Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Notes to Financial Statements
Significant Accounting Policies [Text Block]	Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Nature of Operations National HealthCare Corporation ("NHC" or "the Company") operates, manages or provides services to skilled nursing facilities, assisted living facilities, independent living facilities, home health care agencies, hospice agencies, and behavioral health hospitals located in 9 Southeastern and Midwestern states in the United States. The most significant part of our business relates to skilled and intermediate nursing care settings in which we also provide assisted living and retirement services, rehabilitative therapy services, memory and Alzheimer's care services, home health and hospice services, and behavioral health services. In addition, we provide insurance services, management and accounting services, and we lease properties to operators of skilled nursing and assisted living facilities. The health care environment has continually undergone changes with regard to federal and state reimbursement programs and other payor sources, compliance regulations, competition among other health care providers and patient care litigation issues. We continually monitor these industry developments as well as other factors that affect our business. Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation The consolidated financial statements, which are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), include our wholly owned and controlled subsidiaries and affiliates. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company presents noncontrolling interest within the equity section of its consolidated balance sheets. The Company presents the amount of consolidated net income that is attributable to NHC and the noncontrolling interest in its consolidated statements of operations. Variable interest entities (“VIEs”) in which we have an interest have been consolidated when we have been identified as the primary beneficiary. Investments in ventures in which we have the ability to exercise significant influence but do not have control over are accounted for using the equity method. Equity method investments are initially recorded at cost and subsequently are adjusted for our share of the venture’s earnings or losses and cash distributions. Investments in entities in which we lack the ability to exercise significant influence are included in the consolidated financial statements at cost unless there has been a decline in the market value of our investment that is deemed to be other than temporary. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates and could cause our reported net income to vary significantly from period to period. Net Patient Revenues and Accounts Receivable Net patient revenues are derived from services rendered to patients for skilled and intermediate nursing, rehabilitation therapy, assisted living and independent living, home health care services, hospice services, and behavioral health services. Net patient revenue is reported at the amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for providing patient services. These amounts are due from patients, governmental programs, and other third-party payors, and include variable consideration for retroactive revenue adjustments due to settlement of audits, reviews, and investigations. The Company recognizes revenue as its performance obligations are completed. Routine services are treated as a single performance obligation satisfied over time as services are rendered. These routine services represent a bundle of services that are not capable of being distinct. The performance obligations are satisfied over time as the patient simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits of the healthcare services provided. Additionally, there may be ancillary services which are not included in the daily rates for routine services, but instead are treated as separate performance obligations satisfied at a point in time when those services are rendered. The Company determines the transaction price based on established billing rates reduced by explicit price concessions provided to third party payors. Explicit price concessions are based on contractual agreements and historical experience. The Company considers the patient's ability and intent to pay the amount of consideration upon admission. Credit losses are recorded as bad debt expense, which is included as a component of other operating expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. Bad debt expense was $8,831,000, $7,424,000, and $4,711,000 for years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, and 2023, the Company has recorded allowance for doubtful accounts of $9,702,000 and $8,054,000, respectively, as our best estimate of probable losses inherent in the accounts receivable balance. Other Revenues Other revenues include revenues from the provision of insurance services to other healthcare providers, management and accounting services to other long–term care providers, and rental income. Our insurance revenues consist of premiums that are generally paid in advance and then amortized into income over the policy period. We charge for management services based on a percentage of net revenues. We charge for accounting services based on a monthly fee or a fixed fee per bed of the healthcare center under contract. We record other revenues as the performance obligations are satisfied based on the terms of our contractual arrangements. We recognize rental income based on the terms of our operating leases. Under certain of our leases, we receive variable rent, which is based on the increase in revenues of a lessee over a base year. We recognize variable rent annually or monthly, as applicable, when the actual revenue of the lessee is earned. Government Grants We account for government grants in accordance with International Accounting Standard (“IAS”) 20, Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance, and as such, we recognize grant income on a systematic basis in line with the recognition of specific expenses and lost revenues for which the grants are intended to compensate. For the year ended December 31, 2024, all conditions related to the Employee Retention Credit ("ERC") were met and the credit was recognized as government grant income. The ERC was established by the CARES Act and intended to help businesses retain their workforce and avoid layoffs during the pandemic. The ERC provided a per employee credit to eligible businesses based on a percentage of qualified wages and health insurance benefits paid to employees. The qualified wages and health insurance benefits paid by the Company were related to the second, third and fourth quarters of 2020. Segment Reporting In accordance with the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 280, Segment Reporting, the Company is required to report financial and descriptive information about its reportable operating segments. The Company has two reportable operating segments: (1) inpatient services, which includes the operation of skilled nursing facilities, assisted and independent living facilities, and behavioral health hospitals, and (2) homecare and hospice services. The Company also reports an “all other” category that includes revenues from rental income, management and accounting services fees, insurance services, and costs of the corporate office. See Note 6 for further disclosure of the Company’s operating segments. Other Operating Expenses Other operating expenses include the costs of care and services that we provide to the residents of our facilities and the costs of maintaining our facilities. Our primary patient care costs include drugs, medical supplies, purchased professional services, food, and professional liability insurance and licensing fees. The primary facility costs include utilities and property insurance. General and Administrative Costs With the Company being a healthcare provider, the majority of our expenses are "cost of revenue" items. Costs that could be classified as "general and administrative" by the Company would include its corporate office costs, excluding stock-based compensation and incentive compensation, which were $26,236,000, $21,412,000, and $20,651,000 for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. Included in general and administrative costs during 2024 are acquisition-related expenses for the White Oak Senior Living portfolio. See Note 2 - Acquisition of White Oak Senior Living for additional detail regarding the acquisition. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash equivalents include highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased. Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Marketable Securities Restricted cash and cash equivalents and restricted marketable securities represent assets that are primarily held by our wholly owned limited purpose insurance companies for workers' compensation and professional liability claims. Investments in Marketable Securities and Restricted Marketable Securities Our investments in marketable equity securities are carried at fair value with the changes in unrealized gains and losses recognized in our results of operations at each measurement date. Our investments in marketable debt securities are classified as available for sale securities and carried at fair value with the unrealized gains and losses recognized through accumulated other comprehensive income/loss at each measurement date. For available for sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position, we first assess whether we intend to sell, or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of the amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s cost basis is written down to fair value through our results of operations. For debt securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, we evaluate whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. If a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Realized gains and losses from securities are recognized in results of operations upon disposition of the securities using the specific identification method on a trade date basis. Inventories Inventories consist generally of food and supplies and are valued at the lower of cost or market, with cost determined on a first–in, first–out (FIFO) basis. Mortgage and Other Notes Receivable In accordance with ASC Topic 310, Receivables, NHC evaluates the carrying values of its mortgage and other notes receivable on an instrument-by-instrument basis. On a quarterly basis, NHC reviews its notes receivable for recoverability when events or circumstances, including the non–receipt of contractual principal and interest payments, significant deteriorations of the financial condition of the borrower and significant adverse changes in general economic conditions, indicate that the carrying amount of the note receivable may not be recoverable. If necessary, impairment is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the discounted cash flows expected to be received under the note receivable or, if foreclosure is probable, the fair value of the collateral securing the note receivable. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded a recovery of a note receivable of $3,728,000 due to the borrower paying off the note. The recovery of the note receivable is recorded in the consolidated statements of operations under the line item “recovery of note receivable”. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are recorded at cost. Depreciation is provided by the straight–line method over the expected useful lives of the assets estimated as follows: buildings and improvements, 20–40 years and equipment and furniture, 3–15 years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over periods that do not exceed the non–cancelable respective lease terms using the straight–line method. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are charged to expense as incurred. Betterments, which significantly extend the useful life, are capitalized. We remove the costs and related allowances for accumulated depreciation or amortization from the accounts for properties sold or retired, and any resulting gains or losses are included in income. In accordance with ASC Topic 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment, we evaluate the recoverability of the carrying values of our properties on a property-by-property basis. We review our properties for recoverability when events or circumstances, including significant physical changes in the property, significant adverse changes in general economic conditions, and significant deteriorations of the underlying cash flows of the property, indicate that the carrying amount of the property may not be recoverable. The need to recognize impairment is based on estimated future undiscounted cash flows from a property over the remaining useful life compared to the carrying value of that property. If recognition of impairment is necessary, it is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of the property exceeds the estimated fair value of the property. Business Combinations We account for transactions that represent business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations (Topic 805). Acquisitions are accounted for as purchases and are included in our consolidated financial statements from their respective acquisition dates. Assets acquired and liabilities assumed, if any, are measured at fair value on the acquisition date using the appropriate valuation method. Such fair values that are not finalized for reporting periods following the acquisition date are estimated and recorded as provisional amounts during the measurement period. The measurement period is defined as the date through which all information required to identify and measure the consideration transferred, the assets acquired, the liabilities assumed and any noncontrolling interests has been obtained, limited to one year from the acquisition date. Goodwill generated from business combinations is recognized for the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed. In determining the fair value of identifiable assets, we use various valuation techniques. These valuation methods require us to make estimates and assumptions surrounding projected revenues and costs, future growth, and discount rates Long-Term Leases The Company’s lease portfolio primarily consists of finance and operating real estate leases for certain skilled nursing facilities, assisted and independent living facilities, homecare and hospice offices, and pharmacy warehouses. The original terms of the leases typically range from two to fifteen years. Several of the real estate leases include renewal options which vary in length and may not include specific rent renewal amounts. We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception of a contract. We determine the lease term by assuming exercise of renewal options that are reasonably certain. The Company records right-of-use assets and liabilities for non-cancelable real estate operating leases with original or remaining lease terms in excess of one year. Leases with a lease term of 12 months or less at inception are not recorded and are expensed on a straight-line basis over the lease term. We recognize lease components and non-lease components together and not as separate parts of a lease for real estate leases. Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities are recorded at the present value of the lease payments over the lease term. The present value of the lease payments are discounted using the incremental borrowing rate associated with each lease. The variable components of the lease payment that fluctuate with the operations of a health facility are not included in determining the right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. Rather, these variable components are expensed as incurred. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of identifiable net assets acquired in business combinations. We perform our annual goodwill impairment assessment on the first day of the fourth quarter. Tests are performed more frequently if events occur, or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit below its carrying amount. In accordance with ASC Topic 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other ("ASC 350"), the guidance provides the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. If, based on a review of qualitative factors, it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, the Company performs a goodwill impairment test by comparing the carrying value of each reporting unit to its respective fair value. The Company determines the estimated fair value of each reporting unit using a discounted cash flow analysis. The fair value of the reporting unit is implied fair value of goodwill. In the event a reporting unit's carrying value exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss will be recognized. An impairment loss is measured by the difference between the carrying value of the reporting unit and its fair value. The Company elected to perform a qualitative assessment during both fiscal years 2024 and 2023 and determined for both periods that no indicators of impairment existed. The Company’s indefinite-lived intangible assets consist of trade names and certificates of need and licenses. The Company reviews indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment on an annual basis or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the intangible asset is below its carrying amount. Accrued Risk Reserves We are self–insured for risks related to workers' compensation and general and professional liability insurance. We have two wholly–owned limited purpose insurance companies that insure these risks. Accrued risk reserves represent the accrual for risks associated with workers’ compensation and professional liability claims. The accrued risk reserves include a liability for unpaid reported claims and estimates for incurred but unreported claims. Our policy with respect to a significant portion of our workers’ compensation and professional and general liability claims is to use an actuary to assist management in estimating our exposure for claims obligation (for both asserted and unasserted claims). We reassess our accrued risk reserves on a quarterly basis, with changes in estimated losses being recorded in the consolidated statements of operations in the period first identified. Other Current Liabilities Other current liabilities primarily represent accruals for current federal and state income taxes, real estate taxes and other current liabilities. Continuing Care Contracts and Refundable Entrance Fees We have continuing care retirement centers (“CCRC”) within our operations. Residents may enter into continuing care contracts with us. Non-refundable fees are included as a component of the transaction price and are amortized into revenue over the actuarially determined remaining life of the resident, which is the expected period of occupancy by the resident. We pay the refundable portion of our entry fees to residents when they relocate from our community and the apartment is re-occupied. Refundable entrance fees are not included as part of the transaction price and are classified as refundable entrance fees in the Company's consolidated balance sheets. The balances of refundable entrance fees as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were $6,063,000 and $6,376,000, respectively. We annually estimate the present value of the net cost of future services and the use of facilities to be provided to the current CCRC residents and compare that amount with the balance of non–refundable deferred revenue from entrance fees received. If the present value of the net cost of future services exceeds the related anticipated revenues, a liability is recorded (obligation to provide future services) with a corresponding charge to income. The obligation to provide future services is included in other noncurrent liabilities in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, we have recorded a future service obligation in the amounts of $1,474,000 and $1,606,000, respectively. Other Noncurrent Liabilities Other noncurrent liabilities include reserves primarily related to various uncertain income tax positions, deferred revenue, and obligations to provide services to our CCRC residents. Deferred revenue includes the deferred gain on the sale of assets to National Health Corporation (“National”) and the non-refundable portion of CCRC entrance fees being amortized over the remaining life expectancies of the residents. Income Taxes We utilize ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes, which requires an asset and liability approach for financial accounting and reporting for income taxes. Under this guidance, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based upon differences between financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. See Note 13 for further discussion of our accounting for income taxes. Also, under ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes, tax positions are evaluated for recognition using a more–likely–than–not threshold, and those tax positions requiring recognition are measured at the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. Liabilities for income tax matters include amounts for income taxes, applicable penalties, and interest thereon and are the result of the potential alternative interpretations of tax laws and the judgmental nature of the timing of recognition of taxable income. Noncontrolling Interest The noncontrolling interest in a subsidiary is presented within total equity in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The Company presents the noncontrolling interest and the amount of consolidated net income attributable to NHC in its consolidated statements of operations. The Company’s earnings per share is calculated based on net income attributable to NHC’s stockholders. The carrying amount of the noncontrolling interest is adjusted based on an allocation of the subsidiary earnings, contributions, and distributions. Stock–Based Compensation Stock–based awards granted include stock options, restricted stock units, and stock purchased under our employee stock purchase plan. Stock–based compensation cost is measured at the grant date, based on the fair value of the awards, and is recognized as expense over the requisite service period only for those equity awards expected to vest. The fair value of the restricted stock units is determined based on the stock price on the date of grant. We estimated the fair value of stock options and stock purchased under our employee stock purchase plan using the Black–Scholes model. This model utilizes the estimated fair value of common stock and requires that, at the date of grant, we use the expected term of the grant, the expected volatility of the price of our common stock, risk–free interest rates and expected dividend yield of our common stock. The fair value is amortized on a straight–line basis over the requisite service periods of the awards. Comprehensive Income ASC Topic 220, Comprehensive Income, requires that changes in the amounts of certain items, including unrealized gains and losses on marketable debt securities, be shown in the consolidated financial statements as comprehensive income. We report comprehensive income in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income and also in the consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity. Concentration of Credit Risks Our credit risks primarily relate to cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, marketable securities, restricted marketable securities and notes receivable. Cash and cash equivalents are primarily held in bank accounts and overnight investments. Restricted cash and cash equivalents are primarily invested in commercial paper and certificates of deposit with financial institutions and other interest-bearing accounts. Accounts receivable consist primarily of amounts due from patients (funded through Medicare, Medicaid, other contractual programs and through private payors) and from other health care companies for management, accounting and other services. We perform continual credit evaluations of our clients and maintain appropriate allowances for doubtful accounts on any accounts receivable proving uncollectible, and continually monitor and adjust these allowances as necessary. Marketable securities and restricted marketable securities are held primarily in accounts with brokerage institutions. Notes receivable relate primarily to secured loans with health care facilities. At any point in time we have funds in our operating accounts and restricted cash accounts that are with third party financial institutions. These balances in the U.S. may exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insurance limits. While we monitor the cash balances in our operating accounts, these cash and restricted cash balances could be impacted if the underlying financial institutions fail or could be subject to other adverse conditions in the financial markets. Our financial instruments, principally our notes receivable, are subject to the possibility of loss of the carrying values as a result of the failure of other parties to perform according to their contractual obligations. We obtain various collateral and other protective rights, and continually monitor these rights in order to reduce such possibilities of credit loss. We evaluate the need to provide reserves for potential credit losses on our financial instruments based on management's periodic review of the portfolio on an instrument-by-instrument basis. Recently Adopted Accounting Guidance In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvement to Reportable Segment Disclosures.” The ASU improves reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. In addition, the amendments enhance interim disclosure requirements, clarify circumstances in which an entity can disclose multiple segment measures of profit and loss, and contain other disclosure requirements. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company has adopted the standard and has included the appropriate disclosures in our notes to the financial statements. Recent Accounting Guidance Not* Yet Adopted* In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-06, "Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC's Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative," which amends U.S. GAAP to include certain disclosure requirements that are currently required under SEC Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K. each amendment will be effective on the date on which the SEC removes the related disclosure requirement from SEC Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K. The adoption is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial statements as these requirements were previously incorporated under the SEC Regulations. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09 "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures," which requires companies to disclose disaggregated jurisdictional and categorical information for the tax rate reconciliation, income taxes paid and other income tax related amounts. ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual periods beginning with the Company's fiscal year 2025, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact this ASU will have on our disclosures. In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03 "Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses," which requires the Company to disaggregate key expense categories such as employee compensation and depreciation within its financial statements. ASU 2024-03 is effective for annual periods beginning with the Company's fiscal year 2027, and interim periods with the Company's fiscal year 2028, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact this ASU will have on the company's financial statements and related disclosures. Reclassifications Certain accounts in the prior-year financial statements have been reclassified for comparative purposes to conform to the presentation in the current-year financial statements.

Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Significant Accounting Policies [Text Block]

Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Nature of Operations

National HealthCare Corporation ("NHC" or "the Company") operates, manages or provides services to skilled nursing facilities, assisted living facilities, independent living facilities, home health care agencies, hospice agencies, and behavioral health hospitals located in 9 Southeastern and Midwestern states in the United States. The most significant part of our business relates to skilled and intermediate nursing care settings in which we also provide assisted living and retirement services, rehabilitative therapy services, memory and Alzheimer's care services, home health and hospice services, and behavioral health services. In addition, we provide insurance services, management and accounting services, and we lease properties to operators of skilled nursing and assisted living facilities. The health care environment has continually undergone changes with regard to federal and state reimbursement programs and other payor sources, compliance regulations, competition among other health care providers and patient care litigation issues. We continually monitor these industry developments as well as other factors that affect our business.

Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements, which are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), include our wholly owned and controlled subsidiaries and affiliates. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company presents noncontrolling interest within the equity section of its consolidated balance sheets. The Company presents the amount of consolidated net income that is attributable to NHC and the noncontrolling interest in its consolidated statements of operations.

Variable interest entities (“VIEs”) in which we have an interest have been consolidated when we have been identified as the primary beneficiary. Investments in ventures in which we have the ability to exercise significant influence but do not have control over are accounted for using the equity method. Equity method investments are initially recorded at cost and subsequently are adjusted for our share of the venture’s earnings or losses and cash distributions. Investments in entities in which we lack the ability to exercise significant influence are included in the consolidated financial statements at cost unless there has been a decline in the market value of our investment that is deemed to be other than temporary.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates and could cause our reported net income to vary significantly from period to period.

Net Patient Revenues and Accounts Receivable

Net patient revenues are derived from services rendered to patients for skilled and intermediate nursing, rehabilitation therapy, assisted living and independent living, home health care services, hospice services, and behavioral health services. Net patient revenue is reported at the amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for providing patient services. These amounts are due from patients, governmental programs, and other third-party payors, and include variable consideration for retroactive revenue adjustments due to settlement of audits, reviews, and investigations.

The Company recognizes revenue as its performance obligations are completed. Routine services are treated as a single performance obligation satisfied over time as services are rendered. These routine services represent a bundle of services that are not capable of being distinct. The performance obligations are satisfied over time as the patient simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits of the healthcare services provided. Additionally, there may be ancillary services which are not included in the daily rates for routine services, but instead are treated as separate performance obligations satisfied at a point in time when those services are rendered.

The Company determines the transaction price based on established billing rates reduced by explicit price concessions provided to third party payors. Explicit price concessions are based on contractual agreements and historical experience. The Company considers the patient's ability and intent to pay the amount of consideration upon admission. Credit losses are recorded as bad debt expense, which is included as a component of other operating expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. Bad debt expense was $8,831,000, $7,424,000, and $4,711,000 for years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, and 2023, the Company has recorded allowance for doubtful accounts of $9,702,000 and $8,054,000, respectively, as our best estimate of probable losses inherent in the accounts receivable balance.

Other Revenues

Other revenues include revenues from the provision of insurance services to other healthcare providers, management and accounting services to other long–term care providers, and rental income. Our insurance revenues consist of premiums that are generally paid in advance and then amortized into income over the policy period. We charge for management services based on a percentage of net revenues. We charge for accounting services based on a monthly fee or a fixed fee per bed of the healthcare center under contract. We record other revenues as the performance obligations are satisfied based on the terms of our contractual arrangements.

We recognize rental income based on the terms of our operating leases. Under certain of our leases, we receive variable rent, which is based on the increase in revenues of a lessee over a base year. We recognize variable rent annually or monthly, as applicable, when the actual revenue of the lessee is earned.

Government Grants

We account for government grants in accordance with International Accounting Standard (“IAS”) 20, Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance, and as such, we recognize grant income on a systematic basis in line with the recognition of specific expenses and lost revenues for which the grants are intended to compensate.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, all conditions related to the Employee Retention Credit ("ERC") were met and the credit was recognized as government grant income. The ERC was established by the CARES Act and intended to help businesses retain their workforce and avoid layoffs during the pandemic. The ERC provided a per employee credit to eligible businesses based on a percentage of qualified wages and health insurance benefits paid to employees. The qualified wages and health insurance benefits paid by the Company were related to the second, third and fourth quarters of 2020.

Segment Reporting

In accordance with the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 280, Segment Reporting, the Company is required to report financial and descriptive information about its reportable operating segments. The Company has two reportable operating segments: (1) inpatient services, which includes the operation of skilled nursing facilities, assisted and independent living facilities, and behavioral health hospitals, and (2) homecare and hospice services. The Company also reports an “all other” category that includes revenues from rental income, management and accounting services fees, insurance services, and costs of the corporate office. See Note 6 for further disclosure of the Company’s operating segments.

Other Operating Expenses

Other operating expenses include the costs of care and services that we provide to the residents of our facilities and the costs of maintaining our facilities. Our primary patient care costs include drugs, medical supplies, purchased professional services, food, and professional liability insurance and licensing fees. The primary facility costs include utilities and property insurance.

General and Administrative Costs

With the Company being a healthcare provider, the majority of our expenses are "cost of revenue" items. Costs that could be classified as "general and administrative" by the Company would include its corporate office costs, excluding stock-based compensation and incentive compensation, which were $26,236,000, $21,412,000, and $20,651,000 for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. Included in general and administrative costs during 2024 are acquisition-related expenses for the White Oak Senior Living portfolio. See Note 2 - Acquisition of White Oak Senior Living for additional detail regarding the acquisition.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash equivalents include highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased.

Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Marketable Securities

Restricted cash and cash equivalents and restricted marketable securities represent assets that are primarily held by our wholly owned limited purpose insurance companies for workers' compensation and professional liability claims.

Investments in Marketable Securities and Restricted Marketable Securities

Our investments in marketable equity securities are carried at fair value with the changes in unrealized gains and losses recognized in our results of operations at each measurement date. Our investments in marketable debt securities are classified as available for sale securities and carried at fair value with the unrealized gains and losses recognized through accumulated other comprehensive income/loss at each measurement date. For available for sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position, we first assess whether we intend to sell, or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of the amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s cost basis is written down to fair value through our results of operations. For debt securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, we evaluate whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. If a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Realized gains and losses from securities are recognized in results of operations upon disposition of the securities using the specific identification method on a trade date basis.

Inventories

Inventories consist generally of food and supplies and are valued at the lower of cost or market, with cost determined on a first–in, first–out (FIFO) basis.

Mortgage and Other Notes Receivable

In accordance with ASC Topic 310, Receivables, NHC evaluates the carrying values of its mortgage and other notes receivable on an instrument-by-instrument basis. On a quarterly basis, NHC reviews its notes receivable for recoverability when events or circumstances, including the non–receipt of contractual principal and interest payments, significant deteriorations of the financial condition of the borrower and significant adverse changes in general economic conditions, indicate that the carrying amount of the note receivable may not be recoverable. If necessary, impairment is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the discounted cash flows expected to be received under the note receivable or, if foreclosure is probable, the fair value of the collateral securing the note receivable.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded a recovery of a note receivable of $3,728,000 due to the borrower paying off the note. The recovery of the note receivable is recorded in the consolidated statements of operations under the line item “recovery of note receivable”.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are recorded at cost. Depreciation is provided by the straight–line method over the expected useful lives of the assets estimated as follows: buildings and improvements, 20–40 years and equipment and furniture, 3–15 years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over periods that do not exceed the non–cancelable respective lease terms using the straight–line method.

Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are charged to expense as incurred. Betterments, which significantly extend the useful life, are capitalized. We remove the costs and related allowances for accumulated depreciation or amortization from the accounts for properties sold or retired, and any resulting gains or losses are included in income.

In accordance with ASC Topic 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment, we evaluate the recoverability of the carrying values of our properties on a property-by-property basis. We review our properties for recoverability when events or circumstances, including significant physical changes in the property, significant adverse changes in general economic conditions, and significant deteriorations of the underlying cash flows of the property, indicate that the carrying amount of the property may not be recoverable. The need to recognize impairment is based on estimated future undiscounted cash flows from a property over the remaining useful life compared to the carrying value of that property. If recognition of impairment is necessary, it is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of the property exceeds the estimated fair value of the property.

Business Combinations

We account for transactions that represent business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations (Topic 805). Acquisitions are accounted for as purchases and are included in our consolidated financial statements from their respective acquisition dates. Assets acquired and liabilities assumed, if any, are measured at fair value on the acquisition date using the appropriate valuation method. Such fair values that are not finalized for reporting periods following the acquisition date are estimated and recorded as provisional amounts during the measurement period. The measurement period is defined as the date through which all information required to identify and measure the consideration transferred, the assets acquired, the liabilities assumed and any noncontrolling interests has been obtained, limited to one year from the acquisition date.

Goodwill generated from business combinations is recognized for the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed. In determining the fair value of identifiable assets, we use various valuation techniques. These valuation methods require us to make estimates and assumptions surrounding projected revenues and costs, future growth, and discount rates

Long-Term Leases

The Company’s lease portfolio primarily consists of finance and operating real estate leases for certain skilled nursing facilities, assisted and independent living facilities, homecare and hospice offices, and pharmacy warehouses. The original terms of the leases typically range from two to fifteen years. Several of the real estate leases include renewal options which vary in length and may not include specific rent renewal amounts. We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception of a contract. We determine the lease term by assuming exercise of renewal options that are reasonably certain.

The Company records right-of-use assets and liabilities for non-cancelable real estate operating leases with original or remaining lease terms in excess of one year. Leases with a lease term of 12 months or less at inception are not recorded and are expensed on a straight-line basis over the lease term. We recognize lease components and non-lease components together and not as separate parts of a lease for real estate leases.

Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities are recorded at the present value of the lease payments over the lease term. The present value of the lease payments are discounted using the incremental borrowing rate associated with each lease. The variable components of the lease payment that fluctuate with the operations of a health facility are not included in determining the right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. Rather, these variable components are expensed as incurred.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of identifiable net assets acquired in business combinations. We perform our annual goodwill impairment assessment on the first day of the fourth quarter. Tests are performed more frequently if events occur, or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit below its carrying amount. In accordance with ASC Topic 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other ("ASC 350"), the guidance provides the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. If, based on a review of qualitative factors, it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, the Company performs a goodwill impairment test by comparing the carrying value of each reporting unit to its respective fair value. The Company determines the estimated fair value of each reporting unit using a discounted cash flow analysis. The fair value of the reporting unit is implied fair value of goodwill. In the event a reporting unit's carrying value exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss will be recognized. An impairment loss is measured by the difference between the carrying value of the reporting unit and its fair value. The Company elected to perform a qualitative assessment during both fiscal years 2024 and 2023 and determined for both periods that no indicators of impairment existed.

The Company’s indefinite-lived intangible assets consist of trade names and certificates of need and licenses. The Company reviews indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment on an annual basis or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the intangible asset is below its carrying amount.

Accrued Risk Reserves

We are self–insured for risks related to workers' compensation and general and professional liability insurance. We have two wholly–owned limited purpose insurance companies that insure these risks. Accrued risk reserves represent the accrual for risks associated with workers’ compensation and professional liability claims. The accrued risk reserves include a liability for unpaid reported claims and estimates for incurred but unreported claims. Our policy with respect to a significant portion of our workers’ compensation and professional and general liability claims is to use an actuary to assist management in estimating our exposure for claims obligation (for both asserted and unasserted claims). We reassess our accrued risk reserves on a quarterly basis, with changes in estimated losses being recorded in the consolidated statements of operations in the period first identified.

Other Current Liabilities

Other current liabilities primarily represent accruals for current federal and state income taxes, real estate taxes and other current liabilities.

Continuing Care Contracts and Refundable Entrance Fees

We have continuing care retirement centers (“CCRC”) within our operations. Residents may enter into continuing care contracts with us.

Non-refundable fees are included as a component of the transaction price and are amortized into revenue over the actuarially determined remaining life of the resident, which is the expected period of occupancy by the resident. We pay the refundable portion of our entry fees to residents when they relocate from our community and the apartment is re-occupied. Refundable entrance fees are not included as part of the transaction price and are classified as refundable entrance fees in the Company's consolidated balance sheets. The balances of refundable entrance fees as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were $6,063,000 and $6,376,000, respectively.

We annually estimate the present value of the net cost of future services and the use of facilities to be provided to the current CCRC residents and compare that amount with the balance of non–refundable deferred revenue from entrance fees received. If the present value of the net cost of future services exceeds the related anticipated revenues, a liability is recorded (obligation to provide future services) with a corresponding charge to income. The obligation to provide future services is included in other noncurrent liabilities in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, we have recorded a future service obligation in the amounts of $1,474,000 and $1,606,000, respectively.

Other Noncurrent Liabilities

Other noncurrent liabilities include reserves primarily related to various uncertain income tax positions, deferred revenue, and obligations to provide services to our CCRC residents. Deferred revenue includes the deferred gain on the sale of assets to National Health Corporation (“National”) and the non-refundable portion of CCRC entrance fees being amortized over the remaining life expectancies of the residents.

Income Taxes

We utilize ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes, which requires an asset and liability approach for financial accounting and reporting for income taxes. Under this guidance, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based upon differences between financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. See Note 13 for further discussion of our accounting for income taxes.

Also, under ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes, tax positions are evaluated for recognition using a more–likely–than–not threshold, and those tax positions requiring recognition are measured at the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. Liabilities for income tax matters include amounts for income taxes, applicable penalties, and interest thereon and are the result of the potential alternative interpretations of tax laws and the judgmental nature of the timing of recognition of taxable income.

Noncontrolling Interest

The noncontrolling interest in a subsidiary is presented within total equity in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The Company presents the noncontrolling interest and the amount of consolidated net income attributable to NHC in its consolidated statements of operations. The Company’s earnings per share is calculated based on net income attributable to NHC’s stockholders. The carrying amount of the noncontrolling interest is adjusted based on an allocation of the subsidiary earnings, contributions, and distributions.

Stock–Based Compensation

Stock–based awards granted include stock options, restricted stock units, and stock purchased under our employee stock purchase plan. Stock–based compensation cost is measured at the grant date, based on the fair value of the awards, and is recognized as expense over the requisite service period only for those equity awards expected to vest.

The fair value of the restricted stock units is determined based on the stock price on the date of grant. We estimated the fair value of stock options and stock purchased under our employee stock purchase plan using the Black–Scholes model. This model utilizes the estimated fair value of common stock and requires that, at the date of grant, we use the expected term of the grant, the expected volatility of the price of our common stock, risk–free interest rates and expected dividend yield of our common stock. The fair value is amortized on a straight–line basis over the requisite service periods of the awards.

Comprehensive Income

ASC Topic 220, Comprehensive Income, requires that changes in the amounts of certain items, including unrealized gains and losses on marketable debt securities, be shown in the consolidated financial statements as comprehensive income. We report comprehensive income in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income and also in the consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity.

Concentration of Credit Risks

Our credit risks primarily relate to cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, marketable securities, restricted marketable securities and notes receivable. Cash and cash equivalents are primarily held in bank accounts and overnight investments. Restricted cash and cash equivalents are primarily invested in commercial paper and certificates of deposit with financial institutions and other interest-bearing accounts. Accounts receivable consist primarily of amounts due from patients (funded through Medicare, Medicaid, other contractual programs and through private payors) and from other health care companies for management, accounting and other services. We perform continual credit evaluations of our clients and maintain appropriate allowances for doubtful accounts on any accounts receivable proving uncollectible, and continually monitor and adjust these allowances as necessary. Marketable securities and restricted marketable securities are held primarily in accounts with brokerage institutions. Notes receivable relate primarily to secured loans with health care facilities.

At any point in time we have funds in our operating accounts and restricted cash accounts that are with third party financial institutions. These balances in the U.S. may exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insurance limits. While we monitor the cash balances in our operating accounts, these cash and restricted cash balances could be impacted if the underlying financial institutions fail or could be subject to other adverse conditions in the financial markets.

Our financial instruments, principally our notes receivable, are subject to the possibility of loss of the carrying values as a result of the failure of other parties to perform according to their contractual obligations. We obtain various collateral and other protective rights, and continually monitor these rights in order to reduce such possibilities of credit loss. We evaluate the need to provide reserves for potential credit losses on our financial instruments based on management's periodic review of the portfolio on an instrument-by-instrument basis.

Recently Adopted Accounting Guidance

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvement to Reportable Segment Disclosures.” The ASU improves reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. In addition, the amendments enhance interim disclosure requirements, clarify circumstances in which an entity can disclose multiple segment measures of profit and loss, and contain other disclosure requirements. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company has adopted the standard and has included the appropriate disclosures in our notes to the financial statements.

Recent Accounting Guidance Not Yet Adopted

In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-06, "Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC's Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative," which amends U.S. GAAP to include certain disclosure requirements that are currently required under SEC Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K. each amendment will be effective on the date on which the SEC removes the related disclosure requirement from SEC Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K. The adoption is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial statements as these requirements were previously incorporated under the SEC Regulations.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09 "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures," which requires companies to disclose disaggregated jurisdictional and categorical information for the tax rate reconciliation, income taxes paid and other income tax related amounts. ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual periods beginning with the Company's fiscal year 2025, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact this ASU will have on our disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03 "Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses," which requires the Company to disaggregate key expense categories such as employee compensation and depreciation within its financial statements. ASU 2024-03 is effective for annual periods beginning with the Company's fiscal year 2027, and interim periods with the Company's fiscal year 2028, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact this ASU will have on the company's financial statements and related disclosures.

Reclassifications

Certain accounts in the prior-year financial statements have been reclassified for comparative purposes to conform to the presentation in the current-year financial statements.