quoted on a service such as those provided by OTC Markets Group, Inc. Such alternatives are generally considered to be less efficient markets, and our stock price, as well as the liquidity of our common stock, may be adversely impacted as a result. Delisting from The Nasdaq Global Select Market could also have other negative results, including the potential loss of confidence by customers, suppliers and employees, the loss of institutional investor interest and fewer business development opportunities, as well as the loss of liquidity for our stockholders.

Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.

As of December 31, 2019, we had U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $58.3 million. We have utilized all state net operating losses, primarily in the state of California, as of December 31, 2019. Under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change net operating loss carryforwards and other pre-change tax attributes, such as research tax credits, to offset its post-change income and taxes may be limited.  In general, an “ownership change” occurs if there is a cumulative change in our ownership by “5% shareholders” that exceeds 50 percentage points over a rolling three-year period.  Similar rules may apply under state tax laws.  We might have undergone prior ownership changes, and we may undergo ownership changes in the future, which may result in limitations on our net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes.  Any such limitations on our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

IV.         Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

Intellectual property infringement claims may be costly to resolve and could divert management attention.

Other companies may hold or obtain patents on inventions or may otherwise claim proprietary rights to technology necessary to our business. The markets in which we compete are comprised of competitors that in some cases hold substantial patent portfolios covering aspects of products that could be similar to ours. We could become subject to claims that we are infringing patent, trademark, copyright or other proprietary rights of others. We may incur expenses to defend ourselves against such claims or enter into cross license agreements that require us to pay royalty payments to resolve such claims. For example, in 2020, we and a competitor entered into the Cross License Agreement, which has a term that begins on January 1, 2020 and expires on December 31, 2029. We have in the past been involved in lawsuits alleging patent infringement, and could in the future be involved in similar litigation.

If we are unable to protect our intellectual property, including our non-patented proprietary process technology, we may lose valuable assets or incur costly litigation.

We rely on a combination of patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets and trade secret laws, non-disclosure agreements and other intellectual property protection methods to protect our proprietary technology. We believe that our internal, non-patented proprietary process technology methods, systems and processes are a valuable and critical element of our intellectual property. We must establish and maintain safeguards to avoid the theft of these processes. Our ability to establish and maintain a position of technology leadership also depends on the skills of our development personnel.  Despite our efforts to protect our intellectual property, third parties can develop products or processes similar to ours. Our means of protecting our proprietary rights may not be adequate, and our competitors may independently develop similar technology, duplicate our products or design around our patents. We believe that at least two of our competitors ship GaAs substrates produced using a process similar to our VGF process. Our competitors may also develop and patent improvements to the VGF technology upon which we rely, and thus may limit any exclusivity we enjoy by virtue of our patents or trade secrets.

It is possible that pending or future United States or foreign patent applications made by us will not be approved, that our issued patents will not protect our intellectual property, or that third parties will challenge our

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ownership rights or the validity of our patents. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries may not protect our proprietary rights to as great an extent as do the laws of the United States and it may be more difficult to monitor the use of our intellectual property. Our competitors may be able to legitimately ascertain non-patented proprietary technology embedded in our systems. If this occurs, we may not be able to prevent the development of technology substantially similar to ours.

We may have to resort to costly litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights, to protect our trade secrets or know-how or to determine their scope, validity or enforceability. Enforcing or defending our proprietary technology is expensive, could cause us to divert resources and may not prove successful. Our protective measures may prove inadequate to protect our proprietary rights, and if we fail to enforce or protect our rights, we could lose valuable assets.

V.           Risks Related to Compliance, Environmental Regulations and Other Legal Matters

If we, or any of our partially-owned supply chain companies, fail to comply with environmental and safety regulations, we may be subject to significant fines or forced to cease our operations.

We are subject to federal, state and local environmental and safety laws and regulations in all of our operating locations, including laws and regulations of China, such as laws and regulations related to the development, manufacture and use of our products, the use of hazardous materials, the operation of our facilities, and the use of our real property. These laws and regulations govern the use, storage, discharge and disposal of hazardous materials during manufacturing, research and development, and sales demonstrations. If we, or any of our partially-owned supply chain companies, fail to comply with applicable regulations, we could be subject to substantial liability for clean-up efforts, personal injury, fines or suspension or be forced to close or temporarily cease our operations, and/or suspend or terminate the development, manufacture or use of certain of our products, the use of our facilities, or the use of our real property, each of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The Chinese central government is demonstrating strong leadership to improve air quality and reduce environmental pollution. The central government encourages employees to report to the appropriate regulatory agencies possible safety or environmental violations but there may not be actual violations. These efforts have impacted manufacturing companies through mandatory shutdowns, increased inspections and regulatory reforms.  In the fourth quarter of 2017, many manufacturing companies in the greater Beijing area, including AXT, were instructed by the local government to cease most manufacturing for several days until the air quality improved.  In the first quarter of 2018, from February 27 to March 31 over 300 manufacturing companies were again intermittently shut down by the local government for a total of ten days, or 30 percent of the remaining calendar days, due to severe air pollution.  Our shipments were delayed and our revenue for the quarter was negatively impacted.  We expect that mandatory factory shutdowns will occur in the future.  If the frequency of such shutdowns increases, especially at the end of a quarter, or if the total number of days of shutdowns prevents us from producing enough wafers to ship, then the shutdowns will have a material adverse effect on our manufacturing output, revenue and factory utilization.  We believe the relocation of our gallium arsenide and germanium manufacturing lines mitigates our exposure to factory shutdowns. Each of our raw material supply chain companies could also be impacted by environmental related orders from the central government.

In addition, from time to time, the Chinese government issues new regulations, which may require additional actions on our part to comply. For example on February 27, 2015, the China State Administration of Work Safety updated its list of hazardous substances.  The previous list, which was published in 2002, did not restrict the materials that we use in our wafers.  The new list added gallium arsenide.  As a result of the newly published list, we were instructed to obtain a permit to continue to manufacture our gallium arsenide wafer substrates.  The Beijing municipal authority accepted our permit application in May 2015, but has not yet issued to us the requisite permit while we continue to show good faith in relocating our gallium arsenide production.  If our application is denied in the future before we complete customer qualifications and ramp wafer processing volume, then our gallium arsenide production could be disrupted, which could materially and adversely impact our results of operations and our financial condition.

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We could be subject to suits for personal injuries caused by hazardous materials.

In 2005, a complaint was filed against us alleging personal injury, general negligence, intentional tort, wage loss and other damages, including punitive damages, as a result of exposure of plaintiffs to high levels of gallium arsenide in gallium arsenide wafers, and methanol. Other current and/or former employees could bring litigation against us in the future. Although we have in place engineering, administrative and personnel protective equipment programs to address these issues, our ability to expand or continue to operate our present locations could be restricted or we could be required to acquire costly remediation equipment or incur other significant expenses if we were found liable for failure to comply with environmental and safety regulations. Existing or future changes in laws or regulations in the United States and China may require us to incur significant expenditures or liabilities, or may restrict our operations. In addition, our employees could be exposed to chemicals or other hazardous materials at our facilities and we may be subject to lawsuits seeking damages for wrongful death or personal injuries allegedly caused by exposure to chemicals or hazardous materials at our facilities.

Litigation is inherently uncertain and while we would expect to defend ourselves vigorously, it is possible that our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows could be affected in any particular period by litigation pending and any additional litigation brought against us. In addition, future litigation could divert management’s attention from our business and operations, causing our business and financial results to suffer. We could incur defense or settlement costs in excess of the insurance covering these litigation matters, or that could result in significant judgments against us or cause us to incur costly settlements, in excess of our insurance limits.

We are subject to internal control evaluations and attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act.

Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002, we must include in our Annual Report on Form 10-K a report of management on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Ongoing compliance with this requirement is complex, costly and time-consuming and it extends to our companies in China. If: (1) we fail to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting; or (2) our management does not timely assess the adequacy of such internal control, we could be subject to regulatory sanctions and the public’s perception of us may be adversely impacted.

We need to continue to improve or implement our systems, procedures and controls.

We rely on certain manual processes for data collection and information processing, as do our joint venture companies. If we fail to manage these procedures properly or fail to effectively manage a transition from manual processes to automated processes, our systems and controls may be disrupted. To manage our business effectively, we may need to implement additional management information systems, further develop our operating, administrative, financial and accounting systems and controls, add experienced senior level managers, and maintain close coordination among our executive, engineering, accounting, marketing, sales and operations organizations.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

Item 3. Defaults upon Senior Securities

None

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

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Item 5. Other Information

None

Item 6. Exhibits

a. Exhibits

Exhibit Number	Description
31.1	Certification by Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2	Certification by Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1	Certification by Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2	Certification by Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS	XBRL Instance.
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema.
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase.
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase.
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase.
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase.

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EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit
Number	Description
31.1	Certification by Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2	Certification by Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1	Certification by Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2	Certification by Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS	XBRL Instance.
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema.
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase.
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase.
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase.
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	AXT, INC.
Dated: May 8, 2020	By:	/s/ MORRIS S. YOUNG
		Morris S. Young
		Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal Executive Officer)
		/s/ GARY L. FISCHER
		Gary L. Fischer
		Chief Financial Officer and Corporate Secretary
		(Principal Financial Officer andPrincipal Accounting Officer)

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EX-31.1

EXHIBIT 31.1

Certification Pursuant to

18 U.S.C. Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)

As Adopted Pursuant to

Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

I, Morris S. Young, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of AXT, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Dated: May  8, 2020	By:	/s/ MORRIS S. YOUNG
		Morris S. Young
		Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal Executive Officer)

EX-31.2

EXHIBIT 31.2

Certification Pursuant to

18 U.S.C. Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)

As Adopted Pursuant to

Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

I, Gary L. Fischer, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of AXT, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Dated: May  8, 2020	By:	/s/ GARY L. FISCHER
		Gary L. Fischer
		Chief Financial Officer and
		Corporate Secretary
		(Principal Financial Officer and
		Principal Accounting Officer)

EX-32.1

EXHIBIT 32.1

Certification Pursuant to

18 U.S.C. Section 1350

As Adopted Pursuant to

Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of AXT, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Morris S. Young, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Section 906”), that, to the best of my knowledge:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m); and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Ay,
Dated: May  8, 2020	By:	/s/ MORRIS S. YOUNG
		Morris S. Young
		Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal Executive Officer)

EX-32.2

EXHIBIT 32.2

Certification Pursuant to

18 U.S.C. Section 1350

As Adopted Pursuant to

Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of AXT, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Gary L. Fischer, Chief Financial Officer and Corporate Secretary of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Section 906”), that, to the best of my knowledge:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m); and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Dated: May  8, 2020	By:	/s/ GARY L. FISCHER
		Gary L. Fischer
		Chief Financial Officer and
		Corporate Secretary
		(Principal Financial Officer and
		Principal Accounting Officer)

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 20,061	$ 26,892
Short-term investments	8,697	9,427
Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $34 as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019	23,613	19,031
Inventories	48,253	49,152
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	10,638	8,703
Total current assets	111,262	113,205
Property, plant and equipment, net	97,490	97,403
Operating lease right-of-use assets	2,810	2,938
Other assets	11,078	9,803
Total assets	222,640	223,349
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	9,518	10,098
Accrued liabilities	10,371	11,681
Bank loan	6,071	5,747
Total current liabilities	25,960	27,526
Long-term portion of royalty payments	1,445
Noncurrent operating lease liabilities	2,542	2,695
Other long-term liabilities	503	366
Total liabilities	30,450	30,587
Commitments and contingencies (Note 12)
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock Series A, $0.001 par value; 2,000 shares authorized; 883 shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (Liquidation preference of $7,213 and $7,169 as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019)	3,532	3,532
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 70,000 shares authorized; 40,827 and 40,632 shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019	41	41
Additional paid-in capital	238,041	236,957
Accumulated deficit	(47,961)	(47,783)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(6,637)	(4,862)
Total AXT, Inc. stockholders’ equity	187,016	187,885
Noncontrolling interests	5,174	4,877
Total stockholders’ equity	192,190	192,762
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$ 222,640	$ 223,349

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)	$ 217	$ (1,023)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	993	1,460
Amortization of marketable securities premium	10	18
Impairment charge on equity investee		1,068
Stock-based compensation	643	558
Loss on disposal of equipment		31
Gain from deconsolidation of a subsidiary		(175)
Loss from equity method investments, net	120	561
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	(4,691)	153
Inventories	354	6,279
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	(2,042)	517
Other assets	(1,383)	(766)
Accounts payable	(484)	(5,555)
Accrued liabilities	(1,388)	(5,996)
Other long-term liabilities, including royalties	1,547	7
Net cash used in operating activities	(6,104)	(2,863)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property, plant and equipment	(2,139)	(2,909)
Proceeds from sales and maturities of available-for-sale debt securities	720	9,800
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	(1,419)	6,891
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from common stock options exercised	441
Proceeds from sale of previously consolidated subsidiary shares		366
Proceeds from short-term loan	391
Net cash provided by financing activities	832	366
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	(140)	140
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	(6,831)	4,534
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the year	26,892	16,526
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year	$ 20,061	$ 21,060

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Segment Information and Foreign Operations - Product Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019
Revenue by product type
Revenue	$ 20,723	$ 20,208
Substrates
Revenue by product type
Revenue	16,881	16,766
Raw materials and others
Revenue by product type
Revenue	$ 3,842	$ 3,442

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Other Income (Expense), Net (Details) - Other income (expense), net - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019
Income From Government Grants	$ 1,400,000
Foreign exchange gain (loss)	$ (43,000)	$ (56,000)

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Leases (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Leases

Summary of maturities of our operating lease liabilities

As of March 31, 2020, the maturities of our operating lease liabilities (excluding short-term leases) are as follows (in thousands):

Maturity of Lease Liabilities
2020	$	340
2021		544
2022		561
2023		551
2024		262
Thereafter		1,202
Total minimum lease payments		3,460
Less: Interest		(555)
Present value of lease obligations		2,905
Less: Current portion, included in accrued liabilities		(363)
Long-term portion of lease obligations	$	2,542

Schedule of weighted-average remaining lease term and the weighted-average discount rate of operating leases

	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years)	7.74		7.94
Weighted-average discount rate	4.61	%	4.61	%

Schedule of supplemental cash flow information related to leases

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases where we are the lessee is as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	107	$	40
Supplemental noncash information on lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets:
Leased assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	$	2,072	$	—

Summary of components of lease expense

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
Operating lease	$	128	$	61
Short-term lease expense		13		14
Total	$	141	$	75

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Net Income (Loss) Per Share (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Net Income (Loss) Per Share

Reconciliation of numerators and denominators of basic and diluted net income per share

A reconciliation of the numerators and denominators of the basic and diluted net loss per share calculations is as follows (in thousands, except per share data):

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
Numerator:
Net loss attributable to AXT, Inc.	$	(178)	$	(1,104)
Less: Preferred stock dividends		(44)		(44)
Net loss available to common stockholders	$	(222)	$	(1,148)
Denominator:
Denominator for basic net loss per share - weighted-average common shares		39,812		39,352
Effect of dilutive securities:
Common stock options		—		—
Restricted stock awards		—		—
Denominator for dilutive net loss per common shares		39,812		39,352
Net loss attributable to AXT, Inc. per common share:
Basic	$	(0.01)	$	(0.03)
Diluted	$	(0.01)	$	(0.03)
Options excluded from diluted net loss per share as the impact is anti-dilutive		2,763		2,654
Restricted stock excluded from diluted net loss per share as the impact is anti-dilutive		941		644

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Accrued Liabilities

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Accrued Liabilities

Accrued Liabilities

Note 5. Accrued Liabilities

The components of accrued liabilities are summarized below (in thousands):

	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Preferred stock dividends payable	$	2,901	$	2,901
Accrued compensation and related charges		2,552		3,307
Payable in connection with land restoration of Nanjing JinMei factory		691		703
Payable in connection with construction		604		1,447
Advance from customers		429		396
Current portion of operating lease liabilities		363		319
Accrued product warranty		362		387
Accrued professional services		324		630
Current portion of royalty payments		300		—
Accrued income taxes		238		171
Other tax payable		162		50
Payable in connection with repurchase of subsidiaries shares		151		151
Other personnel-related costs		56		180
Accrual for sales returns		13		26
Other accrued liabilities		1,225		1,013
	$	10,371	$	11,681

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Stock-Based Compensation

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation

Note 9. Stock-Based Compensation

We account for stock-based compensation in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”), which established accounting for stock-based awards exchanged for employee services. Stock-based compensation cost is measured at each grant date, based on the fair value of the award, and is recognized as expense over the employee’s requisite service period of the award. All of our stock compensation is accounted for as an equity instrument.

The following table summarizes compensation costs related to our stock-based awards (in thousands, except per share data):

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
Cost of revenue	$	28	$	31
Selling, general and administrative		492		437
Research and development		123		90
Total stock-based compensation		643		558
Tax effect on stock-based compensation		—		—
Net effect on net income (loss)	$	643	$	558

As of March 31, 2020, the unamortized compensation costs related to unvested stock options granted to employees under our stock option plan was approximately $1.3 million, net of estimated forfeitures of $106,000. These costs will be amortized on a straight-line basis over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.8 years and will be adjusted for subsequent changes in estimated forfeitures. We did not capitalize any stock-based compensation to inventory as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 due to the immateriality of the amount.

We estimate the fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes valuation model, consistent with the provisions of ASC 718. There were no  options granted in the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019.

The following table summarizes the stock option transactions during the three months ended March 31, 2020 (in thousands, except per share data):

				Weighted
				average
		Weighted-		Remaining
	Number of	average		Contractual	Aggregate
	Options	Exercise		Life	Intrinsic
Stock Options	Outstanding	Price		(in years)	Value
Balance as of January 1, 2020	2,953	$	4.00	5.95	$	3,040
Granted	—		—	0		0
Exercised	(190)		2.32	0		0
Canceled and expired	—		—	0		0
Balance as of March 31, 2020	2,763	$	4.12	5.82	$	954
Options vested as of March 31, 2020 and unvested options expected to vest, net of forfeitures	2,728	$	4.12	5.78	$	950
Options exercisable as of March 31, 2020	2,031	$	4.01	4.72	$	890

The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the total pretax intrinsic value, based on our closing price of $3.21 on March 31, 2020, which would have been received by the option holder had all option holders exercised their options on that date.

Restricted stock awards

A summary of activity related to restricted stock awards for the three months ended March 31, 2020 is presented below (in thousands, except per share data):

		Weighted-Average
		Grant Date
Stock Awards	Shares	Share Value
Non-vested as of January 1, 2020	939	$	5.02
Granted	10	$	4.00
Vested	(3)	$	4.32
Forfeited	(5)	$	5.98
Non-vested as of March 31, 2020	941	$	5.01

As of March 31, 2020, the unamortized compensation costs related to unvested restricted stock awards was approximately $3.8 million, which is to be amortized on a straight-line basis over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.4 years.

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Other Income (Expense), Net

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Other Income (Expense), Net

Other Income (Expense), Net

Note 13. Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income (expense), net for the quarter ended March 31, 2020, includes a grant of $1.4 million from a provincial government agency as an award for relocating to its province.

In addition, we incurred a foreign currency transaction exchange loss of $43,000 and $56,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

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Leases

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Leases

Leases

Note 17. Leases

We lease certain equipment, office space, warehouse and facilities under long-term operating leases expiring at various dates through July 2029. The majority of our lease obligations relate to our lease agreement for a nitrogen system to be used during the manufacturing process for our facility in Dingxing, China. The equipment lease became effective in August 2019 and will expire in July 2029. There are no variable lease payments, residual value guarantees or any restrictions or covenants imposed by the equipment lease. The remainder relate to our lease agreement for our facility in Fremont, California with approximately 19,467 square feet, which expires in 2020. Under the terms of the facility lease agreement, in May 2020, we will have the option to extend the term of the lease for an additional three years. We are reasonably certain to exercise the option in the future. There are no variable lease payments, residual value guarantees or any restrictions or covenants imposed by the facility lease. All other operating leases have a term of 12 months or less.

On January 1, 2019, we adopted Accounting Standard Update 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASC 842”), which requires the recognition of the right-of-use assets and related operating and finance lease liabilities on the balance sheet. As permitted by ASC 842, we elected the adoption date of January 1, 2019, which is the date of initial application. As a result, the consolidated balance sheet prior to January 1, 2019 was not restated, continues to be reported under ASC Topic 840, Leases, (“ASC 840”), which did not require the recognition of operating lease liabilities on the balance sheet, and is not comparative. Under ASC 842, all leases are required to be recorded on the balance sheet and are classified as either operating leases or finance leases. The lease classification affects the expense recognition in the statement of operations. Operating lease charges are recorded entirely in operating expenses. Finance lease charges are split, where amortization of the right-of-use asset is recorded in operating expenses and an implied interest component is recorded in interest expense. The expense recognition for operating leases and finance leases under ASC 842 is substantially consistent with ASC 840. As a result, there is no significant difference in our results of operations presented in our consolidated statement of operations and consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss) for each year presented.

We adopted ASC 842 using a modified retrospective approach for all leases existing at January 1, 2019. The adoption of ASC 842 had a material impact on our consolidated balance sheet. The most significant impact was the recognition of the operating lease right-of-use assets and the liability for operating leases. Accordingly, upon adoption, leases that were classified as operating leases under ASC 840 were classified as operating leases under ASC 842, and we recorded an adjustment of $1.1 million to operating lease right-of-use assets and the related lease liability. The lease liability is based on the present value of the remaining minimum lease payments, determined under ASC 840, discounted using our secured incremental borrowing rate at the effective date of January 1, 2019, using the original lease term as the tenor. As permitted under ASC 842, we elected several practical expedients that permit us to not reassess (1) whether a contract is or contains a lease, (2) the classification of existing leases, and (3) whether previously capitalized costs continue to qualify as initial indirect costs. The application of the practical expedients did not have a material impact on the measurement of the operating lease liability.

Leases are classified as either finance leases or operating leases. A lease is classified as a finance lease if any one of the following criteria are met: the lease transfers ownership of the asset by the end of the lease term, the lease contains an option to purchase the asset that is reasonably certain to be exercised, the lease term is for a major part of the remaining useful life of the asset or the present value of the lease payments equals or exceeds substantially all of the fair value of the asset. A lease is classified as an operating lease if it does not meet any one of these criteria. All of our leases are classified as operating leases and substantially all of our operating leases are comprised of equipment and office space leases. None of our leases are classified as, finance leases.

For all leases at the lease commencement date, a right-of-use asset and a lease liability are recognized. The right-of-use asset represents the right to use the leased asset for the lease term. The lease liability represents the present value of the lease payments under the lease.

The right-of-use asset is initially measured at cost, which primarily comprises the initial amount of the lease liability, plus any initial direct costs incurred, consisting mainly of brokerage commissions, less any lease incentives received. All right-of-use assets are reviewed for impairment. The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments, discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if that rate cannot be readily determined, our secured incremental borrowing rate for the same term as the underlying lease.

Lease payments included in the measurement of the lease liability comprise the following: the fixed noncancelable lease payments, payments for optional renewal periods where it is reasonably certain the renewal period will be exercised, and payments for early termination options unless it is reasonably certain the lease will not be terminated early.

Lease expense for operating leases consists of the lease payments plus any initial direct costs, primarily brokerage commissions, and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

We have elected not to recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases that have a term of 12 months or less. The effect of short-term leases on our right-of-use asset and lease liability was not material.

As of March 31, 2020, the maturities of our operating lease liabilities (excluding short-term leases) are as follows (in thousands):

Maturity of Lease Liabilities
2020	$	340
2021		544
2022		561
2023		551
2024		262
Thereafter		1,202
Total minimum lease payments		3,460
Less: Interest		(555)
Present value of lease obligations		2,905
Less: Current portion, included in accrued liabilities		(363)
Long-term portion of lease obligations	$	2,542

The weighted average remaining lease term and the weighted-average discount rate for our operating leases as of each date is as follows:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years)	7.74		7.94
Weighted-average discount rate	4.61	%	4.61	%

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases where we are the lessee is as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	107	$	40
Supplemental noncash information on lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets:
Leased assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	$	2,072	$	—

The components of lease expense are as follows (in thousands) within our condensed consolidated statements of operations:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
Operating lease	$	128	$	61
Short-term lease expense		13		14
Total	$	141	$	75

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Property, Plant and Equipment, Net (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Property, Plant and Equipment, Net

Components of property, plant and equipment

The components of our property, plant and equipment are summarized below (in thousands):

	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Property, plant and equipment:
Machinery and equipment, at cost	$	44,797	$	45,742
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization		(36,740)		(37,115)
Building, at cost		38,171		38,837
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization		(12,846)		(12,736)
Leasehold improvements, at cost		4,849		4,877
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization		(4,041)		(4,035)
Construction in progress		63,300		61,833
	$	97,490	$	97,403

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Revenue - Disaggregated Revenue (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020 segment
Revenue
Number of operating segments	1

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Leases - Weighted-Average Remaining Lease Term and Discount Rate (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2019
Leases
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years)	7 years 8 months 27 days		7 years 11 months 9 days
Weighted-average discount rate	4.61%		4.61%
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$ 107	$ 40
Leased assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	$ 2,072

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Investments in Privately-Held Raw Material Companies - Gain on Deconsolidation (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 12, 2019
Investments in Privately-Held Raw Material Companies
Fair value of the consideration received	$ 366,000	$ 366,000
Fair value of the retained investment in Beijing JiYa Semiconductor Material Co., Ltd.		2,040,000	$ 2,040,000
Carrying value of non-controlling interest, net of accumulated other comprehensive income attributable to subsidiary		617,000
Derecognition of Beijing JiYa Semiconductor Material Co., Ltd.'s net asset		(2,848,000)
Gain recognized on deconsolidation of Beijing JiYa Semiconductor Material Co., Ltd.		175,000
Carrying value of retained noncontrolling investment		(1,559,000)
Gain on retained noncontrolling investment due to remeasurement		$ 481,000

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Property, Plant and Equipment, Net (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	Jan. 01, 2020	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Property, plant and equipment [Abstract]
Property, plant and equipment, net		$ 97,490	$ 97,403
Service Life
Property, plant and equipment [Abstract]
Decrease in manufacturing costs as a result of lower depreciation	$ 300
Decrease in net loss per share, basic and diluted, as a result of lower depreciation	$ 0.01
Machinery and equipment
Property, plant and equipment [Abstract]
Property, plant and equipment, gross		44,797	45,742
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization		(36,740)	(37,115)
Building
Property, plant and equipment [Abstract]
Property, plant and equipment, gross		38,171	38,837
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization		(12,846)	(12,736)
Leasehold improvements
Property, plant and equipment [Abstract]
Property, plant and equipment, gross		4,849	4,877
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization		(4,041)	(4,035)
Construction in progress
Property, plant and equipment [Abstract]
Property, plant and equipment, gross		63,300	61,833
Construction in progress Dingxin and Kazuo locations
Property, plant and equipment [Abstract]
Property, plant and equipment, gross		50,200	48,800
Construction in progress manufacturing equipment purchases
Property, plant and equipment [Abstract]
Property, plant and equipment, gross		3,600	3,400
Construction in progress other consolidated subsidiaries
Property, plant and equipment [Abstract]
Property, plant and equipment, gross		$ 9,500	$ 9,600

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Bank Loans and Line of Credit

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Bank Loans and Line of Credit

Bank Loans and Line of Credit

Note 16. Bank Loans and Line of Credit

On November 6, 2018, the Company entered into a Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”), by and between the Company and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association (“Wells Fargo Bank”), which established a $10 million secured revolving line of credit with a $1.0 million letter of credit sublimit facility. The revolving credit facility is collateralized by substantially all of the assets of the Company located within the United States, subject to certain exceptions. The commitments under the Credit Agreement expire on November 30, 2020 and any loans thereunder will bear interest at a rate based on the daily one-month London Inter-bank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) for the applicable interest period plus a margin of 2.00%. On February 5, 2020, the Company entered into the First Amendment to Credit Agreement (the “First Amendment”), by and between the Company and Wells Fargo Bank, which reduced the $10 million secured revolving line of credit under the Credit Agreement to $7 million. The commitments under the Credit Agreement, as amended by the First Amendment, expire on November 30, 2020 and any loans thereunder will bear interest at a rate based on the daily one-month LIBOR for the applicable interest period plus a margin of 2.5%.  As of March 31, 2020, no loans or letters of credit were outstanding under the Credit Agreement, as amended by the First Amendment.

On August 9, 2019, Tongmei entered into a credit facility with the Bank of China with a $5.8 million line of credit at an annual interest rate of approximately 0.4% over the average interest rate quoted by the National Interbank Funding Center. Accrued interest is calculated monthly and paid quarterly. The annual interest rate was approximately 4.7% as of March 31, 2020. The credit facility is collateralized by Tongmei Baoding’s land use rights and all of its buildings located at its facility in Dingxing. The primary intended use of the credit facility is for general purposes, which may include working capital and other corporate expenses.

On August 9, 2019, Tongmei borrowed $2.8 million against the credit facility. The repayment of the full amount is due on August 9, 2020. On September 12, 2019 Tongmei borrowed an additional $2.8 million against the credit facility. The repayment of the full amount is due on September 12, 2020, unless the parties agree to a renewal. As of March 31, 2020, $5.6 million was included in “Bank loan” in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

In February 2020, our majority-owned subsidiary, BoYu, entered into a credit facility with the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (“ICBC”) with a $1.4 million line of credit at an annual interest rate of approximately 0.15% over the Loan Prime Rate. Accrued interest is calculated monthly and paid quarterly. The annual interest rate was approximately 4.3% as of March 31, 2020. The credit facility is collateralized by BoYu’s land use rights and its building located at its facility in Tianjin, China and BoYu’s accounts receivable. The primary intended use of the credit facility is for general purposes, which may include working capital and other corporate expenses.

In March 2020, BoYu borrowed $0.4 million against the credit facility. The repayment of the full amount is due in March 2021. As of March 31, 2020, $0.4 million was included in “Bank loan” in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

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Inventories (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Inventories

Components of inventories

The components of inventories are summarized below (in thousands):

	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Inventories:
Raw materials	$	20,974	$	20,677
Work in process		24,874		24,946
Finished goods		2,405		3,529
	$	48,253	$	49,152

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Revenue - Contract Balances (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Revenue
Contract liabilities	$ (429)	$ (396)
Revenue recognized, included in contract assets	$ 200

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Leases - Maturities of Operating Lease Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Future minimum lease payments
2020	$ 340
2021	544
2022	561
2023	551
2024	262
Thereafter	1,202
Total minimum lease payments	3,460
Less: Interest	(555)
Present value of lease obligations	2,905
Less: Current portion	(363)	$ (319)
Long-term portion of lease obligations	$ 2,542	$ 2,695

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Investments in Privately-Held Raw Material Companies - Minority Investment Entities (Details) - Five Minority Investments - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019
Summarized income information of all the minority investment entities that are not consolidated and accounted for under the equity method [Abstract]
Net revenue	$ 3,953,000	$ 6,441,000
Gross profit (loss)	2,020,000	(51,000)
Operating (loss)	197,000	(2,039,000)
Net income (loss)	2,000	(2,446,000)
Minority investment entities
Entity portion of loss from unconsolidated equity method investments, including impairment charges	$ (120,000)	$ 1,600,000

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Accrued Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Components of accrued liabilities
Preferred stock dividends payable	$ 2,901	$ 2,901
Accrued compensation and related charges	2,552	3,307
Payable in connection with land restoration of Nanjing JinMei factory	691	703
Payable in connection with construction	604	1,447
Advance from customers	429	396
Current portion of operating lease liabilities	363	319
Accrued product warranty	362	387
Accrued professional services	324	630
Current portion of royalty payments	300
Accrued income taxes	238	171
Other tax payable	162	50
Payable in connection with repurchase of subsidiaries shares	151	151
Other personnel-related costs	56	180
Accrual for sales returns	13	26
Other accrued liabilities	1,225	1,013
Accrued liabilities, Total	$ 10,371	$ 11,681

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Current assets:
Accounts receivable, allowances for doubtful accounts	$ 34	$ 34
Stockholders' equity:
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	2,000,000	2,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued (in shares)	883,000	883,000
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	883,000	883,000
Preferred stock, liquidation preference	$ 7,213	$ 7,169
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	70,000,000	70,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	40,827,000	40,632,000
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	40,827,000	40,632,000

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Basis of Presentation

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

Note 1. Basis of Presentation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements of AXT, Inc. (“AXT,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to AXT, Inc. and all of its consolidated subsidiaries) are unaudited, and have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“US GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, this interim quarterly financial report does not include all disclosures required by US GAAP. In the opinion of our management, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, considered necessary to present fairly the financial position, results of operations and cash flows of AXT and our consolidated subsidiaries for all periods presented.

Our management has made a number of estimates and assumptions relating to the reporting of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities to prepare these condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with US GAAP. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been uncertainty and disruption in the global economy and financial markets. These estimates and assumptions may change as new events occur and additional information is obtained. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected in the future or for the full fiscal year. It is recommended that these condensed consolidated financial statements be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on March 12, 2020.

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of AXT, our wholly-owned subsidiaries, Beijing Tongmei Xtal Technology Co., Ltd. (“Tongmei”), Baoding Tongmei Xtal Technology Co., Ltd. (“Tongmei Baoding”), ChaoYang Tongmei Xtal Technology Co., Ltd. (“Tongmei ChaoYang”), ChaoYang LiMei Semiconductor Technology Co., Ltd. (“LiMei ChaoYang”), Nanjing JinMei Gallium Co., Ltd. (“JinMei”), ChaoYang JinMei Gallium Ltd. and MaAnShan JinMei Gallium Ltd., and, except as discussed below and in Note 7, our majority-owned subsidiary, Beijing BoYu Semiconductor Vessel Craftwork Technology Co., Ltd. (“BoYu”). Tongmei Baoding is located in the city of Dingxing, China. Each of Tongmei ChaoYang and LiMei ChaoYang is located in the city of Kazuo, China. All significant inter‑company accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Investments in business entities in which we do not have controlling interests, but have the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial policies (generally 20-50% ownership), are accounted for by the equity method. As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, we have five companies accounted for by the equity method. For the majority-owned subsidiary that we consolidate, we reflect the portion we do not own as noncontrolling interests on our condensed consolidated balance sheets in stockholders' equity and in our condensed consolidated statements of operations.

When market conditions are warranted, we intend to construct facilities at the LiMei ChaoYang location to provide us with additional production capacity. For the quarter ended March 31, 2020, expenses associated with LiMei ChaoYang had a de minimis impact on the condensed consolidated financial statements.

As discussed in Note 7, “Investments in Privately-Held Companies”, effective as of March 11, 2019 we reduced our ownership in Beijing JiYa Semiconductor Material Co., Ltd. (“JiYa”) from 46% to 39% by selling a portion of our JiYa shares to our investor partner, which is also JiYa’s landlord. As a result of this transaction, our investor partner became the largest shareholder of JiYa and assumed the right to appoint the general manager of JiYa and thereby exercised greater control over JiYa’s long-term strategic direction.  Further, although our Chief Executive Officer remains on the board, as of March 11, 2019, he was no longer the chairman of JiYa’s board of directors and our Chief Financial Officer was no longer a member of JiYa’s board of financial supervisors. Therefore, we deconsolidated JiYa from our consolidated financial statements as of March 11, 2019 in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 810 Consolidation (“ASC 810”). As of March 12, 2019, we accounted for our retained investment in JiYa under the equity method of accounting, as we continue to exercise significant influence.

Our condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019, as reported, does not include the assets and liabilities of JiYa since we deconsolidated JiYa as of March 11, 2019. Our unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2019 includes JiYa’s results for the period through March 11, 2019.

As discussed in Note 7, in May 2019, we purchased the remaining 3% ownership interest of JinMei from retiring members of the JinMei management team for approximately $413,000. As a result, our ownership of JinMei increased from 97% to 100%. As of June 1, 2019, we referred to JinMei as a wholly-owned subsidiary instead of a significantly controlled subsidiary and reduced the carrying value of the corresponding noncontrolling interests to zero.

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Net Income (Loss) Per Share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2019
Numerator:
Net loss attributable to AXT, Inc.	$ (178)	$ (1,104)
Less: Preferred stock dividends	(44)	(44)
Net loss available to common stockholders	$ (222)	$ (1,148)
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding:
Denominator for basic net loss per share - weighted-average common shares	39,812,000	39,352,000
Effect of dilutive securities:
Denominator for dilutive net loss per common shares	39,812,000	39,352,000
Net loss attributable to AXT, Inc. per common share:
Basic	$ (0.01)	$ (0.03)
Diluted	$ (0.01)	$ (0.03)
Preferred stock, shares issued (in shares)	883,000		883,000
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	883,000		883,000
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.001		$ 0.001
Preferred stock, value	$ 3,532		$ 3,532
Cumulative annual dividend rate (as a percent)	5.00%		5.00%
Liquidation preference over common stock (in dollars per share)	$ 4		$ 4
Options
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Securities excluded from diluted net income (loss) per share as the impact is anti-dilutive (in shares)	2,763,000	2,654,000
Restricted Stock Awards
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Securities excluded from diluted net income (loss) per share as the impact is anti-dilutive (in shares)	941,000	644,000

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Commitments and Contingencies (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020 USD ($) ft²	Mar. 31, 2019 USD ($)
Product Warranty [Abstract]
Period of warranty	12 months
Change in warranty accrual [Roll Forward]
Beginning accrued product warranty	$ 387	$ 236
Accruals for warranties issued	61	127
Adjustments related to pre-existing warranties including expirations and changes in estimates	(30)	93
Cost of warranty repair	(56)	(131)
Ending accrued product warranty	$ 362	$ 325
Leases
Area of property under long-term operating lease (in square feet) | ft²	19,467
Cross License Agreement
Preferred label sub abstract as Contractual Obligations
Term of Agreement	10 years
Dingxing
Leases
Total investment agreement value	$ 90,000
Kazuo
Leases
Total investment agreement value	15,000
Beijing BoYu Semiconductor Vessel Craftwork Technology Co., Ltd Investment | Kazuo
Leases
Total investment agreement value	$ 8,000

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Basis of Presentation (Details)		1 Months Ended		3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 15, 2018 USD ($)	May 31, 2019 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2020 company	Dec. 31, 2019 company	Apr. 30, 2019	Mar. 11, 2019	Mar. 10, 2019	Aug. 31, 2018	Jun. 14, 2018
Consolidation, Less than Wholly Owned Subsidiary, Parent Ownership Interest, Effects of Changes, Net [Line Items]
Number of equity method investments | company				5	5
Additional percentage of ownership, consolidated method			2
Nanjing JinMei Gallium Co., Ltd Investment
Consolidation, Less than Wholly Owned Subsidiary, Parent Ownership Interest, Effects of Changes, Net [Line Items]
Additional percentage of ownership, consolidated method	12	3
Purchase of subsidiary shares from noncontrolling interest | $	$ 1,400,000	$ 413,000	$ 252,000
Beijing JiYa Semiconductor Material Co., Ltd
Consolidation, Less than Wholly Owned Subsidiary, Parent Ownership Interest, Effects of Changes, Net [Line Items]
Percentage of ownership, consolidated method (in hundredths)							39.00%	46.00%
Nanjing JinMei Gallium Co., Ltd Investment
Consolidation, Less than Wholly Owned Subsidiary, Parent Ownership Interest, Effects of Changes, Net [Line Items]
Percentage of ownership, consolidated method (in hundredths)		100.00%				97.00%
Nanjing JinMei Gallium Co., Ltd Investment | Nanjing JinMei Gallium Co., Ltd Investment
Consolidation, Less than Wholly Owned Subsidiary, Parent Ownership Interest, Effects of Changes, Net [Line Items]
Percentage of ownership, consolidated method (in hundredths)				100.00%					95.00%	83.00%

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Segment Information and Foreign Operations (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Segment Information and Foreign Operations

Revenues reported by product type

The following table represents revenue amounts (in thousands) by product type:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
Product Type:
Substrates	$	16,881	$	16,766
Raw Materials and Other		3,842		3,442
Total	$	20,723	$	20,208

Revenue reported for products shipped to customers in the corresponding geographic region

The following table represents revenue amounts (in thousands) reported for products shipped to customers in the corresponding geographic region:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
Geographical region:
Europe (primarily Germany)	$	6,214	$	4,375
Taiwan		5,177		3,008
China		4,724		7,111
North America (primarily the United States)		1,918		2,738
Asia Pacific (excluding China, Taiwan and Japan)		1,356		1,184
Japan		1,334		1,792
Total	$	20,723	$	20,208

Long-lived assets by geographic region

Long-lived assets consist primarily of property, plant and equipment and operating lease right-of-use assets, and are attributed to the geographic location in which they are located. Long-lived assets, net of depreciation, by geographic region were as follows (in thousands):

	As of
	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Long-lived assets by geographic region, net of depreciation:
North America	$	920	$	1,069
China		99,380		99,272
	$	100,300	$	100,341

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Commitments and Contingencies

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments and Contingencies

Note 12. Commitments and Contingencies

Indemnification Agreements

We have entered into indemnification agreements with our directors and officers that require us to indemnify our directors and officers against liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors or officers, other than liabilities arising from willful misconduct of a culpable nature; to advance their expenses incurred as a result of any proceeding against them as to which they could be indemnified; and to obtain directors’ and officers’ insurance if available on reasonable terms, which we currently have in place.

Product Warranty

We provide warranties for our products for a specific period of time, generally twelve months, against material defects. We provide for the estimated future costs of warranty obligations in cost of sales when the related revenue is recognized. The accrued warranty costs represent the best estimate at the time of sale of the total costs that we expect to incur to repair or replace product parts that fail while still under warranty. The amount of accrued estimated warranty costs are primarily based on historical experience as to product failures as well as current information on repair costs. On a quarterly basis, we review the accrued balances and update the historical warranty cost trends. The following table reflects the change in our warranty accrual which is included in “Accrued liabilities” on the condensed consolidated balance sheets, during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
Beginning accrued product warranty	$	387	$	236
Accruals for warranties issued		61		127
Adjustments related to pre-existing warranties including expirations and changes in estimates		(30)		93
Cost of warranty repair		(56)		(131)
Ending accrued product warranty	$	362	$	325

Contractual Obligations

In 2020, we and a competitor entered into a cross license and covenant agreement (the “Cross License Agreement”), which has a term that begins on January 1, 2020 and expires on December 31, 2029.  The Cross License Agreement is a fixed-cost cross license and not a variable-cost cross license that is based on revenue or units. Under the Cross License Agreement, we are obligated to make annual payments over a 10-year period.

Land Purchase and Investment Agreement

We have established a wafer processing production line in Dingxing, China.  In addition to a land rights and building purchase agreement that we entered into with a private real estate development company to acquire our new manufacturing facility, we also entered into a cooperation agreement with the Dingxing local government.  In addition to pledging its full support and cooperation, the Dingxing local government will issue certain tax credits to us as we achieve certain milestones.  We, in turn, agreed to hire local workers over time, pay taxes when due and eventually demonstrate a total investment of approximately $90 million in value, assets and capital.  The investment will include cash paid for the land and buildings, cash on deposit in our name at local banks, the gross value of new and used equipment (including future equipment that might be used for indium phosphide and germanium substrates production), the deemed value for our customer list or the end user of our substrates (for example, the end users of the 3-D sensing VCSELs), a deemed value for employment of local citizens, a deemed value for our proprietary process technology, other intellectual property, other intangibles and additional items of value.  There is no timeline or deadline by which this must be accomplished, rather it is a good faith covenant entered into between AXT and the Dingxing local government.  Further, there is no specific penalty contemplated if either party breaches the agreement. However, the agreement does state that each party has a right to seek from the other party compensation for losses.  Under certain conditions, the Dingxing local government may purchase the land and building at the appraised value. We believe that such cooperation agreements are normal, customary and usual in China and that the future valuation is flexible. We have a similar agreement with the city of Kazuo, China, although on a smaller scale. The total investment targeted by AXT in Kazuo is approximately $15 million in value, assets and capital. In addition, BoYu has a similar agreement with the city of Kazuo. The total investment targeted by BoYu in Kazuo is approximately $8 million in value, assets and capital.

Purchase Obligations with Penalties for Cancellation

In the normal course of business, we issue purchase orders to various suppliers. In certain cases, we may incur a penalty if we cancel the purchase order. As of March 31, 2020, we do not have any outstanding purchase orders that will incur a penalty if cancelled by the Company.

Legal Proceedings

From time to time we may be involved in judicial or administrative proceedings concerning matters arising in the ordinary course of business. We do not expect that any of these matters, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows or results of operations.

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Property, Plant and Equipment, Net

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Property, Plant and Equipment, Net

Property, Plant and Equipment, Net

Note 4. Property, Plant and Equipment, Net

The components of our property, plant and equipment are summarized below (in thousands):

	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Property, plant and equipment:
Machinery and equipment, at cost	$	44,797	$	45,742
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization		(36,740)		(37,115)
Building, at cost		38,171		38,837
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization		(12,846)		(12,736)
Leasehold improvements, at cost		4,849		4,877
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization		(4,041)		(4,035)
Construction in progress		63,300		61,833
	$	97,490	$	97,403

As of March 31, 2020, the balance of construction in progress was $63.3 million, of which $50.2 million was related to our buildings in our new Dingxing and Kazuo locations, $3.6 million was for manufacturing equipment purchases not yet placed in service and $9.5 million was for our construction in progress for our other consolidated subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2019, the balance of construction in progress was $61.8 million, of which $48.8 million was for our buildings in our new Dingxing and Kazuo locations, $3.4 million was for manufacturing equipment purchases not yet placed in service and $9.6 million was for our construction in progress at our other consolidated subsidiaries. 

We reviewed our estimates of the useful lives of our property, plant and equipment. As a result of the review, we determined a portion of our manufacturing equipment was lasting longer than the estimate previously established for the respective useful lives. Where appropriate, we extended the useful life of the manufacturing equipment in our accounting records. In addition, the useful life of our buildings located in China was extended to better align with industry standards. The changes in our estimate of the useful life, effective January 1, 2020, were made in order to remain consistent with US GAAP regarding management estimates. The effect of the change in the useful lives decreased our manufacturing costs by approximately $0.3 million and decreased our basic and diluted net loss per share by approximately $0.01 for the quarter ended March 31, 2020 as a result of lower depreciation expense.

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Stockholders' Equity

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Stockholders’ Equity

Stockholders’ Equity

Note 8. Stockholders’ Equity

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity

(in thousands)

The changes in stockholders’ equity by component for the three months ended March 31, 2020 are as follows:

									Accumulated
									Other		AXT, Inc.				Total
	Preferred		Common		Additional		Accumulated		Comprehensive		Stockholders’		Noncontrolling		Stockholders’
	Stock		Stock		Paid-In Capital		Deficit		Income (Loss)		Equity		Interests		Equity
Balance as of December 31, 2019	$	3,532	$	41	$	236,957	$	(47,783)	$	(4,862)	$	187,885	$	4,877	$	192,762
Common stock options exercised		—		—		441		—		—		441		—		441
Stock-based compensation		—		—		643		—		—		643		—		643
Net income (loss)		—		—		—		(178)		—		(178)		395		217
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—		—		(1,775)		(1,775)		(98)		(1,873)
Balance as of March 31, 2020	$	3,532	$	41	$	238,041	$	(47,961)	$	(6,637)	$	187,016	$	5,174	$	192,190

The changes in stockholders’ equity by component for the three months ended March 31, 2019 are as follows:

									Accumulated
									Other		AXT, Inc.				Total
	Preferred		Common		Additional		Accumulated		Comprehensive		Stockholders’		Noncontrolling		Stockholders’
	Stock		Stock		Paid-In Capital		Deficit		Income (Loss)		Equity		Interests		Equity
Balance as of December 31, 2018	$	3,532	$	40	$	234,418	$	(45,183)	$	(1,972)	$	190,835	$	3,697	$	194,532
Reclassification out of accumulated other comprehensive income and noncontrolling interests upon the deconsolidation of a subsidiary		—		—		—		—		(1,150)		(1,150)		533		(617)
Stock-based compensation		—		—		558		—		—		558		—		558
Net income (loss)		—		—		—		(1,104)		—		(1,104)		81		(1,023)
Other comprehensive income		—		—		—		—		2,389		2,389		142		2,531
Balance as of March 31, 2019	$	3,532	$	40	$	234,976	$	(46,287)	$	(733)	$	191,528	$	4,453	$	195,981

Except as shown above related to the deconsolidation of a subsidiary, there were no reclassification adjustments from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019.

Stock Repurchase Program

On October 27, 2014, our Board of Directors approved a stock repurchase program pursuant to which we may repurchase up to $5.0 million of our outstanding common stock.  These repurchases can be made from time to time in the open market and are funded from our existing cash balances and cash generated from operations. During 2015, we repurchased approximately 908,000 shares at an average price of $2.52 per share for a total purchase price of approximately $2.3 million under the stock repurchase program.   No shares were repurchased from 2016 through 2019. During the three months ended March 31, 2020, we did not repurchase any shares under the approved stock repurchase program. As of March 31, 2020, approximately $2.7 million remained available for future repurchases under this program. Currently, we do not plan to repurchase additional shares.

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Income Taxes

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

Note 14. Income Taxes

We account for income taxes in accordance with ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”), which requires that deferred tax assets and liabilities be recognized using enacted tax rates for the effect of temporary differences between the book and tax bases of recorded assets and liabilities. ASC 740 also requires that deferred tax assets be reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that a portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. Our deferred tax assets have been reduced to zero by a valuation allowance.

We provide for income taxes based upon the geographic composition of worldwide earnings and tax regulations governing each region, particularly China. The calculation of tax liabilities involves significant judgment in estimating the impact of uncertainties in the application of complex tax laws, particularly in foreign countries such as China.

We recognize interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. Income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2020 includes no interest and penalties. As of March 31, 2020, we have no accrued interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions. We file income tax returns in the U.S. federal, various states and foreign jurisdictions. Currently, there is no tax audit in any of the jurisdictions and we do not expect there will be any significant change to this. 

Provision for income taxes for the three months ended March 31, 2020 was mostly related to our wholly owned China subsidiaries and our one partially owned subsidiary in China. Besides the state tax liabilities, no income taxes or benefits have been provided for U.S. operations for the three months ended March 31, 2020 due to the loss in the U.S. and the uncertainty of generating future profit in the U.S., which has resulted in our deferred tax assets being fully reserved.

On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”) was passed into law. The CARES Act includes several significant business tax provisions including modification to the taxable income limitation for utilization of net operating losses (“NOLs”) incurred in 2018, 2019 and 2020 and the ability to carry back NOLs from those years for a period of up to five years, an increase to the limitation on deductibility of certain business interest expense, bonus depreciation for purchases of qualified improvement property and special deductions on certain corporate charitable contributions.  The Company analyzed the provisions of the CARES Act and determined there was no effect on its provision for the current period and will continue to evaluate the impact, if any, the CARES Act may have on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

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Recent Accounting Pronouncements

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Note 18. Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”) was issued in June 2016. Under ASU 2016-13, existing guidance on reporting credit losses for trade and other receivables and available for sale debt securities have been replaced with a new forward-looking “expected loss” model that has resulted in the earlier recognition of allowances for losses. Our adoption of ASU 2016-13 and its subsequent series of amendments during the quarter ended March 31, 2020 using the modified retrospective transition approach did not result in a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements. As part of our assessment of the adequacy of our allowances for credit losses, we consider a number of factors including, but not limited to, customer credit ratings, bankruptcy filings, published or estimated credit default rates, age of receivables, adequacy of our allowance for doubtful accounts and expected loss rates.

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Accrued Liabilities (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Accrued Liabilities

Schedule of components of accrued liabilities

The components of accrued liabilities are summarized below (in thousands):

	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Preferred stock dividends payable	$	2,901	$	2,901
Accrued compensation and related charges		2,552		3,307
Payable in connection with land restoration of Nanjing JinMei factory		691		703
Payable in connection with construction		604		1,447
Advance from customers		429		396
Current portion of operating lease liabilities		363		319
Accrued product warranty		362		387
Accrued professional services		324		630
Current portion of royalty payments		300		—
Accrued income taxes		238		171
Other tax payable		162		50
Payable in connection with repurchase of subsidiaries shares		151		151
Other personnel-related costs		56		180
Accrual for sales returns		13		26
Other accrued liabilities		1,225		1,013
	$	10,371	$	11,681

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Stock-Based Compensation - Stock-Based Compensation (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Allocation of Recognized Period Costs [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation	$ 643	$ 558
Net effect on net income (loss)	643	558
Cost of Revenue [Member]
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Allocation of Recognized Period Costs [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation	28	31
Selling, General and Administrative [Member]
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Allocation of Recognized Period Costs [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation	492	437
Research and Development [Member]
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Allocation of Recognized Period Costs [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation	$ 123	$ 90

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Investments in Privately-Held Raw Material Companies (Details)			1 Months Ended		3 Months Ended
	Jun. 15, 2018 USD ($) installment	Nov. 02, 2017 USD ($)	May 31, 2019 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($) employee entity	Mar. 31, 2020 USD ($) employee entity	Mar. 31, 2019 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019 USD ($)	Jun. 01, 2019 USD ($)	Apr. 30, 2019	Mar. 11, 2019	Mar. 10, 2019	Aug. 31, 2018	Jun. 14, 2018	Nov. 01, 2017
Summary of investments
Investments, equity method					$ 5,769,000		$ 5,961,000
Proceeds from sale of previously consolidated subsidiary shares					366,000	$ 366,000
Gain on deconsolidation						175,000
Additional percentage of ownership, consolidated method				2
Noncontrolling interests					5,174,000		4,877,000
Remainder portion of payment					151,000		151,000
Number of persons on board | employee				1
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests					395,000	81,000
Impairment charge					$ 0	1,100,000
Impaired entities | entity					1
Joint Ventures
Summary of investments
Number of consolidated joint ventures | entity				3
Income from consolidated joint ventures					$ 1,100,000	700,000
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests					395,000	81,000
Net income (loss) from joint ventures attributable to parent					700,000	$ 600,000
Other assets
Summary of investments
Investments, equity method					$ 5,800,000		6,000,000
Xilingol Tongli Germanium Co. Ltd Investment
Summary of investments
Direct minority investments not consolidated | entity					1
Donghai County Dongfang High Purity Electronic Materials Co., Ltd Investment | Donghai County Dongfang High Purity Electronic Materials Co., Ltd Investment
Summary of investments
Investments, equity method					$ 1,327,000		1,326,000
Percentage of ownership, equity method (in hundredths)					46.00%
Beijing JiYa Semiconductor Material Co., Ltd Investment | Beijing JiYa Semiconductor Material Co., Ltd Investment
Summary of investments
Investments, equity method					$ 1,446,000		1,621,000
Percentage of ownership, equity method (in hundredths)					39.00%
Xilingol Tongli Germanium Co. Ltd Investment | Xilingol Tongli Germanium Co. Ltd Investment
Summary of investments
Investments, equity method					$ 0
Percentage of ownership, equity method (in hundredths)					25.00%
Xiaoyi XingAn Gallium Co., Ltd. | Xiaoyi XingAn Gallium Co., Ltd.
Summary of investments
Investments, consolidated method					$ 2,401,000		2,367,000
Percentage of ownership, equity method (in hundredths)					25.00%
Emeishan Jia Mei High Purity Metals Co., Ltd Investment | Emeishan Jia Mei High Purity Metals Co., Ltd Investment
Summary of investments
Investments, equity method					$ 595,000		647,000
Percentage of ownership, equity method (in hundredths)					25.00%
Beijing JiYa Semiconductor Material Co., Ltd Investment
Summary of investments
Percentage of ownership, consolidated method (in hundredths)										39.00%	46.00%
Beijing JiYa Semiconductor Material Co., Ltd Investment | Beijing JiYa Semiconductor Material Co., Ltd Investment
Summary of investments
Percentage of ownership, consolidated method (in hundredths)										39.00%	46.00%
Nanjing JinMei Gallium Co., Ltd Investment
Summary of investments
Percentage of ownership, consolidated method (in hundredths)			100.00%						97.00%
Nanjing JinMei Gallium Co., Ltd
Summary of investments
Number of new board representatives | employee					2
Beijing Boyu Semiconductor Vessel Craftwork Technology Co Ltd
Summary of investments
Number of persons on board | employee					2
Majority-Owned Subsidiaries
Summary of investments
Investments, consolidated method					$ 1,938,000		1,938,000
Nanjing JinMei Gallium Co., Ltd Investment
Summary of investments
Investments, consolidated method					$ 592,000		592,000
Additional percentage of ownership, consolidated method	12		3
Purchase of subsidiary shares from noncontrolling interest	$ 1,400,000		$ 413,000	$ 252,000
Number of installments | installment	2
Payment of first installment	$ 163,000		262,000
Payment of second installment			1,200,000
Noncontrolling interests								$ 0
Remainder portion of payment			$ 151,000
Nanjing JinMei Gallium Co., Ltd Investment | Nanjing JinMei Gallium Co., Ltd Investment
Summary of investments
Percentage of ownership, consolidated method (in hundredths)					100.00%							95.00%	83.00%
Beijing JiYa Semiconductor Material Co., Ltd Investment | Beijing JiYa Semiconductor Material Co., Ltd Investment
Summary of investments
Percentage of ownership, consolidated method (in hundredths)					46.00%
Beijing BoYu Semiconductor Vessel Craftwork Technology Co., Ltd Investment
Summary of investments
Investments, consolidated method					$ 1,346,000		$ 1,346,000
Gain (loss) from equity transaction		$ 0
Beijing BoYu Semiconductor Vessel Craftwork Technology Co., Ltd Investment | 3rd party investor
Summary of investments
Percentage ownership from issuance of shares		10.00%
Raised additional capital		$ 2,000,000
Beijing BoYu Semiconductor Vessel Craftwork Technology Co., Ltd Investment | Beijing BoYu Semiconductor Vessel Craftwork Technology Co., Ltd Investment
Summary of investments
Percentage of ownership, consolidated method (in hundredths)					63.00%									70.00%

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Inventories (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Inventories
Raw materials	$ 20,974	$ 20,677
Work in process	24,874	24,946
Finished goods	2,405	3,529
Inventories, Total	48,253	49,152
Inventory reserve	16,600	16,400
Excess and obsolete inventory	$ 97	$ 91

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Bank Loans and Line of Credit (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands				1 Months Ended		3 Months Ended
	Sep. 12, 2019	Aug. 09, 2019	Nov. 06, 2018	Mar. 31, 2020	Feb. 29, 2020	Mar. 31, 2020	Feb. 05, 2020	Feb. 04, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Proceeds from lines of credit						$ 391
Bank loan				$ 6,071		6,071			$ 5,747
Bank Of China | Secured Debt | Lines OF Credit, Current
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Letters of credit outstanding				$ 5,600		$ 5,600
Bank Of China | Secured Debt | Beijing Tongmei Xtal Technology
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity		$ 5,800
Annual interest rate at end				4.70%		4.70%
Proceeds from credit facility	$ 2,800	$ 2,800
Bank Of China | Secured Debt | Beijing Tongmei Xtal Technology | Prime Rate
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Variable rate spread (as a percent)		0.40%
ICBC | Secured Debt | Lines OF Credit, Current
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Letters of credit outstanding				$ 400		$ 400
ICBC | Secured Debt | Beijing BoYu Semiconductor Vessel Craftwork Technology Co., Ltd Investment
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity					$ 1,400
Annual interest rate at end				4.30%		4.30%
Proceeds from lines of credit				$ 400
ICBC | Secured Debt | Beijing BoYu Semiconductor Vessel Craftwork Technology Co., Ltd Investment | Prime Rate
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Variable rate spread (as a percent)					0.15%
Wells Fargo Bank | Secured Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity			$ 10,000				$ 7,000	$ 10,000
Letters of credit outstanding				$ 0		$ 0
Wells Fargo Bank | Secured Debt | LIBOR
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Variable rate spread (as a percent)			2.00%			2.50%
Wells Fargo Bank | Letter of credit
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity			$ 1,000

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Leases - Components of Lease Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019
Lease expense
Operating lease	$ 128	$ 61
Short-term lease expense	13	14
Total	$ 141	$ 75

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Stock-Based Compensation - Options (Details) - Options - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2019
Number of Options Outstanding [Roll Forward]
Options outstanding, beginning of period (in shares)	2,953,000
Granted (in shares)	0	0
Exercised (in shares)	(190,000)
Options outstanding, end of period (in shares)	2,763,000		2,953,000
Options vested and unvested options expected to vest, net of forfeitures, end of period (in shares)	2,728,000
Options exercisable, end of period (in shares)	2,031,000
Weighted-average Exercise Price [Roll Forward]
Options outstanding, beginning of period (in dollars per share)	$ 4.00
Exercised (in dollars per share)	2.32
Options outstanding, end of period (in dollars per share)	4.12		$ 4.00
Options vested and unvested options expected to vest, net of forfeitures (in dollars per share)	4.12
Options exercisable, end of period (in dollars per share)	$ 4.01
Weighted average Remaining Contractual Life [Abstract]
Options outstanding	5 years 9 months 26 days		5 years 11 months 12 days
Options vested and unvested options expected to vest, net of forfeitures, end of period	5 years 9 months 11 days
Option exercisable, end of period	4 years 8 months 19 days
Aggregate Intrinsic Value [Abstract]
Options outstanding, beginning of period	$ 3,040
Exercised	0
Options outstanding, end of period	954		$ 3,040
Options vested and expected to vest, end of period	950
Options exercisable, end of period	$ 890
Closing price (in dollars per share)	$ 3.21

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Segment Information and Foreign Operations - Segment and Geographical Information (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020 USD ($) segment	Mar. 31, 2019 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019 USD ($)
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Number of operating segments | segment	1
Net revenues reported for products shipped to customers in corresponding geographic region [Abstract]
Revenue	$ 20,723	$ 20,208
Long-lived assets by geographic region, net of depreciation:
Long-lived assets	100,300		$ 100,341
Reportable Geographical Components | Europe (primarily Germany)
Net revenues reported for products shipped to customers in corresponding geographic region [Abstract]
Revenue	6,214	4,375
Reportable Geographical Components | Taiwan
Net revenues reported for products shipped to customers in corresponding geographic region [Abstract]
Revenue	5,177	3,008
Reportable Geographical Components | China
Net revenues reported for products shipped to customers in corresponding geographic region [Abstract]
Revenue	4,724	7,111
Long-lived assets by geographic region, net of depreciation:
Long-lived assets	99,380		99,272
Reportable Geographical Components | North America (primarily the United States)
Net revenues reported for products shipped to customers in corresponding geographic region [Abstract]
Revenue	1,918	2,738
Long-lived assets by geographic region, net of depreciation:
Long-lived assets	920		$ 1,069
Reportable Geographical Components | Asia Pacific (excluding China, Taiwan, and Japan)
Net revenues reported for products shipped to customers in corresponding geographic region [Abstract]
Revenue	1,356	1,184
Reportable Geographical Components | Japan
Net revenues reported for products shipped to customers in corresponding geographic region [Abstract]
Revenue	$ 1,334	$ 1,792

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Income Taxes - (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020 USD ($) subsidiary
Income Taxes
Deferred tax assets	$ 0
Unrecognized tax benefit interest and penalties expense	0
Unrecognized tax benefits accrued interest and penalties	$ 0
Number of partially owned subsidiaries | subsidiary	1
Federal income tax benefit or expense	$ 0

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Inventories

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Inventories

Inventories

Note 3. Inventories

The components of inventories are summarized below (in thousands):

	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Inventories:
Raw materials	$	20,974	$	20,677
Work in process		24,874		24,946
Finished goods		2,405		3,529
	$	48,253	$	49,152

As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, carrying values of inventories were net of inventory reserves of $16.6 million and $16.4 million, respectively, for excess and obsolete inventory and $97,000 and $91,000, respectively, for lower of cost or net realizable value reserves.

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Document and Entity Information - shares	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	May 01, 2020
Document And Entity Information
Document Type	10-Q
Document Period End Date	Mar. 31, 2020
Entity Registrant Name	AXT INC
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		40,845,912
Entity Central Index Key	0001051627
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2020
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q1
Amendment Flag	false

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
Net income (loss)	$ 217	$ (1,023)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Change in foreign currency translation gain (loss), net of tax	(1,874)	2,474
Change in unrealized gain on available-for-sale debt investments, net of tax	1	57
Reclassification adjustment for gains included in net loss upon deconsolidation of a subsidiary		(617)
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	(1,873)	1,914
Comprehensive income (loss)	(1,656)	891
Less: Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests	(297)	(756)
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to AXT, Inc.	$ (1,953)	$ 135

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Related Party Transactions

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Related Party Transactions

Related Party Transactions

Note 6. Related Party Transactions

Effective as of March 11, 2019, we reduced our ownership in JiYa from 46% to 39% by selling a portion of our JiYa shares to our investor partner, which is also JiYa’s landlord. Based on an independent third party valuation analysis, we sold these shares for $366,000.  Previously, we were the largest shareholder of JiYa and as such, we had the right to appoint the general manager of JiYa and the ability to exercise control in substance over JiYa’s long-term strategic direction.  Further, our Chief Executive Officer was the chairman of JiYa’s board of directors and our Chief Financial Officer was a member of JiYa’s board of financial supervisors.  As a result of this transaction, our investor partner, Shanxi Aluminum Industrial Co., Ltd. became the largest shareholder of JiYa and assumed the right to appoint the general manager of JiYa and thereby exercised greater control over JiYa’s long-term strategic direction.  Further, although our Chief Executive Officer remains on the board, as of March 11, 2019, he was no longer chairman of JiYa’s board of directors and our Chief Financial Officer was no longer on JiYa’s board of financial supervisors. 

Previously, we accounted for JiYa’s financial performance under the consolidation method of accounting.  As a result of the changes, we began to account for JiYa’s financial performance under the equity method of accounting.  Therefore, we deconsolidated JiYa from our consolidated financial statements as of March 11, 2019 in accordance with ASC 810. As of March 12, 2019, we accounted for our investment in JiYa under the equity method of accounting as we continue to have board representation and substantial ownership.  Pro-forma financials have not been presented because we believe the effects were not material to our condensed consolidated financial position and results of operation for all periods presented. JiYa continues to be a related party to us after deconsolidation, from whom we may purchase raw materials for production in the ordinary course of business from time to time.

Beginning in 2012, our wholly-owned subsidiary, JinMei, became contractually obligated under an agency sales agreement to sell raw material on behalf of its equity investment entity. JinMei bills the customers and remits the receipts, net of its portions of sales commission, to this equity investment entity. For the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, JinMei has recorded $0 and $0 income from agency sales, respectively, which were included in “Other income (expense), net” in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

In March 2012, Tongmei, entered into an operating lease for the land it owns with our consolidated joint venture, BoYu. The lease agreement for the land of approximately 22,081 square feet commenced on January 1, 2012 for a term of 10 years with annual lease payments of $24,000, subject to a 5% increase at each third year anniversary. The annual lease payment is due by January 31st of each year.

Tongmei ChaoYang purchases raw materials from one of our equity investment entities, Donghai County Dongfang High Purity Electronic Materials Co., Ltd., for production in the ordinary course of business. As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, amounts payable of $0 and $0, respectively, were included in “Accounts payable” in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Tongmei ChaoYang also purchases raw materials from one of our equity investment entities, Emei Shan Jiamei Materials Co., Ltd. (“JiaMei”), for production in the ordinary course of business. As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, amounts payable of $0 and $0, respectively, were included in “Accounts payable” in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Tongmei and Tongmei ChaoYang also purchase raw materials from one of our equity investment entities, Xilingol Tongli Germanium Refine Co., Ltd. (“Tongli”), for production in the ordinary course of business. As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, amounts payable of $0 and $0, respectively, were included in “Accounts payable” in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

In July 2017, Tongmei, provided an inter-company loan to JinMei in the amount of $768,000 in preparation for the acquisition of the land use rights and the construction of a new building. The inter-company loan carries an interest rate of 4.9% per annum. The principle is due in three installments between December 2021 and December 2023 while the interest is due in December of each year.  As of March 31, 2020, JinMei repaid principal and interest totaling $481,000 to Tongmei. As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the remaining balance of principal and interest totaled $283,000 and $285,000, respectively. JinMei is in the process of relocating its headquarters and manufacturing operations to the city of Kazuo, located in the province of Liaoning near the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, near our own location.

In April 2016, our consolidated joint venture, BoYu, provided a personal loan of $177,000 to one of its executive employees. This loan is secured by the officer’s shares in BoYu. The loan bears interest at 2.75% per annum. During the three months ended June 30, 2017, the repayment of the principal and interest totaling $180,000 was received by our consolidated joint venture. In November 2017, BoYu provided another personal loan of $291,000 to the same executive employee. This loan bears interest at 2.75% per annum. Principal and accrued interest are due on November 30, 2020. In May 2019, BoYu provided another personal loan of $146,000 to the same executive employee. This loan bears interest at 2.75% per annum. Principal and accrued interest are due at such time BoYu pays a dividend to its shareholders. In March 2020, BoYu provided another personal loan of $141,000 to the same executive employee. This loan bears interest at 2.75% per annum. Principal and accrued interest are due on December 31, 2024. As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the balances, including both principal and accrued interest, were $586,000 and $449,000, respectively, and included in “Other assets” in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

On November 2, 2017, our consolidated joint venture, BoYu, raised additional capital in the amount of $2 million in cash from a third-party investor through the issuance of shares equivalent to 10% ownership of BoYu. This third-party investor is an immediate family member of the owner of one of BoYu's customers. For the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, BoYu has recorded $254,000 and $38,000, respectively, in revenue from this customer. As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, amounts receivable of $235,000 and $12,000, respectively, were included in “Accounts receivable” in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Our Related Party Transactions Policy seeks to prohibit all conflicts of interest in transactions between related parties and us, unless they have been approved by our Board of Directors. This policy applies to all of our employees, directors, and our consolidated subsidiaries. Our executive officers retain board seats on the board of directors of the companies in which we have invested in our China joint ventures. See Note 7 for further details.

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Net Income (Loss) Per Share

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Net Income (Loss) Per Share

Net Income (Loss) Per Share

Note 10. Net Income (Loss) Per Share

Basic net income (loss) per share is computed using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the periods less shares of common stock subject to repurchase and non-vested stock awards. Diluted net income (loss) per share is computed using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding and potentially dilutive common shares outstanding during the periods. The dilutive effect of outstanding stock options and restricted stock awards is reflected in diluted earnings per share by application of the treasury stock method. Potentially dilutive common shares consist of common shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options and vesting of restricted stock awards. Potentially dilutive common shares are excluded from the computation of weighted-average number of common shares outstanding in net loss years, as their effect would be anti-dilutive to the computation.

A reconciliation of the numerators and denominators of the basic and diluted net loss per share calculations is as follows (in thousands, except per share data):

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
Numerator:
Net loss attributable to AXT, Inc.	$	(178)	$	(1,104)
Less: Preferred stock dividends		(44)		(44)
Net loss available to common stockholders	$	(222)	$	(1,148)
Denominator:
Denominator for basic net loss per share - weighted-average common shares		39,812		39,352
Effect of dilutive securities:
Common stock options		—		—
Restricted stock awards		—		—
Denominator for dilutive net loss per common shares		39,812		39,352
Net loss attributable to AXT, Inc. per common share:
Basic	$	(0.01)	$	(0.03)
Diluted	$	(0.01)	$	(0.03)
Options excluded from diluted net loss per share as the impact is anti-dilutive		2,763		2,654
Restricted stock excluded from diluted net loss per share as the impact is anti-dilutive		941		644

The 883,000 shares of $0.001 par value Series A preferred stock issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, valued at $3,532,000, are non-voting and non-convertible preferred stock with a 5.0% cumulative annual dividend rate payable when declared by the board of directors and a $4 per share liquidation preference over common stock, which must be paid before any distribution is made to common stockholders. These preferred shares were issued to Lyte Optronics, Inc. stockholders in connection with the completion of our acquisition of Lyte Optronics, Inc. on May 28, 1999.

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Investments and Fair Value Measurements - Investment Category and Length (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020 USD ($) company	Mar. 31, 2019 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019 USD ($) company
Summary of fair value and gross unrealized losses related to available-for-sale securities [Abstract]
Fair value, in loss position less than twelve months	$ 5,763		$ 4,515
Gross unrealized loss, in loss position less than twelve months	(6)		(9)
Fair value, total in loss position	5,763		4,515
Gross unrealized loss, total in loss position	(6)		(9)
Minority Investments
Investments, equity method	$ 5,769		$ 5,961
Number of equity method investments | company	5		5
Impairment charge	$ 0	$ 1,100
Xilingol Tongli Germanium Co. Ltd Investment | Xilingol Tongli Germanium Co. Ltd Investment
Minority Investments
Investments, equity method	$ 0
Ownership (as a percent)	25.00%
Corporate Bonds [Member]
Summary of fair value and gross unrealized losses related to available-for-sale securities [Abstract]
Fair value, in loss position less than twelve months	$ 5,763		$ 4,515
Gross unrealized loss, in loss position less than twelve months	(6)		(9)
Fair value, total in loss position	5,763		4,515
Gross unrealized loss, total in loss position	(6)		(9)
Other assets
Minority Investments
Investments, equity method	$ 5,800		$ 6,000

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Revenue (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Revenue

Schedule of amounts recorded in accrued liabilities

	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Contract liabilities	$	(429)	$	(396)
During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company recognized $0.2 million of revenue that was included in the contract balances as of December 31, 2019.

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Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Stock-Based Compensation

Summary of compensation costs related to stock-based awards

The following table summarizes compensation costs related to our stock-based awards (in thousands, except per share data):

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
Cost of revenue	$	28	$	31
Selling, general and administrative		492		437
Research and development		123		90
Total stock-based compensation		643		558
Tax effect on stock-based compensation		—		—
Net effect on net income (loss)	$	643	$	558

Summary of stock option activity

The following table summarizes the stock option transactions during the three months ended March 31, 2020 (in thousands, except per share data):

				Weighted
				average
		Weighted-		Remaining
	Number of	average		Contractual	Aggregate
	Options	Exercise		Life	Intrinsic
Stock Options	Outstanding	Price		(in years)	Value
Balance as of January 1, 2020	2,953	$	4.00	5.95	$	3,040
Granted	—		—	0		0
Exercised	(190)		2.32	0		0
Canceled and expired	—		—	0		0
Balance as of March 31, 2020	2,763	$	4.12	5.82	$	954
Options vested as of March 31, 2020 and unvested options expected to vest, net of forfeitures	2,728	$	4.12	5.78	$	950
Options exercisable as of March 31, 2020	2,031	$	4.01	4.72	$	890

Summary of restricted stock awards activity

A summary of activity related to restricted stock awards for the three months ended March 31, 2020 is presented below (in thousands, except per share data):

		Weighted-Average
		Grant Date
Stock Awards	Shares	Share Value
Non-vested as of January 1, 2020	939	$	5.02
Granted	10	$	4.00
Vested	(3)	$	4.32
Forfeited	(5)	$	5.98
Non-vested as of March 31, 2020	941	$	5.01

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Revenue - Revenue Recognition (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020
Maximum
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Sales commissions benefit period	1 year

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Stock-Based Compensation - RSU (Details) $ / shares in Units, shares in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020 USD ($) $ / shares shares
Restricted Stock Awards
Shares [Roll Forward]
Non-vested, beginning of period (in shares) | shares	939
Granted (in shares) | shares	10
Vested (in shares) | shares	(3)
Forfeited (in shares) | shares	(5)
Non-vested, end of period (in shares) | shares	941
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value [Roll Forward]
Non-vested, beginning of period (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 5.02
Granted (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	4.00
Vested (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	4.32
Forfeited (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	5.98
Non-vested, end of period (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 5.01
Unrecognized compensation expense related to restricted stock awards | $	$ 3,800,000
Weighted average remaining contractual terms	1 year 4 months 24 days
Options
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Compensation costs related to unvested stock options not yet recognized | $	$ 1,300,000
Value of estimated forfeitures | $	$ 106,000
Weighted-average period of amortization	2 years 9 months 18 days

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Segment Information and Foreign Operations - Concentration of Credit Risk (Details) - customer	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2019
Revenues
Revenue, Major Customer [Line Items]
Number of customers representing significant share	2
Accounts Receivable
Revenue, Major Customer [Line Items]
Number of customers representing significant share	3		3
Landmark | Revenues
Revenue, Major Customer [Line Items]
Percentage share generated by major customers	17.00%	11.00%
Haisi Optoelectronics | Revenues
Revenue, Major Customer [Line Items]
Percentage share generated by major customers		12.00%
Osram Opto [Member] | Revenues
Revenue, Major Customer [Line Items]
Percentage share generated by major customers	15.00%
Major Customer One | Accounts Receivable
Revenue, Major Customer [Line Items]
Percentage share generated by major customers	20.00%		14.00%
Major Customer Two | Accounts Receivable
Revenue, Major Customer [Line Items]
Percentage share generated by major customers	13.00%		13.00%
Major Customer Three | Accounts Receivable
Revenue, Major Customer [Line Items]
Percentage share generated by major customers	12.00%		12.00%
Top Five Major Customers | Revenues
Revenue, Major Customer [Line Items]
Number of customers representing significant share	5	5
Percentage share generated by major customers	49.00%	40.00%

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
Revenue	$ 20,723	$ 20,208
Cost of revenue	15,201	13,513
Gross profit	5,522	6,695
Operating expenses:
Selling, general and administrative	4,749	4,723
Research and development	1,407	1,346
Total operating expenses	6,156	6,069
Income (loss) from operations	(634)	626
Interest income (expense), net	(29)	95
Equity in loss of unconsolidated joint ventures	(120)	(1,454)
Other income (expense), net	1,366	(134)
Income (loss) before provision for income taxes	583	(867)
Provision for income taxes	366	156
Net income (loss)	217	(1,023)
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	(395)	(81)
Net loss attributable to AXT, Inc.	$ (178)	$ (1,104)
Net loss attributable to AXT, Inc. per common share:
Basic and diluted	$ (0.01)	$ (0.03)
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding:
Basic and diluted	39,812	39,352

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Investments and Fair Value Measurements

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Investments and Fair Value Measurements

Investments and Fair Value Measurements

Note 2. Investments and Fair Value Measurements

Our cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and instruments with original maturities of less than three months. Our investments consist of instruments with original maturities of more than three months. As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, our cash, cash equivalents and debt investments are classified as follows (in thousands):

	March 31, 2020								December 31, 2019
			Gross		Gross						Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair		Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair
	Cost		Gain		(Loss)		Value		Cost		Gain		(Loss)		Value
Classified as:
Cash	$	20,061	$	—	$	—	$	20,061	$	26,892	$	—	$	—	$	26,892
Cash equivalents:
Certificates of deposit 1		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total cash and cash equivalents		20,061		—		—		20,061		26,892		—		—		26,892
Investments (available-for-sale):
Certificates of deposit 2		1,680		2		—		1,682		2,400		2		—		2,402
Corporate bonds		7,019		2		(6)		7,015		7,030		4		(9)		7,025
Total investments		8,699		4		(6)		8,697		9,430		6		(9)		9,427
Total cash, cash equivalents and investments	$	28,760	$	4	$	(6)	$	28,758	$	36,322	$	6	$	(9)	$	36,319
Contractual maturities on investments:
Due within 1 year 3	$	8,699					$	8,697	$	9,430					$	9,427
Due after 1 through 5 years 4		—						—		—						—
	$	8,699					$	8,697	$	9,430					$	9,427

1. Certificates of deposit with original maturities of less than three months.

2. Certificates of deposit with original maturities of more than three months.

3. Classified as “Short-term investments” in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

4. Classified as “Long-term investments” in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

We manage our debt investments as a single portfolio of highly marketable securities that is intended to be available to meet our current cash requirements. Certificates of deposit and corporate bonds are typically held until maturity. 

The gross unrealized losses related to our portfolio of available-for-sale debt securities were immaterial, and primarily due to normal market fluctuations and not due to increased credit risk or other valuation concerns. We have determined that the gross unrealized losses on our available-for-sale debt securities as of March 31, 2020 are temporary in nature and we believe that it is probable the principal and interest will be collected in accordance with the contractual terms. We review our debt investment portfolio at least quarterly, or when there are changes in credit risks or other potential valuation concerns, to identify and evaluate whether an allowance for credit losses or impairment would be necessary. Factors considered in determining whether a loss is temporary include the magnitude of the decline in market value, the length of time the market value has been below cost (or adjusted cost), credit quality, and our ability and intent to hold the securities for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in market value.

A portion of our debt investments would generate a loss if we sold them on March 31, 2020. The following table summarizes the fair value and gross unrealized losses related to available-for-sale debt securities, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of March 31, 2020 (in thousands):

	In Loss Position				In Loss Position				Total In
	< 12 months				> 12 months				Loss Position
			Gross				Gross				Gross
	Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized
As of March 31, 2020	Value		(Losses)		Value		(Losses)		Value		(Losses)
Investments:
Corporate bonds		5,763		(6)		—		—		5,763		(6)
Total in loss position	$	5,763	$	(6)	$	—	$	—	$	5,763	$	(6)

The following table summarizes the fair value and gross unrealized losses related to available-for-sale debt securities, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2019 (in thousands):

	In Loss Position				In Loss Position				Total In
	< 12 months				> 12 months				Loss Position
			Gross				Gross				Gross
	Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized
As of December 31, 2019	Value		(Loss)		Value		(Loss)		Value		(Loss)
Investments:
Corporate bonds		4,515		(9)		—		—		4,515		(9)
Total in loss position	$	4,515	$	(9)	$	—	$	—	$	4,515	$	(9)

Investments in Privately-held Raw Material Companies

We have made strategic investments in private companies located in China in order to gain access at a competitive cost to raw materials that are critical to our substrate business (see Note 7). The investment balances for the non-consolidated companies are accounted for under the equity method and included in “Other assets” in the condensed consolidated balance sheets and totaled $5.8 million and $6.0 million as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. As of March 31, 2020, there were five companies accounted for under the equity method. There were no impairment charges in the three months ended March 31, 2020. The three months ended March 31, 2019 include an impairment charge of $1.1 million for one of our minority investments (see Note 7).

Fair Value Measurements

We invest primarily in money market accounts, certificates of deposits, corporate bonds and notes, and government securities. We review our debt investment portfolio for credit loss at least quarterly or when there are changes in credit risk or other potential valuation concerns. As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the total unrealized loss, net of tax, included in accumulated other comprehensive loss was immaterial. We believe it is probable the principal and interest will be collected in accordance with the contractual terms, and the unrealized loss on these securities was due to normal market fluctuations, and not due to increased credit risk or other valuation concerns. ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (“ASC 820”), establishes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value. Level 1 instrument valuations are obtained from real-time quotes for transactions in active exchange markets of the asset or identical assets. Level 2 instrument valuations are obtained from readily-available, observable pricing sources for comparable instruments. Level 3 instrument valuations are obtained from unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data, which require us to develop our own assumptions. On a recurring basis, we measure certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value, primarily consisting of our short-term and long-term debt investments.

The type of instrument valued based on quoted market prices in active markets include our money market funds, which are generally classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. We classify our available-for-sale debt securities including certificates of deposit and corporate bonds as having Level 2 inputs. The valuation techniques used to measure the fair value of these financial instruments having Level 2 inputs were derived from bank statements, quoted market prices, broker or dealer statements or quotations, or alternative pricing sources with reasonable levels of price transparency.

We place short-term foreign currency hedges that are intended to offset the potential cash exposure related to fluctuations in the exchange rate between the United States dollar and Japanese yen. We measure the fair value of these foreign currency hedges at each month end and quarter end using current exchange rates and in accordance with US GAAP. At quarter end, any foreign currency hedges not settled are netted in “Accrued liabilities” on the condensed consolidated balance sheet and classified as Level 3 assets and liabilities. As of March 31, 2020, the net change in fair value from the placement of the hedge to settlement at each month end during the quarter had a de minimis impact on the condensed consolidated results.

There were no changes in valuation techniques or related inputs in the three months ended March 31, 2020. There have been no transfers between fair value measurements levels during the three months ended March 31, 2020.

The following table summarizes our financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis in accordance with ASC 820 as of March 31, 2020 (in thousands):

			Quoted Prices in				Significant
			Active Markets of		Significant Other		Unobservable
	Balance as of		Identical Assets		Observable Inputs		Inputs
	March 31, 2020		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Assets:
Cash equivalents and investments:
Certificates of deposit	$	1,682	$	—	$	1,682	$	—
Corporate bonds		7,015		—		7,015		—
Total	$	8,697	$	—	$	8,697	$	—

The following table summarizes our financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis in accordance with ASC 820 as of December 31, 2019 (in thousands):

			Quoted Prices in				Significant
			Active Markets of		Significant Other		Unobservable
	Balance as of		Identical Assets		Observable Inputs		Inputs
	December 31, 2019		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Assets:
Cash equivalents and investments:
Certificates of deposit	$	2,402	$	—	$	2,402	$	—
Corporate bonds		7,025		—		7,025		—
Total	$	9,427	$	—	$	9,427	$	—

Items Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

Certain assets that are subject to nonrecurring fair value measurements are not included in the table above. These assets include investments in privately-held companies accounted for by the equity or cost method (see Note 7).  One such investment is a 25% ownership interest in a germanium materials company in China.  After receiving such company’s preliminary first quarter 2019 financial results in early April 2019 and its projections for significant losses going forward, we determined that this asset was fully impaired and wrote the asset balance down to zero.  This resulted in a $1.1 million impairment charge in our first quarter 2019 financial results. Except as mentioned above, we did not record other-than-temporary impairment charges for the remainder of these investments during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

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Investments in Privately-Held Raw Material Companies

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Investments in Privately-Held Raw Material Companies

Investments in Privately-Held Raw Material Companies

Note 7. Investments in Privately-Held Raw Material Companies

We have made strategic investments in private companies located in China in order to gain access at a competitive cost to raw materials that are critical to our substrate business. These companies form part of our overall supply chain.

As of March 31, 2020, the investments are summarized below (in thousands):

	Investment Balance as of
	March 31,		December 31,		Accounting	Ownership
Company	2020		2019		Method	Percentage
Nanjing JinMei Gallium Co., Ltd.	$	592	$	592	Consolidated	**100	%
Beijing JiYa Semiconductor Material Co., Ltd.		N/A		N/A	Consolidated	*46	%
Beijing BoYu Semiconductor Vessel Craftwork Technology Co., Ltd.		1,346		1,346	Consolidated	63	%
	$	1,938	$	1,938
Donghai County Dongfang High Purity Electronic Materials Co., Ltd.	$	1,327	$	1,326	Equity	46	%
Beijing JiYa Semiconductor Material Co., Ltd.		1,446		1,621	Equity	*39	%
Xilingol Tongli Germanium Co., Ltd.		—		—	Equity	25	%
Xiaoyi XingAn Gallium Co., Ltd.		2,401		2,367	Equity	25	%
Emeishan Jia Mei High Purity Metals Co., Ltd.		595		647	Equity	25	%
	$	5,769	$	5,961

* Ownership percentage decreased from 46% to 39% as of March 11, 2019 in connection with our sale of shares of this entity.

** In May 2019, we purchased the remaining 3% ownership interest from retiring members of the JinMei management team for approximately $413,000. As a result, our ownership of JinMei increased from 97% to 100%.  

Effective as of March 11, 2019, we reduced our ownership in JiYa from 46% to 39% by selling a portion of our JiYa shares to our investor partner, which is also JiYa’s landlord.  Based on an independent third party valuation analysis, we sold these shares for $366,000.  Previously, we were the largest shareholder and, as such, we had the right to appoint the general manager of JiYa and the ability to exercise control in substance over JiYa’s long-term strategic direction.  Further, our Chief Executive Officer was the chairman of JiYa’s board of directors and our Chief Financial Officer was a member of JiYa’s board of financial supervisors.  As a result of this transaction, our investor partner, Shanxi Aluminum Industrial Co., Ltd., became the largest shareholder and assumed the right to appoint the general manager and thereby exercised greater control over JiYa’s long-term strategic direction.  Further, although our Chief Executive Officer remains on the board, as of March 11, 2019 he was no longer the chairman of JiYa’s board of directors and our Chief Financial Officer was no longer a member of JiYa’s board of financial supervisors. 

Previously, we accounted for JiYa’s financial performance under the consolidation method of accounting.  As a result of the changes we began to account for JiYa’s financial performance under the equity method of accounting.  Therefore, we deconsolidated JiYa from our consolidated financial statements as of March 11, 2019 in accordance with ASC 810. As of March 12, 2019, we accounted for our investment in JiYa under the equity method of accounting as we continue to have board representation and substantial ownership.  Pro-forma financials have not been presented because we believe the effects were not material to our condensed consolidated financial position and results of operation for all periods presented. JiYa continues to be a related party to us after deconsolidation, whom we may purchase raw materials from for production in the ordinary course of business from time to time.

We recorded a gain on the deconsolidation of JiYa of $175,000 as a component of “Equity in loss of unconsolidated joint ventures” for the three months ended March 31, 2019 in the condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss). On the date of deconsolidation, the fair value of the Company’s investment in JiYa exceeded the Company’s share of the net assets of JiYa, which generated the gain. As of March 12, 2019, we recorded our investment in JiYa at a fair value of $2,040,000, which was based on an independent third party valuation analysis. The valuation is based on the asset-based approach. The market-based approach is not deemed appropriate due to lack of availability of market data for comparable companies on the open market and the discounted cash flow approach is not deemed reliable because of the difficulty in predicting the future profitability of JiYa due to the volatility of the gallium market, the concentration of customers and the significant accumulated losses of JiYa. The asset-based approach examines the value of a company’s assets net of its liabilities to derive a value for the equity holders. The gain on deconsolidation includes the following:

	Amount
	(in thousands)
Fair value of the consideration received	$	366
Fair value of the retained investment in Beijing JiYa Semiconductor Material Co., Ltd.		2,040
Carrying value of noncontrolling interest, net of accumulated other comprehensive income attributable to subsidiary		617
Derecognition of Beijing JiYa Semiconductor Material Co., Ltd.'s net asset		(2,848)
Gain recognized on deconsolidation of Beijing JiYa Semiconductor Material Co., Ltd.	$	175
	Amount
	(in thousands)
Fair value of the retained investment in Beijing JiYa Semiconductor Material Co., Ltd.	$	2,040
Carrying value of retained noncontrolling investment		(1,559)
Gain on retained noncontrolling investment due to remeasurement	$	481

Our ownership of JinMei is 100%. Before June 15, 2018, our ownership of JinMei was 83%. On June 15, 2018, we purchased a 12% ownership interest from one of the minority owners of JinMei for $1.4 million. The $1.4 million was scheduled to be paid in two installments. On June 15, 2018, we paid the first installment of $163,000. In May 2019, we paid the second installment of $1.2 million as the relocation of JinMei’s headquarters and manufacturing operations was nearly complete, which had been previously included in “Accrued liabilities” in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. As a result, our ownership of JinMei increased from 83% to 95%. In September 2018, we purchased a 2% ownership interest from one of the three remaining minority owners of JinMei for $252,000. As a result, our ownership of JinMei increased from 95% to 97%. In May 2019, we purchased the remaining 3% ownership interest from retiring members of the JinMei management team for approximately $413,000. We paid approximately $262,000 in May 2019 and plan to pay the remainder of approximately $151,000 at a date to be determined by both parties. As a result, our ownership of JinMei increased from 97% to 100%. Prior to June 1, 2019, we reported JinMei as a consolidated joint venture as we had a controlling financial interest and have majority control of the board. As of June 1, 2019, we now refer to it as a wholly-owned subsidiary and reduced the carrying value of the corresponding noncontrolling interests to zero. Our Chief Executive Officer is chairman of the JinMei board and we have appointed two other representatives to serve on the JinMei board.

Our ownership of BoYu is 63%. On November 2, 2017, BoYu raised additional capital in the amount of $2 million in cash from a third-party investor through the issuance of shares equivalent to 10% ownership of BoYu. As a result, our ownership of BoYu was diluted from 70% to 63%. We continue to consolidate BoYu as we have a controlling financial interest and have majority control of the board and, accordingly, no gain was recognized as a result of this equity transaction. Our Chief Executive Officer is chairman of the BoYu board and we have appointed two other representatives to serve on the board.

Although we have representation on the board of directors of each of the privately held raw material companies, the daily operations of each of these companies are managed by local management and not by us. Decisions concerning their respective short-term strategy and operations, ordinary course of business capital expenditures and sales of finished product, are made by local management with regular guidance and input from us.

During the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, the consolidated joint ventures, before eliminating inter-company transactions, generated income of $1.1 million and $0.7 million, respectively, of which gains of $395,000 and $81,000, respectively, were allocated to noncontrolling interests, resulting in a reduction of $0.7 million and $0.6 million, respectively, to our net loss. Our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2019 include JiYa’s results for the period through March 11, 2019.

For AXT’s minority investment entities that are not consolidated, the investment balances are included in “Other assets” in our condensed consolidated balance sheets and totaled $5.8 million and $6.0 million as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. Our respective ownership interests in each of these companies are 46%,  39%,  25%,  25% and 25%. These minority investment entities are not considered variable interest entities because:

· all minority investment entities have sustainable businesses of their own;

· our voting power is proportionate to our ownership interests;

· we only recognize our respective share of the losses and/or residual returns generated by the companies if they occur; and

· we do not have controlling financial interest in, do not maintain operational or management control of, do not control the board of directors of, and are not required to provide additional investment or financial support to any of these companies.

One of the minority investment entities in which we have a 25% ownership interest is a germanium materials company in China.  This company provides results to us only on a quarterly basis.  We received its preliminary first quarter 2019 financial results in early April 2019 as well as its projections for significant losses going forward. Such projected losses would fully deplete our asset investment balance for this company in 2019.  The Company is experiencing significant disruptions due to upgrades and repairs required to comply with stronger environmental regulations in China.  As a result, we determined that this asset was fully impaired and wrote the asset balance down to zero.  This resulted in a $1.1 million impairment charge in our first quarter 2019 financial results.

AXT’s minority investment entities are not consolidated and are accounted for under the equity method. Excluding one fully impaired entity, the equity entities had the following summarized income information (in thousands) for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
Net revenue	$	3,953	$	6,441
Gross profit (loss)	$	2,020	$	(51)
Operating income (loss)	$	197	$	(2,039)
Net income (loss)	$	2	$	(2,446)

Our portion of the income and losses, including impairment charges, from these minority investment entities that are not consolidated and are accounted for under the equity method was a loss of $120,000 and $1.6 million, respectively, for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019. 

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Segment Information and Foreign Operations

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Segment Information and Foreign Operations

Segment Information and Foreign Operations

Note 11. Segment Information and Foreign Operations

Segment Information

We operate in one segment for the design, development, manufacture and distribution of high-performance compound and single element semiconductor substrates and sale of raw materials integral to these substrates. Our chief operating decision-maker has been identified as our Chief Executive Officer, who reviews operating results to make decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance for the Company. Since we operate in one segment, all financial segment and product line information can be found in the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Product Information

The following table represents revenue amounts (in thousands) by product type:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
Product Type:
Substrates	$	16,881	$	16,766
Raw Materials and Other		3,842		3,442
Total	$	20,723	$	20,208

Geographical Information

The following table represents revenue amounts (in thousands) reported for products shipped to customers in the corresponding geographic region:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
Geographical region:
Europe (primarily Germany)	$	6,214	$	4,375
Taiwan		5,177		3,008
China		4,724		7,111
North America (primarily the United States)		1,918		2,738
Asia Pacific (excluding China, Taiwan and Japan)		1,356		1,184
Japan		1,334		1,792
Total	$	20,723	$	20,208

Long-lived assets consist primarily of property, plant and equipment and operating lease right-of-use assets, and are attributed to the geographic location in which they are located. Long-lived assets, net of depreciation, by geographic region were as follows (in thousands):

	As of
	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Long-lived assets by geographic region, net of depreciation:
North America	$	920	$	1,069
China		99,380		99,272
	$	100,300	$	100,341

Significant Customers

Two customers, Landmark and Osram, represented 17% and 15%, respectively, of our revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2020 while two customers, Haisi Optoelectronics and Landmark, represented 12% and 11%, respectively, of our revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2019. Our top five customers, although not the same five customers for each period, represented 49% and 40% of our revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

We perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers’ financial condition, and limit the amount of credit extended when deemed necessary, but generally do not require collateral. Three customers accounted for 20%,  13% and 12% of our accounts receivable balance as of March 31, 2020, and three customers accounted for 14%,  13% and 12% of our accounts receivable as of December 31, 2019.  

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Commitments and Contingencies (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Commitments and Contingencies

Product warranty accrued liability

The following table reflects the change in our warranty accrual which is included in “Accrued liabilities” on the condensed consolidated balance sheets, during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
Beginning accrued product warranty	$	387	$	236
Accruals for warranties issued		61		127
Adjustments related to pre-existing warranties including expirations and changes in estimates		(30)		93
Cost of warranty repair		(56)		(131)
Ending accrued product warranty	$	362	$	325

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Stockholders' Equity (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Stockholders’ Equity

Consolidated statement of changes in equity

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity

(in thousands)

The changes in stockholders’ equity by component for the three months ended March 31, 2020 are as follows:

									Accumulated
									Other		AXT, Inc.				Total
	Preferred		Common		Additional		Accumulated		Comprehensive		Stockholders’		Noncontrolling		Stockholders’
	Stock		Stock		Paid-In Capital		Deficit		Income (Loss)		Equity		Interests		Equity
Balance as of December 31, 2019	$	3,532	$	41	$	236,957	$	(47,783)	$	(4,862)	$	187,885	$	4,877	$	192,762
Common stock options exercised		—		—		441		—		—		441		—		441
Stock-based compensation		—		—		643		—		—		643		—		643
Net income (loss)		—		—		—		(178)		—		(178)		395		217
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—		—		(1,775)		(1,775)		(98)		(1,873)
Balance as of March 31, 2020	$	3,532	$	41	$	238,041	$	(47,961)	$	(6,637)	$	187,016	$	5,174	$	192,190

The changes in stockholders’ equity by component for the three months ended March 31, 2019 are as follows:

									Accumulated
									Other		AXT, Inc.				Total
	Preferred		Common		Additional		Accumulated		Comprehensive		Stockholders’		Noncontrolling		Stockholders’
	Stock		Stock		Paid-In Capital		Deficit		Income (Loss)		Equity		Interests		Equity
Balance as of December 31, 2018	$	3,532	$	40	$	234,418	$	(45,183)	$	(1,972)	$	190,835	$	3,697	$	194,532
Reclassification out of accumulated other comprehensive income and noncontrolling interests upon the deconsolidation of a subsidiary		—		—		—		—		(1,150)		(1,150)		533		(617)
Stock-based compensation		—		—		558		—		—		558		—		558
Net income (loss)		—		—		—		(1,104)		—		(1,104)		81		(1,023)
Other comprehensive income		—		—		—		—		2,389		2,389		142		2,531
Balance as of March 31, 2019	$	3,532	$	40	$	234,976	$	(46,287)	$	(733)	$	191,528	$	4,453	$	195,981

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Investments and Fair Value Measurements (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Cash, cash equivalents and investments [Abstract]
Cash	$ 20,061	$ 26,892
Cash equivalents [Abstract]
Total cash and cash equivalents	20,061	26,892
Amortized Cost	8,699	9,430
Cash, cash equivalents and investments, amortized costs	28,760	36,322
Gross Unrealized Gain	4	6
Gross Unrealized (Loss)	(6)	(9)
Fair Value	8,697	9,427
Cash, cash equivalents and investments, amortized costs	28,758	36,319
Contractual maturities on investments, amortized cost basis [Abstract]
Due within 1 year	8,699	9,430
Investments, amortized cost	8,699	9,430
Contractual maturities on investments, fair value basis [Abstract]
Due within 1 year	8,697	9,427
Investments, fair value	8,697	9,427
Total Investments
Cash equivalents [Abstract]
Amortized Cost	8,699	9,430
Gross Unrealized Gain	4	6
Gross Unrealized (Loss)	(6)	(9)
Fair Value	8,697	9,427
Contractual maturities on investments, amortized cost basis [Abstract]
Investments, amortized cost	8,699	9,430
Contractual maturities on investments, fair value basis [Abstract]
Investments, fair value	8,697	9,427
Certificates of Deposit [Member]
Cash equivalents [Abstract]
Amortized Cost	1,680	2,400
Gross Unrealized Gain	2	2
Fair Value	1,682	2,402
Contractual maturities on investments, amortized cost basis [Abstract]
Investments, amortized cost	1,680	2,400
Contractual maturities on investments, fair value basis [Abstract]
Investments, fair value	1,682	2,402
Corporate Bonds [Member]
Cash equivalents [Abstract]
Amortized Cost	7,019	7,030
Gross Unrealized Gain	2	4
Gross Unrealized (Loss)	(6)	(9)
Fair Value	7,015	7,025
Contractual maturities on investments, amortized cost basis [Abstract]
Investments, amortized cost	7,019	7,030
Contractual maturities on investments, fair value basis [Abstract]
Investments, fair value	$ 7,015	$ 7,025

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Investments in Privately-Held Raw Material Companies (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Investments in Privately-Held Raw Material Companies

Summary of investments

As of March 31, 2020, the investments are summarized below (in thousands):

	Investment Balance as of
	March 31,		December 31,		Accounting	Ownership
Company	2020		2019		Method	Percentage
Nanjing JinMei Gallium Co., Ltd.	$	592	$	592	Consolidated	**100	%
Beijing JiYa Semiconductor Material Co., Ltd.		N/A		N/A	Consolidated	*46	%
Beijing BoYu Semiconductor Vessel Craftwork Technology Co., Ltd.		1,346		1,346	Consolidated	63	%
	$	1,938	$	1,938
Donghai County Dongfang High Purity Electronic Materials Co., Ltd.	$	1,327	$	1,326	Equity	46	%
Beijing JiYa Semiconductor Material Co., Ltd.		1,446		1,621	Equity	*39	%
Xilingol Tongli Germanium Co., Ltd.		—		—	Equity	25	%
Xiaoyi XingAn Gallium Co., Ltd.		2,401		2,367	Equity	25	%
Emeishan Jia Mei High Purity Metals Co., Ltd.		595		647	Equity	25	%
	$	5,769	$	5,961

Summary of gain on deconsolidation

	Amount
	(in thousands)
Fair value of the consideration received	$	366
Fair value of the retained investment in Beijing JiYa Semiconductor Material Co., Ltd.		2,040
Carrying value of noncontrolling interest, net of accumulated other comprehensive income attributable to subsidiary		617
Derecognition of Beijing JiYa Semiconductor Material Co., Ltd.'s net asset		(2,848)
Gain recognized on deconsolidation of Beijing JiYa Semiconductor Material Co., Ltd.	$	175
	Amount
	(in thousands)
Fair value of the retained investment in Beijing JiYa Semiconductor Material Co., Ltd.	$	2,040
Carrying value of retained noncontrolling investment		(1,559)
Gain on retained noncontrolling investment due to remeasurement	$	481

Summarized equity method income information

AXT’s minority investment entities are not consolidated and are accounted for under the equity method. Excluding one fully impaired entity, the equity entities had the following summarized income information (in thousands) for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
Net revenue	$	3,953	$	6,441
Gross profit (loss)	$	2,020	$	(51)
Operating income (loss)	$	197	$	(2,039)
Net income (loss)	$	2	$	(2,446)

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Revenue

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Revenue

Revenue

Note 15. Revenue

Revenue Recognition

We manufacture and sell high-performance compound semiconductor substrates including indium phosphide, gallium arsenide and germanium wafers, and our consolidated subsidiaries sell certain raw materials, including  high purity gallium (7N Ga), pyrolytic boron nitride (pBN) crucibles and boron oxide (B2O3). After we ship our products, there are no remaining obligations or customer acceptance requirements that would preclude revenue recognition. Our products are typically sold pursuant to purchase orders placed by our customers, and our terms and conditions of sale do not require customer acceptance. We account for a contract with a customer when there is a legally enforceable contract, which could be the customer’s purchase order, the rights of the parties are identified, the contract has commercial terms, and collectibility of the contract consideration is probable. The majority of our contracts have a single performance obligation to transfer products and are short term in nature, usually less than six months. Our revenue is measured based on the consideration specified in the contract with each customer in exchange for transferring products that are generally based upon a negotiated, formula, list or fixed price. Revenue is recognized when control of the promised goods is transferred to our customer, which is either upon shipment from our dock, receipt at the customer’s dock, or removal from consignment inventory at the customer’s location, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to receive in exchange for those goods.

We have elected to account for shipping and handling as activities to fulfill the promise to transfer the goods. Shipping and handling fees billed to customers in a sales transaction are recorded as an offset to shipping and handling expenses. Sales taxes and value added taxes in foreign jurisdictions that are collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are accounted for on a net basis and, therefore, are excluded from revenue.

We do not provide training, installation or commissioning services. We provide for future returns based on historical data, prior experience, current economic trends and changes in customer demand at the time revenue is recognized. We do not recognize any asset associated with the incremental cost of obtaining revenue generating customer contracts. As such, sales commissions are expensed as incurred, given that the expected period of benefit is less than one year.

Contract Balances

We receive payments from customers based on a billing schedule as established in our contracts. Contract assets are recorded when we have a conditional right to consideration for our completed performance under the contracts. Accounts receivables are recorded when the right to this consideration becomes unconditional. We believe the fair value of our accounts receivable approximate its carrying value due to its short maturities and nominal credit risk. We do not have any material contract assets as of March 31, 2020. The following table reflects the contract liabilities balance as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):

	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Contract liabilities	$	(429)	$	(396)
During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company recognized $0.2 million of revenue that was included in the contract balances as of December 31, 2019.

Disaggregated Revenue

In general, revenue disaggregated by product types and geography (See Note 11) is aligned according to the nature and economic characteristics of our business and provides meaningful disaggregation of our results of operations. Since we operate in one segment, all financial segment and product line information can be found in the condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Investments and Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Investments and Fair Value Measurements

Cash, cash equivalents and investments

As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, our cash, cash equivalents and debt investments are classified as follows (in thousands):

	March 31, 2020								December 31, 2019
			Gross		Gross						Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair		Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair
	Cost		Gain		(Loss)		Value		Cost		Gain		(Loss)		Value
Classified as:
Cash	$	20,061	$	—	$	—	$	20,061	$	26,892	$	—	$	—	$	26,892
Cash equivalents:
Certificates of deposit 1		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total cash and cash equivalents		20,061		—		—		20,061		26,892		—		—		26,892
Investments (available-for-sale):
Certificates of deposit 2		1,680		2		—		1,682		2,400		2		—		2,402
Corporate bonds		7,019		2		(6)		7,015		7,030		4		(9)		7,025
Total investments		8,699		4		(6)		8,697		9,430		6		(9)		9,427
Total cash, cash equivalents and investments	$	28,760	$	4	$	(6)	$	28,758	$	36,322	$	6	$	(9)	$	36,319
Contractual maturities on investments:
Due within 1 year 3	$	8,699					$	8,697	$	9,430					$	9,427
Due after 1 through 5 years 4		—						—		—						—
	$	8,699					$	8,697	$	9,430					$	9,427

1. Certificates of deposit with original maturities of less than three months.

2. Certificates of deposit with original maturities of more than three months.

3. Classified as “Short-term investments” in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

4. Classified as “Long-term investments” in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Fair value and gross unrealized losses related to available-for-sale securities

The following table summarizes the fair value and gross unrealized losses related to available-for-sale debt securities, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of March 31, 2020 (in thousands):

	In Loss Position				In Loss Position				Total In
	< 12 months				> 12 months				Loss Position
			Gross				Gross				Gross
	Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized
As of March 31, 2020	Value		(Losses)		Value		(Losses)		Value		(Losses)
Investments:
Corporate bonds		5,763		(6)		—		—		5,763		(6)
Total in loss position	$	5,763	$	(6)	$	—	$	—	$	5,763	$	(6)

The following table summarizes the fair value and gross unrealized losses related to available-for-sale debt securities, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2019 (in thousands):

	In Loss Position				In Loss Position				Total In
	< 12 months				> 12 months				Loss Position
			Gross				Gross				Gross
	Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized
As of December 31, 2019	Value		(Loss)		Value		(Loss)		Value		(Loss)
Investments:
Corporate bonds		4,515		(9)		—		—		4,515		(9)
Total in loss position	$	4,515	$	(9)	$	—	$	—	$	4,515	$	(9)

Summary of financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis

The following table summarizes our financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis in accordance with ASC 820 as of March 31, 2020 (in thousands):

			Quoted Prices in				Significant
			Active Markets of		Significant Other		Unobservable
	Balance as of		Identical Assets		Observable Inputs		Inputs
	March 31, 2020		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Assets:
Cash equivalents and investments:
Certificates of deposit	$	1,682	$	—	$	1,682	$	—
Corporate bonds		7,015		—		7,015		—
Total	$	8,697	$	—	$	8,697	$	—

The following table summarizes our financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis in accordance with ASC 820 as of December 31, 2019 (in thousands):

			Quoted Prices in				Significant
			Active Markets of		Significant Other		Unobservable
	Balance as of		Identical Assets		Observable Inputs		Inputs
	December 31, 2019		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Assets:
Cash equivalents and investments:
Certificates of deposit	$	2,402	$	—	$	2,402	$	—
Corporate bonds		7,025		—		7,025		—
Total	$	9,427	$	—	$	9,427	$	—

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Related Party Transactions (Details)		1 Months Ended					3 Months Ended
	Nov. 02, 2017 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2020 USD ($) ft²	May 31, 2019 USD ($)	Nov. 30, 2017 USD ($)	Jul. 31, 2017 USD ($) installment	Apr. 30, 2016 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2020 USD ($) ft²	Mar. 31, 2019 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2017 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019 USD ($)	Mar. 11, 2019	Mar. 10, 2019
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Proceeds from sale of previously consolidated subsidiary shares							$ 366,000	$ 366,000
Area of leased property (in square feet) | ft²		19,467					19,467
Beijing JiYa Semiconductor Material Co., Ltd Investment
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Percentage of ownership, consolidated method (in hundredths)											39.00%	46.00%
Equity investment entity | Raw materials sales to related party | Accounts receivable | Beijing JiYa Semiconductor Material Co., Ltd
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Amounts receivable from related party		$ 235,000					$ 235,000			$ 12,000
Equity investment entity | Raw material agency sales agreement | Other income (expense), net | Nanjing JinMei Gallium Co., Ltd
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Other income from related party							0	0
Donghai County Dongfang High Purity Electronic Materials Co., Ltd | Raw materials purchases from related party | Accounts payable | Beijing Tongmei Xtal Technology
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Amount payable to related party		0					0			0
Emei Shan Jiamei Materials Co., Ltd | Raw materials purchases from related party | Accounts payable | Beijing Tongmei Xtal Technology
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Amount payable to related party		0					0			0
Xilingol Tongli Germanium Co. Ltd | Raw materials purchases from related party | Accounts payable | Beijing Tongmei Xtal Technology
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Amount payable to related party		$ 0					$ 0			0
Beijing BoYu Semiconductor Vessel Craftwork Technology Co | Lease of land | Beijing Tongmei Xtal Technology
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Area of leased property (in square feet) | ft²		22,081					22,081
Lease term		10 years					10 years
Annual lease payment							$ 24,000
Increase in annual lease payment at each third year anniversary (in hundredths)		5.00%					5.00%
Rental increase period							3 years
Nanjing JinMei Gallium Co., Ltd | Related party loan | Beijing Tongmei Xtal Technology
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Amount of transaction					$ 768,000
Number of installments | installment					3
Amount payable to related party		$ 283,000					$ 283,000			285,000
Interest rate (as a percent)					4.90%
Repayment of related party notes receivable							481,000
Executive officer | Related party loan | Beijing BoYu Semiconductor Vessel Craftwork Technology Co
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Amount of transaction		$ 141,000	$ 146,000	$ 291,000		$ 177,000
Interest rate (as a percent)		2.75%	2.75%	2.75%		2.75%
Repayment of related party notes receivable									$ 180,000
Executive officer | Related party loan | Other assets | Beijing BoYu Semiconductor Vessel Craftwork Technology Co
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Related party notes receivable - current		$ 586,000					586,000			$ 449,000
3rd party investor | Beijing BoYu Semiconductor Vessel Craftwork Technology Co
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Revenue from related parties							$ 254,000	$ 38,000
Raised additional capital	$ 2,000,000
Percentage ownership from issuance of shares	10.00%

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Investments and Fair Value Measurements - Recurring Basis (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Investments, amortized cost	$ 8,697	$ 9,427
Fair Value, Transfers Between Level 1 and Level 2, Description and Policy [Abstract]
Transfer from Level 1 to Level 2 , assets	0
Transfer from Level 2 to Level 1 , assets	0
Transfers into Level 3, assets	0
Transfer out of Level 3, assets	0
Recurring
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Total	8,697	9,427
Recurring | Certificates of Deposit [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Cash and cash equivalents, fair value disclosure	1,682	2,402
Recurring | Corporate Bonds [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Investments, amortized cost	7,015	7,025
Recurring | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Total	8,697	9,427
Recurring | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Certificates of Deposit [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Cash and cash equivalents, fair value disclosure	1,682	2,402
Recurring | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Corporate Bonds [Member]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Investments, amortized cost	$ 7,015	$ 7,025

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Stockholders' Equity (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended	48 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2019	Oct. 27, 2014
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Balance, beginning of period	$ 192,762	$ 194,532
Common stock options exercised	441
Reclassification out of accumulated other comprehensive income and non-controlling interest upon the deconsolidation of a subsidiary		(617)
Stock-based compensation	643	558
Net income (loss)	217	(1,023)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(1,873)	2,531
Balance, end of period	192,190	195,981		$ 192,762
Reclassification adjustment from AOCI	0	0
Stock repurchase program, authorized amount					$ 5,000
Shares repurchased (in shares)			908,000	0
Average price of shares repurchased (in dollars per share)			$ 2.52
Total purchase price			$ 2,300
Stock repurchase program remaining authorized repurchase amount	2,700
Preferred Stock
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Balance, beginning of period	3,532	3,532
Balance, end of period	3,532	3,532		$ 3,532
Common Stock
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Balance, beginning of period	41	40
Balance, end of period	41	40		41
Additional Paid-In Capital
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Balance, beginning of period	236,957	234,418
Common stock options exercised	441
Stock-based compensation	643	558
Balance, end of period	238,041	234,976		236,957
Accumulated Deficit
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Balance, beginning of period	(47,783)	(45,183)
Net income (loss)	(178)	(1,104)
Balance, end of period	(47,961)	(46,287)		(47,783)
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Balance, beginning of period	(4,862)	(1,972)
Reclassification out of accumulated other comprehensive income and non-controlling interest upon the deconsolidation of a subsidiary		(1,150)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(1,775)	2,389
Balance, end of period	(6,637)	(733)		(4,862)
AXT, Inc. Stockholders' Equity
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Balance, beginning of period	187,885	190,835
Common stock options exercised	441
Reclassification out of accumulated other comprehensive income and non-controlling interest upon the deconsolidation of a subsidiary		(1,150)
Stock-based compensation	643	558
Net income (loss)	(178)	(1,104)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(1,775)	2,389
Balance, end of period	187,016	191,528		187,885
Noncontrolling Interests
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Balance, beginning of period	4,877	3,697
Reclassification out of accumulated other comprehensive income and non-controlling interest upon the deconsolidation of a subsidiary		533
Net income (loss)	395	81
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(98)	142
Balance, end of period	$ 5,174	$ 4,453		$ 4,877

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Leases (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020 USD ($) ft²	Dec. 31, 2019 USD ($)	Jan. 01, 2019 USD ($)
Leases
Area of leased property (in square feet) | ft²	19,467
Operating lease, option to extend	true
Operating lease, extension term	3 years
Variable lease payments	$ 0
Residual value guarantee	0
Operating lease right-of-use assets	2,810	$ 2,938
Operating lease liability	$ 2,905
Lease, Practical Expedients, Package [true false]	true
ASU 2016-02
Leases
Operating lease right-of-use assets			$ 1,100
Operating lease liability			$ 1,100