10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

 ___________________________________

FORM 10-Q

___________________________________

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from              to             

Commission File Number 1-14387

Commission File Number 1-13663

___________________________________ 

United Rentals, Inc.

United Rentals (North America), Inc.

(Exact Names of Registrants as Specified in Their Charters)

 ___________________________________

Delaware	06-1522496
Delaware	86-0933835
(States of Incorporation)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification Nos.)
100 First Stamford Place, Suite 700
Stamford
Connecticut	06902
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrants’ Telephone Number, Including Area Code: (203) 622-3131

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $.01 par value, of United Rentals, Inc.	URI	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    x  Yes    o  No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  x    No  o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large Accelerated Filer	☒	Accelerated Filer	☐
Non-Accelerated Filer	☐	Smaller Reporting Company	☐
Emerging Growth Company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.    o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    ☐Yes    x   No

As of October 23, 2023, there were 67,781,450 shares of United Rentals, Inc. common stock, $0.01 par value, outstanding. There is no market for the common stock of United Rentals (North America), Inc., all outstanding shares of which are owned by United Rentals, Inc.

This combined Form 10-Q is separately filed by (i) United Rentals, Inc. and (ii) United Rentals (North America), Inc. (which is a wholly owned subsidiary of United Rentals, Inc.). United Rentals (North America), Inc. meets the conditions set forth in General Instruction (H)(1)(a) and (b) of Form 10-Q and is therefore filing this report with the reduced disclosure format permitted by such instruction.

UNITED RENTALS, INC.

UNITED RENTALS (NORTH AMERICA), INC.

FORM 10-Q FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

INDEX

		Page
PART I	FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)	6
	United Rentals, Inc. Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets	6
	United Rentals, Inc. Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income	7
	United Rentals, Inc. Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income	8
	United Rentals, Inc. Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity	9
	United Rentals, Inc. Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	11
	Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	12
Item 2	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	29
Item 3	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	45
Item 4	Controls and Procedures	46
PART II	OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1	Legal Proceedings	47
Item 1A	Risk Factors	47
Item 2	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	47
Item 5	Other Information	47
Item 6	Exhibits	48
	Signatures	49

3

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This quarterly report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the “safe harbor” provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such statements can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “believe,” “expect,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “seek,” “on-track,” “plan,” “project,” “forecast,” “intend” or “anticipate,” or the negative thereof or comparable terminology, or by discussions of strategy or outlook. You are cautioned that our business and operations are subject to a variety of risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control, and, consequently, our actual results may differ materially from those projected.

Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected include, but are not limited to, the following:

•the impact of global economic conditions (including inflation, increased interest rates, supply chain constraints, potential trade wars and sanctions and other measures imposed in response to international conflicts) and public health crises and epidemics on us, our customers and our suppliers, in the United States and the rest of the world;

•declines in construction or industrial activity, which can adversely impact our revenues and, because many of our costs are fixed, our profitability;

•rates we charge and time utilization we achieve being less than anticipated;

•changes in customer, fleet, geographic and segment mix;

•excess fleet in the equipment rental industry;

•inability to benefit from government spending, including spending associated with infrastructure projects;

•trends in oil and natural gas, including significant increases in the prices of oil or natural gas, could adversely affect the demand for our services and products;

•competition from existing and new competitors;

•the cyclical nature of the industry in which we operate and the industries of our customers, such as those in the construction industry;

•costs we incur being more than anticipated, including as a result of inflation, and the inability to realize expected savings in the amounts or time frames planned;

•our significant indebtedness (which totaled $12.0 billion at September 30, 2023) requires us to use a substantial portion of our cash flow for debt service and can constrain our flexibility in responding to unanticipated or adverse business conditions;

•inability to refinance our indebtedness on terms that are favorable to us, including as a result of volatility and uncertainty in capital or credit markets or increases in interest rates, or at all;

•incurrence of additional debt, which could exacerbate the risks associated with our current level of indebtedness;

•noncompliance with financial or other covenants in our debt agreements, which could result in our lenders terminating the agreements and requiring us to repay outstanding borrowings;

•restrictive covenants and the amount of borrowings permitted under our debt instruments, which can limit our financial and operational flexibility;

•inability to access the capital that our businesses or growth plans may require, including as a result of uncertainty in capital or credit markets;

•the possibility that companies that we have acquired or may acquire could have undiscovered liabilities, or that companies or assets that we have acquired or may acquire could involve other unexpected costs, may strain our management capabilities, or may be difficult to integrate, and that we may not realize the expected benefits from an acquisition over the timeframe we expect, or at all;

•incurrence of impairment charges;

•fluctuations in the price of our common stock and inability to complete stock repurchases or pay dividends in the time frames and/or on the terms anticipated;

•our charter provisions as well as provisions of certain debt agreements and our significant indebtedness may have the effect of making more difficult or otherwise discouraging, delaying or deterring a takeover or other change of control of us;

•inability to manage credit risk adequately or to collect on contracts with a large number of customers;

•turnover in our management team and inability to attract and retain key personnel, as well as loss, absenteeism or the inability of employees to work or perform key functions in light of public health crises or epidemics;

•inability to obtain equipment and other supplies for our business from our key suppliers on acceptable terms or at all, as a result of supply chain disruptions, insolvency, financial difficulties or other factors;

•increases in our maintenance and replacement costs and/or decreases in the residual value of our equipment;

•inability to sell our new or used fleet in the amounts, or at the prices, we expect;

4

•risks related to security breaches, cybersecurity attacks, failure to protect personal information, compliance with data protection and cyber incident reporting laws and regulations, and other significant disruptions in our information technology systems;

•risks related to climate change and climate change regulation;

•risks related to our ability to meet our environmental and social goals, including our greenhouse gas intensity reduction goal;

•the fact that our holding company structure requires us to depend in part on distributions from subsidiaries and such distributions could be limited by contractual or legal restrictions;

•shortfalls in our insurance coverage;

•increases in our loss reserves to address business operations or other claims and any claims that exceed our established levels of reserves;

•incurrence of additional expenses (including indemnification obligations) and other costs in connection with litigation, regulatory and investigatory matters;

•the costs of complying with environmental, safety and foreign laws and regulations, as well as other risks associated with non-U.S. operations, including currency exchange risk, and tariffs;

•the outcome or other potential consequences of regulatory matters and commercial litigation;

•labor shortages and/or disputes, work stoppages or other labor difficulties, which may impact our productivity and increase our costs, and changes in law that could affect our labor relations or operations generally; and

•the effect of changes in tax law.

For a more complete description of these and other possible risks and uncertainties, please refer to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, as well as to our subsequent filings with the SEC. Our forward-looking statements contained herein speak only as of the date hereof, and we make no commitment to update or publicly release any revisions to forward-looking statements in order to reflect new information or subsequent events, circumstances or changes in expectations.

5

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.Financial Statements

UNITED RENTALS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In millions, except share data)

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(unaudited)
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents	$	284	$	106
Accounts receivable, net	2,277		2,004
Inventory	201		232
Prepaid expenses and other assets	216		381
Total current assets	2,978		2,723
Rental equipment, net	14,314		13,277
Property and equipment, net	881		839
Goodwill	5,792		6,026
Other intangible assets, net	728		452
Operating lease right-of-use assets	1,091		819
Other long-term assets	48		47
Total assets	$	25,832	$	24,183
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Short-term debt and current maturities of long-term debt	$	1,448	$	161
Accounts payable	1,121		1,139
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	1,104		1,145
Total current liabilities	3,673		2,445
Long-term debt	10,580		11,209
Deferred taxes	2,757		2,671
Operating lease liabilities	890		642
Other long-term liabilities	176		154
Total liabilities	18,076		17,121
Common stock—$0.01 par value, 500,000,000 shares authorized, 114,957,299 and 67,733,679 shares issued and outstanding, respectively, at September 30, 2023 and 114,758,508 and 69,356,981 shares issued and outstanding, respectively, at December 31, 2022	1		1
Additional paid-in capital	2,642		2,626
Retained earnings	11,094		9,656
Treasury stock at cost—47,223,620 and 45,401,527 shares at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively	(5,713)		(4,957)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(268)		(264)
Total stockholders’ equity	7,756		7,062
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	25,832	$	24,183

See accompanying notes.

6

UNITED RENTALS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (UNAUDITED)

(In millions, except per share amounts)

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Revenues:
Equipment rentals	$	3,224	$	2,732	$	8,945	$	7,369
Sales of rental equipment	366		181		1,136		556
Sales of new equipment	52		32		166		115
Contractor supplies sales	39		32		110		94
Service and other revenues	84		74		247		212
Total revenues	3,765		3,051		10,604		8,346
Cost of revenues:
Cost of equipment rentals, excluding depreciation	1,286		1,053		3,664		2,961
Depreciation of rental equipment	588		470		1,755		1,362
Cost of rental equipment sales	185		69		569		231
Cost of new equipment sales	43		25		137		93
Cost of contractor supplies sales	28		23		78		66
Cost of service and other revenues	50		45		150		125
Total cost of revenues	2,180		1,685		6,353		4,838
Gross profit	1,585		1,366		4,251		3,508
Selling, general and administrative expenses	374		356		1,134		1,022
Restructuring charge	5		(1)		24		—
Non-rental depreciation and amortization	107		90		329		278
Operating income	1,099		921		2,764		2,208
Interest expense, net	163		106		474		313
Other income, net	(7)		(1)		(19)		(12)
Income before provision for income taxes	943		816		2,309		1,907
Provision for income taxes	240		210		564		441
Net income	$	703	$	606	$	1,745	$	1,466
Basic earnings per share	$	10.30	$	8.69	$	25.37	$	20.61
Diluted earnings per share	$	10.29	$	8.66	$	25.30	$	20.56

See accompanying notes.

7

UNITED RENTALS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED)

(In millions)

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Net income	$	703	$	606	$	1,745	$	1,466
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments (1)	(27)		(92)		(3)		(141)
Fixed price diesel swaps	—		(3)		(1)		—
Other comprehensive (loss) income (1)	(27)		(95)		(4)		(141)
Comprehensive income	$	676	$	511	$	1,741	$	1,325

(1)There were no material reclassifications from accumulated other comprehensive loss reflected in other comprehensive income (loss) during 2023 or 2022. There was no material tax impact related to the foreign currency translation adjustments. In 2021, we remitted the cumulative amount of identified cash in our foreign operations in excess of near-term working capital needs. We continue to expect that the remaining balance of our undistributed foreign earnings will be indefinitely reinvested. If we determine that all or a portion of such foreign earnings are no longer indefinitely reinvested, we may be subject to additional foreign withholding taxes and U.S. state income taxes. There were no material taxes associated with other comprehensive income (loss) during 2023 or 2022.

See accompanying notes.

8

UNITED RENTALS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (UNAUDITED)

(In millions) 

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
	Common Stock							Treasury Stock
	Number of Shares (1) (2)	Amount		Additional Paid-in Capital		Retained Earnings		Number of Shares	Amount		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (3)
Balance at June 30, 2023	68	$	1	$	2,621	$	10,493	47	$	(5,460)	$	(241)
Net income						703
Dividends declared (4)						(102)
Foreign currency translation adjustments											(27)
Stock compensation expense, net	—			23
Tax withholding for share based compensation	—			(2)
Repurchase of common stock	—							—	(253)
Balance at September 30, 2023	68	$	1	$	2,642	$	11,094	47	$	(5,713)	$	(268)

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
	Common Stock							Treasury Stock
	Number of Shares (1) (2)	Amount		Additional Paid-in Capital		Retained Earnings		Number of Shares	Amount		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (3)
Balance at June 30, 2022	70	$	1	$	2,570	$	8,411	45	$	(4,719)	$	(217)
Net income						606
Foreign currency translation adjustments											(92)
Fixed price diesel swaps											(3)
Stock compensation expense, net	—			35
Tax withholding for share based compensation	—			(1)
Repurchase of common stock	—							—	(238)
Balance at September 30, 2022	69	$	1	$	2,604	$	9,017	45	$	(4,957)	$	(312)

9

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
	Common Stock							Treasury Stock
	Number of Shares (1) (2)	Amount		Additional Paid-in Capital		Retained Earnings		Number of Shares	Amount		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (3)
Balance at December 31, 2022	69	$	1	$	2,626	$	9,656	45	$	(4,957)	$	(264)
Net income						1,745
Dividends declared (4)						(307)
Foreign currency translation adjustments											(3)
Fixed price diesel swaps											(1)
Stock compensation expense, net	1			72
Tax withholding for share based compensation	—			(56)
Repurchase of common stock	(2)							2	(756)
Balance at September 30, 2023	68	$	1	$	2,642	$	11,094	47	$	(5,713)	$	(268)

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
	Common Stock							Treasury Stock
	Number of Shares (1) (2)	Amount		Additional Paid-in Capital		Retained Earnings		Number of Shares	Amount		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (3)
Balance at December 31, 2021	72	$	1	$	2,567	$	7,551	42	$	(3,957)	$	(171)
Net income						1,466
Foreign currency translation adjustments											(141)
Stock compensation expense, net	—			95
Tax withholding for share based compensation	—			(58)
Repurchase of common stock	(3)							3	(1,000)
Balance at September 30, 2022	69	$	1	$	2,604	$	9,017	45	$	(4,957)	$	(312)

(1)Amounts may not foot due to rounding.

(2)Common stock outstanding decreased by approximately three million net shares during the year ended December 31, 2022.

(3)The Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss balance primarily reflects foreign currency translation adjustments.

(4)In January 2023, our Board of Directors approved our first-ever quarterly dividend program (accordingly, there were no dividends declared during 2022). We declared dividends of $1.48 and $4.44 per share during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively.

See accompanying notes.

10

UNITED RENTALS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)

(In millions)

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30,
	2023		2022
Cash Flows From Operating Activities:
Net income	$	1,745	$	1,466
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	2,084		1,640
Amortization of deferred financing costs and original issue discounts	11		9
Gain on sales of rental equipment	(567)		(325)
Gain on sales of non-rental equipment	(16)		(6)
Insurance proceeds from damaged equipment	(30)		(25)
Stock compensation expense, net	72		95
Restructuring charge	24		—
Loss on repurchase/redemption of debt securities	—		17
Increase in deferred taxes	88		130
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of amounts acquired:
Increase in accounts receivable	(254)		(261)
Decrease (increase) in inventory	22		(33)
Decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets	183		70
(Decrease) increase in accounts payable	(15)		332
(Decrease) increase in accrued expenses and other liabilities	(57)		73
Net cash provided by operating activities	3,290		3,182
Cash Flows From Investing Activities:
Purchases of rental equipment	(3,078)		(2,456)
Purchases of non-rental equipment and intangible assets	(267)		(182)
Proceeds from sales of rental equipment	1,136		556
Proceeds from sales of non-rental equipment	46		15
Insurance proceeds from damaged equipment	30		25
Purchases of other companies, net of cash acquired	(406)		(323)
Purchases of investments	—		(5)
Net cash used in investing activities	(2,539)		(2,370)
Cash Flows From Financing Activities:
Proceeds from debt	6,718		5,219
Payments of debt	(6,175)		(5,026)
Common stock repurchased, including tax withholdings for share based compensation	(806)		(1,058)
Payments of financing costs	—		(9)
Dividends paid	(305)		—
Net cash used in financing activities	(568)		(874)
Effect of foreign exchange rates	(5)		(6)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	178		(68)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	106		144
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	284	$	76
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash paid for income taxes, net	$	389	$	295
Cash paid for interest	495		339

See accompanying notes.

11

UNITED RENTALS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

1. Organization, Description of Business and Basis of Presentation

United Rentals, Inc. (“Holdings,” “URI” or the “Company”) is principally a holding company and conducts its operations primarily through its wholly owned subsidiary, United Rentals (North America), Inc. (“URNA”), and subsidiaries of URNA. Holdings’ primary asset is its sole ownership of all issued and outstanding shares of common stock of URNA. URNA’s various credit agreements and debt instruments place restrictions on its ability to transfer funds to its shareholder.

We rent equipment to a diverse customer base that includes construction and industrial companies, manufacturers, utilities, municipalities, homeowners and government entities. We primarily operate in the United States and Canada, and have a limited presence in Europe, Australia and New Zealand. In addition to renting equipment, we sell new and used rental equipment, as well as related contractor supplies, parts and service.

We have prepared the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with the accounting policies described in our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (the “2022 Form 10-K”) and the interim reporting requirements of Form 10-Q. Accordingly, certain information and note disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the 2022 Form 10-K.

In our opinion, all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, which are necessary for a fair presentation of financial condition, operating results and cash flows for the interim periods presented have been made. Interim results of operations are not necessarily indicative of the results of the full year.

New Accounting Pronouncements

Guidance Adopted in 2023

Reference Rate Reform. In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, which provides temporary optional expedients and exceptions to accounting guidance on contract modifications and hedge accounting to ease entities’ financial reporting burdens as the market transitions from the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) and other interbank offered rates to alternative reference rates. This guidance generally allows for contract modifications solely related to the replacement of the reference rate to be accounted for as a continuation of the existing contract instead of as an extinguishment of the contract, without triggering certain accounting impacts that could be required associated with an extinguishment of the contract. In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-01, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope, to expand the scope of this guidance to include derivatives. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848, which extends the period of time entities can utilize the reference rate reform relief guidance under ASU 2020-04 from December 31, 2022, to December 31, 2024. As discussed in note 8 of the condensed consolidated financial statements, in April 2023, our term loan facility was amended to transition to an interest rate based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"). Prior to the amendment, interest on the term loan facility reflected LIBOR plus a margin (or an alternative base rate plus a margin). We applied the above guidance when accounting for the term loan facility amendment (as discussed further in note 8), and adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on our financial statements. As of September 30, 2023, we have no debt instruments that use LIBOR as a reference rate, and this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our financial statements in the future.

2. Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition Accounting Standards

We recognize revenue in accordance with two different accounting standards: 1) Topic 606 (which addresses revenue from contracts with customers) and 2) Topic 842 (which addresses lease revenue). Under Topic 606, revenue from contracts with customers is measured based on the consideration specified in the contract with the customer, and excludes any sales incentives and amounts collected on behalf of third parties. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to a customer, and is the unit of account under Topic 606. As reflected below, most of our revenue is accounted for under Topic 842. Our contracts with customers generally do not include multiple performance obligations. We recognize revenue when we satisfy a performance obligation by transferring control over a product or service to a customer.

12

UNITED RENTALS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for such products or services.

Nature of goods and services

In the following table, revenue is summarized by type and by the applicable accounting standard.

	Three Months Ended September 30,
			2023						2022
	Topic 842		Topic 606		Total		Topic 842		Topic 606		Total
Revenues:
Owned equipment rentals	$	2,651	$	—	$	2,651	$	2,238	$	—	$	2,238
Re-rent revenue	68		—		68		72		—		72
Ancillary and other rental revenues:
Delivery and pick-up	—		258		258		—		221		221
Other	204		43		247		163		38		201
Total ancillary and other rental revenues	204		301		505		163		259		422
Total equipment rentals	2,923		301		3,224		2,473		259		2,732
Sales of rental equipment	—		366		366		—		181		181
Sales of new equipment	—		52		52		—		32		32
Contractor supplies sales	—		39		39		—		32		32
Service and other revenues	—		84		84		—		74		74
Total revenues	$	2,923	$	842	$	3,765	$	2,473	$	578	$	3,051

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
			2023						2022
	Topic 842		Topic 606		Total		Topic 842		Topic 606		Total
Revenues:
Owned equipment rentals	$	7,378	$	—	$	7,378	$	6,053	$	—	$	6,053
Re-rent revenue	176		—		176		176		—		176
Ancillary and other rental revenues:
Delivery and pick-up	—		699		699		—		583		583
Other	554		138		692		429		128		557
Total ancillary and other rental revenues	554		837		1,391		429		711		1,140
Total equipment rentals	8,108		837		8,945		6,658		711		7,369
Sales of rental equipment	—		1,136		1,136		—		556		556
Sales of new equipment	—		166		166		—		115		115
Contractor supplies sales	—		110		110		—		94		94
Service and other revenues	—		247		247		—		212		212
Total revenues	$	8,108	$	2,496	$	10,604	$	6,658	$	1,688	$	8,346

Revenues by reportable segment are presented in note 4 of the condensed consolidated financial statements, using the revenue captions reflected in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. The majority of our revenue is recognized in our general rentals segment and in the U.S. (for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, 74 percent and 91 percent, respectively). We believe that the disaggregation of our revenue from contracts to customers as reflected above, coupled with the further discussion below and the reportable segment disclosures in note 4, depicts how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of our revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors.

Lease revenues (Topic 842)

The accounting for the types of revenue that are accounted for under Topic 842 is discussed below.

Owned equipment rentals represent our most significant revenue type (they accounted for 70 percent of total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2023) and are governed by our standard rental contract. We account for such rentals as

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UNITED RENTALS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

operating leases. The lease terms are included in our contracts, and the determination of whether our contracts contain leases generally does not require significant assumptions or judgments. Our lease revenues do not include material amounts of variable payments.

Owned equipment rentals: Owned equipment rentals represent revenues from renting equipment that we own. We do not generally provide an option for the lessee to purchase the rented equipment at the end of the lease, and do not generate material revenue from sales of equipment under such options.

We recognize revenues from renting equipment on a straight-line basis. Our rental contract periods are hourly, daily, weekly or monthly. By way of example, if a customer were to rent a piece of equipment and the daily, weekly and monthly rental rates for that particular piece were (in actual dollars) $100, $300 and $900, respectively, we would recognize revenue of $32.14 per day. The daily rate for recognition purposes is calculated by dividing the monthly rate of $900 by the monthly term of 28 days. This daily rate assumes that the equipment will be on rent for the full 28 days, as we are unsure of when the customer will return the equipment and therefore unsure of which rental contract period will apply.

As part of this straight-line methodology, when the equipment is returned, we recognize as incremental revenue the excess, if any, between the amount the customer is contractually required to pay, which is based on the rental contract period applicable to the actual number of days the equipment was out on rent, over the cumulative amount of revenue recognized to date. In any given accounting period, we will have customers return equipment and be contractually required to pay us more than the cumulative amount of revenue recognized to date under the straight-line methodology. For instance, continuing the above example, if the customer rented the above piece of equipment on December 29 and returned it at the close of business on January 1, we would recognize incremental revenue on January 1 of $171.44 (in actual dollars, representing the difference between the amount the customer is contractually required to pay, or $300 at the weekly rate, and the cumulative amount recognized to date on a straight-line basis, or $128.56, which represents four days at $32.14 per day).

We record amounts billed to customers in excess of recognizable revenue as deferred revenue on our balance sheet. We had deferred revenue (associated with both Topic 842 and Topic 606) of $153 and $131 as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

As noted above, we are unsure of when the customer will return rented equipment. As such, we do not know how much the customer will owe us upon return of the equipment and cannot provide a maturity analysis of future lease payments. Our equipment is generally rented for short periods of time. Lessees do not provide residual value guarantees on rented equipment.

We expect to derive significant future benefits from our equipment following the end of the rental term. Our rentals are generally short-term in nature, and our equipment is typically rented for the majority of the time that we own it. We additionally recognize revenue from sales of rental equipment when we dispose of the equipment.

Re-rent revenue: Re-rent revenue reflects revenues from equipment that we rent from vendors and then rent to our customers. We account for such rentals as subleases. The accounting for re-rent revenue is the same as the accounting for owned equipment rentals described above.

“Other” equipment rental revenue is primarily comprised of 1) Rental Protection Plan (or "RPP") revenue associated with the damage waiver customers can purchase when they rent our equipment to protect against potential loss or damage, 2) environmental charges associated with the rental of equipment, 3) charges for rented equipment that is damaged by our customers and 4) charges for setup and other services performed on rented equipment.

Revenues from contracts with customers (Topic 606)

The accounting for the types of revenue that are accounted for under Topic 606 is discussed below. Substantially all of our revenues under Topic 606 are recognized at a point-in-time rather than over time.

Delivery and pick-up: Delivery and pick-up revenue associated with renting equipment is recognized when the service is performed.

“Other” equipment rental revenue is primarily comprised of revenues associated with the consumption of fuel by our customers which are recognized when the equipment is returned by the customer (and consumption, if any, can be measured).

Sales of rental equipment, new equipment and contractor supplies are recognized at the time of delivery to, or pick-up by, the customer and when collectibility is probable.

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UNITED RENTALS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

Service and other revenues primarily represent revenues earned from providing repair and maintenance services on our customers’ fleet (including parts sales). Service revenue is recognized as the services are performed.

Receivables and contract assets and liabilities

As reflected above, most of our equipment rental revenue is accounted for under Topic 842 (such revenue represented 76 percent of our total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2023). The customers that are responsible for the remaining revenue that is accounted for under Topic 606 are generally the same customers that rent our equipment. We manage credit risk associated with our accounts receivables at the customer level. Because the same customers generate the revenues that are accounted for under both Topic 606 and Topic 842, the discussions below on credit risk and our allowance for credit losses address receivables arising from revenues from both Topic 606 and Topic 842.

Concentration of credit risk with respect to our receivables is limited because a large number of geographically diverse customers makes up our customer base. Our largest customer accounted for less than one percent of total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, and for each of the last three full years. Our customer with the largest receivable balance represented approximately one percent of total receivables at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. We manage credit risk through credit approvals, credit limits and other monitoring procedures.

Our allowance for credit losses reflects our estimate of the amount of our receivables that we will be unable to collect based on historical write-off experience and, as applicable, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect collectibility. Our estimate could require change based on changing circumstances, including changes in the economy or in the particular circumstances of individual customers. Accordingly, we may be required to increase or decrease our allowance. Trade receivables that have contractual maturities of one year or less are written-off when they are determined to be uncollectible based on the criteria necessary to qualify as a deduction for federal tax purposes. Write-offs of such receivables require management approval based on specified dollar thresholds. See the table below for a rollforward of our allowance for credit losses.

The measurement of expected credit losses is based on relevant information from past events, including historical experiences, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect collectibility. Trade receivables are the only material financial asset we have that is subject to the requirement to measure expected credit losses as noted above, as this requirement does not apply to receivables arising from operating lease revenues. Substantially all of our non-lease trade receivables are due in one year or less. As discussed above, most of our equipment rental revenue is accounted for as lease revenue (such revenue represented 76 percent of our total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, and these revenues account for corresponding portions of the $2.277 billion of net accounts receivable and the associated allowance for credit losses of $158 as of September 30, 2023).

As discussed above, most of our equipment rental revenue is accounted for under Topic 842. The customers that are responsible for the remaining revenue that is accounted for under Topic 606 are generally the same customers that rent our equipment. We manage credit risk associated with our accounts receivables at the customer level. The rollforward of our allowance for credit losses (in total, and associated with revenues arising from both Topic 606 and Topic 842) is shown below.

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2023		Three Months Ended September 30, 2022		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Beginning balance	$	147	$	117	$	134	$	112
Charged to costs and expenses (1)	4		3		9		6
Charged to revenue (2)	16		11		37		28
Deductions and other (3)	(9)		(8)		(22)		(23)
Ending balance	$	158	$	123	$	158	$	123

_________________

(1)    Reflects bad debt expenses recognized within selling, general and administrative expenses (associated with Topic 606 revenues).

(2)    Primarily reflects credit losses associated with lease revenues that were recognized as a reduction to equipment rentals revenue (primarily associated with Topic 842 revenues).

(3)    Primarily represents write-offs of accounts, net of immaterial recoveries and other activity.

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UNITED RENTALS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

We do not have material contract assets, or impairment losses associated therewith, or material contract liabilities, associated with contracts with customers. Our contracts with customers do not generally result in material amounts billed to customers in excess of recognizable revenue. We did not recognize material revenue during the three or nine months ended September 30, 2023 or 2022 that was included in the contract liability balance as of the beginning of such periods.

Performance obligations

Most of our Topic 606 revenue is recognized at a point-in-time, rather than over time. Accordingly, in any particular period, we do not generally recognize a significant amount of revenue from performance obligations satisfied (or partially satisfied) in previous periods, and the amounts of such revenue recognized during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 were not material. We also do not expect to recognize material revenue in the future related to performance obligations that were unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) as of September 30, 2023.

Payment terms

Our Topic 606 revenues do not include material amounts of variable consideration. Our payment terms vary by the type and location of our customer and the products or services offered. The time between invoicing and when payment is due is not significant. Our contracts do not generally include a significant financing component. For certain products or services and customer types, we require payment before the products or services are delivered to the customer. Our contracts with customers do not generally result in significant obligations associated with returns, refunds or warranties. See above for a discussion of how we manage credit risk.

Revenue is recognized net of taxes collected from customers, which are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities.

Contract costs

We do not recognize any assets associated with the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer (for example, a sales commission) that we expect to recover. Most of our revenue is recognized at a point-in-time or over a period of one year or less, and we use the practical expedient that allows us to recognize the incremental costs of obtaining a contract as an expense when incurred if the amortization period of the asset that we otherwise would have recognized is one year or less.

Contract estimates and judgments

Our revenues accounted for under Topic 606 generally do not require significant estimates or judgments, primarily for the following reasons:

•The transaction price is generally fixed and stated in our contracts;

•As noted above, our contracts generally do not include multiple performance obligations, and accordingly do not generally require estimates of the standalone selling price for each performance obligation;

•Our revenues do not include material amounts of variable consideration, or result in significant obligations associated with returns, refunds or warranties; and

•Most of our revenue is recognized as of a point-in-time and the timing of the satisfaction of the applicable performance obligations is readily determinable. As noted above, our Topic 606 revenue is generally recognized at the time of delivery to, or pick-up by, the customer.

Our revenues accounted for under Topic 842 also generally do not require significant estimates or judgments. We monitor and review our estimated standalone selling prices on a regular basis.

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UNITED RENTALS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

3. Acquisitions

On December 7, 2022, we completed the acquisition of assets of Ahern Rentals, Inc. ("Ahern Rentals"), which was accounted for as a business combination. Ahern Rentals was the eighth largest equipment rental company in North America and served customers primarily in the construction and industrial sectors across 30 states. The acquisition:

• Increased capacity in key geographies, with concentrations on both U.S. coasts and in the Gulf region;

• Increased availability of high-demand aerial and material handling equipment for our customers; and

• Created immediate cross-sell opportunities to an expanded customer base.

The aggregate consideration paid to acquire Ahern Rentals was $1.988 billion. The acquisition and related fees and expenses were funded through the issuance of $1.5 billion principal amount of 6 percent Senior Secured Notes and drawings on our senior secured asset-based revolving credit facility (“ABL facility”).

The table below summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The purchase price allocations for these assets and liabilities are based on preliminary valuations and are subject to change as we obtain additional information during the acquisition measurement period. The accounting for the acquisition that has not yet been completed principally relates to finalizing the valuations of the acquired rental equipment and intangible assets. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we recognized measurement period adjustments primarily to establish preliminary values for intangible assets and lease assets and liabilities. These adjustments resulted in a substantial reduction to goodwill versus the previously reported amount (see note 6 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for further discussion of goodwill changes). Non-rental depreciation and amortization for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 includes $7 of intangible asset amortization that would have been recognized in 2022 if the intangible asset values had been preliminarily established as of December 31, 2022.

Inventory	$	24
Rental equipment	1,244
Property and equipment	186
Intangible assets (1)	428
Operating lease right-of-use assets	211
Other assets	10
Total identifiable assets acquired	2,103
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities	(25)
Operating lease liabilities	(199)
Debt (finance leases)	(38)
Total liabilities assumed	(262)
Net identifiable assets acquired	1,841
Goodwill (2)	147
Net assets acquired	$	1,988

(1)The following table reflects the fair values and useful lives of the acquired intangible assets identified based on our preliminary purchase accounting assessments:

	Fair value		Life (years)
Customer relationships	$	330	9
Non-compete agreements	98		5
Total	$	428

(2)All of the goodwill was assigned to our general rentals segment. As noted above, we have not yet obtained all the information required to finalize the valuations of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. As such, goodwill could change from the amount noted above. Once finalized, we expect that the goodwill that results from the acquisition will be primarily reflective of Ahern Rentals' going-concern value, the value of Ahern Rentals' assembled workforce and new customer relationships expected to arise from the acquisition. All of the goodwill is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes

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UNITED RENTALS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

(because the acquisition is a purchase of assets, the goodwill that is deductible for income tax purposes equals the total acquired goodwill. As noted above, goodwill could change from the amount above).

The debt issuance costs associated with the issuance of debt to partially fund the acquisition are reflected, net of amortization subsequent to the acquisition date, in long-term debt in our consolidated balance sheets. Additionally, in the first quarter of 2023, we initiated a restructuring program following the closing of the Ahern Rentals acquisition, and the costs under this program are included in “Restructuring charge” in our condensed consolidated statements of income. The restructuring charges generally involve the closure of a large number of branches over a short period of time, often in periods following a major acquisition.

It is not practicable to reasonably estimate the amounts of revenue and earnings of Ahern Rentals since the acquisition date, primarily due to the movement of fleet between URI locations and the acquired Ahern Rentals locations, as well as our corporate structure and the allocation of corporate costs.

Pro forma financial information

The pro forma information below gives effect to the Ahern Rentals acquisition as if it had been completed on January 1, 2021. The pro forma information is not necessarily indicative of our results had the acquisition been completed on the above date, nor is it necessarily indicative of our future results. The pro forma information reflects Ahern Rentals’ historic revenue presented in accordance with our revenue mapping, does not reflect any cost savings from operating efficiencies or synergies that could result from the acquisition, and also does not reflect additional revenue opportunities following the acquisition. The pro forma information includes adjustments to record the acquired assets and liabilities of Ahern Rentals at their respective fair values and to give effect to the financing for the acquisition. The pro forma adjustments reflected in the table below are subject to change as additional analysis is performed. The purchase price allocations for the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are based on preliminary valuations and are subject to change as we obtain additional information during the acquisition measurement period. Increases or decreases in the estimated fair values of the net assets acquired may impact our statements of income in future periods. We expect that the values assigned to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed will be finalized during the one-year measurement period following the acquisition date. The table below presents unaudited pro forma consolidated income statement information as if Ahern Rentals had been included in our consolidated results for the entire periods reflected:

	Three Months Ended		Nine Months Ended
	September 30,		September 30,
	2022		2022
United Rentals historic revenues	$	3,051	$	8,346
Ahern Rentals historic revenues	226		654
Pro forma revenues	3,277		9,000
United Rentals historic pretax income	816		1,907
Ahern Rentals historic pretax income (loss)	1		(5)
Combined pretax income	817		1,902
Pro forma adjustments to combined pretax income:
Impact of fair value mark-ups/useful life changes on depreciation (1)	(26)		(76)
Impact of the fair value mark-up of acquired fleet on cost of rental equipment sales (2)	(4)		(26)
Intangible asset amortization (3)	(20)		(59)
Interest expense (4)	(27)		(77)
Elimination of historic interest (5)	15		42
Elimination of historic legal and financing costs (6)	4		8
Pro forma pretax income	$	759	$	1,714

________________

(1) Depreciation of rental equipment and non-rental depreciation were adjusted for the fair value mark-ups, and the changes in useful lives and salvage values, of the equipment acquired in the Ahern Rentals acquisition.

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

(2) Cost of rental equipment sales was adjusted for the fair value mark-ups, and the changes in useful lives and salvage values, of rental equipment acquired in the Ahern Rentals acquisition.

(3) Intangible asset amortization was adjusted to include amortization of the acquired intangible assets.

(4) As discussed above, the acquisition and related fees and expenses were funded through the issuance of senior notes and drawings on our ABL facility. Interest expense was adjusted to reflect interest on the debt used to finance the acquisition.

(5) Historic interest on debt that is not part of the combined entity was eliminated.

(6) Reflects legal and financing costs incurred by Ahern Rentals that do not relate to the combined entity (specifically, legal costs related to a particular lawsuit and costs related to an attempted financing).

During 2023 and 2022, we completed other acquisitions that were not significant individually or in the aggregate. See the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the total cash outflow for purchases of other companies, net of cash acquired.

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UNITED RENTALS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

4. Segment Information

Our reportable segments are i) general rentals and ii) specialty. For general rentals, the divisions discussed below, which are our operating segments, are aggregated into the reportable segment. The specialty segment is a single division that is both an operating segment and a reportable segment. We believe that the divisions that are aggregated into our reportable segments have similar economic characteristics, as each division is capital intensive, offers similar products to similar customers, uses similar methods to distribute its products, and is subject to similar competitive risks. The aggregation of our divisions also reflects the management structure that we use for making operating decisions and assessing performance. We evaluate segment performance primarily based on segment equipment rentals gross profit.

The general rentals segment includes the rental of i) general construction and industrial equipment, such as backhoes, skid-steer loaders, forklifts, earthmoving equipment and material handling equipment, ii) aerial work platforms, such as boom lifts and scissor lifts and iii) general tools and light equipment, such as pressure washers, water pumps and power tools. The general rentals segment reflects the aggregation of four geographic divisions—Central, Northeast, Southeast and West—and operates throughout the United States and Canada.

The specialty segment, which, as noted above, is a single division that is both an operating segment and a reportable segment, includes the rental of specialty construction products such as i) trench safety equipment, such as trench shields, aluminum hydraulic shoring systems, slide rails, crossing plates, construction lasers and line testing equipment for underground work, ii) power and HVAC equipment, such as portable diesel generators, electrical distribution equipment, and temperature control equipment, iii) fluid solutions equipment primarily used for fluid containment, transfer and treatment, and iv) mobile storage equipment and modular office space. The specialty segment’s customers include construction companies involved in infrastructure projects, municipalities and industrial companies. This segment primarily operates in the United States and Canada, and has a limited presence in Europe, Australia and New Zealand.

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UNITED RENTALS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

The following tables set forth financial information by segment.

	General rentals		Specialty		Total
Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
Equipment rentals	$	2,307	$	917	$	3,224
Sales of rental equipment	320		46		366
Sales of new equipment	24		28		52
Contractor supplies sales	23		16		39
Service and other revenues	78		6		84
Total revenue	2,752		1,013		3,765
Depreciation and amortization expense	580		115		695
Equipment rentals gross profit	872		478		1,350
Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
Equipment rentals	$	1,942	$	790	$	2,732
Sales of rental equipment	152		29		181
Sales of new equipment	12		20		32
Contractor supplies sales	20		12		32
Service and other revenues	67		7		74
Total revenue	2,193		858		3,051
Depreciation and amortization expense	450		110		560
Equipment rentals gross profit	797		412		1,209
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Equipment rentals	$	6,514	$	2,431	$	8,945
Sales of rental equipment	1,012		124		1,136
Sales of new equipment	66		100		166
Contractor supplies sales	67		43		110
Service and other revenues	225		22		247
Total revenue	7,884		2,720		10,604
Depreciation and amortization expense	1,737		347		2,084
Equipment rentals gross profit	2,323		1,203		3,526
Capital expenditures	2,663		682		3,345
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Equipment rentals	$	5,322	$	2,047	$	7,369
Sales of rental equipment	474		82		556
Sales of new equipment	58		57		115
Contractor supplies sales	60		34		94
Service and other revenues	188		24		212
Total revenue	6,102		2,244		8,346
Depreciation and amortization expense	1,300		340		1,640
Equipment rentals gross profit	2,063		983		3,046
Capital expenditures	1,995		643		2,638

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UNITED RENTALS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Total reportable segment assets
General rentals	$	20,780	$	19,604
Specialty	5,052		4,579
Total assets	$	25,832	$	24,183

 Equipment rentals gross profit is the primary measure management reviews to make operating decisions and assess segment performance. The following is a reconciliation of equipment rentals gross profit to income before provision for income taxes:

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Total equipment rentals gross profit	$	1,350	$	1,209	$	3,526	$	3,046
Gross profit from other lines of business	235		157		725		462
Selling, general and administrative expenses	(374)		(356)		(1,134)		(1,022)
Restructuring charge (1)	(5)		1		(24)		—
Non-rental depreciation and amortization	(107)		(90)		(329)		(278)
Interest expense, net	(163)		(106)		(474)		(313)
Other income, net	7		1		19		12
Income before provision for income taxes	$	943	$	816	$	2,309	$	1,907

 ___________________

(1)Primarily reflects severance and branch closure charges associated with our restructuring programs. The restructuring charges generally involve the closure of a large number of branches over a short period of time, often in periods following a major acquisition. The increase in 2023 reflects charges associated with a restructuring program initiated following the closing of the Ahern Rentals acquisition.

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UNITED RENTALS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

5. Prepaid Expenses and Other Assets

Prepaid expenses and other assets consist of the following:

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Equipment (1)	$	11	$	17
Insurance	9		31
Advertising reimbursements (2)	29		25
Income taxes (3)	102		235
Other (4)	65		73
Prepaid expenses and other assets	$	216	$	381

_________________

(1)    Reflects refundable deposits on expected purchases, primarily of rental equipment, pursuant to advance purchase agreements. Such deposits are presented as a component of our cash flow from operations when paid.

(2)    Reflects reimbursements due for advertising that promotes a vendor’s products or services.

(3)    Primarily relates to tax depreciation benefits associated with the Ahern Rentals acquisition discussed in note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements. The tax depreciation deductions generated by the Ahern Rentals acquisition resulted in an income tax receivable associated with U.S. federal and state tax payments made prior to the acquisition. The decrease reflected above from December 31, 2022 to September 30, 2023 reflects the use of a portion of the receivable to reduce cash paid for income taxes, and we expect that the remaining receivable will further reduce the cash paid for income taxes throughout the remainder of 2023.

(4)    Includes multiple items, none of which are individually significant.

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UNITED RENTALS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

6. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

The following table presents the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the nine months ended September 30, 2023:

	General rentals		Specialty		Total
Balance at January 1, 2023 (1)	$	4,980	$	1,046	$	6,026
Goodwill related to acquisitions (2)	(223)		(11)		(234)
Foreign currency translation and other adjustments	2		(2)		—
Balance at September 30, 2023 (1)	$	4,759	$	1,033	$	5,792

 

_________________

(1)The total carrying amount of goodwill for all periods in the table above is reflected net of $1.557 billion of accumulated impairment charges, which were primarily recorded in our general rentals segment.

(2)Includes goodwill adjustments for the effect on goodwill of changes to net assets acquired during the measurement period. The decrease in goodwill related to acquisitions above primarily reflects measurement period adjustments associated with the December 2022 acquisition of Ahern Rentals. For additional detail on the Ahern Rentals acquisition, see note 3 to our condensed consolidated financial statements.

Other intangible assets were comprised of the following at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:  

	September 30, 2023
	Weighted-Average Remaining Amortization Period	Gross Carrying Amount			Accumulated Amortization			Net Amount
Non-compete agreements	4 years		$	176		$	50		$	126
Customer relationships	6 years		$	2,694		$	2,095		$	599
Trade names and associated trademarks	2 years		$	9		$	6		$	3

	December 31, 2022
	Weighted-Average Remaining Amortization Period	Gross Carrying Amount			Accumulated Amortization			Net Amount
Non-compete agreements	3 years		$	69		$	22		$	47
Customer relationships	5 years		$	2,349		$	1,949		$	400
Trade names and associated trademarks	3 years		$	14		$	9		$	5

Our other intangibles assets, net at September 30, 2023 include the assets set forth in the table below associated with the acquisition of Ahern Rentals that is discussed in note 3 to our condensed consolidated financial statements. No residual value has been assigned to these assets. The non-compete agreements are being amortized on a straight-line basis and the customer relationships are being amortized using the sum of the years' digits method, and we believe that such methods best reflect the estimated pattern in which the economic benefits will be consumed. The intangible asset values are based on preliminary valuations and are subject to change as we obtain additional information during the acquisition measurement period.

	September 30, 2023
	Weighted-Average Remaining Amortization Period	Net Carrying Amount
Non-compete agreements	4 years	$	82
Customer relationships	8 years	275

Amortization expense for other intangible assets was $66 and $53 for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $210 and $170 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The year-over-year increases primarily reflect the impact of the Ahern Rentals acquisition discussed above.

As of September 30, 2023, estimated amortization expense for other intangible assets for each of the next five years and thereafter is as follows:  

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UNITED RENTALS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

2023		$	60
2024	208
2025	166
2026	123
2027	81
Thereafter	90
Total		$	728

7. Fair Value Measurements

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the amounts of our assets and liabilities that were accounted for at fair value were immaterial.

Fair value measurements are categorized in one of the following three levels based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety:

Level 1- Inputs to the valuation methodology are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2- Observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities include:

a)quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets;

b)quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets;

c)inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability;

d)inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means.

If the asset or liability has a specified (contractual) term, the Level 2 input must be observable for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

Level 3- Inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable (i.e., supported by little or no market activity) and significant to the fair value measure.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The carrying amounts reported in our condensed consolidated balance sheets for accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses and other liabilities approximate fair value due to the immediate to short-term maturity of these financial instruments. The fair values of our variable rate debt facilities and finance leases approximated their book values as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The estimated fair values of our other financial instruments, all of which are categorized in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy, as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 have been calculated based upon available market information, and were as follows: 

	September 30, 2023				December 31, 2022
	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Carrying Amount		Fair Value
Senior notes	$	7,718	$	7,034	$	7,712	$	7,143

8. Debt

Debt, net of unamortized original issue discounts or premiums, and unamortized debt issuance costs, consists of the following:

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UNITED RENTALS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Repurchase facility expiring 2024 (1) (2)	$	100	$	100
Accounts receivable securitization facility expiring 2024 (1) (3)	1,283		959
Term loan facility expiring 2025 (1) (4)	947		953
$4.25 billion ABL facility expiring 2027 (1)	1,792		1,523
5 1/2 percent Senior Notes due 2027	498		498
3 7/8 percent Senior Secured Notes due 2027	745		744
4 7/8 percent Senior Notes due 2028 (5)	1,664		1,663
6 percent Senior Secured Notes due 2029	1,487		1,486
5 1/4 percent Senior Notes due 2030	745		744
4 percent Senior Notes due 2030	744		743
3 7/8 percent Senior Notes due 2031	1,091		1,090
3 3/4 percent Senior Notes due 2032	744		744
Finance leases	188		123
Total debt	12,028		11,370
Less short-term portion (6)	(1,448)		(161)
Total long-term debt	$	10,580	$	11,209

 ___________________

(1)The table below presents financial information associated with our variable rate indebtedness as of and for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. There is no borrowing capacity under the repurchase facility because it is an uncommitted facility. We have borrowed the full available amount under the term loan facility. The principal obligation under the term loan facility is required to be repaid in quarterly installments in an aggregate amount equal to 1.0 percent per annum, with the balance due at the maturity of the facility. The average amount of debt outstanding under the term loan facility decreases slightly each quarter due to the requirement to repay a portion of the principal obligation.

	ABL facility			Accounts receivable securitization facility			Term loan facility			Repurchase facility
Borrowing capacity, net of letters of credit	$	2,385		$	16		$	—
Letters of credit	65
Interest rate at September 30, 2023	6.5		%	6.3		%	7.1		%	6.5	%
Average month-end debt outstanding	1,761			1,129			954			56
Weighted-average interest rate on average debt outstanding	6.1		%	6.0		%	6.8		%	5.9	%
Maximum month-end debt outstanding	1,848			1,288			958			100

(2)In June 2023, the repurchase facility was amended, primarily to extend the maturity date to June 14, 2024, which may be further extended by the mutual consent of the parties to the repurchase facility agreement. Additionally, the repurchase facility was amended to replace an interest rate based on SOFR with an interest rate based on the Bloomberg Short Term Bank Yield Index ("BSBY").

(3)Borrowings under the accounts receivable securitization facility are permitted only to the extent that the face amount of the receivables in the collateral pool, net of applicable reserves and other deductions, exceeds the outstanding loans. As of September 30, 2023, there were $1.550 billion of receivables, net of applicable reserves and other deductions, in the collateral pool. In June 2023, the accounts receivable securitization facility was amended, primarily to increase the facility size from $1.100 billion to $1.300 billion.

(4)In April 2023, the term loan facility was amended to transition to an interest rate based on SOFR. Prior to the amendment, interest on the term loan facility reflected LIBOR plus a margin (or an alternative base rate plus a margin). LIBOR has been discontinued as a reference rate as a result of reference rate reform, and the amendment of the term loan facility did not require contract remeasurement at the amendment date or a reassessment of any previous accounting determinations pertaining to the facility. The amendment did not have a material impact on our financial statements. As of September 30, 2023, we have no debt instruments that use LIBOR as a reference rate.

(5)URNA separately issued 4 7/8 percent Senior Notes in August 2017 and in September 2017. Following the issuances, URNA consummated an exchange offer pursuant to which most of the 4 7/8 percent Senior Notes issued in September 2017 were exchanged for additional notes fungible with the 4 7/8 percent Senior Notes issued in August 2017. As of September 30, 2023, the total above is comprised of two separate 4 7/8 percent Senior Notes, one with a book value of $1.660 billion and one with a book value of $4.

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UNITED RENTALS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

(6)Short-term debt as of September 30, 2023 primarily reflected borrowings under the accounts receivable securitization and repurchase facilities and the short-term portion of our finance leases. Short-term debt as of December 31, 2022 primarily reflected borrowings under the repurchase facility and the short-term portion of our finance leases. The accounts receivable securitization facility, which expires on June 24, 2024 and may be extended on a 364-day basis by mutual agreement with the purchasers under the facility, was not a short-term debt instrument as of December 31, 2022.

Loan Covenants and Compliance

As of September 30, 2023, we were in compliance with the covenants and other provisions of the ABL, accounts receivable securitization, term loan and repurchase facilities and our senior notes. Any failure to be in compliance with any material provision or covenant of these agreements could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and operations.

The only financial covenant that currently exists under the ABL facility is the fixed charge coverage ratio. Subject to certain limited exceptions specified in the ABL facility, the fixed charge coverage ratio covenant under the ABL facility will only apply in the future if specified availability under the ABL facility falls below 10 percent of the maximum revolver amount under the ABL facility. When certain conditions are met, cash and cash equivalents and borrowing base collateral in excess of the ABL facility size may be included when calculating specified availability under the ABL facility. As of September 30, 2023, specified availability under the ABL facility exceeded the required threshold and, as a result, this financial covenant was inapplicable. Under our accounts receivable securitization facility, we are required, among other things, to maintain certain financial tests relating to: (i) the default ratio, (ii) the delinquency ratio, (iii) the dilution ratio and (iv) days sales outstanding. The accounts receivable securitization facility also requires us to comply with the fixed charge coverage ratio under the ABL facility, to the extent the ratio is applicable under the ABL facility.

Covenants in the agreements governing our ABL facility, term loan facility and certain other debt instruments impose limitations on our ability to make share repurchases and dividend payments, subject to important exceptions that would allow us to make such repurchases or payments under certain conditions. Based on our current total indebtedness leverage ratio (as defined in the applicable debt agreements) and usage of the ABL facility as of September 30, 2023, we met the criteria under the applicable debt agreements for these exceptions, and as a result we were not restricted in our ability to make share repurchases and dividend payments.

9. Legal and Regulatory Matters

We are subject to a number of claims and proceedings that generally arise in the ordinary course of our business. These matters include, but are not limited to, general liability claims (including personal injury, property and auto claims), indemnification and guarantee obligations, employee injuries and employment-related claims, self-insurance obligations, contract and real estate matters, and other general business litigation. Based on advice of counsel and available information, including current status or stage of proceeding, and taking into account accruals for matters where we have established them, we currently believe that any liabilities ultimately resulting from such claims and proceedings will not, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

10. Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares plus the effect of dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period. The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share (shares in thousands):

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UNITED RENTALS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Numerator:
Net income available to common stockholders	$	703	$	606	1,745		1,466
Denominator:
Denominator for basic earnings per share—weighted-average common shares	68,153		69,854		68,757		71,140
Effect of dilutive securities:
Employee stock options	4		4		4		4
Restricted stock units	106		195		181		193
Denominator for diluted earnings per share—adjusted weighted-average common shares	68,263		70,053		68,942		71,337
Basic earnings per share	$	10.30	$	8.69	$	25.37	$	20.61
Diluted earnings per share	$	10.29	$	8.66	$	25.30	$	20.56

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Item 2.Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

Global Economic Conditions

Our operations are impacted by global economic conditions, including inflation, increased interest rates and supply chain constraints, and we take actions to modify our plans to address such economic conditions. In 2022, for example, we intentionally held back on sales of rental equipment to ensure we had sufficient rental capacity for our customers. To date, our supply chain disruptions have been limited, but we may experience more severe supply chain disruptions in the future. Interest rates on our debt instruments have increased recently. For example, in November 2022, URNA issued $1.5 billion aggregate principal amount of senior secured notes at a 6 percent interest rate, while URNA's immediately prior issuance in August 2021 of $750 aggregate principal amount of senior unsecured notes was at a 3 ¾ percent interest rate. Additionally, the weighted average interest rates on our variable debt instruments were 6.3 percent and 2.7 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We have experienced and are continuing to experience inflationary pressures. A portion of inflationary cost increases is passed on to customers. The most significant cost increases that are passed on to customers are for fuel and delivery, and there are other costs for which the pass through to customers is less direct, such as repairs and maintenance, and labor. The impact of inflation and increased interest rates may continue to be significant in the future.

We also continue to monitor any developments relating to the coronavirus (“COVID-19”). The health and safety of our employees and customers has been, and remains, our top priority, and we also implemented a detailed COVID-19 response plan, which we believe helped mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on our results. The COVID-19 impact on our business was most pronounced in 2020, and activity across our end-markets began to recover in 2021. Our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 and our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q filed in 2021 and 2020 include detailed disclosures addressing the COVID-19 impact on our business.

We continue to assess the economic environment in which we operate and any developments relating to COVID-19, and take appropriate actions to address the economic and other challenges we face.

Executive Overview

We are the largest equipment rental company in the world, with an integrated network of 1,557 rental locations. We primarily operate in the United States and Canada, and have a limited presence in Europe, Australia and New Zealand. Although the equipment rental industry is highly fragmented and diverse, we believe that we are well positioned to take advantage of this environment because, as a larger company, we have more extensive resources and certain competitive advantages. These include a fleet of rental equipment with a total original equipment cost (“OEC”) of $21.0 billion, and a North American branch network that operates in 49 U.S. states and every Canadian province, and serves 99 of the 100 largest metropolitan areas in the U.S. Our size also gives us greater purchasing power, the ability to provide customers with a broader range of equipment and services, the ability to provide customers with equipment that is more consistently well-maintained and therefore more productive and reliable, and the ability to enhance the earning potential of our assets by transferring equipment among branches to satisfy customer needs.

We offer approximately 4,800 classes of equipment for rent to a diverse customer base that includes construction and industrial companies, manufacturers, utilities, municipalities, homeowners and government entities. Our revenues are derived from the following sources: equipment rentals, sales of rental equipment, sales of new equipment, contractor supplies sales and service and other revenues. Equipment rentals represented 84 percent of total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

For the past several years, as we continued to manage the impact of COVID-19, we executed a strategy focused on improving the profitability of our core equipment rental business through revenue growth, margin expansion and operational efficiencies. In particular, we have focused on customer segmentation, customer service differentiation, rate management, fleet management and operational efficiency. Our general strategy focuses on profitability and return on invested capital, and, in particular, calls for:

•A consistently superior standard of service to customers, often provided through a single lead contact who can coordinate the cross-selling of the various services we offer throughout our network. We utilize a proprietary software application, Total Control®, which provides our key customers with a single in-house software application that enables them to monitor and manage all their equipment needs. Total Control® is a unique customer offering that enables us to develop strong, long-term relationships with our larger customers. Our digital capabilities, including our Total Control® platform, allow our sales teams to provide contactless end-to-end customer service;

•The further optimization of our customer mix and fleet mix, with a dual objective: to enhance our performance in serving our current customer base, and to focus on the accounts and customer types that are best suited to our strategy for profitable growth. We believe these efforts will lead to even better service of our target accounts,

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primarily large construction and industrial customers, as well as select local contractors. Our fleet team's analyses are aligned with these objectives to identify trends in equipment categories and define action plans that can generate improved returns;

•A continued focus on “Lean” management techniques, including kaizen processes focused on continuous improvement. We have a dedicated team responsible for reducing waste in our operational processes, with the objectives of: condensing the cycle time associated with preparing equipment for rent; optimizing our resources for delivery and pickup of equipment; improving the effectiveness and efficiency of our repair and maintenance operations; and implementing customer service best practices;

•The continued expansion and cross-selling of adjacent specialty and services products, which enables us to provide a "one-stop" shop for our customers. We believe that the expansion of our specialty business, as exhibited by our acquisition of General Finance Corporation ("General Finance") in May 2021, as well as our tools and onsite services offerings, will further position United Rentals as a single source provider of total jobsite solutions through our extensive product and service resources and technology offerings; and

•The pursuit of strategic acquisitions to continue to expand our core equipment rental business, as exhibited by our recently completed acquisition of assets of Ahern Rentals, which is discussed in note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements. Strategic acquisitions allow us to invest our capital to expand our business, further driving our ability to accomplish our strategic goals.

Financial Overview

Prior to taking actions pertaining to our financial flexibility and liquidity, we assess our available sources and anticipated uses of cash, including, with respect to sources, cash generated from operations and from the sale of rental equipment. In 2023, we have taken the following actions to improve our financial flexibility and liquidity, and to position us to invest the necessary capital in our business:

•Amended our accounts receivable securitization facility, primarily to increase the size of the facility from $1.1 billion to $1.3 billion. The facility expires in June 2024 and may be extended on a 364-day basis by mutual agreement with the purchasers under the facility; and

•Amended and extended our uncommitted repurchase facility, pursuant to which we may obtain short-term financing in an amount up to $100. The facility expires in June 2024 and may be further extended by the mutual consent of the parties to the repurchase facility agreement.

As of September 30, 2023, we had available liquidity of $2.685 billion, comprised of cash and cash equivalents, and availability under the ABL and accounts receivable securitization facilities.

In October 2022, our Board of Directors authorized a $1.25 billion share repurchase program. This program was paused through the initial phase of the integration of the Ahern Rentals acquisition, and repurchases began in the first quarter of 2023. We expect to repurchase $1.0 billion of common stock under the program in 2023, and have repurchased $750 under the program through September 30, 2023. A 1 percent excise tax is imposed on “net repurchases” (certain purchases minus certain issuances) of common stock. The repurchases above (as well as the total program size and expected 2023 repurchases) do not include the excise tax, which totaled $6 year-to-date through September 30, 2023.

Our Board of Directors also approved our first-ever quarterly dividend program in January 2023, and the first dividend under the program was paid in February 2023. We did not pay any dividends prior to 2023, and during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we paid dividends totaling $305 ($4.44 per share, which equates to a quarterly dividend per share of $1.48). On October 25, 2023, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend of $1.48 per share, payable on November 22, 2023 to stockholders of record on November 8, 2023.

Net income. Net income and diluted earnings per share are presented below.

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Net income	$	703	$	606	$	1,745	$	1,466
Diluted earnings per share	$	10.29	$	8.66	$	25.30	$	20.56

Net income and diluted earnings per share include the after-tax impacts of the items below. The tax rates applied to the items below reflect the statutory rates in the applicable entities.

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	Three Months Ended September 30,										Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023					2022					2023					2022
Tax rate applied to items below	25.3		%			25.4		%			25.3		%			25.3		%
	Contribution to net income (after-tax)			Impact on diluted earnings per share		Contribution to net income (after-tax)			Impact on diluted earnings per share		Contribution to net income (after-tax)			Impact on diluted earnings per share		Contribution to net income (after-tax)			Impact on diluted earnings per share
Merger related intangible asset amortization (1)	$	(39)		$	(0.57)	$	(30)		$	(0.44)	$	(126)		$	(1.83)	$	(99)		$	(1.39)
Impact on depreciation related to acquired fleet and property and equipment (2)	(40)			(0.59)		(8)			(0.12)		(83)			(1.21)		(34)			(0.48)
Impact of the fair value mark-up of acquired fleet (3)	(16)			(0.23)		(4)			(0.05)		(64)			(0.92)		(12)			(0.17)
Restructuring charge (4)	(3)			(0.05)		—			0.01		(18)			(0.26)		—			—
Asset impairment charge (5)	—			—		—			(0.01)		—			—		(2)			(0.03)
Loss on repurchase/redemption of debt securities (6)	—			—		—			—		—			—		(13)			(0.18)

(1)This reflects the amortization of the intangible assets acquired in the major acquisitions that significantly impact our operations (the "major acquisitions," each of which had annual revenues of over $200 prior to acquisition). The increase in 2023 primarily reflects the impact of the Ahern Rentals acquisition.

(2)This reflects the impact of extending the useful lives of equipment acquired in certain major acquisitions, net of the impact of additional depreciation associated with the fair value mark-up of such equipment. The increase in 2023 primarily reflects the impact of the Ahern Rentals acquisition.

(3)This reflects additional costs recorded in cost of rental equipment sales associated with the fair value mark-up of rental equipment acquired in certain major acquisitions that was subsequently sold. The increase in 2023 primarily reflects the impact of the Ahern Rentals acquisition.

(4)This primarily reflects severance and branch closure charges associated with our restructuring programs. For additional information on the restructuring charges, which generally involve the closure of a large number of branches over a short period of time, often in periods following a major acquisition, see "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Results of Operations-Other costs/(income)-restructuring charges" below. The increase in 2023 reflects charges associated with a restructuring program initiated following the closing of the Ahern Rentals acquisition.

(5)This reflects write-offs of leasehold improvements and other fixed assets.

(6)This primarily reflects the difference between the net carrying amount and the total purchase price of the redeemed notes. For additional information, see "Results of Operations-Other costs/(income)-Interest expense, net" below.

EBITDA GAAP Reconciliations. EBITDA represents the sum of net income, provision for income taxes, interest expense, net, depreciation of rental equipment and non-rental depreciation and amortization. Adjusted EBITDA represents EBITDA plus the sum of the restructuring charges, stock compensation expense, net and the impact of the fair value mark-up of the acquired fleet. See below for further detail on each adjusting item. These items are excluded from adjusted EBITDA internally when evaluating our operating performance and for strategic planning and forecasting purposes, and allow investors to make a more meaningful comparison between our core business operating results over different periods of time, as well as with those of other similar companies. The net income and adjusted EBITDA margins represent net income or adjusted EBITDA divided by total revenue. Management believes that EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA, when viewed with the Company’s results under GAAP and the accompanying reconciliations, provide useful information about operating performance and period-over-period growth, and provide additional information that is useful for evaluating the operating performance of our core business without regard to potential distortions. Additionally, management believes that EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA help investors gain an understanding of the factors and trends affecting our ongoing cash earnings, from which capital investments are made and debt is serviced. However, EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA are not measures of

31

financial performance or liquidity under GAAP and, accordingly, should not be considered as alternatives to net income or cash flow from operating activities as indicators of operating performance or liquidity.

The table below provides a reconciliation between net income and EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA: 

	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 30,						September 30,
	2023			2022			2023			2022
Net income	$	703		$	606		$	1,745		$	1,466
Provision for income taxes	240			210			564			441
Interest expense, net	163			106			474			313
Depreciation of rental equipment	588			470			1,755			1,362
Non-rental depreciation and amortization	107			90			329			278
EBITDA	$	1,801		$	1,482		$	4,867		$	3,860
Restructuring charge (1)	5			(1)			24			—
Stock compensation expense, net (2)	23			35			72			95
Impact of the fair value mark-up of acquired fleet (3)	21			5			85			16
Adjusted EBITDA	$	1,850		$	1,521		$	5,048		$	3,971
Net income margin	18.7		%	19.9		%	16.5		%	17.6		%
Adjusted EBITDA margin	49.1		%	49.9		%	47.6		%	47.6		%

The table below provides a reconciliation between net cash provided by operating activities and EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA:

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30,
	2023		2022
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	3,290	$	3,182
Adjustments for items included in net cash provided by operating activities but excluded from the calculation of EBITDA:
Amortization of deferred financing costs and original issue discounts	(11)		(9)
Gain on sales of rental equipment	567		325
Gain on sales of non-rental equipment	16		6
Insurance proceeds from damaged equipment	30		25
Restructuring charge (1)	(24)		—
Stock compensation expense, net (2)	(72)		(95)
Loss on repurchase/redemption of debt securities (4)	—		(17)
Changes in assets and liabilities	187		(191)
Cash paid for interest	495		339
Cash paid for income taxes, net	389		295
EBITDA	$	4,867	$	3,860
Add back:
Restructuring charge (1)	24		—
Stock compensation expense, net (2)	72		95
Impact of the fair value mark-up of acquired fleet (3)	85		16
Adjusted EBITDA	$	5,048	$	3,971

 ___________________

(1)This primarily reflects severance and branch closure charges associated with our restructuring programs. For additional information on the restructuring charges, which generally involve the closure of a large number of branches over a short period of time, often in periods following a major acquisition, see "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Results of Operations-Other costs/(income)-restructuring charges" below. The

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increase in 2023 reflects charges associated with a restructuring program initiated following the closing of the Ahern Rentals acquisition.

(2)Represents non-cash, share-based payments associated with the granting of equity instruments.

(3)This reflects additional costs recorded in cost of rental equipment sales associated with the fair value mark-up of rental equipment acquired in certain major acquisitions that was subsequently sold. The increase in 2023 primarily reflects the impact of the Ahern Rentals acquisition.

(4)This primarily reflects the difference between the net carrying amount and the total purchase price of the redeemed notes. For additional information, see "Results of Operations-Other costs/(income)-Interest expense, net" below.

For the three months ended September 30, 2023, net income increased $97, or 16.0 percent, and net income margin decreased 120 basis points to 18.7 percent. For the three months ended September 30, 2023, adjusted EBITDA increased $329, or 21.6 percent, and adjusted EBITDA margin decreased 80 basis points to 49.1 percent.

The year-over-year decrease in net income margin primarily reflects the impact of the Ahern Rentals acquisition on gross margins from equipment rentals and sales of rental equipment, and increased interest expense, partially offset by reductions in selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") and income tax expenses as a percentage of revenue, and revenue mix benefits. Depreciation and repairs and maintenance expenses for the rental equipment acquired in the Ahern Rentals acquisition were higher than for our other rental equipment, which negatively impacted equipment rentals gross margin year-over-year. In addition to the impact of the Ahern Rentals acquisition, the decreased gross margin from sales of rental equipment reflects the normalization of channel mix, including the expanded use of wholesale channels. Net interest expense increased $57, or 53.8 percent, primarily due to increased average debt, including the debt issued to partially fund the Ahern Rentals acquisition, and higher variable debt interest rates (the weighted average interest rates on our variable debt instruments were 6.5 percent and 3.7 percent for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively). The favorable margin impact of SG&A expense reflects better fixed cost absorption on higher revenue. While income tax expense increased $30, or 14.3 percent, year-over-year, the effective income tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2023 decreased by 20 basis points to 25.5 percent.

The decrease in the adjusted EBITDA margin primarily reflects a 120 basis point decrease in gross margin from equipment rentals (excluding depreciation and stock compensation expense) and a 940 basis point decrease in gross margin from sales of rental equipment (excluding the adjustment reflected in the table above for the impact of the fair value mark-up of acquired fleet), partially offset by reduced SG&A expense as a percentage of revenue. The decreased gross margin from equipment rentals (excluding depreciation and stock compensation expense) primarily reflects the impact of the Ahern Rentals acquisition, including increased repairs and maintenance expense as discussed above. The decreased gross margin from sales of rental equipment (excluding the adjustment for the impact of the fair value mark-up of acquired fleet) primarily reflects the normalization of channel mix, including the expanded use of wholesale channels, and the impact of the Ahern Rentals acquisition. The favorable margin impact of SG&A expense reflects better fixed cost absorption on higher revenue.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, net income increased $279, or 19.0 percent, and net income margin decreased 110 basis points to 16.5 percent. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, adjusted EBITDA increased $1.077 billion, or 27.1 percent, and adjusted EBITDA margin was flat at 47.6 percent.

The year-over-year decrease in net income margin primarily reflects the impact of the Ahern Rentals acquisition on gross margins from equipment rentals and sales of rental equipment, increased restructuring charges associated with the Ahern Rentals acquisition, and increased interest expense, partially offset by reductions in SG&A expense and non-rental depreciation and amortization as a percentage of revenue, and revenue mix benefits. Depreciation and repairs and maintenance expenses for the rental equipment acquired in the Ahern Rentals acquisition were higher than for our other rental equipment, which negatively impacted equipment rentals gross margin year-over-year. In addition to the impact of the Ahern Rentals acquisition, the decreased gross margin from sales of rental equipment reflects the normalization of channel mix, including the expanded use of wholesale channels. Net interest expense increased $161, or 51.4 percent, primarily due to increased average debt, including the debt issued to partially fund the Ahern Rentals acquisition, and higher variable debt interest rates (the weighted average interest rates on our variable debt instruments were 6.3 percent and 2.7 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively), partially offset by the impact of a $17 debt redemption loss in the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The favorable margin impact of SG&A expense and non-rental depreciation and amortization both reflect better fixed cost absorption on higher revenue.

Adjusted EBITDA margin was flat year-over-year, primarily reflecting reduced SG&A expense as a percentage of revenue, offset by a 60 basis point decrease in equipment rentals gross margin (excluding depreciation and stock compensation expense) and a 390 basis point decrease in gross margin from sales of rental equipment (excluding the adjustment reflected in the table above for the impact of the fair value mark-up of acquired fleet). The favorable margin impact of SG&A expense

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reflects better fixed cost absorption on higher revenue. The decreased gross margin from equipment rentals (excluding depreciation and stock compensation expense) primarily reflects the impact of the Ahern Rentals acquisition (in particular, repairs and maintenance expense for the rental equipment acquired in the Ahern Rentals acquisition was higher than for our other rental equipment, which negatively impacted equipment rentals gross margin year-over-year). The decreased gross margin from sales of rental equipment (excluding the adjustment for the impact of the fair value mark-up of acquired fleet) primarily reflects the normalization of channel mix, including the expanded use of wholesale channels, and the impact of the Ahern Rentals acquisition.

Revenues are noted below. Fleet productivity is a comprehensive metric that provides greater insight into the decisions made by our managers in support of equipment rental growth and returns. Specifically, we seek to optimize the interplay of rental rates, time utilization and mix to drive rental revenue. Fleet productivity aggregates, in one metric, the impact of changes in rates, utilization and mix on owned equipment rental revenue. We believe that this metric is useful in assessing the effectiveness of our decisions on rates, time utilization and mix, particularly as they support the creation of shareholder value. The table below includes the components of the year-over-year change in rental revenue using the fleet productivity methodology.

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		Change		2023		2022		Change
Equipment rentals*	$	3,224	$	2,732	18.0	%	$	8,945	$	7,369	21.4	%
Sales of rental equipment	366		181		102.2	%	1,136		556		104.3	%
Sales of new equipment	52		32		62.5	%	166		115		44.3	%
Contractor supplies sales	39		32		21.9	%	110		94		17.0	%
Service and other revenues	84		74		13.5	%	247		212		16.5	%
Total revenues	$	3,765	$	3,051	23.4	%	$	10,604	$	8,346	27.1	%
*Equipment rentals variance components:
Year-over-year change in average OEC					22.2	%					24.4	%
Assumed year-over-year inflation impact (1)					(1.5)	%					(1.5)	%
Fleet productivity (2)					(2.2)	%					(1.0)	%
Contribution from ancillary and re-rent revenue (3)					(0.5)	%					(0.5)	%
Total change in equipment rentals					18.0	%					21.4	%
*Pro forma equipment rentals variance components (4):
Year-over-year change in average OEC					10.2	%					11.6	%
Assumed year-over-year inflation impact (1)					(1.5)	%					(1.5)	%
Fleet productivity (2)					1.5	%					3.0	%
Contribution from ancillary and re-rent revenue (3)					(0.4)	%					(0.4)	%
Total change in equipment rentals					9.8	%					12.7	%

 ___________________

(1)Reflects the estimated impact of inflation on the revenue productivity of fleet based on OEC, which is recorded at cost.

(2)Reflects the combined impact of changes in rental rates, time utilization, and mix that contribute to the variance in owned equipment rental revenue. See note 2 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for a discussion of the different types of equipment rentals revenue. Rental rate changes are calculated based on the year-over-year variance in average contract rates, weighted by the prior period revenue mix. Time utilization is calculated by dividing the amount of time an asset is on rent by the amount of time the asset has been owned during the year. Mix includes the impact of changes in customer, fleet, geographic and segment mix.

(3)Reflects the combined impact of changes in the other types of equipment rentals revenue (see note 2 for further detail), excluding owned equipment rental revenue.

(4)As discussed in note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements, we completed the acquisition of Ahern Rentals in December 2022. The pro forma information includes the standalone, pre-acquisition results of Ahern Rentals.

Equipment rentals include our revenues from renting equipment, as well as revenue related to the fees we charge customers: for equipment delivery and pick-up; to protect the customer against liability for damage to our equipment while on rent; for fuel; and for environmental and other miscellaneous costs and services. Sales of rental equipment represent our

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revenues from the sale of used rental equipment. Sales of new equipment represent our revenues from the sale of new equipment. Contractor supplies sales represent our sales of supplies utilized by contractors, which include construction consumables, tools, small equipment and safety supplies. Services and other revenues primarily represent our revenues earned from providing repair and maintenance services on our customers’ fleet (including parts sales). See note 2 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for a discussion of our revenue recognition accounting.

For the three months ended September 30, 2023, total revenues of $3.765 billion increased 23.4 percent compared with 2022. Equipment rentals and sales of rental equipment are our largest revenue types (together, they accounted for 95 percent of total revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2023). Equipment rentals increased $492, or 18.0 percent, primarily due to a 22.2 percent increase in average OEC, partially offset by a 2.2 percent decrease in fleet productivity. The increase in average OEC includes the impact of the acquisition of Ahern Rentals that is discussed in note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements, as well as increased capital expenditures. On a pro forma basis including the pre-acquisition results of Ahern Rentals, year-over-year, equipment rentals increased 9.8 percent, primarily reflecting an increase in average OEC of 10.2 percent and increased fleet productivity of 1.5 percent. Beginning in 2021 and continuing through September 30, 2023, we have experienced broad-based strength of demand across our end-markets. Sales of rental equipment increased 102.2 percent year-over-year, primarily reflecting the normalization of volumes, after we intentionally held back on sales of rental equipment in 2022 to ensure sufficient rental capacity for our customers, as well as the impact of sales of rental equipment acquired in the Ahern Rentals acquisition. Pricing on sales of rental equipment remains strong.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, total revenues of $10.604 billion increased 27.1 percent compared with 2022. Equipment rentals and sales of rental equipment are our largest revenue types (together, they accounted for 95 percent of total revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2023). Equipment rentals increased $1.576 billion, or 21.4 percent, primarily due to a 24.4 percent increase in average OEC, partially offset by a 1.0 percent decrease in fleet productivity. The increase in average OEC includes the impact of the acquisition of Ahern Rentals that is discussed in note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements, as well as increased capital expenditures. On a pro forma basis including the pre-acquisition results of Ahern Rentals, year-over-year, equipment rentals increased 12.7 percent, primarily reflecting an increase in average OEC of 11.6 percent and increased fleet productivity of 3.0 percent. Beginning in 2021 and continuing through September 30, 2023, we have experienced broad-based strength of demand across our end-markets. Sales of rental equipment increased 104.3 percent year-over-year, primarily reflecting the normalization of volumes, after we intentionally held back on sales of rental equipment in 2022 to ensure sufficient rental capacity for our customers, as well as the impact of sales of rental equipment acquired in the Ahern Rentals acquisition. Pricing on sales of rental equipment remains strong.

Results of Operations

As discussed in note 4 to our condensed consolidated financial statements, our reportable segments are general rentals and specialty. The general rentals segment includes the rental of construction, aerial, industrial and homeowner equipment and related services and activities. The general rentals segment’s customers include construction and industrial companies, manufacturers, utilities, municipalities, homeowners and government entities. This segment operates throughout the United States and Canada. The specialty segment includes the rental of specialty construction products such as i) trench safety equipment, such as trench shields, aluminum hydraulic shoring systems, slide rails, crossing plates, construction lasers and line testing equipment for underground work, ii) power and HVAC equipment, such as portable diesel generators, electrical distribution equipment, and temperature control equipment, iii) fluid solutions equipment primarily used for fluid containment, transfer and treatment, and iv) mobile storage equipment and modular office space. The specialty segment’s customers include construction companies involved in infrastructure projects, municipalities and industrial companies. This segment primarily operates in the United States and Canada, and has a limited presence in Europe, Australia and New Zealand.

As discussed in note 4 to our condensed consolidated financial statements, we aggregate our four geographic divisions—Central, Northeast, Southeast and West—into our general rentals reporting segment. Historically, there have occasionally been variances in the levels of equipment rentals gross margins achieved by these divisions, though such variances have generally been small (close to or less than 10 percent, measured versus the equipment rentals gross margins of the aggregated general rentals' divisions). For the five year period ended September 30, 2023, there was no general rentals' division with an equipment rentals gross margin that differed materially from the equipment rentals gross margin of the aggregated general rentals' divisions. The rental industry is cyclical, and there historically have occasionally been divisions with equipment rentals gross margins that varied by greater than 10 percent from the equipment rentals gross margins of the aggregated general rentals' divisions, though the specific divisions with margin variances of over 10 percent have fluctuated, and such variances have generally not exceeded 10 percent by a significant amount. We monitor the margin variances and confirm margin similarity between divisions on a quarterly basis.

We believe that the divisions that are aggregated into our segments have similar economic characteristics, as each division is capital intensive, offers similar products to similar customers, uses similar methods to distribute its products, and is subject to similar competitive risks. The aggregation of our divisions also reflects the management structure that we use for

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making operating decisions and assessing performance. Although we believe aggregating these divisions into our reporting segments for segment reporting purposes is appropriate, to the extent that there are significant margin variances that do not converge, we may be required to disaggregate the divisions into separate reporting segments. Any such disaggregation would have no impact on our consolidated results of operations.

These reporting segments align our external segment reporting with how management evaluates business performance and allocates resources. We evaluate segment performance primarily based on segment equipment rentals gross profit. Our revenues, operating results, and financial condition fluctuate from quarter to quarter reflecting the seasonal rental patterns of our customers, with rental activity tending to be lower in the winter.

Revenues by segment were as follows: 

	General rentals		Specialty		Total
Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
Equipment rentals	$	2,307	$	917	$	3,224
Sales of rental equipment	320		46		366
Sales of new equipment	24		28		52
Contractor supplies sales	23		16		39
Service and other revenues	78		6		84
Total revenue	$	2,752	$	1,013	$	3,765
Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
Equipment rentals	$	1,942	$	790	$	2,732
Sales of rental equipment	152		29		181
Sales of new equipment	12		20		32
Contractor supplies sales	20		12		32
Service and other revenues	67		7		74
Total revenue	$	2,193	$	858	$	3,051
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Equipment rentals	$	6,514	$	2,431	$	8,945
Sales of rental equipment	1,012		124		1,136
Sales of new equipment	66		100		166
Contractor supplies sales	67		43		110
Service and other revenues	225		22		247
Total revenue	$	7,884	$	2,720	$	10,604
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Equipment rentals	$	5,322	$	2,047	$	7,369
Sales of rental equipment	474		82		556
Sales of new equipment	58		57		115
Contractor supplies sales	60		34		94
Service and other revenues	188		24		212
Total revenue	$	6,102	$	2,244	$	8,346

Equipment rentals represented 86 percent of total revenues for the three months ended September 30, 2023. For the three months ended September 30, 2023, equipment rentals of $3.224 billion increased $492, or 18.0 percent, as compared to the same period in 2022, primarily due to a 22.2 percent increase in average OEC, partially offset by a 2.2 percent decrease in fleet productivity. The increase in average OEC includes the impact of the acquisition of Ahern Rentals that is discussed in note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements, as well as increased capital expenditures. On a pro forma basis including the pre-acquisition results of Ahern Rentals, year-over-year, equipment rentals increased 9.8 percent, primarily reflecting an increase in average OEC of 10.2 percent and increased fleet productivity of 1.5 percent. Beginning in 2021 and continuing through September 30, 2023, we have experienced broad-based strength of demand across our end-markets.

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Equipment rentals represented 84 percent of total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, equipment rentals of $8.945 billion increased $1.576 billion, or 21.4 percent, as compared to the same period in 2022, primarily due to a 24.4 percent increase in average OEC, partially offset by a 1.0 percent decrease in fleet productivity. The increase in average OEC includes the impact of the acquisition of Ahern Rentals that is discussed in note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements, as well as increased capital expenditures. On a pro forma basis including the pre-acquisition results of Ahern Rentals, year-over-year, equipment rentals increased 12.7 percent, primarily reflecting an increase in average OEC of 11.6 percent and increased fleet productivity of 3.0 percent. Beginning in 2021 and continuing through September 30, 2023, we have experienced broad-based strength of demand across our end-markets.

For the three months ended September 30, 2023, equipment rentals represented 84 percent of total revenues for the general rentals segment. For the three months ended September 30, 2023, general rentals equipment rentals increased $365, or 18.8 percent, as compared to the same period in 2022, primarily due to strong demand across our end-markets and increased average OEC, which includes the impact of the Ahern Rentals acquisition as well as increased capital expenditures. On a pro forma basis including the pre-acquisition results of Ahern Rentals, year-over-year, equipment rentals increased 7.6 percent, primarily reflecting increases in average OEC and fleet productivity. As noted above, beginning in 2021 and continuing through September 30, 2023, we have experienced broad-based strength of demand across our end-markets.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, equipment rentals represented 83 percent of total revenues for the general rentals segment. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, general rentals equipment rentals increased $1.192 billion, or 22.4 percent, as compared to the same period in 2022, primarily due to strong demand across our end-markets and increased average OEC, which includes the impact of the Ahern Rentals acquisition as well as increased capital expenditures. On a pro forma basis including the pre-acquisition results of Ahern Rentals, year-over-year, equipment rentals increased 10.6 percent, primarily reflecting increases in average OEC and fleet productivity. As noted above, beginning in 2021 and continuing through September 30, 2023, we have experienced broad-based strength of demand across our end-markets.

For the three months ended September 30, 2023, equipment rentals represented 91 percent of total revenues for the specialty segment. For the three months ended September 30, 2023, specialty equipment rentals increased $127, or 16.1 percent, as compared to the same period in 2022, primarily due to strong demand across our end-markets and increased average OEC. As noted above, beginning in 2021 and continuing through September 30, 2023, we have experienced broad-based strength of demand across our end-markets.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, equipment rentals represented 89 percent of total revenues for the specialty segment. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, specialty equipment rentals increased $384, or 18.8 percent, as compared to the same period in 2022, primarily due to strong demand across our end-markets and increased average OEC. As noted above, beginning in 2021 and continuing through September 30, 2023, we have experienced broad-based strength of demand across our end-markets.

Sales of rental equipment. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, sales of rental equipment represented approximately 11 percent of our total revenues. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, sales of rental equipment increased 102.2 percent and 104.3 percent year-over-year, respectively, primarily reflecting the normalization of volumes, after we intentionally held back on sales of rental equipment in 2022 to ensure sufficient rental capacity for our customers, as well as the impact of sales of rental equipment acquired in the Ahern Rentals acquisition. Pricing on sales of rental equipment remains strong.

Sales of new equipment. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, sales of new equipment represented approximately 2 percent of our total revenues. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, sales of new equipment increased 62.5 percent and 44.3 percent year-over-year, respectively, primarily reflecting some individually significant sales in 2023 and normal variability.

Contractor supplies sales represent our revenues associated with selling a variety of supplies, including construction consumables, tools, small equipment and safety supplies. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, contractor supplies sales represented approximately 1 percent of our total revenues. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, contractor supplies sales did not change significantly year-over-year.

Service and other revenues primarily represent our revenues earned from providing repair and maintenance services on our customers’ fleet (including parts sales). For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, service and other revenues represented approximately 2 percent of our total revenues. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, service and other revenues increased 13.5 percent and 16.5 percent year-over-year, respectively, primarily due to growth initiatives.

Segment Equipment Rentals Gross Profit

Segment equipment rentals gross profit and gross margin were as follows:

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	General rentals			Specialty			Total
Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
Equipment Rentals Gross Profit	$	872		$	478		$	1,350
Equipment Rentals Gross Margin	37.8		%	52.1		%	41.9		%
Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
Equipment Rentals Gross Profit	$	797		$	412		$	1,209
Equipment Rentals Gross Margin	41.0		%	52.2		%	44.3		%
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Equipment Rentals Gross Profit	$	2,323		$	1,203		$	3,526
Equipment Rentals Gross Margin	35.7		%	49.5		%	39.4		%
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Equipment Rentals Gross Profit	$	2,063		$	983		$	3,046
Equipment Rentals Gross Margin	38.8		%	48.0		%	41.3		%

General rentals. For the three months ended September 30, 2023, equipment rentals gross profit increased by $75, and equipment rentals gross margin decreased by 320 basis points, from 2022, primarily due to the impact of the Ahern Rentals acquisition. As a percentage of revenue, depreciation and repairs and maintenance expenses for the rental equipment acquired in the Ahern Rentals acquisition were higher than for our other rental equipment, which negatively impacted equipment rentals gross margin year-over-year.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, equipment rentals gross profit increased by $260, and equipment rentals gross margin decreased by 310 basis points, from 2022, primarily due to the impact of the Ahern Rentals acquisition. As a percentage of revenue, depreciation and repairs and maintenance expenses for the rental equipment acquired in the Ahern Rentals acquisition were higher than for our other rental equipment, which negatively impacted equipment rentals gross margin year-over-year.

Specialty. For the three months ended September 30, 2023, equipment rentals gross profit increased by $66, and equipment rentals gross margin decreased by 10 basis points, from 2022.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, equipment rentals gross profit increased by $220, and equipment rentals gross margin increased by 150 basis points, from 2022. Gross margin increased primarily due to better cost performance and fixed cost absorption on higher revenue.

Gross Margin. Gross margins by revenue classification were as follows:  

	Three Months Ended September 30,					Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		Change	2023	2022	Change
Total gross margin	42.1	%	44.8	%	(270) bps	40.1%	42.0%	(190) bps
Equipment rentals	41.9	%	44.3	%	(240) bps	39.4%	41.3%	(190) bps
Sales of rental equipment	49.5	%	61.9	%	(1,240) bps	49.9%	58.5%	(860) bps
Sales of new equipment	17.3	%	21.9	%	(460) bps	17.5%	19.1%	(160) bps
Contractor supplies sales	28.2	%	28.1	%	10 bps	29.1%	29.8%	(70) bps
Service and other revenues	40.5	%	39.2	%	130 bps	39.3%	41.0%	(170) bps

For the three months ended September 30, 2023, total gross margin decreased 270 basis points from the same period in 2022. Equipment rentals gross margin decreased 240 basis points from 2022, primarily due to the impact of the Ahern Rentals acquisition. As a percentage of revenue, depreciation and repairs and maintenance expenses for the rental equipment acquired in the Ahern Rentals acquisition were higher than for our other rental equipment, which negatively impacted equipment rentals gross margin year-over-year. Gross margin from sales of rental equipment decreased 1,240 basis points from the same period in 2022, primarily due to the normalization of channel mix, including the expanded use of wholesale channels, and the impact of the Ahern Rentals acquisition. The equipment acquired in the Ahern Rentals acquisition was recorded at fair value as of the December 2022 acquisition date, and the gross margins on the sale of such acquired equipment were less than the gross margins achieved upon the sale of other rental equipment. As reflected in the above gross margin, pricing on sales of rental equipment remains strong. The gross margin fluctuations from sales of new equipment, contractor supplies sales and service and other revenues generally reflect normal variability, and such revenue types did not account for a significant portion of total gross

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profit (gross profit for these revenue types represented 3 percent of total gross profit for the three months ended September 30, 2023).

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, total gross margin decreased 190 basis points from the same period in 2022. Equipment rentals gross margin decreased 190 basis points from 2022, primarily due to the impact of the Ahern Rentals acquisition. As a percentage of revenue, depreciation and repairs and maintenance expenses for the rental equipment acquired in the Ahern Rentals acquisition were higher than for our other rental equipment, which negatively impacted equipment rentals gross margin year-over-year. Gross margin from sales of rental equipment decreased 860 basis points from the same period in 2022, primarily due to the normalization of channel mix, including the expanded use of wholesale channels, and the impact of the Ahern Rentals acquisition. The equipment acquired in the Ahern Rentals acquisition was recorded at fair value as of the December 2022 acquisition date, and the gross margins on the sale of such acquired equipment were less than the gross margins achieved upon the sale of other rental equipment. As reflected in the above gross margin, pricing on sales of rental equipment remains strong. The gross margin fluctuations from sales of new equipment, contractor supplies sales and service and other revenues generally reflect normal variability, and such revenue types did not account for a significant portion of total gross profit (gross profit for these revenue types represented 4 percent of total gross profit for the nine months ended September 30, 2023).

Other costs/(income)

The table below includes the other costs/(income) in our condensed consolidated statements of income, as well as key associated metrics:    

	Three Months Ended September 30,			Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023	2022	Change	2023	2022	Change
Selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") expense	$374	$356	5.1%	$1,134	$1,022	11.0%
SG&A expense as a percentage of revenue	9.9%	11.7%	(180) bps	10.7%	12.2%	(150) bps
Restructuring charge	5	(1)	(600.0)%	24	—	—%
Non-rental depreciation and amortization	107	90	18.9%	329	278	18.3%
Interest expense, net	163	106	53.8%	474	313	51.4%
Other income, net	(7)	(1)	600.0%	(19)	(12)	58.3%
Provision for income taxes	240	210	14.3%	564	441	27.9%
Effective tax rate	25.5%	25.7%	(20) bps	24.4%	23.1%	130 bps

SG&A expense primarily includes sales force compensation, information technology costs, third party professional fees, management salaries, bad debt expense and clerical and administrative overhead. SG&A expense as a percentage of revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 decreased from the same periods in 2022 primarily due to better fixed cost absorption on higher revenue (in particular, salaries and benefits declined as a percentage of revenue).

The restructuring charges primarily reflect severance and branch closure charges associated with our restructuring programs. We incur severance costs and branch closure charges in the ordinary course of our business. We only include such costs that are part of a restructuring program as restructuring charges. The designated restructuring programs generally involve the closure of a large number of branches over a short period of time, often in periods following a major acquisition, and result in significant costs that we would not normally incur absent a major acquisition or other triggering event that results in the initiation of a restructuring program. Since the first such program was initiated in 2008, we have completed six restructuring programs and have incurred total restructuring charges of $376.

In the first quarter of 2023, we initiated a restructuring program following the closing of the Ahern Rentals acquisition discussed above (such program is the reason for the year-over-year restructuring charge increases for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 reflected above). We expect to complete the restructuring program in 2023, and we currently expect to incur approximately $5 of additional expenses under the program. As of September 30, 2023, the total liability associated with our open and closed restructuring programs was $20.

Non-rental depreciation and amortization includes i) the amortization of other intangible assets and ii) depreciation expense associated with equipment that is not offered for rent (such as computers and office equipment) and amortization expense associated with leasehold improvements. Our other intangible assets consist of customer relationships, non-compete agreements and trade names and associated trademarks. The year-over-year increases in non-rental depreciation and

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amortization for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 primarily reflect the impact of the Ahern Rentals acquisition discussed above.

Interest expense, net for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 increased 53.8 percent and 51.4 percent year-over-year, respectively. Interest expense, net for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 included debt redemption losses of $17, which primarily reflected the difference between the net carrying amount and the total purchase price of the redeemed notes. Excluding the impact of these losses, interest expense, net increased by 60.1 percent year-over-year for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The year-over-year increases in interest expense, net, excluding the impact of the debt redemption losses, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 primarily reflected increased average debt, including the debt issued to partially fund the Ahern Rentals acquisition discussed above, and higher variable debt interest rates. The weighted average interest rates on our variable debt instruments were 6.5 percent and 3.7 percent for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and 6.3 percent and 2.7 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Other (income) expense, net primarily includes i) currency gains and losses, ii) finance charges, iii) gains and losses on sales of non-rental equipment and iv) other miscellaneous items.

The effective tax rates for 2023 and 2022 differed from the federal statutory rate of 21 percent primarily due to the geographical mix of income between foreign and domestic operations, the impact of state and local taxes, stock compensation, other deductible and nondeductible charges, and the discrete items discussed below. The year-over-year increase in the effective income tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 primarily reflected the 2022 impact of aligning the legal entity structure in Australia and New Zealand with our other foreign operations, which resulted in a tax depreciation benefit of $39 in the nine months ended September 30, 2022, partially offset by the release of a valuation allowance on foreign tax credits in the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Balance sheet. Accounts receivable, net increased by $273, or 13.6 percent, from December 31, 2022 to September 30, 2023, primarily due to increased revenue. Prepaid expenses and other assets decreased by $165, or 43.3 percent, from December 31, 2022 to September 30, 2023, primarily due to the use of a portion of a tax receivable associated with the Ahern Rentals acquisition to reduce cash paid for income taxes (see note 5 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for further detail). Operating lease right-of-use assets increased by $272, or 33.2 percent, and operating lease liabilities increased by $248, or 38.6 percent, from December 31, 2022 to September 30, 2023, and both increases primarily reflect the impact of the Ahern Rentals acquisition, as discussed in note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements. See the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for further information on changes in cash and cash equivalents, the condensed consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity for further information on changes in stockholders’ equity and note 8 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for further information on debt changes.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

We manage our liquidity using internal cash management practices, which are subject to (i) the policies and cooperation of the financial institutions we utilize to maintain and provide cash management services, (ii) the terms and other requirements of the agreements to which we are a party and (iii) the statutes, regulations and practices of each of the local jurisdictions in which we operate.

On October 24, 2022, our Board of Directors authorized a $1.25 billion share repurchase program. This program was paused through the initial phase of the integration of the Ahern Rentals acquisition, and repurchases began in the first quarter of 2023. We expect to repurchase $1.0 billion of common stock under the program in 2023, and have repurchased $750 under the program through September 30, 2023. A 1 percent excise tax is imposed on “net repurchases” (certain purchases minus certain issuances) of common stock. The repurchases above (as well as the total program size and expected 2023 repurchases) do not include the excise tax, which totaled $6 year-to-date through September 30, 2023. Since 2012, we have repurchased a total of $5.713 billion (inclusive of immaterial excise taxes, which were first imposed in 2023) of Holdings' common stock under our share repurchase programs (comprised of seven programs that have ended and the current program).

Our Board of Directors also approved our first-ever quarterly dividend program in January 2023, and the first dividend under the program was paid in February 2023. We did not pay any dividends prior to 2023, and during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we paid dividends totaling $305 ($4.44 per share, which equates to a quarterly dividend per share of $1.48). On October 25, 2023, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend of $1.48 per share, payable on November 22, 2023 to stockholders of record on November 8, 2023.

Our principal existing sources of cash are cash generated from operations and from the sale of rental equipment, and borrowings available under our ABL facility and accounts receivable securitization facility. As of September 30, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents of $284. We believe that our existing sources of cash will be sufficient to support our existing operations over the next 12 months. The table below presents financial information associated with our principal sources of cash as of and for the nine months ended September 30, 2023:

ABL facility:
Borrowing capacity, net of letters of credit	$	2,385
Outstanding debt, net of debt issuance costs	1,792
Interest rate at September 30, 2023	6.5		%
Average month-end principal amount of debt outstanding	1,761
Weighted-average interest rate on average debt outstanding	6.1		%
Maximum month-end principal amount of debt outstanding	1,848
Accounts receivable securitization facility:
Borrowing capacity	16
Outstanding debt, net of debt issuance costs	1,283
Interest rate at September 30, 2023	6.3		%
Average month-end principal amount of debt outstanding	1,129
Weighted-average interest rate on average debt outstanding	6.0		%
Maximum month-end principal amount of debt outstanding	1,288

We expect that our principal needs for cash relating to our operations over the next 12 months will be to fund (i) operating activities and working capital, (ii) the purchase of rental equipment and inventory items offered for sale, (iii) payments due under operating leases, (iv) debt service, (v) share repurchases, (vi) dividends and (vii) acquisitions. We plan to fund such cash requirements from our existing sources of cash. In addition, we may seek additional financing through the securitization of some of our real estate, the use of additional operating leases or other financing sources as market conditions permit.

To access the capital markets, we rely on credit rating agencies to assign ratings to our securities as an indicator of credit quality. Lower credit ratings generally result in higher borrowing costs and reduced access to debt capital markets. Credit ratings also affect the costs of derivative transactions, including interest rate and foreign currency derivative transactions. As a result, negative changes in our credit ratings could adversely impact our costs of funding. Our credit ratings as of October 23, 2023 were as follows: 

41

	Corporate Rating	Outlook
Moody’s	Ba1	Stable
Standard & Poor’s	BB+	Stable

A security rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold securities. There is no assurance that any rating will remain in effect for a given period of time or that any rating will not be revised or withdrawn by a rating agency in the future.

Loan Covenants and Compliance. As of September 30, 2023, we were in compliance with the covenants and other provisions of the ABL, accounts receivable securitization, term loan and repurchase facilities and our senior notes. Any failure to be in compliance with any material provision or covenant of these agreements could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and operations.

The only financial covenant that currently exists under the ABL facility is the fixed charge coverage ratio. Subject to certain limited exceptions specified in the ABL facility, the fixed charge coverage ratio covenant under the ABL facility will only apply in the future if specified availability under the ABL facility falls below 10 percent of the maximum revolver amount under the ABL facility. When certain conditions are met, cash and cash equivalents and borrowing base collateral in excess of the ABL facility size may be included when calculating specified availability under the ABL facility. As of September 30, 2023, specified availability under the ABL facility exceeded the required threshold and, as a result, this financial covenant was inapplicable. Under our accounts receivable securitization facility, we are required, among other things, to maintain certain financial tests relating to: (i) the default ratio, (ii) the delinquency ratio, (iii) the dilution ratio and (iv) days sales outstanding. The accounts receivable securitization facility also requires us to comply with the fixed charge coverage ratio under the ABL facility, to the extent the ratio is applicable under the ABL facility.

Covenants in the agreements governing our ABL facility, term loan facility and certain other debt instruments impose limitations on our ability to make share repurchases and dividend payments, subject to important exceptions that would allow us to make such repurchases or payments under certain conditions. Based on our current total indebtedness leverage ratio (as defined in the applicable debt agreements) and usage of the ABL facility as of September 30, 2023, we met the criteria under the applicable debt agreements for these exceptions, and as a result we were not restricted in our ability to make share repurchases and dividend payments.

Sources and Uses of Cash. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we (i) generated cash from operating activities of $3.290 billion, (ii) generated cash from the sale of rental and non-rental equipment of $1.182 billion and (iii) received cash from debt proceeds, net of payments, of $543. We used cash during this period principally to (i) purchase rental and non-rental equipment and intangible assets of $3.345 billion, (ii) purchase other companies for $406, (iii) purchase shares of our common stock for $806 and (iv) pay dividends of $305. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we (i) generated cash from operating activities of $3.182 billion, (ii) generated cash from the sale of rental and non-rental equipment of $571 and (iii) received cash from debt proceeds, net of payments, of $193. We used cash during this period principally to (i) purchase rental and non-rental equipment and intangible assets of $2.638 billion, (ii) purchase other companies for $323 and (iii) purchase shares of our common stock for $1.058 billion.

Free Cash Flow GAAP Reconciliation. We define “free cash flow” as net cash provided by operating activities less purchases of, and plus proceeds from, equipment and intangible assets. The equipment and intangible asset purchases and proceeds are included in cash flows from investing activities. Management believes that free cash flow provides useful additional information concerning cash flow available to meet future debt service obligations and working capital requirements. However, free cash flow is not a measure of financial performance or liquidity under GAAP. Accordingly, free cash flow should not be considered an alternative to net income or cash flow from operating activities as an indicator of operating performance or liquidity. The table below provides a reconciliation between net cash provided by operating activities and free cash flow.

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30,
	2023		2022
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	3,290	$	3,182
Purchases of rental equipment	(3,078)		(2,456)
Purchases of non-rental equipment and intangible assets	(267)		(182)
Proceeds from sales of rental equipment	1,136		556
Proceeds from sales of non-rental equipment	46		15
Insurance proceeds from damaged equipment	30		25
Free cash flow	$	1,157	$	1,140

42

Free cash flow for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was $1.157 billion, an increase of $17 as compared to $1.140 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The slight increase in free cash flow primarily reflected increased net cash provided by operating activities, partially offset by increased net rental capital expenditures (purchases of rental equipment less the proceeds from sales of rental equipment) and increased net purchases of non-rental equipment and intangible assets. Net rental capital expenditures increased $42 year-over-year.

Relationship between Holdings and URNA. Holdings is principally a holding company and primarily conducts its operations through its wholly owned subsidiary, URNA, and subsidiaries of URNA. Holdings licenses its tradename and other intangibles and provides certain services to URNA in connection with its operations. These services principally include: (i) senior management services; (ii) finance and tax-related services and support; (iii) information technology systems and support; (iv) acquisition-related services; (v) legal services; and (vi) human resource support. In addition, Holdings leases certain equipment and real property that are made available for use by URNA and its subsidiaries.

Information Regarding Guarantors of URNA Indebtedness

URNA is 100 percent owned by Holdings and has certain outstanding indebtedness that is guaranteed by both Holdings and, with the exception of its U.S. special purpose vehicle which holds receivable assets relating to the Company’s accounts receivable securitization facility (the “SPV”), captive insurance subsidiary and immaterial subsidiaries acquired in connection with the General Finance acquisition, all of URNA’s U.S. subsidiaries (the “guarantor subsidiaries”). Other than the guarantee by our Canadian subsidiary of URNA's indebtedness under the ABL facility, none of URNA’s indebtedness is guaranteed by URNA's foreign subsidiaries, the SPV, captive insurance subsidiary or immaterial subsidiaries acquired in connection with the General Finance acquisition (together, the “non-guarantor subsidiaries”). The receivable assets owned by the SPV have been sold or contributed by URNA to the SPV and are not available to satisfy the obligations of URNA or Holdings’ other subsidiaries. Holdings consolidates each of URNA and the guarantor subsidiaries in its consolidated financial statements. URNA and the guarantor subsidiaries are all 100 percent-owned and controlled by Holdings. Holdings’ guarantees of URNA’s indebtedness are full and unconditional, except that the guarantees may be automatically released and relieved upon satisfaction of the requirements for legal defeasance or covenant defeasance under the applicable indenture being met. The Holdings guarantees are also subject to subordination provisions (to the same extent that the obligations of the issuer under the relevant notes are subordinated to other debt of the issuer) and to a standard limitation which provides that the maximum amount guaranteed by Holdings will not exceed the maximum amount that can be guaranteed without making the guarantee void under fraudulent conveyance laws.

The guarantees of Holdings and the guarantor subsidiaries are made on a joint and several basis. The guarantees of the guarantor subsidiaries are not full and unconditional because a guarantor subsidiary can be automatically released and relieved of its obligations under certain circumstances, including sale of the guarantor subsidiary, the sale of all or substantially all of the guarantor subsidiary's assets, the requirements for legal defeasance or covenant defeasance under the applicable indenture being met, designating the guarantor subsidiary as an unrestricted subsidiary for purposes of the applicable covenants or the notes being rated investment grade by both Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services and Moody’s Investors Service, Inc., or, in certain circumstances, another rating agency selected by URNA. Like the Holdings guarantees, the guarantees of the guarantor subsidiaries are subject to subordination provisions (to the same extent that the obligations of the issuer under the relevant notes are subordinated to other debt of the issuer) and to a standard limitation which provides that the maximum amount guaranteed by each guarantor will not exceed the maximum amount that can be guaranteed without making the guarantee void under fraudulent conveyance laws.

All of the existing guarantees by Holdings and the guarantor subsidiaries rank equally in right of payment with all of the guarantors' existing and future senior indebtedness. The secured indebtedness of Holdings and the guarantor subsidiaries (including guarantees of URNA’s existing and future secured indebtedness) will rank effectively senior to guarantees of any unsecured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness. Future guarantees of subordinated indebtedness will rank junior to any existing and future senior indebtedness of the guarantors. The guarantees of URNA’s indebtedness are effectively junior to any indebtedness of our subsidiaries that are not guarantors, including our foreign subsidiaries. As of September 30, 2023, the indebtedness of our non-guarantors was comprised of (i) $1.283 billion of outstanding borrowings by the SPV in connection with the Company’s accounts receivable securitization facility, (ii) $110 of outstanding borrowings under the ABL facility by non-guarantor subsidiaries and (iii) $9 of finance leases of our non-guarantor subsidiaries.

Covenants in the agreements governing our ABL facility, term loan facility and certain other debt instruments impose limitations on our ability to make share repurchases and dividend payments, subject to important exceptions that would allow us to make such repurchases or payments under certain conditions. Based on our current total indebtedness leverage ratio (as defined in the applicable debt agreements) and usage of the ABL facility as of September 30, 2023, we met the criteria under the applicable debt agreements for these exceptions, and as a result we were not restricted in our ability to make share repurchases and dividend payments.

43

Based on our understanding of Rule 3-10 of Regulation S-X ("Rule 3-10"), we believe that Holdings’ guarantees of URNA indebtedness comply with the conditions set forth in Rule 3-10, which enables us to present summarized financial information for Holdings, URNA and the consolidated guarantor subsidiaries in accordance with Rule 13-01 of Regulation S-X. The summarized financial information excludes the financial information of the non-guarantor subsidiaries. In accordance with Rule 3-10, separate financial statements of the guarantor subsidiaries have not been presented. Our presentation below excludes the investment in the non-guarantor subsidiaries and the related income from the non-guarantor subsidiaries.

The summarized financial information of Holdings, URNA and the guarantor subsidiaries on a combined basis is as follows:

	September 30, 2023
Current receivable from non-guarantor subsidiaries	$12
Other current assets	420
Total current assets	432
Long-term receivable from non-guarantor subsidiaries	100
Other long-term assets	20,946
Total long-term assets	21,046
Total assets	21,478
Current liabilities	2,166
Long-term liabilities	14,047
Total liabilities	16,213
	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Total revenues	$9,649
Gross profit	3,871
Net income	1,515

44

Item 3.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Our exposure to market risk primarily consists of (i) interest rate risk associated with our variable and fixed rate debt and (ii) foreign currency exchange rate risk associated with our foreign operations.

Interest Rate Risk. As of September 30, 2023, we had an aggregate of $4.1 billion of indebtedness that bears interest at variable rates, comprised of borrowings under the ABL, accounts receivable securitization, term loan and repurchase facilities. The amount of variable rate indebtedness outstanding under these facilities may fluctuate significantly. See note 8 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for the amounts outstanding, and the interest rates thereon, as of September 30, 2023 under these facilities. As of September 30, 2023, based upon the amount of our variable rate debt outstanding, our annual after-tax earnings would decrease by approximately $31 for each one percentage point increase in the interest rates applicable to our variable rate debt.

At September 30, 2023, we had an aggregate of $7.9 billion of indebtedness that bears interest at fixed rates. A one percentage point decrease in market interest rates as of September 30, 2023 would increase the fair value of our fixed rate indebtedness by approximately five percent. For additional information concerning the fair value of our fixed rate debt, see note 7 (see “Fair Value of Financial Instruments”) to our condensed consolidated financial statements.

Currency Exchange Risk. We primarily operate in the U.S. and Canada, and have a limited presence in Europe, Australia and New Zealand. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, our foreign subsidiaries accounted for $952, or 9 percent, of our total revenue of $10.604 billion, and $209, or 9 percent, of our total pretax income of $2.309 billion. Based on the size of our foreign operations relative to the Company as a whole, we do not believe that a 10 percent change in exchange rates would have a material impact on our earnings. We do not engage in purchasing forward exchange contracts for speculative purposes.

45

Item 4.Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the Company’s reports under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

The Company’s management carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a–15(e) and 15d–15(e) of the Exchange Act, as of September 30, 2023. Based on the evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 30, 2023.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended September 30, 2023 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

46

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.Legal Proceedings

The information set forth under note 9 to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of this quarterly report on Form 10-Q is incorporated by reference in answer to this item.

Item 1A.Risk Factors

Our results of operations and financial condition are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties described in our 2022 Form 10-K, which risk factors are incorporated herein by reference. You should carefully consider the risk factors in our 2022 Form 10-K in conjunction with the other information contained in this report. Should any of these risks materialize, our business, financial condition and future prospects could be negatively impacted.

Item 2.Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

(c) The following table provides information about purchases of Holdings’ common stock by Holdings during the third quarter of 2023:

Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased		Average Price Paid Per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (2)	Maximum Dollar Amount of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Program (2)
July 1, 2023 to July 31, 2023	126,060	(1)	$	445.91	125,241
August 1, 2023 to August 31, 2023	178,729	(1)	$	457.28	178,290
September 1, 2023 to September 30, 2023	250,350	(1)	$	451.99	249,287
Total	555,139		$	452.31	552,818	$	500,002,025

(1)In July 2023, August 2023 and September 2023, 819, 439 and 1,063 shares, respectively, were withheld by Holdings to satisfy tax withholding obligations upon the vesting of restricted stock unit awards. These shares were not acquired pursuant to any repurchase plan or program.

(2)On October 24, 2022, our Board authorized a $1.25 billion share repurchase program, which was paused through the initial phase of the integration of the Ahern Rentals acquisition that is discussed in note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements. Repurchases under the program began in the first quarter of 2023, and we expect to repurchase $1.0 billion of common stock under the program in 2023. A 1 percent excise tax is imposed on “net repurchases” (certain purchases minus certain issuances) of common stock. The repurchases above (as well as the total program size and expected 2023 repurchases) do not include the excise tax, which totaled $6 million year-to-date through September 30, 2023.

Item 5.    Other Information

Certain of our officers or directors have made, and may from time to time make, elections to have shares withheld or sold back to Holdings to cover withholding taxes, which may constitute non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements (as defined in Item 408(c) of Regulation S-K).

47

Item 6.Exhibits

2(a)	Asset Purchase Agreement, dated as of November 11, 2022, by and among United Rentals (North America), Inc., Ahern Rentals, Inc., and Xtreme Re-Rental, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of the United Rentals, Inc. and United Rentals (North America), Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 14, 2022)
2(b)	Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated April 15, 2021, by and among General Finance Corporation, United Rentals (North America), Inc., and UR Merger Sub VI Corporation (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by United Rentals, Inc. on April 15, 2021)
3(a)	Sixth Restated Certificate of Incorporation of United Rentals, Inc., dated May 4, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the United Rentals, Inc. and United Rentals (North America), Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 4, 2023)
3(b)	Second Amended and Restated By-Laws of United Rentals, Inc., amended as of May 5, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the United Rentals, Inc. and United Rentals (North America), Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 5, 2022)
3(c)	Restated Certificate of Incorporation of United Rentals (North America), Inc., dated April 30, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(c) of the United Rentals, Inc. and United Rentals (North America), Inc. Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2013)
3(d)	By-laws of United Rentals (North America), Inc. dated May 8, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(d) of the United Rentals, Inc. and United Rentals (North America), Inc. Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2013)
10(a)	Employment Agreement, effective as of September 29, 2023, between United Rentals, Inc. and Michael Durand (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the United Rentals, Inc. and United Rentals (North America). Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 28, 2023)
22	Subsidiary Guarantors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 22 of the United Rentals, Inc. and United Rentals (North America), Inc. Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022)
31(a)*	Rule 13a-14(a) Certification by Chief Executive Officer
31(b)*	Rule 13a-14(a) Certification by Chief Financial Officer
32(a)**	Section 1350 Certification by Chief Executive Officer
32(b)**	Section 1350 Certification by Chief Financial Officer
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

*    Filed herewith.

**    Furnished (and not filed) herewith pursuant to Item 601(b)(32)(ii) of Regulation S-K under the Exchange Act.

48

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, each registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

		UNITED RENTALS, INC.
Dated:	October 25, 2023	By:	/S/ ANDREW B. LIMOGES
			Andrew B. Limoges Vice President, Controller and Principal Accounting Officer
		UNITED RENTALS (NORTH AMERICA), INC.
Dated:	October 25, 2023	By:	/S/ ANDREW B. LIMOGES
			Andrew B. Limoges Vice President, Controller and Principal Accounting Officer

49

EX-31.A

Exhibit 31(a)

CERTIFICATIONS

I, Matthew J. Flannery, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of United Rentals, Inc. and United Rentals (North America), Inc. for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrants as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrants' other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrants and have:

a)designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrants, including their consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b)designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c)evaluated the effectiveness of the registrants' disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and.

d)disclosed in this report any change in the registrants' internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrants' most recent fiscal quarter (the registrants' fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrants' internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrants' other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrants' auditors and the audit committee of the registrants' board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a)all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrants' ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b)any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrants' internal control over financial reporting.

/S/    MATTHEW J. FLANNERY

Matthew J. Flannery

Chief Executive Officer

October 25, 2023

EX-31.B

Exhibit 31(b)

CERTIFICATIONS

I, William E. Grace, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of United Rentals, Inc. and United Rentals (North America), Inc. for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrants as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrants' other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrants and have:

a)designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrants, including their consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b)designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c)evaluated the effectiveness of the registrants' disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and.

d)disclosed in this report any change in the registrants' internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrants' most recent fiscal quarter (the registrants' fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrants' internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrants' other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrants' auditors and the audit committee of the registrants' board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a)all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrants' ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b)any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrants' internal control over financial reporting.

/S/    WILLIAM E. GRACE 

William E. Grace

Chief Financial Officer

October 25, 2023

EX-32.A

Exhibit 32(a)

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the quarterly report of United Rentals, Inc. and United Rentals (North America), Inc. (the “Companies”) on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Report”), I, Matthew J. Flannery, Chief Executive Officer of the Companies, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to my knowledge:

1.the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (15 U.S.C. 78m); and

2.the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Companies.

/S/    MATTHEW J. FLANNERY

Matthew J. Flannery

Chief Executive Officer

October 25, 2023

EX-32.B

Exhibit 32(b)

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the quarterly report of United Rentals, Inc. and United Rentals (North America), Inc. (the “Companies”) on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Report”), I, William E. Grace, Chief Financial Officer of the Companies, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to my knowledge:

1.the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (15 U.S.C. 78m); and

2.the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Companies.

/S/    WILLIAM E. GRACE

William E. Grace

Chief Financial Officer

October 25, 2023

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Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	1-14387
Entity Registrant Name	United Rentals, Inc.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	06-1522496
Entity Address, Address Line One	100 First Stamford Place
Entity Address, Address Line Two	Suite 700
Entity Address, City or Town	Stamford
Entity Address, State or Province	CT
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	06902
City Area Code	203
Local Phone Number	622-3131
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, $.01 par value, of United Rentals, Inc.
Trading Symbol	URI
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding (in shares)		67,781,450
Entity Central Index Key	0001067701
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q3
Amendment Flag	false

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 284	$ 106
Accounts receivable, net	2,277	2,004
Inventory	201	232
Prepaid expenses and other assets	216	381
Total current assets	2,978	2,723
Goodwill	5,792	6,026
Other intangible assets, net	728	452
Operating lease right-of-use assets	1,091	819
Other long-term assets	48	47
Total assets	25,832	24,183
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Short-term debt and current maturities of long-term debt	1,448	161
Accounts payable	1,121	1,139
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	1,104	1,145
Total current liabilities	3,673	2,445
Long-term debt	10,580	11,209
Deferred taxes	2,757	2,671
Operating lease liabilities	890	642
Other long-term liabilities	176	154
Total liabilities	18,076	17,121
Common stock—$0.01 par value, 500,000,000 shares authorized, 114,957,299 and 67,733,679 shares issued and outstanding, respectively, at September 30, 2023 and 114,758,508 and 69,356,981 shares issued and outstanding, respectively, at December 31, 2022	1	1
Additional paid-in capital	2,642	2,626
Retained earnings	11,094	9,656
Treasury stock at cost—47,223,620 and 45,401,527 shares at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively	(5,713)	(4,957)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(268)	(264)
Total stockholders’ equity	7,756	7,062
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity (deficit)	25,832	24,183
Rental equipment, net
ASSETS
Equipment	14,314	13,277
Property and equipment, net
ASSETS
Equipment	$ 881	$ 839

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	500,000,000	500,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	114,957,299	114,758,508
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	67,733,679	69,356,981
Treasury stock, shares (in shares)	47,223,620	45,401,527

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (UNAUDITED) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Revenues:
Revenues	$ 3,765	$ 3,051	$ 10,604	$ 8,346
Cost of revenues:
Cost of equipment rentals, excluding depreciation	1,286	1,053	3,664	2,961
Depreciation of rental equipment	588	470	1,755	1,362
Total cost of revenues	2,180	1,685	6,353	4,838
Gross profit	1,585	1,366	4,251	3,508
Selling, general and administrative expenses	374	356	1,134	1,022
Restructuring charge	5	(1)	24	0
Non-rental depreciation and amortization	107	90	329	278
Operating income (loss)	1,099	921	2,764	2,208
Interest expense, net	163	106	474	313
Other income, net	(7)	(1)	(19)	(12)
Income before provision for income taxes	943	816	2,309	1,907
Provision for income taxes	240	210	564	441
Net income	$ 703	$ 606	$ 1,745	$ 1,466
Basic earnings per share (in dollars per share)	$ 10.30	$ 8.69	$ 25.37	$ 20.61
Diluted earnings per share (in dollars per share)	$ 10.29	$ 8.66	$ 25.30	$ 20.56
Equipment rentals
Revenues:
Revenues	$ 3,224	$ 2,732	$ 8,945	$ 7,369
Sales of rental equipment
Revenues:
Revenues	366	181	1,136	556
Cost of revenues:
Cost of goods and services sold	185	69	569	231
Sales of new equipment
Revenues:
Revenues	52	32	166	115
Cost of revenues:
Cost of goods and services sold	43	25	137	93
Contractor supplies sales
Revenues:
Revenues	39	32	110	94
Cost of revenues:
Cost of goods and services sold	28	23	78	66
Service and other revenues
Revenues:
Revenues	84	74	247	212
Cost of revenues:
Cost of goods and services sold	$ 50	$ 45	$ 150	$ 125

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED) - USD ($) $ in Millions		3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
		Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Net income		$ 703	$ 606	$ 1,745	$ 1,466
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments	[1]	(27)	(92)	(3)	(141)
Fixed price diesel swaps		0	(3)	(1)	0
Other comprehensive (loss) income (1)	[1]	(27)	(95)	(4)	(141)
Comprehensive income (loss)	[1]	$ 676	$ 511	$ 1,741	$ 1,325

[1] There were no material reclassifications from accumulated other comprehensive loss reflected in other comprehensive income (loss) during 2023 or 2022. There was no material tax impact related to the foreign currency translation adjustments. In 2021, we remitted the cumulative amount of identified cash in our foreign operations in excess of near-term working capital needs. We continue to expect that the remaining balance of our undistributed foreign earnings will be indefinitely reinvested. If we determine that all or a portion of such foreign earnings are no longer indefinitely reinvested, we may be subject to additional foreign withholding taxes and U.S. state income taxes. There were no material taxes associated with other comprehensive income (loss) during 2023 or 2022.

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED) (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Reclassification from AOCI, current period, net of tax, attributable to parent	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0
Other comprehensive income (loss), foreign currency translation adjustment, tax, portion attributable to parent	0	0	0	0
Other comprehensive income (loss), tax, portion attributable to parent	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (UNAUDITED) - USD ($)		Total		Common Stock		Additional Paid-in Capital	Retained Earnings	Treasury Stock	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss	[3]
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021	[1],[2]			72,000,000
Balance at Dec. 31, 2021				$ 1,000,000		$ 2,567,000,000	$ 7,551,000,000	$ (3,957,000,000)	$ (171,000,000)
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021								42,000,000
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income		$ 1,466,000,000					1,466,000,000
Foreign currency translation adjustments		(141,000,000)	[4]						(141,000,000)
Fixed price diesel swaps		0
Stock compensation expense, net						95,000,000
Tax withholding for share based compensation						(58,000,000)
Repurchase of common stock (in shares)				(3,000,000)	[1],[2]			(3,000,000)
Repurchase of common stock								$ (1,000,000,000)
Balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2022	[1],[2]			69,000,000
Balance at Sep. 30, 2022				$ 1,000,000		2,604,000,000	9,017,000,000	$ (4,957,000,000)	(312,000,000)
Balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2022								45,000,000
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021	[1],[2]			72,000,000
Balance at Dec. 31, 2021				$ 1,000,000		2,567,000,000	7,551,000,000	$ (3,957,000,000)	(171,000,000)
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021								42,000,000
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Dividends declared		$ 0
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022		69,356,981		69,000,000	[1],[2]
Balance at Dec. 31, 2022		$ 7,062,000,000		$ 1,000,000		2,626,000,000	9,656,000,000	$ (4,957,000,000)	(264,000,000)
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022		45,401,527						45,000,000
Balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2022	[1],[2]			70,000,000
Balance at Jun. 30, 2022				$ 1,000,000		2,570,000,000	8,411,000,000	$ (4,719,000,000)	(217,000,000)
Balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2022								45,000,000
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income		$ 606,000,000					606,000,000
Foreign currency translation adjustments		(92,000,000)	[4]						(92,000,000)
Fixed price diesel swaps		$ (3,000,000)							(3,000,000)
Stock compensation expense, net						35,000,000
Tax withholding for share based compensation						(1,000,000)
Repurchase of common stock								$ (238,000,000)
Balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2022	[1],[2]			69,000,000
Balance at Sep. 30, 2022				$ 1,000,000		2,604,000,000	9,017,000,000	$ (4,957,000,000)	(312,000,000)
Balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2022								45,000,000
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022		69,356,981		69,000,000	[1],[2]
Balance at Dec. 31, 2022		$ 7,062,000,000		$ 1,000,000		2,626,000,000	9,656,000,000	$ (4,957,000,000)	(264,000,000)
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022		45,401,527						45,000,000
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income		$ 1,745,000,000					1,745,000,000
Dividends declared	[5]						(307,000,000)
Foreign currency translation adjustments		(3,000,000)	[4]						(3,000,000)
Fixed price diesel swaps		$ (1,000,000)							(1,000,000)
Stock compensation expense, net (in shares)	[1],[2]			1,000,000
Stock compensation expense, net						72,000,000
Tax withholding for share based compensation						(56,000,000)
Repurchase of common stock (in shares)				(2,000,000)	[1],[2]			(2,000,000)
Repurchase of common stock								$ (756,000,000)
Balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2023		67,733,679		68,000,000	[1],[2]
Balance at Sep. 30, 2023		$ 7,756,000,000		$ 1,000,000		2,642,000,000	11,094,000,000	$ (5,713,000,000)	(268,000,000)
Balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2023		47,223,620						47,000,000
Balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2023	[1],[2]			68,000,000
Balance at Jun. 30, 2023				$ 1,000,000		2,621,000,000	10,493,000,000	$ (5,460,000,000)	(241,000,000)
Balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2023								47,000,000
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income		$ 703,000,000					703,000,000
Dividends declared	[5]						(102,000,000)
Foreign currency translation adjustments		(27,000,000)	[4]						(27,000,000)
Fixed price diesel swaps		$ 0
Stock compensation expense, net						23,000,000
Tax withholding for share based compensation						(2,000,000)
Repurchase of common stock								$ (253,000,000)
Balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2023		67,733,679		68,000,000	[1],[2]
Balance at Sep. 30, 2023		$ 7,756,000,000		$ 1,000,000		$ 2,642,000,000	$ 11,094,000,000	$ (5,713,000,000)	$ (268,000,000)
Balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2023		47,223,620						47,000,000

[1] Amounts may not foot due to rounding.

[2] Common stock outstanding decreased by approximately three million net shares during the year ended December 31, 2022.

[3] The Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss balance primarily reflects foreign currency translation adjustments.

[4] There were no material reclassifications from accumulated other comprehensive loss reflected in other comprehensive income (loss) during 2023 or 2022. There was no material tax impact related to the foreign currency translation adjustments. In 2021, we remitted the cumulative amount of identified cash in our foreign operations in excess of near-term working capital needs. We continue to expect that the remaining balance of our undistributed foreign earnings will be indefinitely reinvested. If we determine that all or a portion of such foreign earnings are no longer indefinitely reinvested, we may be subject to additional foreign withholding taxes and U.S. state income taxes. There were no material taxes associated with other comprehensive income (loss) during 2023 or 2022.

[5] In January 2023, our Board of Directors approved our first-ever quarterly dividend program (accordingly, there were no dividends declared during 2022). We declared dividends of $1.48 and $4.44 per share during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively.

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (UNAUDITED) (Parenthetical) - USD ($) shares in Millions	3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Dividends declared			$ 0
Dividends declared (in usd per share)	$ 1.48	$ 4.44
Common Stock
Change in common stock outstanding (in shares, approximately)			(3)

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED) - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Cash Flows From Operating Activities:
Net income	$ 1,745	$ 1,466
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	2,084	1,640
Amortization of deferred financing costs and original issue discounts	11	9
Gain on sales of rental equipment	(567)	(325)
Gain on sales of non-rental equipment	(16)	(6)
Insurance proceeds from damaged equipment	(30)	(25)
Stock compensation expense, net	72	95
Restructuring charge	24	0
Loss on repurchase/redemption of debt securities	0	17
Increase in deferred taxes	88	130
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of amounts acquired:
Increase in accounts receivable	(254)	(261)
Decrease (increase) in inventory	22	(33)
Decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets	183	70
(Decrease) increase in accounts payable	(15)	332
(Decrease) increase in accrued expenses and other liabilities	(57)	73
Net cash provided by operating activities	3,290	3,182
Cash Flows From Investing Activities:
Purchases of rental equipment	(3,078)	(2,456)
Purchases of non-rental equipment and intangible assets	(267)	(182)
Proceeds from sales of rental equipment	1,136	556
Proceeds from sales of non-rental equipment	46	15
Insurance proceeds from damaged equipment	30	25
Purchases of other companies, net of cash acquired	(406)	(323)
Purchases of investments	0	(5)
Net cash used in investing activities	(2,539)	(2,370)
Cash Flows From Financing Activities:
Proceeds from debt	6,718	5,219
Payments of debt	(6,175)	(5,026)
Common stock repurchased, including tax withholdings for share based compensation	(806)	(1,058)
Payments of financing costs	0	(9)
Dividends paid	(305)	0
Net cash used in financing activities	(568)	(874)
Effect of foreign exchange rates	(5)	(6)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	178	(68)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	106	144
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	284	76
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash paid for income taxes, net	389	295
Cash paid for interest	$ 495	$ 339

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Organization, Description of Business and Basis of Presentation

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Organization, Description of Business and Basis of Presentation

Organization, Description of Business and Basis of Presentation

United Rentals, Inc. (“Holdings,” “URI” or the “Company”) is principally a holding company and conducts its operations primarily through its wholly owned subsidiary, United Rentals (North America), Inc. (“URNA”), and subsidiaries of URNA. Holdings’ primary asset is its sole ownership of all issued and outstanding shares of common stock of URNA. URNA’s various credit agreements and debt instruments place restrictions on its ability to transfer funds to its shareholder.

We rent equipment to a diverse customer base that includes construction and industrial companies, manufacturers, utilities, municipalities, homeowners and government entities. We primarily operate in the United States and Canada, and have a limited presence in Europe, Australia and New Zealand. In addition to renting equipment, we sell new and used rental equipment, as well as related contractor supplies, parts and service.

We have prepared the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with the accounting policies described in our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (the “2022 Form 10-K”) and the interim reporting requirements of Form 10-Q. Accordingly, certain information and note disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the 2022 Form 10-K.

In our opinion, all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, which are necessary for a fair presentation of financial condition, operating results and cash flows for the interim periods presented have been made. Interim results of operations are not necessarily indicative of the results of the full year.

New Accounting Pronouncements

Guidance Adopted in 2023

Reference Rate Reform. In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, which provides temporary optional expedients and exceptions to accounting guidance on contract modifications and hedge accounting to ease entities’ financial reporting burdens as the market transitions from the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) and other interbank offered rates to alternative reference rates. This guidance generally allows for contract modifications solely related to the replacement of the reference rate to be accounted for as a continuation of the existing contract instead of as an extinguishment of the contract, without triggering certain accounting impacts that could be required associated with an extinguishment of the contract. In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-01, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope, to expand the scope of this guidance to include derivatives. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848, which extends the period of time entities can utilize the reference rate reform relief guidance under ASU 2020-04 from December 31, 2022, to December 31, 2024. As discussed in note 8 of the condensed consolidated financial statements, in April 2023, our term loan facility was amended to transition to an interest rate based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"). Prior to the amendment, interest on the term loan facility reflected LIBOR plus a margin (or an alternative base rate plus a margin). We applied the above guidance when accounting for the term loan facility amendment (as discussed further in note 8), and adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on our financial statements. As of September 30, 2023, we have no debt instruments that use LIBOR as a reference rate, and this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our financial statements in the future.

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Revenue Recognition

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition Accounting Standards

We recognize revenue in accordance with two different accounting standards: 1) Topic 606 (which addresses revenue from contracts with customers) and 2) Topic 842 (which addresses lease revenue). Under Topic 606, revenue from contracts with customers is measured based on the consideration specified in the contract with the customer, and excludes any sales incentives and amounts collected on behalf of third parties. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to a customer, and is the unit of account under Topic 606. As reflected below, most of our revenue is accounted for under Topic 842. Our contracts with customers generally do not include multiple performance obligations. We recognize revenue when we satisfy a performance obligation by transferring control over a product or service to a customer.

The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for such products or services.

Nature of goods and services

In the following table, revenue is summarized by type and by the applicable accounting standard.

	Three Months Ended September 30,
			2023						2022
	Topic 842		Topic 606		Total		Topic 842		Topic 606		Total
Revenues:
Owned equipment rentals	$	2,651	$	—	$	2,651	$	2,238	$	—	$	2,238
Re-rent revenue	68		—		68		72		—		72
Ancillary and other rental revenues:
Delivery and pick-up	—		258		258		—		221		221
Other	204		43		247		163		38		201
Total ancillary and other rental revenues	204		301		505		163		259		422
Total equipment rentals	2,923		301		3,224		2,473		259		2,732
Sales of rental equipment	—		366		366		—		181		181
Sales of new equipment	—		52		52		—		32		32
Contractor supplies sales	—		39		39		—		32		32
Service and other revenues	—		84		84		—		74		74
Total revenues	$	2,923	$	842	$	3,765	$	2,473	$	578	$	3,051

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
			2023						2022
	Topic 842		Topic 606		Total		Topic 842		Topic 606		Total
Revenues:
Owned equipment rentals	$	7,378	$	—	$	7,378	$	6,053	$	—	$	6,053
Re-rent revenue	176		—		176		176		—		176
Ancillary and other rental revenues:
Delivery and pick-up	—		699		699		—		583		583
Other	554		138		692		429		128		557
Total ancillary and other rental revenues	554		837		1,391		429		711		1,140
Total equipment rentals	8,108		837		8,945		6,658		711		7,369
Sales of rental equipment	—		1,136		1,136		—		556		556
Sales of new equipment	—		166		166		—		115		115
Contractor supplies sales	—		110		110		—		94		94
Service and other revenues	—		247		247		—		212		212
Total revenues	$	8,108	$	2,496	$	10,604	$	6,658	$	1,688	$	8,346

Revenues by reportable segment are presented in note 4 of the condensed consolidated financial statements, using the revenue captions reflected in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. The majority of our revenue is recognized in our general rentals segment and in the U.S. (for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, 74 percent and 91 percent, respectively). We believe that the disaggregation of our revenue from contracts to customers as reflected above, coupled with the further discussion below and the reportable segment disclosures in note 4, depicts how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of our revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors.

Lease revenues (Topic 842)

The accounting for the types of revenue that are accounted for under Topic 842 is discussed below.

Owned equipment rentals represent our most significant revenue type (they accounted for 70 percent of total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2023) and are governed by our standard rental contract. We account for such rentals as

operating leases. The lease terms are included in our contracts, and the determination of whether our contracts contain leases generally does not require significant assumptions or judgments. Our lease revenues do not include material amounts of variable payments.

Owned equipment rentals: Owned equipment rentals represent revenues from renting equipment that we own. We do not generally provide an option for the lessee to purchase the rented equipment at the end of the lease, and do not generate material revenue from sales of equipment under such options.

We recognize revenues from renting equipment on a straight-line basis. Our rental contract periods are hourly, daily, weekly or monthly. By way of example, if a customer were to rent a piece of equipment and the daily, weekly and monthly rental rates for that particular piece were (in actual dollars) $100, $300 and $900, respectively, we would recognize revenue of $32.14 per day. The daily rate for recognition purposes is calculated by dividing the monthly rate of $900 by the monthly term of 28 days. This daily rate assumes that the equipment will be on rent for the full 28 days, as we are unsure of when the customer will return the equipment and therefore unsure of which rental contract period will apply.

As part of this straight-line methodology, when the equipment is returned, we recognize as incremental revenue the excess, if any, between the amount the customer is contractually required to pay, which is based on the rental contract period applicable to the actual number of days the equipment was out on rent, over the cumulative amount of revenue recognized to date. In any given accounting period, we will have customers return equipment and be contractually required to pay us more than the cumulative amount of revenue recognized to date under the straight-line methodology. For instance, continuing the above example, if the customer rented the above piece of equipment on December 29 and returned it at the close of business on January 1, we would recognize incremental revenue on January 1 of $171.44 (in actual dollars, representing the difference between the amount the customer is contractually required to pay, or $300 at the weekly rate, and the cumulative amount recognized to date on a straight-line basis, or $128.56, which represents four days at $32.14 per day).

We record amounts billed to customers in excess of recognizable revenue as deferred revenue on our balance sheet. We had deferred revenue (associated with both Topic 842 and Topic 606) of $153 and $131 as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

As noted above, we are unsure of when the customer will return rented equipment. As such, we do not know how much the customer will owe us upon return of the equipment and cannot provide a maturity analysis of future lease payments. Our equipment is generally rented for short periods of time. Lessees do not provide residual value guarantees on rented equipment.

We expect to derive significant future benefits from our equipment following the end of the rental term. Our rentals are generally short-term in nature, and our equipment is typically rented for the majority of the time that we own it. We additionally recognize revenue from sales of rental equipment when we dispose of the equipment.

Re-rent revenue: Re-rent revenue reflects revenues from equipment that we rent from vendors and then rent to our customers. We account for such rentals as subleases. The accounting for re-rent revenue is the same as the accounting for owned equipment rentals described above.

“Other” equipment rental revenue is primarily comprised of 1) Rental Protection Plan (or "RPP") revenue associated with the damage waiver customers can purchase when they rent our equipment to protect against potential loss or damage, 2) environmental charges associated with the rental of equipment, 3) charges for rented equipment that is damaged by our customers and 4) charges for setup and other services performed on rented equipment.

Revenues from contracts with customers (Topic 606)

The accounting for the types of revenue that are accounted for under Topic 606 is discussed below. Substantially all of our revenues under Topic 606 are recognized at a point-in-time rather than over time.

Delivery and pick-up: Delivery and pick-up revenue associated with renting equipment is recognized when the service is performed.

“Other” equipment rental revenue is primarily comprised of revenues associated with the consumption of fuel by our customers which are recognized when the equipment is returned by the customer (and consumption, if any, can be measured).

Sales of rental equipment, new equipment and contractor supplies are recognized at the time of delivery to, or pick-up by, the customer and when collectibility is probable.

Service and other revenues primarily represent revenues earned from providing repair and maintenance services on our customers’ fleet (including parts sales). Service revenue is recognized as the services are performed.

Receivables and contract assets and liabilities

As reflected above, most of our equipment rental revenue is accounted for under Topic 842 (such revenue represented 76 percent of our total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2023). The customers that are responsible for the remaining revenue that is accounted for under Topic 606 are generally the same customers that rent our equipment. We manage credit risk associated with our accounts receivables at the customer level. Because the same customers generate the revenues that are accounted for under both Topic 606 and Topic 842, the discussions below on credit risk and our allowance for credit losses address receivables arising from revenues from both Topic 606 and Topic 842.

Concentration of credit risk with respect to our receivables is limited because a large number of geographically diverse customers makes up our customer base. Our largest customer accounted for less than one percent of total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, and for each of the last three full years. Our customer with the largest receivable balance represented approximately one percent of total receivables at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. We manage credit risk through credit approvals, credit limits and other monitoring procedures.

Our allowance for credit losses reflects our estimate of the amount of our receivables that we will be unable to collect based on historical write-off experience and, as applicable, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect collectibility. Our estimate could require change based on changing circumstances, including changes in the economy or in the particular circumstances of individual customers. Accordingly, we may be required to increase or decrease our allowance. Trade receivables that have contractual maturities of one year or less are written-off when they are determined to be uncollectible based on the criteria necessary to qualify as a deduction for federal tax purposes. Write-offs of such receivables require management approval based on specified dollar thresholds. See the table below for a rollforward of our allowance for credit losses.

The measurement of expected credit losses is based on relevant information from past events, including historical experiences, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect collectibility. Trade receivables are the only material financial asset we have that is subject to the requirement to measure expected credit losses as noted above, as this requirement does not apply to receivables arising from operating lease revenues. Substantially all of our non-lease trade receivables are due in one year or less. As discussed above, most of our equipment rental revenue is accounted for as lease revenue (such revenue represented 76 percent of our total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, and these revenues account for corresponding portions of the $2.277 billion of net accounts receivable and the associated allowance for credit losses of $158 as of September 30, 2023).

As discussed above, most of our equipment rental revenue is accounted for under Topic 842. The customers that are responsible for the remaining revenue that is accounted for under Topic 606 are generally the same customers that rent our equipment. We manage credit risk associated with our accounts receivables at the customer level. The rollforward of our allowance for credit losses (in total, and associated with revenues arising from both Topic 606 and Topic 842) is shown below.

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2023		Three Months Ended September 30, 2022		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Beginning balance	$	147	$	117	$	134	$	112
Charged to costs and expenses (1)	4		3		9		6
Charged to revenue (2)	16		11		37		28
Deductions and other (3)	(9)		(8)		(22)		(23)
Ending balance	$	158	$	123	$	158	$	123

_________________

(1)    Reflects bad debt expenses recognized within selling, general and administrative expenses (associated with Topic 606 revenues).

(2)    Primarily reflects credit losses associated with lease revenues that were recognized as a reduction to equipment rentals revenue (primarily associated with Topic 842 revenues).

(3)    Primarily represents write-offs of accounts, net of immaterial recoveries and other activity.

We do not have material contract assets, or impairment losses associated therewith, or material contract liabilities, associated with contracts with customers. Our contracts with customers do not generally result in material amounts billed to customers in excess of recognizable revenue. We did not recognize material revenue during the three or nine months ended September 30, 2023 or 2022 that was included in the contract liability balance as of the beginning of such periods.

Performance obligations

Most of our Topic 606 revenue is recognized at a point-in-time, rather than over time. Accordingly, in any particular period, we do not generally recognize a significant amount of revenue from performance obligations satisfied (or partially satisfied) in previous periods, and the amounts of such revenue recognized during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 were not material. We also do not expect to recognize material revenue in the future related to performance obligations that were unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) as of September 30, 2023.

Payment terms

Our Topic 606 revenues do not include material amounts of variable consideration. Our payment terms vary by the type and location of our customer and the products or services offered. The time between invoicing and when payment is due is not significant. Our contracts do not generally include a significant financing component. For certain products or services and customer types, we require payment before the products or services are delivered to the customer. Our contracts with customers do not generally result in significant obligations associated with returns, refunds or warranties. See above for a discussion of how we manage credit risk.

Revenue is recognized net of taxes collected from customers, which are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities.

Contract costs

We do not recognize any assets associated with the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer (for example, a sales commission) that we expect to recover. Most of our revenue is recognized at a point-in-time or over a period of one year or less, and we use the practical expedient that allows us to recognize the incremental costs of obtaining a contract as an expense when incurred if the amortization period of the asset that we otherwise would have recognized is one year or less.

Contract estimates and judgments

Our revenues accounted for under Topic 606 generally do not require significant estimates or judgments, primarily for the following reasons:

•The transaction price is generally fixed and stated in our contracts;

•As noted above, our contracts generally do not include multiple performance obligations, and accordingly do not generally require estimates of the standalone selling price for each performance obligation;

•Our revenues do not include material amounts of variable consideration, or result in significant obligations associated with returns, refunds or warranties; and

•Most of our revenue is recognized as of a point-in-time and the timing of the satisfaction of the applicable performance obligations is readily determinable. As noted above, our Topic 606 revenue is generally recognized at the time of delivery to, or pick-up by, the customer.

Our revenues accounted for under Topic 842 also generally do not require significant estimates or judgments. We monitor and review our estimated standalone selling prices on a regular basis.

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Acquisitions

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Business Combination and Asset Acquisition [Abstract]

Acquisitions

Acquisitions

On December 7, 2022, we completed the acquisition of assets of Ahern Rentals, Inc. ("Ahern Rentals"), which was accounted for as a business combination. Ahern Rentals was the eighth largest equipment rental company in North America and served customers primarily in the construction and industrial sectors across 30 states. The acquisition:

• Increased capacity in key geographies, with concentrations on both U.S. coasts and in the Gulf region;

• Increased availability of high-demand aerial and material handling equipment for our customers; and

• Created immediate cross-sell opportunities to an expanded customer base.

The aggregate consideration paid to acquire Ahern Rentals was $1.988 billion. The acquisition and related fees and expenses were funded through the issuance of $1.5 billion principal amount of 6 percent Senior Secured Notes and drawings on our senior secured asset-based revolving credit facility (“ABL facility”).

The table below summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The purchase price allocations for these assets and liabilities are based on preliminary valuations and are subject to change as we obtain additional information during the acquisition measurement period. The accounting for the acquisition that has not yet been completed principally relates to finalizing the valuations of the acquired rental equipment and intangible assets. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we recognized measurement period adjustments primarily to establish preliminary values for intangible assets and lease assets and liabilities. These adjustments resulted in a substantial reduction to goodwill versus the previously reported amount (see note 6 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for further discussion of goodwill changes). Non-rental depreciation and amortization for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 includes $7 of intangible asset amortization that would have been recognized in 2022 if the intangible asset values had been preliminarily established as of December 31, 2022.

Inventory	$	24
Rental equipment	1,244
Property and equipment	186
Intangible assets (1)	428
Operating lease right-of-use assets	211
Other assets	10
Total identifiable assets acquired	2,103
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities	(25)
Operating lease liabilities	(199)
Debt (finance leases)	(38)
Total liabilities assumed	(262)
Net identifiable assets acquired	1,841
Goodwill (2)	147
Net assets acquired	$	1,988

(1)The following table reflects the fair values and useful lives of the acquired intangible assets identified based on our preliminary purchase accounting assessments:

	Fair value		Life (years)
Customer relationships	$	330	9
Non-compete agreements	98		5
Total	$	428

(2)All of the goodwill was assigned to our general rentals segment. As noted above, we have not yet obtained all the information required to finalize the valuations of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. As such, goodwill could change from the amount noted above. Once finalized, we expect that the goodwill that results from the acquisition will be primarily reflective of Ahern Rentals' going-concern value, the value of Ahern Rentals' assembled workforce and new customer relationships expected to arise from the acquisition. All of the goodwill is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes

(because the acquisition is a purchase of assets, the goodwill that is deductible for income tax purposes equals the total acquired goodwill. As noted above, goodwill could change from the amount above).

The debt issuance costs associated with the issuance of debt to partially fund the acquisition are reflected, net of amortization subsequent to the acquisition date, in long-term debt in our consolidated balance sheets. Additionally, in the first quarter of 2023, we initiated a restructuring program following the closing of the Ahern Rentals acquisition, and the costs under this program are included in “Restructuring charge” in our condensed consolidated statements of income. The restructuring charges generally involve the closure of a large number of branches over a short period of time, often in periods following a major acquisition.

It is not practicable to reasonably estimate the amounts of revenue and earnings of Ahern Rentals since the acquisition date, primarily due to the movement of fleet between URI locations and the acquired Ahern Rentals locations, as well as our corporate structure and the allocation of corporate costs.

Pro forma financial information

The pro forma information below gives effect to the Ahern Rentals acquisition as if it had been completed on January 1, 2021. The pro forma information is not necessarily indicative of our results had the acquisition been completed on the above date, nor is it necessarily indicative of our future results. The pro forma information reflects Ahern Rentals’ historic revenue presented in accordance with our revenue mapping, does not reflect any cost savings from operating efficiencies or synergies that could result from the acquisition, and also does not reflect additional revenue opportunities following the acquisition. The pro forma information includes adjustments to record the acquired assets and liabilities of Ahern Rentals at their respective fair values and to give effect to the financing for the acquisition. The pro forma adjustments reflected in the table below are subject to change as additional analysis is performed. The purchase price allocations for the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are based on preliminary valuations and are subject to change as we obtain additional information during the acquisition measurement period. Increases or decreases in the estimated fair values of the net assets acquired may impact our statements of income in future periods. We expect that the values assigned to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed will be finalized during the one-year measurement period following the acquisition date. The table below presents unaudited pro forma consolidated income statement information as if Ahern Rentals had been included in our consolidated results for the entire periods reflected:

	Three Months Ended		Nine Months Ended
	September 30,		September 30,
	2022		2022
United Rentals historic revenues	$	3,051	$	8,346
Ahern Rentals historic revenues	226		654
Pro forma revenues	3,277		9,000
United Rentals historic pretax income	816		1,907
Ahern Rentals historic pretax income (loss)	1		(5)
Combined pretax income	817		1,902
Pro forma adjustments to combined pretax income:
Impact of fair value mark-ups/useful life changes on depreciation (1)	(26)		(76)
Impact of the fair value mark-up of acquired fleet on cost of rental equipment sales (2)	(4)		(26)
Intangible asset amortization (3)	(20)		(59)
Interest expense (4)	(27)		(77)
Elimination of historic interest (5)	15		42
Elimination of historic legal and financing costs (6)	4		8
Pro forma pretax income	$	759	$	1,714

________________

(1) Depreciation of rental equipment and non-rental depreciation were adjusted for the fair value mark-ups, and the changes in useful lives and salvage values, of the equipment acquired in the Ahern Rentals acquisition.

(2) Cost of rental equipment sales was adjusted for the fair value mark-ups, and the changes in useful lives and salvage values, of rental equipment acquired in the Ahern Rentals acquisition.

(3) Intangible asset amortization was adjusted to include amortization of the acquired intangible assets.

(4) As discussed above, the acquisition and related fees and expenses were funded through the issuance of senior notes and drawings on our ABL facility. Interest expense was adjusted to reflect interest on the debt used to finance the acquisition.

(5) Historic interest on debt that is not part of the combined entity was eliminated.

(6) Reflects legal and financing costs incurred by Ahern Rentals that do not relate to the combined entity (specifically, legal costs related to a particular lawsuit and costs related to an attempted financing).

During 2023 and 2022, we completed other acquisitions that were not significant individually or in the aggregate. See the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the total cash outflow for purchases of other companies, net of cash acquired.

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Segment Information

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Segment Information

Segment Information

Our reportable segments are i) general rentals and ii) specialty. For general rentals, the divisions discussed below, which are our operating segments, are aggregated into the reportable segment. The specialty segment is a single division that is both an operating segment and a reportable segment. We believe that the divisions that are aggregated into our reportable segments have similar economic characteristics, as each division is capital intensive, offers similar products to similar customers, uses similar methods to distribute its products, and is subject to similar competitive risks. The aggregation of our divisions also reflects the management structure that we use for making operating decisions and assessing performance. We evaluate segment performance primarily based on segment equipment rentals gross profit.

The general rentals segment includes the rental of i) general construction and industrial equipment, such as backhoes, skid-steer loaders, forklifts, earthmoving equipment and material handling equipment, ii) aerial work platforms, such as boom lifts and scissor lifts and iii) general tools and light equipment, such as pressure washers, water pumps and power tools. The general rentals segment reflects the aggregation of four geographic divisions—Central, Northeast, Southeast and West—and operates throughout the United States and Canada.

The specialty segment, which, as noted above, is a single division that is both an operating segment and a reportable segment, includes the rental of specialty construction products such as i) trench safety equipment, such as trench shields, aluminum hydraulic shoring systems, slide rails, crossing plates, construction lasers and line testing equipment for underground work, ii) power and HVAC equipment, such as portable diesel generators, electrical distribution equipment, and temperature control equipment, iii) fluid solutions equipment primarily used for fluid containment, transfer and treatment, and iv) mobile storage equipment and modular office space. The specialty segment’s customers include construction companies involved in infrastructure projects, municipalities and industrial companies. This segment primarily operates in the United States and Canada, and has a limited presence in Europe, Australia and New Zealand.

The following tables set forth financial information by segment.

	General rentals		Specialty		Total
Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
Equipment rentals	$	2,307	$	917	$	3,224
Sales of rental equipment	320		46		366
Sales of new equipment	24		28		52
Contractor supplies sales	23		16		39
Service and other revenues	78		6		84
Total revenue	2,752		1,013		3,765
Depreciation and amortization expense	580		115		695
Equipment rentals gross profit	872		478		1,350
Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
Equipment rentals	$	1,942	$	790	$	2,732
Sales of rental equipment	152		29		181
Sales of new equipment	12		20		32
Contractor supplies sales	20		12		32
Service and other revenues	67		7		74
Total revenue	2,193		858		3,051
Depreciation and amortization expense	450		110		560
Equipment rentals gross profit	797		412		1,209
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Equipment rentals	$	6,514	$	2,431	$	8,945
Sales of rental equipment	1,012		124		1,136
Sales of new equipment	66		100		166
Contractor supplies sales	67		43		110
Service and other revenues	225		22		247
Total revenue	7,884		2,720		10,604
Depreciation and amortization expense	1,737		347		2,084
Equipment rentals gross profit	2,323		1,203		3,526
Capital expenditures	2,663		682		3,345
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Equipment rentals	$	5,322	$	2,047	$	7,369
Sales of rental equipment	474		82		556
Sales of new equipment	58		57		115
Contractor supplies sales	60		34		94
Service and other revenues	188		24		212
Total revenue	6,102		2,244		8,346
Depreciation and amortization expense	1,300		340		1,640
Equipment rentals gross profit	2,063		983		3,046
Capital expenditures	1,995		643		2,638

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Total reportable segment assets
General rentals	$	20,780	$	19,604
Specialty	5,052		4,579
Total assets	$	25,832	$	24,183

 Equipment rentals gross profit is the primary measure management reviews to make operating decisions and assess segment performance. The following is a reconciliation of equipment rentals gross profit to income before provision for income taxes:

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Total equipment rentals gross profit	$	1,350	$	1,209	$	3,526	$	3,046
Gross profit from other lines of business	235		157		725		462
Selling, general and administrative expenses	(374)		(356)		(1,134)		(1,022)
Restructuring charge (1)	(5)		1		(24)		—
Non-rental depreciation and amortization	(107)		(90)		(329)		(278)
Interest expense, net	(163)		(106)		(474)		(313)
Other income, net	7		1		19		12
Income before provision for income taxes	$	943	$	816	$	2,309	$	1,907

 ___________________

(1)Primarily reflects severance and branch closure charges associated with our restructuring programs. The restructuring charges generally involve the closure of a large number of branches over a short period of time, often in periods following a major acquisition. The increase in 2023 reflects charges associated with a restructuring program initiated following the closing of the Ahern Rentals acquisition.

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Prepaid Expenses and Other Assets

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Deferred Costs, Capitalized, Prepaid, and Other Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Prepaid Expenses and Other Assets

Prepaid Expenses and Other Assets

Prepaid expenses and other assets consist of the following:

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Equipment (1)	$	11	$	17
Insurance	9		31
Advertising reimbursements (2)	29		25
Income taxes (3)	102		235
Other (4)	65		73
Prepaid expenses and other assets	$	216	$	381

_________________

(1)    Reflects refundable deposits on expected purchases, primarily of rental equipment, pursuant to advance purchase agreements. Such deposits are presented as a component of our cash flow from operations when paid.

(2)    Reflects reimbursements due for advertising that promotes a vendor’s products or services.

(3)    Primarily relates to tax depreciation benefits associated with the Ahern Rentals acquisition discussed in note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements. The tax depreciation deductions generated by the Ahern Rentals acquisition resulted in an income tax receivable associated with U.S. federal and state tax payments made prior to the acquisition. The decrease reflected above from December 31, 2022 to September 30, 2023 reflects the use of a portion of the receivable to reduce cash paid for income taxes, and we expect that the remaining receivable will further reduce the cash paid for income taxes throughout the remainder of 2023.

(4)    Includes multiple items, none of which are individually significant.

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Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

The following table presents the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the nine months ended September 30, 2023:

	General rentals		Specialty		Total
Balance at January 1, 2023 (1)	$	4,980	$	1,046	$	6,026
Goodwill related to acquisitions (2)	(223)		(11)		(234)
Foreign currency translation and other adjustments	2		(2)		—
Balance at September 30, 2023 (1)	$	4,759	$	1,033	$	5,792

 

_________________

(1)The total carrying amount of goodwill for all periods in the table above is reflected net of $1.557 billion of accumulated impairment charges, which were primarily recorded in our general rentals segment.

(2)Includes goodwill adjustments for the effect on goodwill of changes to net assets acquired during the measurement period. The decrease in goodwill related to acquisitions above primarily reflects measurement period adjustments associated with the December 2022 acquisition of Ahern Rentals. For additional detail on the Ahern Rentals acquisition, see note 3 to our condensed consolidated financial statements.

Other intangible assets were comprised of the following at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:  

	September 30, 2023
	Weighted-Average Remaining Amortization Period	Gross Carrying Amount			Accumulated Amortization			Net Amount
Non-compete agreements	4 years		$	176		$	50		$	126
Customer relationships	6 years		$	2,694		$	2,095		$	599
Trade names and associated trademarks	2 years		$	9		$	6		$	3

	December 31, 2022
	Weighted-Average Remaining Amortization Period	Gross Carrying Amount			Accumulated Amortization			Net Amount
Non-compete agreements	3 years		$	69		$	22		$	47
Customer relationships	5 years		$	2,349		$	1,949		$	400
Trade names and associated trademarks	3 years		$	14		$	9		$	5

Our other intangibles assets, net at September 30, 2023 include the assets set forth in the table below associated with the acquisition of Ahern Rentals that is discussed in note 3 to our condensed consolidated financial statements. No residual value has been assigned to these assets. The non-compete agreements are being amortized on a straight-line basis and the customer relationships are being amortized using the sum of the years' digits method, and we believe that such methods best reflect the estimated pattern in which the economic benefits will be consumed. The intangible asset values are based on preliminary valuations and are subject to change as we obtain additional information during the acquisition measurement period.

	September 30, 2023
	Weighted-Average Remaining Amortization Period	Net Carrying Amount
Non-compete agreements	4 years	$	82
Customer relationships	8 years	275

Amortization expense for other intangible assets was $66 and $53 for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $210 and $170 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The year-over-year increases primarily reflect the impact of the Ahern Rentals acquisition discussed above.

As of September 30, 2023, estimated amortization expense for other intangible assets for each of the next five years and thereafter is as follows:  

2023		$	60
2024	208
2025	166
2026	123
2027	81
Thereafter	90
Total		$	728

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Fair Value Measurements

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the amounts of our assets and liabilities that were accounted for at fair value were immaterial.

Fair value measurements are categorized in one of the following three levels based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety:

Level 1- Inputs to the valuation methodology are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2- Observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities include:

a)quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets;

b)quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets;

c)inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability;

d)inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means.

If the asset or liability has a specified (contractual) term, the Level 2 input must be observable for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

Level 3- Inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable (i.e., supported by little or no market activity) and significant to the fair value measure.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The carrying amounts reported in our condensed consolidated balance sheets for accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses and other liabilities approximate fair value due to the immediate to short-term maturity of these financial instruments. The fair values of our variable rate debt facilities and finance leases approximated their book values as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The estimated fair values of our other financial instruments, all of which are categorized in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy, as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 have been calculated based upon available market information, and were as follows: 

	September 30, 2023				December 31, 2022
	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Carrying Amount		Fair Value
Senior notes	$	7,718	$	7,034	$	7,712	$	7,143

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Debt

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Debt

DebtDebt, net of unamortized original issue discounts or premiums, and unamortized debt issuance costs, consists of the following:

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Repurchase facility expiring 2024 (1) (2)	$	100	$	100
Accounts receivable securitization facility expiring 2024 (1) (3)	1,283		959
Term loan facility expiring 2025 (1) (4)	947		953
$4.25 billion ABL facility expiring 2027 (1)	1,792		1,523
5 1/2 percent Senior Notes due 2027	498		498
3 7/8 percent Senior Secured Notes due 2027	745		744
4 7/8 percent Senior Notes due 2028 (5)	1,664		1,663
6 percent Senior Secured Notes due 2029	1,487		1,486
5 1/4 percent Senior Notes due 2030	745		744
4 percent Senior Notes due 2030	744		743
3 7/8 percent Senior Notes due 2031	1,091		1,090
3 3/4 percent Senior Notes due 2032	744		744
Finance leases	188		123
Total debt	12,028		11,370
Less short-term portion (6)	(1,448)		(161)
Total long-term debt	$	10,580	$	11,209

 ___________________

(1)The table below presents financial information associated with our variable rate indebtedness as of and for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. There is no borrowing capacity under the repurchase facility because it is an uncommitted facility. We have borrowed the full available amount under the term loan facility. The principal obligation under the term loan facility is required to be repaid in quarterly installments in an aggregate amount equal to 1.0 percent per annum, with the balance due at the maturity of the facility. The average amount of debt outstanding under the term loan facility decreases slightly each quarter due to the requirement to repay a portion of the principal obligation.

	ABL facility			Accounts receivable securitization facility			Term loan facility			Repurchase facility
Borrowing capacity, net of letters of credit	$	2,385		$	16		$	—
Letters of credit	65
Interest rate at September 30, 2023	6.5		%	6.3		%	7.1		%	6.5	%
Average month-end debt outstanding	1,761			1,129			954			56
Weighted-average interest rate on average debt outstanding	6.1		%	6.0		%	6.8		%	5.9	%
Maximum month-end debt outstanding	1,848			1,288			958			100

(2)In June 2023, the repurchase facility was amended, primarily to extend the maturity date to June 14, 2024, which may be further extended by the mutual consent of the parties to the repurchase facility agreement. Additionally, the repurchase facility was amended to replace an interest rate based on SOFR with an interest rate based on the Bloomberg Short Term Bank Yield Index ("BSBY").

(3)Borrowings under the accounts receivable securitization facility are permitted only to the extent that the face amount of the receivables in the collateral pool, net of applicable reserves and other deductions, exceeds the outstanding loans. As of September 30, 2023, there were $1.550 billion of receivables, net of applicable reserves and other deductions, in the collateral pool. In June 2023, the accounts receivable securitization facility was amended, primarily to increase the facility size from $1.100 billion to $1.300 billion.

(4)In April 2023, the term loan facility was amended to transition to an interest rate based on SOFR. Prior to the amendment, interest on the term loan facility reflected LIBOR plus a margin (or an alternative base rate plus a margin). LIBOR has been discontinued as a reference rate as a result of reference rate reform, and the amendment of the term loan facility did not require contract remeasurement at the amendment date or a reassessment of any previous accounting determinations pertaining to the facility. The amendment did not have a material impact on our financial statements. As of September 30, 2023, we have no debt instruments that use LIBOR as a reference rate.

(5)URNA separately issued 4 7/8 percent Senior Notes in August 2017 and in September 2017. Following the issuances, URNA consummated an exchange offer pursuant to which most of the 4 7/8 percent Senior Notes issued in September 2017 were exchanged for additional notes fungible with the 4 7/8 percent Senior Notes issued in August 2017. As of September 30, 2023, the total above is comprised of two separate 4 7/8 percent Senior Notes, one with a book value of $1.660 billion and one with a book value of $4.

(6)Short-term debt as of September 30, 2023 primarily reflected borrowings under the accounts receivable securitization and repurchase facilities and the short-term portion of our finance leases. Short-term debt as of December 31, 2022 primarily reflected borrowings under the repurchase facility and the short-term portion of our finance leases. The accounts receivable securitization facility, which expires on June 24, 2024 and may be extended on a 364-day basis by mutual agreement with the purchasers under the facility, was not a short-term debt instrument as of December 31, 2022.

Loan Covenants and Compliance

As of September 30, 2023, we were in compliance with the covenants and other provisions of the ABL, accounts receivable securitization, term loan and repurchase facilities and our senior notes. Any failure to be in compliance with any material provision or covenant of these agreements could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and operations.

The only financial covenant that currently exists under the ABL facility is the fixed charge coverage ratio. Subject to certain limited exceptions specified in the ABL facility, the fixed charge coverage ratio covenant under the ABL facility will only apply in the future if specified availability under the ABL facility falls below 10 percent of the maximum revolver amount under the ABL facility. When certain conditions are met, cash and cash equivalents and borrowing base collateral in excess of the ABL facility size may be included when calculating specified availability under the ABL facility. As of September 30, 2023, specified availability under the ABL facility exceeded the required threshold and, as a result, this financial covenant was inapplicable. Under our accounts receivable securitization facility, we are required, among other things, to maintain certain financial tests relating to: (i) the default ratio, (ii) the delinquency ratio, (iii) the dilution ratio and (iv) days sales outstanding. The accounts receivable securitization facility also requires us to comply with the fixed charge coverage ratio under the ABL facility, to the extent the ratio is applicable under the ABL facility.

Covenants in the agreements governing our ABL facility, term loan facility and certain other debt instruments impose limitations on our ability to make share repurchases and dividend payments, subject to important exceptions that would allow us to make such repurchases or payments under certain conditions. Based on our current total indebtedness leverage ratio (as defined in the applicable debt agreements) and usage of the ABL facility as of September 30, 2023, we met the criteria under the applicable debt agreements for these exceptions, and as a result we were not restricted in our ability to make share repurchases and dividend payments.

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Legal and Regulatory Matters	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Legal and Regulatory Matters	Legal and Regulatory Matters We are subject to a number of claims and proceedings that generally arise in the ordinary course of our business. These matters include, but are not limited to, general liability claims (including personal injury, property and auto claims), indemnification and guarantee obligations, employee injuries and employment-related claims, self-insurance obligations, contract and real estate matters, and other general business litigation. Based on advice of counsel and available information, including current status or stage of proceeding, and taking into account accruals for matters where we have established them, we currently believe that any liabilities ultimately resulting from such claims and proceedings will not, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

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Earnings Per Share

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Earnings Per Share

Earnings Per ShareBasic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares plus the effect of dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period. The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share (shares in thousands):

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Numerator:
Net income available to common stockholders	$	703	$	606	1,745		1,466
Denominator:
Denominator for basic earnings per share—weighted-average common shares	68,153		69,854		68,757		71,140
Effect of dilutive securities:
Employee stock options	4		4		4		4
Restricted stock units	106		195		181		193
Denominator for diluted earnings per share—adjusted weighted-average common shares	68,263		70,053		68,942		71,337
Basic earnings per share	$	10.30	$	8.69	$	25.37	$	20.61
Diluted earnings per share	$	10.29	$	8.66	$	25.30	$	20.56

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Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Pay vs Performance Disclosure
Net Income (Loss)	$ 703	$ 606	$ 1,745	$ 1,466

XML

Insider Trading Arrangements	3 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Trading Arrangements, by Individual
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false

XML

Organization, Description of Business and Basis of Presentation (Policies)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

New Accounting Pronouncements

New Accounting Pronouncements

Guidance Adopted in 2023

Reference Rate Reform. In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, which provides temporary optional expedients and exceptions to accounting guidance on contract modifications and hedge accounting to ease entities’ financial reporting burdens as the market transitions from the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) and other interbank offered rates to alternative reference rates. This guidance generally allows for contract modifications solely related to the replacement of the reference rate to be accounted for as a continuation of the existing contract instead of as an extinguishment of the contract, without triggering certain accounting impacts that could be required associated with an extinguishment of the contract. In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-01, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope, to expand the scope of this guidance to include derivatives. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848, which extends the period of time entities can utilize the reference rate reform relief guidance under ASU 2020-04 from December 31, 2022, to December 31, 2024. As discussed in note 8 of the condensed consolidated financial statements, in April 2023, our term loan facility was amended to transition to an interest rate based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"). Prior to the amendment, interest on the term loan facility reflected LIBOR plus a margin (or an alternative base rate plus a margin). We applied the above guidance when accounting for the term loan facility amendment (as discussed further in note 8), and adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on our financial statements. As of September 30, 2023, we have no debt instruments that use LIBOR as a reference rate, and this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our financial statements in the future.

Lease revenues (Topic 842)

Lease revenues (Topic 842)

The accounting for the types of revenue that are accounted for under Topic 842 is discussed below.

Owned equipment rentals represent our most significant revenue type (they accounted for 70 percent of total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2023) and are governed by our standard rental contract. We account for such rentals as

operating leases. The lease terms are included in our contracts, and the determination of whether our contracts contain leases generally does not require significant assumptions or judgments. Our lease revenues do not include material amounts of variable payments.

Owned equipment rentals: Owned equipment rentals represent revenues from renting equipment that we own. We do not generally provide an option for the lessee to purchase the rented equipment at the end of the lease, and do not generate material revenue from sales of equipment under such options.

We recognize revenues from renting equipment on a straight-line basis. Our rental contract periods are hourly, daily, weekly or monthly. By way of example, if a customer were to rent a piece of equipment and the daily, weekly and monthly rental rates for that particular piece were (in actual dollars) $100, $300 and $900, respectively, we would recognize revenue of $32.14 per day. The daily rate for recognition purposes is calculated by dividing the monthly rate of $900 by the monthly term of 28 days. This daily rate assumes that the equipment will be on rent for the full 28 days, as we are unsure of when the customer will return the equipment and therefore unsure of which rental contract period will apply.

As part of this straight-line methodology, when the equipment is returned, we recognize as incremental revenue the excess, if any, between the amount the customer is contractually required to pay, which is based on the rental contract period applicable to the actual number of days the equipment was out on rent, over the cumulative amount of revenue recognized to date. In any given accounting period, we will have customers return equipment and be contractually required to pay us more than the cumulative amount of revenue recognized to date under the straight-line methodology. For instance, continuing the above example, if the customer rented the above piece of equipment on December 29 and returned it at the close of business on January 1, we would recognize incremental revenue on January 1 of $171.44 (in actual dollars, representing the difference between the amount the customer is contractually required to pay, or $300 at the weekly rate, and the cumulative amount recognized to date on a straight-line basis, or $128.56, which represents four days at $32.14 per day).

We record amounts billed to customers in excess of recognizable revenue as deferred revenue on our balance sheet. We had deferred revenue (associated with both Topic 842 and Topic 606) of $153 and $131 as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

As noted above, we are unsure of when the customer will return rented equipment. As such, we do not know how much the customer will owe us upon return of the equipment and cannot provide a maturity analysis of future lease payments. Our equipment is generally rented for short periods of time. Lessees do not provide residual value guarantees on rented equipment.

We expect to derive significant future benefits from our equipment following the end of the rental term. Our rentals are generally short-term in nature, and our equipment is typically rented for the majority of the time that we own it. We additionally recognize revenue from sales of rental equipment when we dispose of the equipment.

Re-rent revenue: Re-rent revenue reflects revenues from equipment that we rent from vendors and then rent to our customers. We account for such rentals as subleases. The accounting for re-rent revenue is the same as the accounting for owned equipment rentals described above.

“Other” equipment rental revenue is primarily comprised of 1) Rental Protection Plan (or "RPP") revenue associated with the damage waiver customers can purchase when they rent our equipment to protect against potential loss or damage, 2) environmental charges associated with the rental of equipment, 3) charges for rented equipment that is damaged by our customers and 4) charges for setup and other services performed on rented equipment.

Revenues from contracts with customers (Topic 606)

Revenues from contracts with customers (Topic 606)

The accounting for the types of revenue that are accounted for under Topic 606 is discussed below. Substantially all of our revenues under Topic 606 are recognized at a point-in-time rather than over time.

Delivery and pick-up: Delivery and pick-up revenue associated with renting equipment is recognized when the service is performed.

“Other” equipment rental revenue is primarily comprised of revenues associated with the consumption of fuel by our customers which are recognized when the equipment is returned by the customer (and consumption, if any, can be measured).

Sales of rental equipment, new equipment and contractor supplies are recognized at the time of delivery to, or pick-up by, the customer and when collectibility is probable.

Service and other revenues primarily represent revenues earned from providing repair and maintenance services on our customers’ fleet (including parts sales). Service revenue is recognized as the services are performed.

Receivables and contract assets and liabilities

As reflected above, most of our equipment rental revenue is accounted for under Topic 842 (such revenue represented 76 percent of our total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2023). The customers that are responsible for the remaining revenue that is accounted for under Topic 606 are generally the same customers that rent our equipment. We manage credit risk associated with our accounts receivables at the customer level. Because the same customers generate the revenues that are accounted for under both Topic 606 and Topic 842, the discussions below on credit risk and our allowance for credit losses address receivables arising from revenues from both Topic 606 and Topic 842.

Concentration of credit risk with respect to our receivables is limited because a large number of geographically diverse customers makes up our customer base. Our largest customer accounted for less than one percent of total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, and for each of the last three full years. Our customer with the largest receivable balance represented approximately one percent of total receivables at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. We manage credit risk through credit approvals, credit limits and other monitoring procedures.

Our allowance for credit losses reflects our estimate of the amount of our receivables that we will be unable to collect based on historical write-off experience and, as applicable, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect collectibility. Our estimate could require change based on changing circumstances, including changes in the economy or in the particular circumstances of individual customers. Accordingly, we may be required to increase or decrease our allowance. Trade receivables that have contractual maturities of one year or less are written-off when they are determined to be uncollectible based on the criteria necessary to qualify as a deduction for federal tax purposes. Write-offs of such receivables require management approval based on specified dollar thresholds. See the table below for a rollforward of our allowance for credit losses.

The measurement of expected credit losses is based on relevant information from past events, including historical experiences, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect collectibility. Trade receivables are the only material financial asset we have that is subject to the requirement to measure expected credit losses as noted above, as this requirement does not apply to receivables arising from operating lease revenues. Substantially all of our non-lease trade receivables are due in one year or less. As discussed above, most of our equipment rental revenue is accounted for as lease revenue (such revenue represented 76 percent of our total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, and these revenues account for corresponding portions of the $2.277 billion of net accounts receivable and the associated allowance for credit losses of $158 as of September 30, 2023).

As discussed above, most of our equipment rental revenue is accounted for under Topic 842. The customers that are responsible for the remaining revenue that is accounted for under Topic 606 are generally the same customers that rent our equipment. We manage credit risk associated with our accounts receivables at the customer level. The rollforward of our allowance for credit losses (in total, and associated with revenues arising from both Topic 606 and Topic 842) is shown below.

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2023		Three Months Ended September 30, 2022		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Beginning balance	$	147	$	117	$	134	$	112
Charged to costs and expenses (1)	4		3		9		6
Charged to revenue (2)	16		11		37		28
Deductions and other (3)	(9)		(8)		(22)		(23)
Ending balance	$	158	$	123	$	158	$	123

_________________

(1)    Reflects bad debt expenses recognized within selling, general and administrative expenses (associated with Topic 606 revenues).

(2)    Primarily reflects credit losses associated with lease revenues that were recognized as a reduction to equipment rentals revenue (primarily associated with Topic 842 revenues).

(3)    Primarily represents write-offs of accounts, net of immaterial recoveries and other activity.

We do not have material contract assets, or impairment losses associated therewith, or material contract liabilities, associated with contracts with customers. Our contracts with customers do not generally result in material amounts billed to customers in excess of recognizable revenue. We did not recognize material revenue during the three or nine months ended September 30, 2023 or 2022 that was included in the contract liability balance as of the beginning of such periods.

Performance obligations

Most of our Topic 606 revenue is recognized at a point-in-time, rather than over time. Accordingly, in any particular period, we do not generally recognize a significant amount of revenue from performance obligations satisfied (or partially satisfied) in previous periods, and the amounts of such revenue recognized during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 were not material. We also do not expect to recognize material revenue in the future related to performance obligations that were unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) as of September 30, 2023.

Payment terms

Our Topic 606 revenues do not include material amounts of variable consideration. Our payment terms vary by the type and location of our customer and the products or services offered. The time between invoicing and when payment is due is not significant. Our contracts do not generally include a significant financing component. For certain products or services and customer types, we require payment before the products or services are delivered to the customer. Our contracts with customers do not generally result in significant obligations associated with returns, refunds or warranties. See above for a discussion of how we manage credit risk.

Revenue is recognized net of taxes collected from customers, which are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities.

Contract costs

We do not recognize any assets associated with the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer (for example, a sales commission) that we expect to recover. Most of our revenue is recognized at a point-in-time or over a period of one year or less, and we use the practical expedient that allows us to recognize the incremental costs of obtaining a contract as an expense when incurred if the amortization period of the asset that we otherwise would have recognized is one year or less.

Contract estimates and judgments

Our revenues accounted for under Topic 606 generally do not require significant estimates or judgments, primarily for the following reasons:

•The transaction price is generally fixed and stated in our contracts;

•As noted above, our contracts generally do not include multiple performance obligations, and accordingly do not generally require estimates of the standalone selling price for each performance obligation;

•Our revenues do not include material amounts of variable consideration, or result in significant obligations associated with returns, refunds or warranties; and

•Most of our revenue is recognized as of a point-in-time and the timing of the satisfaction of the applicable performance obligations is readily determinable. As noted above, our Topic 606 revenue is generally recognized at the time of delivery to, or pick-up by, the customer.

Our revenues accounted for under Topic 842 also generally do not require significant estimates or judgments. We monitor and review our estimated standalone selling prices on a regular basis.

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Revenue Recognition (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Schedule of changes in accounting principles

In the following table, revenue is summarized by type and by the applicable accounting standard.

	Three Months Ended September 30,
			2023						2022
	Topic 842		Topic 606		Total		Topic 842		Topic 606		Total
Revenues:
Owned equipment rentals	$	2,651	$	—	$	2,651	$	2,238	$	—	$	2,238
Re-rent revenue	68		—		68		72		—		72
Ancillary and other rental revenues:
Delivery and pick-up	—		258		258		—		221		221
Other	204		43		247		163		38		201
Total ancillary and other rental revenues	204		301		505		163		259		422
Total equipment rentals	2,923		301		3,224		2,473		259		2,732
Sales of rental equipment	—		366		366		—		181		181
Sales of new equipment	—		52		52		—		32		32
Contractor supplies sales	—		39		39		—		32		32
Service and other revenues	—		84		84		—		74		74
Total revenues	$	2,923	$	842	$	3,765	$	2,473	$	578	$	3,051

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
			2023						2022
	Topic 842		Topic 606		Total		Topic 842		Topic 606		Total
Revenues:
Owned equipment rentals	$	7,378	$	—	$	7,378	$	6,053	$	—	$	6,053
Re-rent revenue	176		—		176		176		—		176
Ancillary and other rental revenues:
Delivery and pick-up	—		699		699		—		583		583
Other	554		138		692		429		128		557
Total ancillary and other rental revenues	554		837		1,391		429		711		1,140
Total equipment rentals	8,108		837		8,945		6,658		711		7,369
Sales of rental equipment	—		1,136		1,136		—		556		556
Sales of new equipment	—		166		166		—		115		115
Contractor supplies sales	—		110		110		—		94		94
Service and other revenues	—		247		247		—		212		212
Total revenues	$	8,108	$	2,496	$	10,604	$	6,658	$	1,688	$	8,346

SEC Schedule, 12-09, Schedule of Valuation and Qualifying Accounts Disclosure

The rollforward of our allowance for credit losses (in total, and associated with revenues arising from both Topic 606 and Topic 842) is shown below.

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2023		Three Months Ended September 30, 2022		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Beginning balance	$	147	$	117	$	134	$	112
Charged to costs and expenses (1)	4		3		9		6
Charged to revenue (2)	16		11		37		28
Deductions and other (3)	(9)		(8)		(22)		(23)
Ending balance	$	158	$	123	$	158	$	123

_________________

(1)    Reflects bad debt expenses recognized within selling, general and administrative expenses (associated with Topic 606 revenues).

(2)    Primarily reflects credit losses associated with lease revenues that were recognized as a reduction to equipment rentals revenue (primarily associated with Topic 842 revenues).

(3)    Primarily represents write-offs of accounts, net of immaterial recoveries and other activity.

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Acquisitions (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Business Combination and Asset Acquisition [Abstract]

Schedule of assets acquired and liabilities assumed

The table below summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The purchase price allocations for these assets and liabilities are based on preliminary valuations and are subject to change as we obtain additional information during the acquisition measurement period. The accounting for the acquisition that has not yet been completed principally relates to finalizing the valuations of the acquired rental equipment and intangible assets. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we recognized measurement period adjustments primarily to establish preliminary values for intangible assets and lease assets and liabilities. These adjustments resulted in a substantial reduction to goodwill versus the previously reported amount (see note 6 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for further discussion of goodwill changes). Non-rental depreciation and amortization for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 includes $7 of intangible asset amortization that would have been recognized in 2022 if the intangible asset values had been preliminarily established as of December 31, 2022.

Inventory	$	24
Rental equipment	1,244
Property and equipment	186
Intangible assets (1)	428
Operating lease right-of-use assets	211
Other assets	10
Total identifiable assets acquired	2,103
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities	(25)
Operating lease liabilities	(199)
Debt (finance leases)	(38)
Total liabilities assumed	(262)
Net identifiable assets acquired	1,841
Goodwill (2)	147
Net assets acquired	$	1,988

(1)The following table reflects the fair values and useful lives of the acquired intangible assets identified based on our preliminary purchase accounting assessments:

	Fair value		Life (years)
Customer relationships	$	330	9
Non-compete agreements	98		5
Total	$	428

(2)All of the goodwill was assigned to our general rentals segment. As noted above, we have not yet obtained all the information required to finalize the valuations of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. As such, goodwill could change from the amount noted above. Once finalized, we expect that the goodwill that results from the acquisition will be primarily reflective of Ahern Rentals' going-concern value, the value of Ahern Rentals' assembled workforce and new customer relationships expected to arise from the acquisition. All of the goodwill is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes

(because the acquisition is a purchase of assets, the goodwill that is deductible for income tax purposes equals the total acquired goodwill. As noted above, goodwill could change from the amount above).

Finite-lived and indefinite-lived intangible assets acquired as part of business combination

The following table reflects the fair values and useful lives of the acquired intangible assets identified based on our preliminary purchase accounting assessments:

	Fair value		Life (years)
Customer relationships	$	330	9
Non-compete agreements	98		5
Total	$	428

Summary of business acquisition, pro forma information

The table below presents unaudited pro forma consolidated income statement information as if Ahern Rentals had been included in our consolidated results for the entire periods reflected:

	Three Months Ended		Nine Months Ended
	September 30,		September 30,
	2022		2022
United Rentals historic revenues	$	3,051	$	8,346
Ahern Rentals historic revenues	226		654
Pro forma revenues	3,277		9,000
United Rentals historic pretax income	816		1,907
Ahern Rentals historic pretax income (loss)	1		(5)
Combined pretax income	817		1,902
Pro forma adjustments to combined pretax income:
Impact of fair value mark-ups/useful life changes on depreciation (1)	(26)		(76)
Impact of the fair value mark-up of acquired fleet on cost of rental equipment sales (2)	(4)		(26)
Intangible asset amortization (3)	(20)		(59)
Interest expense (4)	(27)		(77)
Elimination of historic interest (5)	15		42
Elimination of historic legal and financing costs (6)	4		8
Pro forma pretax income	$	759	$	1,714

________________

(1) Depreciation of rental equipment and non-rental depreciation were adjusted for the fair value mark-ups, and the changes in useful lives and salvage values, of the equipment acquired in the Ahern Rentals acquisition.

(2) Cost of rental equipment sales was adjusted for the fair value mark-ups, and the changes in useful lives and salvage values, of rental equipment acquired in the Ahern Rentals acquisition.

(3) Intangible asset amortization was adjusted to include amortization of the acquired intangible assets.

(4) As discussed above, the acquisition and related fees and expenses were funded through the issuance of senior notes and drawings on our ABL facility. Interest expense was adjusted to reflect interest on the debt used to finance the acquisition.

(5) Historic interest on debt that is not part of the combined entity was eliminated.

(6) Reflects legal and financing costs incurred by Ahern Rentals that do not relate to the combined entity (specifically, legal costs related to a particular lawsuit and costs related to an attempted financing).

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Segment Information (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Financial information by segment

The following tables set forth financial information by segment.

	General rentals		Specialty		Total
Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
Equipment rentals	$	2,307	$	917	$	3,224
Sales of rental equipment	320		46		366
Sales of new equipment	24		28		52
Contractor supplies sales	23		16		39
Service and other revenues	78		6		84
Total revenue	2,752		1,013		3,765
Depreciation and amortization expense	580		115		695
Equipment rentals gross profit	872		478		1,350
Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
Equipment rentals	$	1,942	$	790	$	2,732
Sales of rental equipment	152		29		181
Sales of new equipment	12		20		32
Contractor supplies sales	20		12		32
Service and other revenues	67		7		74
Total revenue	2,193		858		3,051
Depreciation and amortization expense	450		110		560
Equipment rentals gross profit	797		412		1,209
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Equipment rentals	$	6,514	$	2,431	$	8,945
Sales of rental equipment	1,012		124		1,136
Sales of new equipment	66		100		166
Contractor supplies sales	67		43		110
Service and other revenues	225		22		247
Total revenue	7,884		2,720		10,604
Depreciation and amortization expense	1,737		347		2,084
Equipment rentals gross profit	2,323		1,203		3,526
Capital expenditures	2,663		682		3,345
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Equipment rentals	$	5,322	$	2,047	$	7,369
Sales of rental equipment	474		82		556
Sales of new equipment	58		57		115
Contractor supplies sales	60		34		94
Service and other revenues	188		24		212
Total revenue	6,102		2,244		8,346
Depreciation and amortization expense	1,300		340		1,640
Equipment rentals gross profit	2,063		983		3,046
Capital expenditures	1,995		643		2,638

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Total reportable segment assets
General rentals	$	20,780	$	19,604
Specialty	5,052		4,579
Total assets	$	25,832	$	24,183

Reconciliation to equipment rentals gross profit

The following is a reconciliation of equipment rentals gross profit to income before provision for income taxes:

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Total equipment rentals gross profit	$	1,350	$	1,209	$	3,526	$	3,046
Gross profit from other lines of business	235		157		725		462
Selling, general and administrative expenses	(374)		(356)		(1,134)		(1,022)
Restructuring charge (1)	(5)		1		(24)		—
Non-rental depreciation and amortization	(107)		(90)		(329)		(278)
Interest expense, net	(163)		(106)		(474)		(313)
Other income, net	7		1		19		12
Income before provision for income taxes	$	943	$	816	$	2,309	$	1,907

 ___________________

(1)Primarily reflects severance and branch closure charges associated with our restructuring programs. The restructuring charges generally involve the closure of a large number of branches over a short period of time, often in periods following a major acquisition. The increase in 2023 reflects charges associated with a restructuring program initiated following the closing of the Ahern Rentals acquisition.

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Prepaid Expenses and Other Assets (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Deferred Costs, Capitalized, Prepaid, and Other Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Prepaid expenses and other assets

Prepaid expenses and other assets consist of the following:

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Equipment (1)	$	11	$	17
Insurance	9		31
Advertising reimbursements (2)	29		25
Income taxes (3)	102		235
Other (4)	65		73
Prepaid expenses and other assets	$	216	$	381

_________________

(1)    Reflects refundable deposits on expected purchases, primarily of rental equipment, pursuant to advance purchase agreements. Such deposits are presented as a component of our cash flow from operations when paid.

(2)    Reflects reimbursements due for advertising that promotes a vendor’s products or services.

(3)    Primarily relates to tax depreciation benefits associated with the Ahern Rentals acquisition discussed in note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements. The tax depreciation deductions generated by the Ahern Rentals acquisition resulted in an income tax receivable associated with U.S. federal and state tax payments made prior to the acquisition. The decrease reflected above from December 31, 2022 to September 30, 2023 reflects the use of a portion of the receivable to reduce cash paid for income taxes, and we expect that the remaining receivable will further reduce the cash paid for income taxes throughout the remainder of 2023.

(4)    Includes multiple items, none of which are individually significant.

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Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of goodwill

The following table presents the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the nine months ended September 30, 2023:

	General rentals		Specialty		Total
Balance at January 1, 2023 (1)	$	4,980	$	1,046	$	6,026
Goodwill related to acquisitions (2)	(223)		(11)		(234)
Foreign currency translation and other adjustments	2		(2)		—
Balance at September 30, 2023 (1)	$	4,759	$	1,033	$	5,792

 

_________________

(1)The total carrying amount of goodwill for all periods in the table above is reflected net of $1.557 billion of accumulated impairment charges, which were primarily recorded in our general rentals segment.

(2)Includes goodwill adjustments for the effect on goodwill of changes to net assets acquired during the measurement period. The decrease in goodwill related to acquisitions above primarily reflects measurement period adjustments associated with the December 2022 acquisition of Ahern Rentals. For additional detail on the Ahern Rentals acquisition, see note 3 to our condensed consolidated financial statements.

Schedule of finite-lived intangible assets

Other intangible assets were comprised of the following at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:  

	September 30, 2023
	Weighted-Average Remaining Amortization Period	Gross Carrying Amount			Accumulated Amortization			Net Amount
Non-compete agreements	4 years		$	176		$	50		$	126
Customer relationships	6 years		$	2,694		$	2,095		$	599
Trade names and associated trademarks	2 years		$	9		$	6		$	3

	December 31, 2022
	Weighted-Average Remaining Amortization Period	Gross Carrying Amount			Accumulated Amortization			Net Amount
Non-compete agreements	3 years		$	69		$	22		$	47
Customer relationships	5 years		$	2,349		$	1,949		$	400
Trade names and associated trademarks	3 years		$	14		$	9		$	5

The intangible asset values are based on preliminary valuations and are subject to change as we obtain additional information during the acquisition measurement period.

	September 30, 2023
	Weighted-Average Remaining Amortization Period	Net Carrying Amount
Non-compete agreements	4 years	$	82
Customer relationships	8 years	275

Schedule of finite-lived intangible assets, future amortization expense

As of September 30, 2023, estimated amortization expense for other intangible assets for each of the next five years and thereafter is as follows:  

2023		$	60
2024	208
2025	166
2026	123
2027	81
Thereafter	90
Total		$	728

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Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair value of financial instruments

The estimated fair values of our other financial instruments, all of which are categorized in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy, as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 have been calculated based upon available market information, and were as follows: 

	September 30, 2023				December 31, 2022
	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Carrying Amount		Fair Value
Senior notes	$	7,718	$	7,034	$	7,712	$	7,143

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Debt (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of long-term debt instruments

Debt, net of unamortized original issue discounts or premiums, and unamortized debt issuance costs, consists of the following:

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Repurchase facility expiring 2024 (1) (2)	$	100	$	100
Accounts receivable securitization facility expiring 2024 (1) (3)	1,283		959
Term loan facility expiring 2025 (1) (4)	947		953
$4.25 billion ABL facility expiring 2027 (1)	1,792		1,523
5 1/2 percent Senior Notes due 2027	498		498
3 7/8 percent Senior Secured Notes due 2027	745		744
4 7/8 percent Senior Notes due 2028 (5)	1,664		1,663
6 percent Senior Secured Notes due 2029	1,487		1,486
5 1/4 percent Senior Notes due 2030	745		744
4 percent Senior Notes due 2030	744		743
3 7/8 percent Senior Notes due 2031	1,091		1,090
3 3/4 percent Senior Notes due 2032	744		744
Finance leases	188		123
Total debt	12,028		11,370
Less short-term portion (6)	(1,448)		(161)
Total long-term debt	$	10,580	$	11,209

 ___________________

(1)The table below presents financial information associated with our variable rate indebtedness as of and for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. There is no borrowing capacity under the repurchase facility because it is an uncommitted facility. We have borrowed the full available amount under the term loan facility. The principal obligation under the term loan facility is required to be repaid in quarterly installments in an aggregate amount equal to 1.0 percent per annum, with the balance due at the maturity of the facility. The average amount of debt outstanding under the term loan facility decreases slightly each quarter due to the requirement to repay a portion of the principal obligation.

	ABL facility			Accounts receivable securitization facility			Term loan facility			Repurchase facility
Borrowing capacity, net of letters of credit	$	2,385		$	16		$	—
Letters of credit	65
Interest rate at September 30, 2023	6.5		%	6.3		%	7.1		%	6.5	%
Average month-end debt outstanding	1,761			1,129			954			56
Weighted-average interest rate on average debt outstanding	6.1		%	6.0		%	6.8		%	5.9	%
Maximum month-end debt outstanding	1,848			1,288			958			100

(2)In June 2023, the repurchase facility was amended, primarily to extend the maturity date to June 14, 2024, which may be further extended by the mutual consent of the parties to the repurchase facility agreement. Additionally, the repurchase facility was amended to replace an interest rate based on SOFR with an interest rate based on the Bloomberg Short Term Bank Yield Index ("BSBY").

(3)Borrowings under the accounts receivable securitization facility are permitted only to the extent that the face amount of the receivables in the collateral pool, net of applicable reserves and other deductions, exceeds the outstanding loans. As of September 30, 2023, there were $1.550 billion of receivables, net of applicable reserves and other deductions, in the collateral pool. In June 2023, the accounts receivable securitization facility was amended, primarily to increase the facility size from $1.100 billion to $1.300 billion.

(4)In April 2023, the term loan facility was amended to transition to an interest rate based on SOFR. Prior to the amendment, interest on the term loan facility reflected LIBOR plus a margin (or an alternative base rate plus a margin). LIBOR has been discontinued as a reference rate as a result of reference rate reform, and the amendment of the term loan facility did not require contract remeasurement at the amendment date or a reassessment of any previous accounting determinations pertaining to the facility. The amendment did not have a material impact on our financial statements. As of September 30, 2023, we have no debt instruments that use LIBOR as a reference rate.

(5)URNA separately issued 4 7/8 percent Senior Notes in August 2017 and in September 2017. Following the issuances, URNA consummated an exchange offer pursuant to which most of the 4 7/8 percent Senior Notes issued in September 2017 were exchanged for additional notes fungible with the 4 7/8 percent Senior Notes issued in August 2017. As of September 30, 2023, the total above is comprised of two separate 4 7/8 percent Senior Notes, one with a book value of $1.660 billion and one with a book value of $4.

(6)Short-term debt as of September 30, 2023 primarily reflected borrowings under the accounts receivable securitization and repurchase facilities and the short-term portion of our finance leases. Short-term debt as of December 31, 2022 primarily reflected borrowings under the repurchase facility and the short-term portion of our finance leases. The accounts receivable securitization facility, which expires on June 24, 2024 and may be extended on a 364-day basis by mutual agreement with the purchasers under the facility, was not a short-term debt instrument as of December 31, 2022.

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Earnings Per Share (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Schedule of earnings per share

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share (shares in thousands):

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Numerator:
Net income available to common stockholders	$	703	$	606	1,745		1,466
Denominator:
Denominator for basic earnings per share—weighted-average common shares	68,153		69,854		68,757		71,140
Effect of dilutive securities:
Employee stock options	4		4		4		4
Restricted stock units	106		195		181		193
Denominator for diluted earnings per share—adjusted weighted-average common shares	68,263		70,053		68,942		71,337
Basic earnings per share	$	10.30	$	8.69	$	25.37	$	20.61
Diluted earnings per share	$	10.29	$	8.66	$	25.30	$	20.56

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Revenue Recognition (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Revenues:
Revenues, Topic 842	$ 2,923	$ 2,473	$ 8,108	$ 6,658
Revenues, Topic 606	842	578	2,496	1,688
Revenues, Total	3,765	3,051	10,604	8,346
Equipment rentals
Revenues:
Revenues, Topic 842	2,923	2,473	8,108	6,658
Revenues, Topic 606	301	259	837	711
Revenues, Total	3,224	2,732	8,945	7,369
Owned equipment rentals
Revenues:
Owned equipment rentals, Topic 842	2,651	2,238	7,378	6,053
Revenues, Total	2,651	2,238	7,378	6,053
Re-rent revenue
Revenues:
Re-rent revenue, Topic 842	68	72	176	176
Revenues, Total	68	72	176	176
Delivery and pick-up
Revenues:
Revenues, Topic 606	258	221	699	583
Revenues, Total	258	221	699	583
Other
Revenues:
Other, Topic 842	204	163	554	429
Revenues, Topic 606	43	38	138	128
Revenues, Total	247	201	692	557
Total ancillary and other rental revenues
Revenues:
Revenues, Topic 842	204	163	554	429
Revenues, Topic 606	301	259	837	711
Revenues, Total	505	422	1,391	1,140
Sales of rental equipment
Revenues:
Revenues, Topic 606	366	181	1,136	556
Revenues, Total	366	181	1,136	556
Sales of new equipment
Revenues:
Revenues, Topic 606	52	32	166	115
Revenues, Total	52	32	166	115
Contractor supplies sales
Revenues:
Revenues, Topic 606	39	32	110	94
Revenues, Total	39	32	110	94
Service and other revenues
Revenues:
Revenues, Topic 606	84	74	247	212
Revenues, Total	$ 84	$ 74	$ 247	$ 212

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Revenue Recognition (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Contract with customer, liability	$ 153		$ 153		$ 131
Accounts receivable, net	2,277		2,277		$ 2,004
Allowance for doubtful accounts	158		158
Contract with customer, asset	0		0
Revenue recognized	0	$ 0	0	$ 0
Contract with customer, performance obligation satisfied in previous period	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0
Revenues | Largest customer | Customer concentration risk
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Concentration risk			1.00%		1.00%	1.00%	1.00%
Accounts Receivable | Largest customer | Customer concentration risk
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Concentration risk			1.00%		1.00%
Owned equipment rentals | Revenues | Product concentration risk
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Concentration risk			70.00%
Equipment Rental | Revenues | Product concentration risk
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Concentration risk			76.00%
US | Revenues | Geographic Concentration Risk
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Concentration risk			91.00%
General rentals | Revenues | Product concentration risk
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Concentration risk			74.00%

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Revenue Recognition (Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Rollforward) (Details) - SEC Schedule, 12-09, Allowance, Credit Loss - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
SEC Schedule, 12-09, Movement in Valuation Allowances and Reserves [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	$ 147	$ 117	$ 134	$ 112
Charged to costs and expenses	4	3	9	6
Charged to revenue	16	11	37	28
Deductions	(9)	(8)	(22)	(23)
Ending balance	$ 158	$ 123	$ 158	$ 123

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Acquisitions (Narrative) (Details) $ in Millions		3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Dec. 07, 2022 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) state	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) state	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Nov. 30, 2022 USD ($)
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Amortization expense		$ 66	$ 53	$ 210	$ 170
6 percent Senior Secured Notes due 2029 | Senior notes
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Debt instrument, face amount						$ 1,500
Stated interest rate		6.00%		6.00%		6.00%
Ahern Rentals
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Number of states | state		30		30
Aggregate consideration paid	$ 1,988
Amortization expense				$ 7

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Acquisitions (Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed - Ahern Rentals) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 07, 2022
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Goodwill	$ 5,792	$ 6,026
Ahern Rentals
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Inventory			$ 24
Rental equipment			1,244
Property and equipment			186
Intangible assets			428
Operating lease right-of-use assets			211
Other assets			10
Business Combination, Recognized Identifiable Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed, Assets, Total			2,103
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities			(25)
Operating lease liabilities			(199)
Debt (finance leases)			(38)
Total liabilities assumed			(262)
Net identifiable assets acquired			1,841
Goodwill			147
Net assets acquired			$ 1,988

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Acquisitions (Other Intangible Assets Associated with Acquisition) (Details) - Ahern Rentals $ in Millions	Dec. 07, 2022 USD ($)
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Fair value	$ 428
Customer relationships
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Fair value	$ 330
Life (years)	9 years
Non-compete agreements
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Fair value	$ 98
Life (years)	5 years

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Acquisitions (Pro Forma Information) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Business Acquisition, Pro Forma Information, Nonrecurring Adjustment [Line Items]
Revenues	$ 3,765	$ 3,051	$ 10,604	$ 8,346
Pro forma revenues		3,277		9,000
Pretax income	$ 943	816	$ 2,309	1,907
Pro forma pretax income		759		1,714
Impact of fair value mark-ups/useful life changes on depreciation
Business Acquisition, Pro Forma Information, Nonrecurring Adjustment [Line Items]
Pro forma pretax income		(26)		(76)
Impact of the fair value mark-up of acquired fleet on cost of rental equipment sales
Business Acquisition, Pro Forma Information, Nonrecurring Adjustment [Line Items]
Pro forma pretax income		(4)		(26)
Intangible asset amortization
Business Acquisition, Pro Forma Information, Nonrecurring Adjustment [Line Items]
Pro forma pretax income		(20)		(59)
Interest expense
Business Acquisition, Pro Forma Information, Nonrecurring Adjustment [Line Items]
Pro forma pretax income		(27)		(77)
Elimination of historic interest
Business Acquisition, Pro Forma Information, Nonrecurring Adjustment [Line Items]
Pro forma pretax income		15		42
Elimination of historic legal and financing costs
Business Acquisition, Pro Forma Information, Nonrecurring Adjustment [Line Items]
Pro forma pretax income		4		8
United Rentals and Ahern Rentals
Business Acquisition, Pro Forma Information, Nonrecurring Adjustment [Line Items]
Pretax income		817		1,902
United Rentals
Business Acquisition, Pro Forma Information, Nonrecurring Adjustment [Line Items]
Revenues		3,051		8,346
Pretax income		816		1,907
Ahern Rentals
Business Acquisition, Pro Forma Information, Nonrecurring Adjustment [Line Items]
Revenues		226		654
Pretax income		$ 1		$ (5)

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Segment Information (Financial Information by Segment) (Details) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) geographicDivision	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) geographicDivision	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Segment Reporting Information
Revenues	$ 3,765	$ 3,051	$ 10,604	$ 8,346
Revenue from contract with customer	842	578	2,496	1,688
Depreciation and amortization expense	695	560	2,084	1,640
Equipment rentals gross profit	1,585	1,366	4,251	3,508
Capital expenditures			3,345	2,638
Assets	25,832		25,832		$ 24,183
Equipment rentals
Segment Reporting Information
Revenues	3,224	2,732	8,945	7,369
Revenue from contract with customer	301	259	837	711
Sales of rental equipment
Segment Reporting Information
Revenues	366	181	1,136	556
Revenue from contract with customer	366	181	1,136	556
Sales of new equipment
Segment Reporting Information
Revenues	52	32	166	115
Revenue from contract with customer	52	32	166	115
Contractor supplies sales
Segment Reporting Information
Revenues	39	32	110	94
Revenue from contract with customer	39	32	110	94
Service and other revenues
Segment Reporting Information
Revenues	84	74	247	212
Revenue from contract with customer	84	74	247	212
Equipment rentals gross profit
Segment Reporting Information
Equipment rentals gross profit	$ 1,350	1,209	$ 3,526	3,046
General rentals
Segment Reporting Information
Number of geographic divisions entity operates in (locations) | geographicDivision	4		4
Revenues	$ 2,752	2,193	$ 7,884	6,102
Depreciation and amortization expense	580	450	1,737	1,300
Capital expenditures			2,663	1,995
Assets	20,780		20,780		19,604
General rentals | Equipment rentals
Segment Reporting Information
Revenues	2,307	1,942	6,514	5,322
General rentals | Sales of rental equipment
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue from contract with customer	320	152	1,012	474
General rentals | Sales of new equipment
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue from contract with customer	24	12	66	58
General rentals | Contractor supplies sales
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue from contract with customer	23	20	67	60
General rentals | Service and other revenues
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue from contract with customer	78	67	225	188
General rentals | Equipment rentals gross profit
Segment Reporting Information
Equipment rentals gross profit	872	797	2,323	2,063
Specialty
Segment Reporting Information
Revenues	1,013	858	2,720	2,244
Depreciation and amortization expense	115	110	347	340
Capital expenditures			682	643
Assets	5,052		5,052		$ 4,579
Specialty | Equipment rentals
Segment Reporting Information
Revenues	917	790	2,431	2,047
Specialty | Sales of rental equipment
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue from contract with customer	46	29	124	82
Specialty | Sales of new equipment
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue from contract with customer	28	20	100	57
Specialty | Contractor supplies sales
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue from contract with customer	16	12	43	34
Specialty | Service and other revenues
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue from contract with customer	6	7	22	24
Specialty | Equipment rentals gross profit
Segment Reporting Information
Equipment rentals gross profit	$ 478	$ 412	$ 1,203	$ 983

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Segment Information (Reconciliation to Income (loss) from Continuing Operations) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Segment Reporting, Reconciling Item for Operating Profit (Loss) from Segment to Consolidated [Line Items]
Equipment rentals gross profit	$ 1,585	$ 1,366	$ 4,251	$ 3,508
Selling, general and administrative expenses	(374)	(356)	(1,134)	(1,022)
Restructuring charge	(5)	1	(24)	0
Non-rental depreciation and amortization	(107)	(90)	(329)	(278)
Interest expense, net	(163)	(106)	(474)	(313)
Other income, net	7	1	19	12
Income before provision for income taxes	943	816	2,309	1,907
Total equipment rentals gross profit
Segment Reporting, Reconciling Item for Operating Profit (Loss) from Segment to Consolidated [Line Items]
Equipment rentals gross profit	1,350	1,209	3,526	3,046
Gross profit from other lines of business
Segment Reporting, Reconciling Item for Operating Profit (Loss) from Segment to Consolidated [Line Items]
Equipment rentals gross profit	$ 235	$ 157	$ 725	$ 462

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Prepaid Expenses and Other Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Deferred Costs, Capitalized, Prepaid, and Other Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Equipment	$ 11	$ 17
Insurance	9	31
Advertising reimbursements	29	25
Income taxes (3)	102	235
Other	65	73
Prepaid expenses and other assets	$ 216	$ 381

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Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets (Goodwill) (Details) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	$ 6,026
Goodwill related to acquisitions	(234)
Foreign currency translation and other adjustments	0
Ending balance	5,792
Goodwill accumulated impairment loss	1,557
General rentals
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	4,980
Goodwill related to acquisitions	(223)
Foreign currency translation and other adjustments	2
Ending balance	4,759
Specialty
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	1,046
Goodwill related to acquisitions	(11)
Foreign currency translation and other adjustments	(2)
Ending balance	$ 1,033

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Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets (Other Intangible Assets) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Net Amount	$ 728	$ 452
Non-compete agreements
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Weighted-Average Remaining Amortization Period	4 years	3 years
Gross Carrying Amount	$ 176	$ 69
Accumulated Amortization	50	22
Net Amount	$ 126	$ 47
Customer relationships
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Weighted-Average Remaining Amortization Period	6 years	5 years
Gross Carrying Amount	$ 2,694	$ 2,349
Accumulated Amortization	2,095	1,949
Net Amount	$ 599	$ 400
Trade names and associated trademarks
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Weighted-Average Remaining Amortization Period	2 years	3 years
Gross Carrying Amount	$ 9	$ 14
Accumulated Amortization	6	9
Net Amount	$ 3	$ 5

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Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets (Other Intangible Assets Associated with Acquisition) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Net Carrying Amount	$ 728	$ 452
Non-compete agreements
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Weighted-Average Remaining Amortization Period	4 years	3 years
Net Carrying Amount	$ 126	$ 47
Customer relationships
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Weighted-Average Remaining Amortization Period	6 years	5 years
Net Carrying Amount	$ 599	$ 400
General Finance Corporation | Non-compete agreements
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Weighted-Average Remaining Amortization Period	4 years
Net Carrying Amount	$ 82
General Finance Corporation | Customer relationships
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Weighted-Average Remaining Amortization Period	8 years
Net Carrying Amount	$ 275

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Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Amortization expense	$ 66	$ 53	$ 210	$ 170

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Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets (Maturity Schedule) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
2023	$ 60
2024	208
2025	166
2026	123
2027	81
Thereafter	90
Net Amount	$ 728	$ 452

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Fair Value Measurements (Fair value of financial instruments) (Details) - Senior notes - Level 1 - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Carrying Amount
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions
Senior notes	$ 7,718	$ 7,712
Fair Value
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions
Senior notes	$ 7,034	$ 7,143

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Debt (Schedule of long-term debt instruments) (Details) - USD ($)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	May 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Nov. 30, 2022
Debt Instrument
Finance leases	$ 188,000,000		$ 123,000,000
Total debt	12,028,000,000		11,370,000,000
Less short-term portion	(1,448,000,000)		(161,000,000)
Total long-term debt	10,580,000,000		11,209,000,000
Accounts Receivable Securitization Facility expiring 2024 | Line of Credit
Debt Instrument
Long-term debt	1,283,000,000		959,000,000
Borrowing capacity, net of letters of credit	$ 16,000,000
Interest rate at September 30, 2023	6.30%
Average month-end debt outstanding	$ 1,129,000,000
Weighted-average interest rate on average debt outstanding	6.00%
Maximum month-end debt outstanding	$ 1,288,000,000
Collateral amount	$ 1,550,000,000
Debt instrument, face amount		$ 1,100,000,000
Long Term Debt, Extension Term	364 days
Term loan facility expiring 2025
Debt Instrument
Long-term debt	$ 947,000,000		953,000,000
Annual repayment rate	1.00%
Term loan facility | Line of Credit
Debt Instrument
Borrowing capacity, net of letters of credit	$ 0
Interest rate at September 30, 2023	7.10%
Average month-end debt outstanding	$ 954,000,000
Weighted-average interest rate on average debt outstanding	6.80%
Maximum month-end debt outstanding	$ 958,000,000
Repurchase facility | Line of Credit
Debt Instrument
Interest rate at September 30, 2023	6.50%
Average month-end debt outstanding	$ 56,000,000
Weighted-average interest rate on average debt outstanding	5.90%
Maximum month-end debt outstanding	$ 100,000,000
Accounts Receivable Securitization Facility, Amended | Line of Credit
Debt Instrument
Debt instrument, face amount	1,300,000,000
Line of Credit | $4.25 billion ABL Facility expiring 2027
Debt Instrument
Maximum borrowing capacity	4,250,000,000
Long-term debt	1,792,000,000		1,523,000,000
Borrowing capacity, net of letters of credit	2,385,000,000
Letters of credit	$ 65,000,000
Interest rate at September 30, 2023	6.50%
Average month-end debt outstanding	$ 1,761,000,000
Weighted-average interest rate on average debt outstanding	6.10%
Maximum month-end debt outstanding	$ 1,848,000,000
Senior notes | 5 1/2 percent Senior Notes due 2027
Debt Instrument
Stated interest rate	5.50%
Long-term debt	$ 498,000,000		498,000,000
Senior notes | 3 7/8 percent Senior Secured Notes due 2027
Debt Instrument
Stated interest rate	3.875%
Long-term debt	$ 745,000,000		744,000,000
Senior notes | 4 7/8 percent Senior Notes due 2028
Debt Instrument
Stated interest rate	4.875%
Long-term debt	$ 1,664,000,000		1,663,000,000
Senior notes | 6 percent Senior Secured Notes due 2029
Debt Instrument
Stated interest rate	6.00%			6.00%
Long-term debt	$ 1,487,000,000		1,486,000,000
Debt instrument, face amount				$ 1,500,000,000
Senior notes | 5 1/4 percent Senior Notes due 2030
Debt Instrument
Stated interest rate	5.25%
Long-term debt	$ 745,000,000		744,000,000
Senior notes | 4 percent Senior Notes due 2030
Debt Instrument
Stated interest rate	4.00%
Long-term debt	$ 744,000,000		743,000,000
Senior notes | 3 7/8 percent Senior Notes due 2031
Debt Instrument
Stated interest rate	3.875%
Long-term debt	$ 1,091,000,000		1,090,000,000
Senior notes | 3 3/4 percent Senior Notes due 2032
Debt Instrument
Stated interest rate	3.75%
Long-term debt	$ 744,000,000		744,000,000
Senior notes | 4 7/8 percent Senior Notes due 2028, one
Debt Instrument
Long-term debt	1,660,000,000
Senior notes | 4 7/8 percent Senior Notes due 2028, two
Debt Instrument
Long-term debt	4,000,000
Repurchase facility | Repurchase facility expiring 2023
Debt Instrument
Long-term debt	$ 100,000,000		$ 100,000,000

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Debt (Narrative) (Details) - ABL Facility - Line of Credit	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)
Debt Instrument
Maximum borrowing capacity	$ 4,250,000,000
Minimum available borrowing capacity, percentage	10.00%

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Earnings Per Share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Thousands, $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Numerator:
Net income available to common stockholders	$ 703	$ 606	$ 1,745	$ 1,466
Denominator:
Denominator for basic earnings per share—weighted-average common shares (in shares)	68,153	69,854	68,757	71,140
Effect of dilutive securities:
Denominator for diluted earnings per share—adjusted weighted-average common shares (in shares)	68,263	70,053	68,942	71,337
Basic earnings per share (in dollars per share)	$ 10.30	$ 8.69	$ 25.37	$ 20.61
Diluted earnings per share (in dollars per share)	$ 10.29	$ 8.66	$ 25.30	$ 20.56
Employee stock options
Effect of dilutive securities:
Effect of dilutive securities (in shares)	4	4	4	4
Restricted stock units
Effect of dilutive securities:
Effect of dilutive securities (in shares)	106	195	181	193