10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

x QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2018

OR

¨ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ______ to ______

Commission file number: 001-13425

Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated

 (Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Canada	N/A
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(R.S. Employer Identification No.)
9500 Glenlyon Parkway
Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada	V5J 0C6
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)	(Zip Code)

(778) 331-5500

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, including Area Code)

Indicate by checkmark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company.  See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer x 

Accelerated filer ¨

Non-accelerated filer ¨

Smaller reporting company ¨

Emerging growth company ¨

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act):

Yes ¨ No x

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practical date: 108,644,431 common shares, without par value, outstanding as of November 7, 2018.

RITCHIE BROS. AUCTIONEERS INCORPORATED

FORM 10-Q

For the quarter ended September 30, 2018

INDEX

	PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1:	Consolidated Financial Statements	1
ITEM 2:	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	29
ITEM 3:	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	59
ITEM 4:	Controls and Procedures	59
	PART II – OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1:	Legal Proceedings	60
ITEM 1A:	Risk Factors	60
ITEM 2:	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	60
ITEM 6:	Exhibits	61
	SIGNATURES

Ritchie Bros.

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1: CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Condensed Consolidated Income Statements

(Expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except share and per share data)

(Unaudited)

	Three months ended						Nine months ended
	September 30,						September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Revenues:
Service revenues	$	161,374		$	145,938		$	551,736		$	442,066
Revenue from inventory sales		83,972			81,463			262,318			237,375
Total revenues		245,346			227,401			814,054			679,441
Operating expenses:
Costs of services		33,053			33,461			112,743			94,093
Cost of inventory sold		74,341			72,476			231,834			207,603
Selling, general and administrative expenses		88,323			85,335			287,052			230,287
Acquisition-related costs		2,007			3,587			5,039			35,162
Depreciation and amortization expenses		16,723			14,837			49,451			37,047
Gain on disposition of property, plant and equipment		(342	)		(42	)		(958	)		(1,071	)
Impairment loss		-			-			-			8,911
Foreign exchange loss (gain)		47			816			31			(7	)
Total operating expenses		214,152			210,470			685,192			612,025
Operating income		31,194			16,931			128,862			67,416
Interest expense		(10,473	)		(10,558	)		(32,720	)		(27,311	)
Other income, net		7,182			592			8,995			6,346
Income before income taxes		27,903			6,965			105,137			46,451
Income tax expense (recovery)		4,791			(3,358	)		19,091			7,982
Net income	$	23,112		$	10,323		$	86,046		$	38,469
Net income (loss) attributable to:
Stockholders	$	23,138		$	10,261		$	85,993		$	38,273
Non-controlling interests		(26	)		62			53			196
Net income	$	23,112		$	10,323		$	86,046		$	38,469
Earnings per share attributable to stockholders:
Basic	$	0.21		$	0.10		$	0.80		$	0.36
Diluted	$	0.21		$	0.09		$	0.79		$	0.35
Weighted average number of shares outstanding:
Basic		108,365,427			107,120,618			107,811,391			106,993,358
Diluted		109,887,194			108,178,303			109,133,378			108,069,624

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Ritchie Bros. 1

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(Expressed in thousands of United States dollars)

(Unaudited)

	Three months ended					Nine months ended
	September 30,					September 30,
	2018			2017		2018			2017
Net income	$	23,112		$	10,323	$	86,046		$	38,469
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustment		3			6,009		(7,781	)		22,822
Total comprehensive income	$	23,115		$	16,332	$	78,265		$	61,291
Total comprehensive income (loss) attributable to:
Stockholders	$	23,145		$	16,256	$	78,234		$	61,045
Non-controlling interests		(30	)		76		31			246
	$	23,115		$	16,332	$	78,265		$	61,291

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Ritchie Bros. 2

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(Expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except share data)

(Unaudited)

	September 30,			December 31,
	2018			2017
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	228,764		$	267,910
Restricted cash		75,281			63,206
Trade and other receivables		247,972			92,105
Inventory		84,789			38,238
Other current assets		40,236			27,610
Income taxes receivable		8,589			19,418
Total current assets		685,631			508,487
Property, plant and equipment		504,738			526,581
Equity-accounted investments		4,206			7,408
Other non-current assets		26,549			24,146
Intangible assets		251,422			261,094
Goodwill		673,191			670,922
Deferred tax assets		23,729			18,674
Total assets	$	2,169,466		$	2,017,312
Liabilities and Equity
Auction proceeds payable	$	325,985		$	199,245
Trade and other payables		179,659			164,553
Income taxes payable		6,999			732
Short-term debt		10,532			7,018
Current portion of long-term debt		11,556			16,907
Total current liabilities		534,731			388,455
Long-term debt		740,222			795,985
Other non-current liabilities		39,436			46,773
Deferred tax liabilities		33,601			32,334
Total liabilities		1,347,990			1,263,547
Commitments
Contingencies
Contingently redeemable performance share units		864			9,014
Stockholders' equity:
Share capital:
Common stock; no par value, unlimited shares authorized, issued and outstanding shares: 108,601,417 (December 31, 2017: 107,269,783)		179,348			138,582
Additional paid-in capital		53,941			41,005
Retained earnings		632,496			602,609
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(50,273	)		(42,514	)
Stockholders' equity		815,512			739,682
Non-controlling interest		5,100			5,069
Total stockholders' equity		820,612			744,751
Total liabilities and equity	$	2,169,466		$	2,017,312

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Ritchie Bros. 3

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity

(Expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted)

(Unaudited)

	Attributable to stockholders																			Contingently
					Additional						Accumulated			Non-						redeemable
	Common stock				paid-In						other			controlling						performance
	Number of				capital			Retained			comprehensive			interest			Total			share units
	shares		Amount		("APIC")			earnings			loss			("NCI")			equity			("PSUs")
Balance, December 31, 2017		107,269,783	$	138,582	$	41,005		$	602,609		$	(42,514	)	$	5,069		$	744,751		$	9,014
Net income		-		-		-			85,993			-			53			86,046			-
Other comprehensive loss		-		-		-			-			(7,759	)		(22	)		(7,781	)		-
		-		-		-			85,993			(7,759	)		31			78,265			-
Stock option exercises		1,154,541		34,876		(7,804	)		-			-			-			27,072			-
Issuance of common stock related to vesting of share units		177,093		5,890		(1,662	)		(326	)		-			-			3,902			(7,803	)
Stock option compensation expense		-		-		6,711			-			-			-			6,711			-
Modification of PSUs		-		-		12,365			958			-			-			13,323			(6,622	)
Equity-classified PSU expense		-		-		3,153			-			-			-			3,153			5,826
Equity-classified PSU dividend equivalents		-		-		173			(514	)		-			-			(341	)		341
Change in fair value of contingently redeemable PSUs		-		-		-			(108	)		-			-			(108	)		108
Cash dividends paid		-		-		-			(56,116	)		-			-			(56,116	)		-
Balance, September 30, 2018		108,601,417	$	179,348	$	53,941		$	632,496		$	(50,273	)	$	5,100		$	820,612		$	864

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Ritchie Bros. 4

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Expressed in thousands of United States dollars)

(Unaudited)

Nine months ended September 30,	2018			2017
Cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities:
Net income	$	86,046		$	38,469
Adjustments for items not affecting cash:
Depreciation and amortization expenses		49,451			37,047
Impairment loss		-			8,911
Stock option compensation expense		6,711			10,996
Equity-classified PSU expense		8,978			1,871
Deferred income tax expense (recovery)		(3,774	)		(9,583	)
Unrealized foreign exchange loss (gain)		501			(1,011	)
Amortization of debt issuance costs		3,032			2,058
Gain on disposition of equity investment		(4,935	)		-
Other, net		(4,636	)		(2,090	)
Net changes in operating assets and liabilities		(44,227	)		11,849
Net cash provided by operating activities		97,147			98,517
Investing activities:
Acquisition of IronPlanet, net of cash acquired		-			(675,851	)
Property, plant and equipment additions		(13,394	)		(8,086	)
Intangible asset additions		(19,410	)		(20,482	)
Proceeds on disposition of property, plant and equipment		2,524			3,487
Proceeds on disposal of equity investment		6,147			-
Other, net		(4,674	)		(667	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(28,807	)		(701,599	)
Financing activities:
Dividends paid to stockholders		(56,116	)		(54,558	)
Dividends paid to NCI		-			(41	)
Issuances of share capital		27,072			7,934
Payment of withholding taxes on issuance of shares		(3,901	)		-
Proceeds from short-term debt		6,949			6,850
Repayment of short-term debt		(3,372	)		(22,793	)
Proceeds from long-term debt		-			325,000
Repayment of long-term debt		(58,825	)		(104,729	)
Debt issue costs		-			(12,624	)
Repayment of finance lease obligations		(2,827	)		(1,565	)
Other, net		(1,176	)		(1,431	)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		(92,196	)		142,043
Effect of changes in foreign currency rates on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash		(3,215	)		17,270
Decrease		(27,071	)		(443,769	)
Beginning of period		331,116			758,089
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of period	$	304,045		$	314,320

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Ritchie Bros. 5

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted)

(Unaudited)

1. Summary of significant accounting policies

Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated and its subsidiaries (collectively referred to as the “Company”) provide global asset management and disposition services, offering customers end-to-end solutions for buying and selling used industrial equipment and other durable assets through its live unreserved auctions and online reserved and unreserved marketplaces, listing services, and private brokerage services. Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated is a company incorporated in Canada under the Canada Business Corporations Act, whose shares are publicly traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange (“TSX”) and the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”).

(a) Basis of preparation

These unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“US GAAP”). They include the accounts of Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated and its subsidiaries from their respective dates of formation or acquisition. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

Certain information and footnote disclosure required by US GAAP for complete annual financial statements have been omitted and, therefore, these unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2017, included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). In the opinion of management, these unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements reflect all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, which are necessary to present fairly, in all material respects, the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, cash flows and changes in equity for the interim periods presented. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

(b) Revenue recognition

Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) using the full retrospective method, which included restating prior years for comparative amounts. This new accounting policy resulted in a change in the financial statement presentation only on the income statement, as described in Note 1(i) New and amended accounting standards in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Revenues are comprised of:

· Service revenues, including the following:

i. Revenue from auction and marketplace (“A&M”) activities, including commissions earned at our live auctions, online marketplaces, and private brokerage services where we act as an agent for consignors of equipment and other assets, and various auction-related fees, including listing and buyer transaction fees; and

ii. Other services revenues, including revenues from listing services, refurbishment, logistical services, financing, appraisal fees and other ancillary service fees; and

· Revenue from inventory sales as part of A&M activities

The Company recognizes revenue when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to our customers, or upon completion of the performance obligation, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. For live event-based auctions or online auctions, revenue is recognized when the auction sale is complete and the Company has determined that the sale proceeds are collectible. Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable and is shown net of value-added tax and duties.

Ritchie Bros. 6

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted)

(Unaudited)

1. Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(b) Revenue recognition (continued)

Service revenues

Commissions from sales at the Company’s auctions represent the percentage earned by the Company on the gross proceeds from equipment and other assets sold at auction. The majority of the Company’s commissions are earned as a pre-negotiated fixed rate of the gross selling price. Other commissions from sales at the Company’s auctions are earned from underwritten commission contracts, when the Company guarantees a certain level of proceeds to a consignor.

The Company accepts equipment and other assets on consignment stimulating buyer interest through professional marketing techniques, and matches sellers (also known as consignors) to buyers through the auction or private sale process. Prior to offering an item for sale on its online marketplaces, the Company also performs inspections.

Following the sale of the item, the Company invoices the buyer for the purchase price of the asset, taxes, and, if applicable, the buyer transaction fee, collects payment from the buyer, and remits the proceeds to the seller, net of the seller commissions, applicable taxes, and applicable fees. Commissions are calculated as a percentage of the hammer price of the property sold at auction. Fees are also charged to sellers for listing and inspecting equipment. Other revenues earned in the process of conducting the Company’s auctions include administrative, documentation, and advertising fees.

On the fall of the auctioneer’s hammer, the highest bidder becomes legally obligated to pay the full purchase price, which is the hammer price of the property purchased and the seller is legally obligated to relinquish the property in exchange for the hammer price less any seller’s commissions. Commission and fee revenues are recognized on the date of the auction sale upon the fall of the auctioneer’s hammer.

Under the standard terms and conditions of its auction sales, the Company is not obligated to pay a consignor for property that has not been paid for by the buyer, provided the property has not been released to the buyer. If the buyer defaults on its payment obligation, also referred to as a collapsed sale, the sale is cancelled in the period in which the determination is made, and the property is returned to the consignor or placed in a later event-based or online auction. Historically cancelled sales have not been material.

Online marketplace commission revenue is reduced by a provision for disputes, which is an estimate of disputed items that are expected to be settled at a cost to the Company, related to settlements of discrepancies under the Company’s equipment condition certification program. The equipment condition certification refers to a written inspection report provided to potential buyers that reflects the condition of a specific piece of equipment offered for sale, and includes ratings, comments, and photographs of the equipment following inspection by one of the Company’s equipment inspectors. The equipment condition certification provides that a buyer may file a written dispute claim during an eligible dispute period for consideration and resolution at the sole determination of the Company if the purchased equipment is not substantially in the condition represented in the inspection report. Typically disputes under the equipment condition certification program are settled with minor repairs or additional services, such as washing or detailing the item; the estimated costs of such items or services are included in the provision for disputes.

Commission revenues are recorded net of commissions owed to third parties, which are principally the result of situations when the commission is shared with a consignor or with the counterparty in an auction guarantee risk and reward sharing arrangement. Additionally, in certain situations, commissions are shared with third parties who introduce the Company to consignors who sell property at auction.

Ritchie Bros. 7

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted)

(Unaudited)

1. Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(b) Revenue recognition (continued)

Service revenues (continued)

Underwritten commission contracts can take the form of guarantee contracts. Guarantee contracts typically include a pre-negotiated percentage of the guaranteed gross proceeds plus a percentage of proceeds in excess of the guaranteed amount. If actual auction proceeds are less than the guaranteed amount, commission is reduced; if proceeds are sufficiently lower, the Company can incur a loss on the sale. Losses, if any, resulting from guarantee contracts are recorded in the period in which the relevant auction is completed. If a loss relating to a guarantee contract held at the period end to be sold after the period end is known or is probable and estimable at the financial statement reporting date, the loss is accrued in the financial statements for that period. The Company’s exposure from these guarantee contracts fluctuates over time.

Other services revenue also includes fees for refurbishment, logistical services, financing, appraisal fees and other ancillary service fees. Fees are recognized in the period in which the service is provided to the customer. 

Revenue on inventory sales

Underwritten commission contracts can take the form of inventory contracts. Revenues related to inventory contracts are recognized in the period in which the sale is completed, title to the property passes to the purchaser and the Company has fulfilled any other obligations that may be relevant to the transaction. In its role as auctioneer, the Company auctions its inventory to equipment buyers through the auction process. Following the sale of the item, the Company invoices the buyer for the purchase price of the asset, taxes, and, if applicable, the buyer transaction fee, and collects payment from the buyer.

On the fall of the auctioneer’s hammer, the highest bidder becomes legally obligated to pay the full purchase price, which is the hammer price of the property purchased. Title to the property is transferred in exchange for the hammer price, and if applicable, the buyer transaction fee plus applicable taxes.

(c) Cost of services

Costs of services are comprised of expenses incurred in direct relation to conducting auctions (“direct expenses”), earning online marketplace revenues, and earning other fee revenues. Direct expenses include direct labour, buildings and facilities charges, and travel, advertising and promotion costs.

Costs of services incurred to earn online marketplace revenues in addition to the costs listed above also include inspection costs. Inspections are generally performed at the seller’s physical location. The cost of inspections includes payroll costs and related benefits for the Company’s employees that perform and manage field inspection services, the related inspection report preparation and quality assurance costs, fees paid to contractors who perform field inspections, related travel and incidental costs for the Company’s inspection service organization, and office and occupancy costs for its inspection services personnel. Costs of earning online marketplace revenues also include costs for the Company’s customer support, online marketplace operations, logistics, title and lien investigation functions, and lease and operations costs related to the Company’s third-party data centers at which its websites are hosted.

Costs of services incurred in earning other fee revenues include ancillary and logistical service expenses, direct labour (including commissions on sales), software maintenance fees, and materials. Costs of services exclude depreciation and amortization expenses.

(d) Cost of inventory sold

Cost of inventory sold includes the purchase price of assets sold for the Company’s own account and is determined using a specific identification basis.

Ritchie Bros. 8

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted)

(Unaudited)

1. Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(e) Share-based payments

The Company classifies a share-based payment award as an equity or liability payment based on the substantive terms of the award and any related arrangement.

Equity-classified share-based payments

Share unit plans

The Company has a senior executive performance share unit (“PSU”) plan and an employee PSU plan that provides for the award of PSUs to certain senior executives and employees, respectively, of the Company. The Company has the option to settle certain share unit awards in cash or shares and expects to settle them in shares. The cost of PSUs granted is measured at the fair value of the underlying PSUs at the grant date using a Monte-Carlo simulation model. PSUs vest based on the passage of time and achievement of performance criteria.

The Company also has a senior executive restricted share unit (“RSU”) plan and an employee RSU plan that provides for the award of RSUs to certain senior executives and employees, respectively, of the Company. The Company has the option to settle certain share unit awards in cash or shares and expects to settle all grants on and after 2017 in shares. The cost of RSUs granted is measured using the volume weighted average price of the Company’s common shares for the twenty days prior to the grant date. RSUs vest based on the passage of time and include restrictions related to employment.

This fair value of awards expected to vest under these plans is expensed over the respective remaining service period of the individual awards, on an accelerated recognition basis, with the corresponding increase to APIC recorded in equity. At the end of each reporting period, the Company revises its estimate of the number of equity instruments expected to vest. The impact of the revision of the original estimates, if any, is recognized in earnings, such that the consolidated expense reflects the revised estimate, with a corresponding adjustment to equity. Dividend equivalents on the equity-classified PSUs and RSUs are recognized as a reduction to retained earnings over the service period.

In previous quarters, the RSUs and PSUs awarded under the senior executive and employee PSU plans were intended to be settled in cash in the event of death of the participant. At its August 2018 meeting, the Board of Directors resolved that, with respect to each of the RSU and PSU plans, there will be no preference or default in favour of cash settlement and, pursuant to the discretion granted under each plan, the Compensation Committee of the Board will determine whether to settle the awards in cash or in shares in the event of death of the participant. The Company intends to settle in shares. Prior to such resolution, the contingently redeemable portion representing the amount that would be redeemable based on the conditions at the date of grant, to the extent attributable to prior service, was recognized as temporary equity. As a result of the resolution, that portion has been reclassified to additional paid in capital during the quarter.

Stock option plans

The Company has three stock option compensation plans that provide for the award of stock options to selected employees, directors and officers of the Company. The cost of options granted is measured at the fair value of the underlying option at the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The fair value of options expected to vest under these plans is expensed over the respective remaining service period of the individual awards, on an accelerated recognition basis, with the corresponding increase to APIC recorded in equity. Upon exercise, any consideration paid on exercise of the stock options and amounts fully amortized in APIC are credited to the common shares.

Ritchie Bros. 9

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted)

(Unaudited)

1. Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(e) Share-based payments (continued)

Liability-classified share-based payments

The Company maintains other share unit compensation plans that vest over a period of up to three years after grant. Under those plans, the Company is either required or expects to settle vested awards on a cash basis or by providing cash to acquire shares on the open market on the employee’s behalf, where the settlement amount is determined using the volume weighted average price of the Company’s common shares for the twenty days prior to the vesting date or, in the case of deferred share unit (“DSU”) recipients, following cessation of service on the Board of Directors.

These awards are classified as liability awards, measured at fair value at the date of grant and re-measured at fair value at each reporting date up to and including the settlement date. The determination of the fair value of the share units under these plans is described in note 18. The fair value of the awards is expensed over the respective vesting period of the individual awards with recognition of a corresponding liability. Changes in fair value after vesting are recognized through compensation expense. Compensation expense reflects estimates of the number of instruments expected to vest.

The impact of forfeitures and fair value revisions, if any, are recognized in earnings such that the cumulative expense reflects the revisions, with a corresponding adjustment to the settlement liability. Liability-classified share unit liabilities due within 12 months of the reporting date are presented in trade and other payables while settlements due beyond 12 months of the reporting date are presented in non-current liabilities.

(f) Inventories

Inventory consists of equipment and other assets purchased for resale in an upcoming live on site auction or online marketplace event. The Company purchases inventory for resale through a competitive process where the consignor or vendor has determined this to be the preferred method of disposition through the auction process. In addition, certain jurisdictions require auctioneers to hold title to assets and facilitate title transfer on sale. Inventory is valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value where net realizable value represents the expected sale price upon disposition less make-ready costs and the costs of disposal and transportation. The significant elements of cost include the acquisition price of the inventory and make-ready costs to prepare the inventory for sale that are not selling expenses and in-bound transportation costs. Write-downs to the carrying value of inventory are recorded in cost of inventory sold on the consolidated income statement.

(g) Impairment of long-lived and indefinite-lived assets

Long-lived assets, comprised of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets subject to amortization, are assessed for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable. For the purpose of impairment testing, long-lived assets are grouped and tested for recoverability at the lowest level that generates independent cash flows. An impairment loss is recognized when the carrying value of the assets or asset groups is greater than the future projected undiscounted cash flows. The impairment loss is calculated as the excess of the carrying value over the fair value of the asset or asset group. Fair value is based on valuation techniques or third-party appraisals. Significant estimates and judgments are applied in determining these cash flows and fair values.

Ritchie Bros. 10

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted)

(Unaudited)

1. Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(g) Impairment of long-lived and indefinite-lived assets (continued)

Indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested annually for impairment as of December 31, and between annual tests if indicators of potential impairment exist. The Company has the option of performing a qualitative assessment to first determine whether the quantitative impairment test is necessary. This involves an assessment of qualitative factors to determine the existence of events or circumstances that would indicate whether it is more likely than not that the carrying amount of the indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its fair value. If the qualitative assessment indicates it is not more likely than not that the carrying amount is less than its fair value, a quantitative impairment test is not required. Where a quantitative impairment test is required, the procedure is to compare the indefinite-lived intangible asset’s fair value with its carrying amount. An impairment loss is recognized as the difference between the indefinite-lived intangible asset’s carrying amount and its fair value.

(h) Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price of an acquired enterprise over the fair value assigned to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination.

Goodwill is not amortized, but it is tested annually for impairment at the reporting unit level as of December 31 and between annual tests if indicators of potential impairment exist. The Company has the option of performing a qualitative assessment of a reporting unit to first determine whether the quantitative impairment test is necessary. This involves an assessment of qualitative factors to determine the existence of events or circumstances that would indicate whether it is more likely than not that the carrying amount of the reporting unit to which goodwill belongs is less than its fair value. If the qualitative assessment indicates it is not more likely than not that the reporting unit’s carrying amount is less than its fair value, a quantitative impairment test is not required.

If a quantitative impairment test is required, the procedure is to identify potential impairment by comparing the reporting unit’s fair value with its carrying amount, including goodwill. The reporting unit’s fair value is determined using various valuation approaches and techniques that involve assumptions based on what the Company believes a hypothetical marketplace participant would use in estimating fair value on the measurement date. An impairment loss is recognized as the difference between the reporting unit’s carrying amount and its fair value. If the difference between the reporting unit’s carrying amount and fair value is greater than the amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit, the impairment loss is restricted by the amount of the goodwill allocated to the reporting unit.

(i) New and amended accounting standards

(i) Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). The Company implemented the new standard using a full retrospective method, in order to provide more useful comparative information to financial statement users.

The primary impact of the adoption of ASU 2014-09 is the change in the presentation of revenue from inventory, ancillary service, and logistical services contracts on a gross basis as a principal versus net as an agent. This is due to the new standard requiring an entity to determine whether the entity controls the specified good or service before transfer to the customer, with the entity being principal in these transactions. Prior to adopting ASU 2014-09, an entity evaluated indicators to determine if it was a principal or agent. As the Company determined that it controls the inventory and provision of ancillary and logistical services before transfer to its customers, the Company concluded that it was acting as a principal rather than an agent. As a result of adoption of the new accounting standard there was no impact on the timing of recognition of revenue, operating income, net income, or on the consolidated balance sheet or consolidated statement of cash flows.

Ritchie Bros. 11

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted)

(Unaudited)

1. Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(i) New and amended accounting standards (continued)

Presenting revenue from inventory sales on a gross basis and presenting ancillary and logistical services revenues on a gross basis significantly changes the face of the Company’s consolidated income statement in two primary ways:

1) Prior to the adoption of ASU 2014-09, all revenue from inventory sales were presented net of costs within service revenues on the income statement. With the adoption of ASU 2014-09, the Company has presented separately revenue from inventory sales and service revenue and accordingly service revenues exclude revenue from inventory sales and cost of inventory sold. Those amounts are now presented gross as separate line items on the face of the consolidated income statement; and

2) Ancillary and logistical service revenues are presented within service revenues, now on a gross basis, with the related costs of services presented separately within costs of services.

Impact to reported results

The new presentation based on ASU 2014-09 results in an increase the amount of revenue reported but there is no change in the operating income compared to the prior presentation:

Three months ended September 30, 2017
Consolidated income statement line item	As reported			New Revenue Standard Adjustment			Consolidated income statement line item	As Adjusted
Revenues	$	141,047		$	4,891		Service revenues	$	145,938
					81,463		Revenue from inventory sales		81,463
					86,354		Total revenues		227,401
Costs of services, excluding D&A		(19,583	)		(13,878	)	Costs of services		(33,461	)
					(72,476	)	Cost of inventory sold		(72,476	)
	$	121,464		$	-			$	121,464

Nine months ended September 30, 2017
Consolidated income statement line item	As reported			New Revenue Standard Adjustment			Consolidated income statement line item	As Adjusted
Revenues	$	431,732		$	10,334		Service revenues	$	442,066
					237,375		Revenue from inventory sales		237,375
					247,709		Total revenues		679,441
Costs of services, excluding D&A		(53,987	)		(40,106	)	Costs of services		(94,093	)
					(207,603	)	Cost of inventory sold		(207,603	)
	$	377,745		$	-			$	377,745

(ii) Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. ASU 2016-15 identifies how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. The amendments are applied retrospectively on the amendment date. The adoption of ASU 2016-15 resulted in the $1,302,000 Mascus contingent consideration paid in the second quarter of 2017 to be reclassified from operating to financing cash flows.

Ritchie Bros. 12

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted)

(Unaudited)

1. Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(j) Recent accounting standards not yet adopted

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which requires lessees to recognize almost all leases, including operating leases, on the balance sheet through a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability. For short-term leases, defined as those with a term of 12 months or less, the lessee is permitted to make an accounting policy election not to recognize the lease assets and liabilities, and instead recognize the lease expense generally on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The accounting treatment under this election is consistent with current operating lease accounting. No extensive amendments were made to lessor accounting, but amendments of note include changes to the definition of initial direct costs and accounting for collectability uncertainties in a lease.

ASU 2016-02 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. The Company plans to adopt the standard effective January 1, 2019. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements, which provides an “optional transition method”. The Company can transition to the new standard by using a “modified retrospective transition”, which reflects the new guidance from the beginning of the earliest period presented in the financial statements or the “optional transition method”, which permits the Company to apply the new lease standard at the adoption date and recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption. If the optional transition method is utilized, the Company’s reporting for the comparative periods presented in the financial statements in which it adopts Topic 842 will continue to be reported pursuant to Topic 840. The Company is evaluating which transition approach it intends to apply and will conclude on the transition approach in the fourth quarter of 2018.

The Company will utilize the package of practical expedients permitted within the new standard, which among other things, allows the Company to carryforward the historical lease classification. In addition, the Company will elect the hindsight practical expedient to determine the reasonably certain lease term for existing leases. While lease classification will remain unchanged, hindsight will result in generally longer accounting lease terms and useful lives of the corresponding leasehold improvements. The Company will elect not to recognize the lease assets and liabilities for leases with an initial term of 12 months or less and will recognize those lease payments on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

The Company is continuing to assess the impact of the standard and we expect total liabilities to increase with an offsetting increase to leased assets. The Company does not believe the standard will materially affect our consolidated net earnings.

We do not expect the standard to impact on our debt-covenant compliance under our current agreements.

2. Significant judgments, estimates and assumptions

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period.

Future differences arising between actual results and the judgments, estimates and assumptions made by the Company at the reporting date, or future changes to estimates and assumptions, could necessitate adjustments to the underlying reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses in future reporting periods.

Judgments, estimates and underlying assumptions are evaluated on an ongoing basis by management, and are based on historical experience and other factors including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Existing circumstances and assumptions about future developments, however, may change due to market changes or circumstance and such changes are reflected in the assumptions when they occur. Significant items subject to estimates include purchase price allocations, the carrying amounts of goodwill, the useful lives of long-lived assets, share based compensation, deferred income taxes, reserves for tax uncertainties, and other contingencies.

Ritchie Bros. 13

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted)

(Unaudited)

3. Seasonality

The Company’s operations are both seasonal and event driven. Revenues tend to be the highest during the second and fourth calendar quarters. The Company generally conducts more live, on site auctions during these quarters than during the first and third calendar quarters. Late December through mid-February and mid-July through August are traditionally less active periods. Online volumes are similarly affected as supply of used equipment is lower in the third quarter as it is actively being used and not available for sale.

4. Segment information

The Company’s principal business activity is the management and disposition of used industrial equipment and other durable assets. The Company’s operations are comprised of one reportable segment and other business activities that are not reportable as follows:

· Auctions and Marketplaces – This is the Company’s only reportable segment, which consists of the Company’s live on site auctions, its online auctions and marketplaces, and its brokerage service;

· Other includes the results of Ritchie Bros. Financial Services (“RBFS”), Mascus online services, and the results from various value-added services and make-ready activities, including the Company’s equipment refurbishment services, Asset Appraisal Services, and Ritchie Bros. Logistical Services.

	Three months ended September 30, 2018							Nine months ended September 30, 2018
	A&M		Other		Consolidated			A&M		Other		Consolidated
Service revenues	$	134,604	$	26,770	$	161,374		$	463,076	$	88,660	$	551,736
Revenue from inventory sales		83,972		-		83,972			262,318		-		262,318
Total revenues		218,576		26,770		245,346			725,394		88,660		814,054
Costs of services		20,059		12,994		33,053			62,888		49,855		112,743
Cost of inventory sold		74,341		-		74,341			231,834		-		231,834
Selling, general and administrative expenses ("SG&A")		83,542		4,781		88,323			272,503		14,549		287,052
Segment profit	$	40,634	$	8,995	$	49,629		$	158,169	$	24,256	$	182,425
Acquisition-related costs						2,007							5,039
Depreciation and amortization expenses ("D&A")						16,723							49,451
Gain on disposition of property, plant and equipment ("PPE")						(342	)						(958	)
Foreign exchange loss						47							31
Operating income					$	31,194						$	128,862
Interest expense						(10,473	)						(32,720	)
Other income, net						7,182							8,995
Income tax expense						(4,791	)						(19,091	)
Net income					$	23,112						$	86,046

Ritchie Bros. 14

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted)

(Unaudited)

4. Segment information (continued)

	Three months ended September 30, 2017							Nine months ended September 30, 2017
	A&M		Other		Consolidated			A&M		Other		Consolidated
Service revenues	$	121,255	$	24,683	$	145,938		$	370,794	$	71,272	$	442,066
Revenue from inventory sales		81,463		-		81,463			237,375		-		237,375
Total revenues		202,718		24,683		227,401			608,169		71,272		679,441
Costs of services		18,381		15,080		33,461			51,946		42,147		94,093
Cost of inventory sold		72,476		-		72,476			207,603		-		207,603
SG&A expenses		81,736		3,599		85,335			219,824		10,463		230,287
Impairment loss		-		-		-			8,911		-		8,911
Segment profit	$	30,125	$	6,004	$	36,129		$	119,885	$	18,662	$	138,547
Acquisition-related costs						3,587							35,162
D&A expenses						14,837							37,047
Gain on disposition of PPE						(42	)						(1,071	)
Foreign exchange loss (gain)						816							(7	)
Operating income					$	16,931						$	67,416
Interest expense						(10,558	)						(27,311	)
Other income, net						592							6,346
Income tax recovery (expense)						3,358							(7,982	)
Net income					$	10,323						$	38,469

The Company‘s geographic breakdown of total revenue is as follows:

	United States		Canada		Europe		Other		Consolidated
Total revenues for the three months ended:
September 30, 2018	$	114,410	$	52,711	$	43,935	$	34,290	$	245,346
September 30, 2017		107,812		51,136		29,065		39,388		227,401
Total revenues for the nine months ended:
September 30, 2018		392,904		201,296		123,335		96,519		814,054
September 30, 2017		327,838		170,994		81,930		98,679		679,441

Ritchie Bros. 15

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted)

(Unaudited)

5. Total revenues

	Three months ended				Nine months ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
Service revenues:
Commissions	$	87,548	$	88,696	$	313,539	$	280,235
Fees		73,826		57,242		238,197		161,831
		161,374		145,938		551,736		442,066
Revenue from inventory sales		83,972		81,463		262,318		237,375
	$	245,346	$	227,401	$	814,054	$	679,441

6. Operating expenses

Costs of services

	Three months ended				Nine months ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
Ancillary and logistical service expenses	$	11,682	$	13,878	$	46,242	$	40,106
Employee compensation expenses		10,170		10,032		30,120		24,321
Buildings, facilities and technology expenses		1,990		1,872		7,280		5,819
Travel, advertising and promotion expenses		5,921		5,562		20,535		17,644
Other costs of services		3,290		2,117		8,566		6,203
	$	33,053	$	33,461	$	112,743	$	94,093

SG&A expenses

	Three months ended				Nine months ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
Employee compensation expenses	$	56,959		55,560	$	186,951	$	147,420
Buildings, facilities and technology expenses		15,058		13,494		45,767		39,088
Travel, advertising and promotion expenses		9,302		8,431		27,821		21,212
Professional fees		2,983		3,381		12,638		9,705
Other SG&A expenses		4,021		4,469		13,875		12,862
	$	88,323	$	85,335	$	287,052	$	230,287

Ritchie Bros. 16

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted)

(Unaudited)

6. Operating expenses (continued)

Acquisition-related costs

	Three months ended				Nine months ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
IronPlanet:
Other acquisition-related costs	$	1,756	$	2,712	$	2,876	$	32,591
Other acquisitions:
Continuing employment costs		251		829		2,104		2,421
Other acquisition-related costs		-		46		59		150
	$	2,007	$	3,587	$	5,039	$	35,162

Included in acquisition costs for the three months ended September 30, 2018 is $1,501,000 in severance relating to integration activities.

Depreciation and amortization expenses

	Three months ended				Nine months ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
Depreciation expense	$	7,252	$	7,228	$	21,460	$	20,813
Amortization expense		9,471		7,609		27,991		16,234
	$	16,723	$	14,837	$	49,451	$	37,047

Impairment loss

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018 the Company did not recognize an impairment loss while in the nine months ended September 30, 2017 the Company recognized an impairment loss of $8,911,000 on certain technology assets.  

7. Other income

Included in other income is a gain of $4,935,000 recognized on the disposition of one of the Company’s equity accounted for investments. The Company received net proceeds of $6,147,000 on closing and is entitled to receive up to $1,020,000 upon the satisfaction of certain escrow release conditions over a period of five years. Additionally, the Company is entitled to receive up to $1,700,000 of contingent consideration upon the achievement of certain financial targets for the period from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019. The Company has not recognized any contingent consideration. 

8. Income taxes

At the end of each interim period, the Company estimates the effective tax rate expected to be applicable for the full fiscal year.  The estimate reflects, among other items, management’s best estimate of operating results.  It does not include the estimated impact of foreign exchange rates or unusual and/or infrequent items, which may cause significant variations in the customary relationship between income tax expense and income before income taxes.

Ritchie Bros. 17

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted)

(Unaudited)

8. Income taxes (continued)

For the three months ended September 30, 2018, income tax expense was $4,791,000, compared to an income tax recovery of $3,358,000 for the same period in 2017. Our effective tax rate was 17% in the third quarter of 2018, compared to -48% in the third quarter of 2017. The effective tax rate increased in the third quarter of 2018 compared to the third quarter of 2017 primarily due to the estimated greater proportion of annual income subject to tax in jurisdictions with higher tax rates and the estimated annual Base Erosion Anti Avoidance Tax (“BEAT”). The comparative period reflected the impact of greater estimates of non-deductible acquisition expenses which was partially offset by adjustments for deductible stock compensation expenses.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, income tax expense was $19,091,000, compared to an income tax expense of $7,982,000 for the same period in 2017. Our effective tax rate was 18% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to 17% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017.

Recent Tax Legislation

On December 22, 2017, H.R. 1, originally known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, (the “Tax Act”) was enacted. The Tax Act makes broad and complex changes to the U.S. tax code that impacted our three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, including, but not limited to, (1) reducing the U.S. federal corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018 and (2) imposing BEAT - a tax on certain deductible payments from our U.S. subsidiary to any of its foreign-related parties.

On December 22, 2017, Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (“SAB 118”) was issued to address the application of U.S. GAAP in situations when a registrant does not have the necessary information available, prepared, or analyzed (including computations) in reasonable detail to complete the accounting for certain income tax effects of the Tax Act. For the three months ended September 30, 2018, we have not made any adjustments to the provisional amounts recorded at December 31, 2017.  Additional work is still necessary for a more detailed analysis of our deferred tax assets and liabilities, our historical foreign earnings subject to the one-time transition tax, and potential correlative adjustments. Any subsequent adjustment to these amounts will be recorded to tax expense in the fourth quarter of 2018 when the analysis is complete.

9. Earnings per share attributable to stockholders

Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) attributable to stockholders was calculated by dividing the net income attributable to stockholders by the weighted average (“WA”) number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS attributable to stockholders was calculated by dividing the net income attributable to stockholders by the WA number of shares of common stock outstanding if the potentially dilutive securities had been issued. Potentially dilutive securities include unvested PSUs, RSUs, and outstanding stock options. The dilutive effect of potentially dilutive securities is reflected in diluted earnings per share by application of the treasury stock method. Under the treasury stock method, an increase in the fair market value of the Company’s common stock can result in a greater dilutive effect from potentially dilutive securities.

Ritchie Bros. 18

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted)

(Unaudited)

9. Earnings per share attributable to stockholders (continued)

	Three months ended						Nine months ended
	September 30, 2018						September 30, 2018
	Net income		WA				Net income		WA
	attributable to		number		Per share		attributable to		number		Per share
	stockholders		of shares		amount		stockholders		of shares		amount
Basic	$	23,138		108,365,427	$	0.21	$	85,993		107,811,391	$	0.80
Effect of dilutive securities:
Share units		-		551,313		-		-		408,006		-
Stock options		-		970,454		-		-		913,981		(0.01	)
Diluted	$	23,138		109,887,194	$	0.21	$	85,993		109,133,378	$	0.79

	Three months ended							Nine months ended
	September 30, 2017							September 30, 2017
	Net income		WA					Net income			WA
	attributable to		number		Per share			attributable to			number		Per share
	stockholders		of shares		amount			stockholders			of shares		amount
Basic	$	10,261		107,120,618	$	0.10		$	38,273			106,993,358	$	0.36
Effect of dilutive securities:
Share units		-		214,304		-			(50	)		337,570		-
Stock options		-		843,381		(0.01	)		-			738,696		(0.01	)
Diluted	$	10,261		108,178,303	$	0.09		$	38,223			108,069,624	$	0.35

10. Supplemental cash flow information

Nine months ended September 30,	2018			2017
Trade and other receivables	$	(159,258	)	$	(139,411	)
Inventory		(49,140	)		(16,460	)
Advances against auction contracts		2,434			601
Prepaid expenses and deposits		(5,282	)		4,498
Income taxes receivable		10,829			(8,062	)
Auction proceeds payable		130,185			186,147
Trade and other payables		15,827			(8,149	)
Income taxes payable		6,836			(3,075	)
Share unit liabilities		1,204			(5,848	)
Other		2,138			1,608
Net changes in operating assets and liabilities	$	(44,227	)	$	11,849

Ritchie Bros. 19

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted)

(Unaudited)

10. Supplemental cash flow information (continued)

Nine months ended September 30,	2018		2017
Interest paid, net of interest capitalized	$	36,278	$	20,233
Interest received		2,009		2,460
Net income taxes paid		7,902		28,037
Non-cash purchase of property, plant and equipment under capital lease		5,490		6,851

	September 30,		December 31,
	2018		2017
Cash and cash equivalents	$	228,764	$	267,910
Restricted cash		75,281		63,206
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	304,045	$	331,116

11. Fair value measurement

All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are categorized within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement or disclosure:

● Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the entity can access at measurement date;

● Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly; and

● Level 3: Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.

		September 30, 2018				December 31, 2017
	Category	Carrying amount		Fair value		Carrying amount		Fair value
Fair values disclosed:
Cash and cash equivalents	Level 1	$	228,764	$	228,764	$	267,910	$	267,910
Restricted cash	Level 1		75,281		75,281		63,206		63,206
Short-term debt	Level 2		10,532		10,532		7,018		7,018
Long-term debt
Senior unsecured notes	Level 1		488,683		498,750		487,339		520,000
Term loans	Level 2		263,095		266,036		325,553		329,687

The carrying value of the Company‘s cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, trade and other receivables, advances against auction contracts, auction proceeds payable, trade and other payables, and short term debt approximate their fair values due to their short terms to maturity. The carrying value of the term loans, before deduction of deferred debt issue costs, approximates its fair value as the interest rates on the loans were short-term in nature. The fair value of the senior unsecured notes is determined by reference to a quoted market price.

Ritchie Bros. 20

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted)

(Unaudited)

12. Other current assets

	September 30,		December 31,
	2018		2017
Advances against auction contracts	$	4,872	$	7,336
Assets held for sale		10,805		584
Prepaid expenses and deposits		24,559		19,690
	$	40,236	$	27,610

As at September 30, 2018, the Company’s assets held for sale consisted of one excess auction site located in Canada and two excess auction sites located in the United States. Management made the strategic decision to sell these properties to maximize the Company’s return on invested capital. The estimated sales proceeds are expected to be in excess of the current book value. The properties have been actively marketed for sale, and management expects the sales to be completed within 12 months of September 30, 2018. This land belongs to the A&M reportable segment.

13. Other non-current assets

Included in other non-current assets is a tax receivable amount of $12,504,000 (December 31, 2017: $12,851,000).

14. Goodwill

Balance, December 31, 2017	$	670,922
Additions		3,671
Foreign exchange movement		(1,402	)
Balance, September 30, 2018	$	673,191

Ritchie Bros. 21

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted)

(Unaudited)

15. Debt

	Carrying amount
	September 30,			December 31,
	2018			2017
Short-term debt	$	10,532		$	7,018
Long-term debt:
Term Loans (previously referred to as Delayed draw term loans):
Denominated in Canadian dollars, secured, bearing interest at a weighted
average rate of 4.015%, due in monthly installments of interest only and
quarterly installments of principal, maturing in October 2021		173,345			185,143
Denominated in United States dollars, secured, bearing interest at a weighted
average rate of 4.219%, due in weekly installments of interest only and
quarterly installments of principal, maturing in October 2021		92,690			144,544
Less: unamortized debt issue costs		(2,940	)		(4,134	)
Senior unsecured notes:
Bearing interest at 5.375% due in semi-annual installments, with the full
amount of principal due in January 2025		500,000			500,000
Less: unamortized debt issue costs		(11,317	)		(12,661	)
Total Long-term debt		751,778			812,892
Total debt	$	762,310		$	819,910
Long-term debt:
Current portion	$	11,556		$	16,907
Non-current portion		740,222			795,985
Total long-term debt	$	751,778		$	812,892

Short-term debt at September 30, 2018 is comprised of drawings in different currencies on the Company’s committed revolving credit facilities and have a weighted average interest rate of 2.4% (December 31, 2017: 2.7%).

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company made scheduled debt repayments of $2,270,000 and $8,825,000, respectively, on the term loans (2017: $4,154,000 and $4,154,000). For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company made voluntary prepayments totalling $50,000,000 on the term loan denominated in United States dollars. Prepayments are applied against future scheduled mandatory payments. The amount available pursuant to the term loan facility was only available to finance the acquisition of IronPlanet and will not be available for other corporate purposes upon repayment of amounts borrowed under that facility.

On June 21, 2018, the Company reduced the amount available on the Company’s committed revolving credit facilities by $185,000,000. At September 30, 2018, the Company’s credit agreement with a syndicate of lenders, and Bank of America, N.A. as administrative agent provides the Company with:

· Revolving facilities of up to $490,000,000

· The term loan facility used to finance the acquisition of IronPlanet and

· At the Company’s election and subject to certain conditions, including receipt of related commitments, incremental term loan facilities and/or increases to the revolving facilities in an aggregate amount of up to $50,000,000.

Ritchie Bros. 22

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted)

(Unaudited)

15. Debt (continued)

As at September 30, 2018, the Company had unused committed revolving credit facilities aggregating $477,007,000 of which $472,881,000 is available until October 27, 2021.

16. Other non-current liabilities

	September 30,		December 31,
	2018		2017
Tax payable	$	21,604	$	25,958
Finance lease obligation		8,738		7,875
Share unit liabilities		-		2,865
Other		9,094		10,075
	$	39,436	$	46,773

17. Equity and dividends

Share capital

Preferred stock

Unlimited number of senior preferred shares, without par value, issuable in series.

Unlimited number of junior preferred shares, without par value, issuable in series.

All issued shares are fully paid. No preferred shares have been issued.

Dividends

Declared and paid

The Company declared and paid the following dividends during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017:

	Declaration date	Dividend per share		Record date	Total dividends		Payment date
Nine months ended September 30, 2018:
Fourth quarter 2017	January 26, 2018	$	0.1700	February 16, 2018	$	18,246	March 9, 2018
First quarter 2018	May 9, 2018		0.1700	May 30, 2018		18,342	June 20, 2018
Second quarter 2018	August 7, 2018		0.1800	August 29, 2018		19,528	September 19, 2018
Nine months ended September 30, 2017:
Fourth quarter 2016	January 23, 2017	$	0.1700	February 10, 2017	$	18,160	March 3, 2017
First quarter 2017	May 4, 2017		0.1700	May 23, 2017		18,188	June 13, 2017
Second quarter 2017	August 4, 2017		0.1700	August 25, 2017		18,210	September 15, 2017

Declared and undistributed

Subsequent to September 30, 2018, the Company’s Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.18 cents per common share, payable on December 18, 2018 to stockholders of record on November 27, 2018. This dividend payable has not been recognized as a liability in the financial statements. The payment of this dividend will not have any tax consequences for the Company.

Foreign currency translation reserve

Foreign currency translation adjustments include intra-entity foreign currency transactions that are of a long-term investment nature, which generated net losses of $1,072,000 and $6,256,000 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 (2017: net gains of $5,838,000 and $17,322,000).

Ritchie Bros. 23

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted)

(Unaudited)

18. Share-based payments

Share-based payments consist of the following compensation costs:

	Three months ended					Nine months ended
	September 30,					September 30,
	2018		2017			2018		2017
Stock option compensation expense:
SG&A expenses	$	2,066		2,920		$	6,354	$	6,244
Acquisition-related costs		162		-			357		4,752
Share unit expense (recovery):
Equity-classified share units		2,718		(176	)		8,978		1,871
Liability-classified share units		300		821			2,245		246
Employee share purchase plan - employer contributions		538		468			1,630		1,350
	$	5,784	$	4,033		$	19,564	$	14,463

Share unit expense (recovery) and employer contributions to the employee share purchase plan are recognized in SG&A expenses.

Stock option plan

Stock option activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 is presented below:

						WA
	Common			WA		remaining		Aggregate
	shares under			exercise		contractual		intrinsic
	option			price		life (in years)		value
Outstanding, December 31, 2017		4,459,744		$	24.29		7.5	$	17,649
Granted		914,967			32.12
Exercised		(1,154,541	)		23.45			$	13,472
Forfeited		(77,644	)		27.04
Expired		(1,302	)		25.76
Outstanding,September 30, 2018		4,141,224		$	26.20		7.4	$	41,122
Exercisable, September 30, 2018		2,107,984		$	24.08		6.4	$	25,401

The fair value of the stock option grants is estimated on the date of the grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was $7.68.

The significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value of stock options granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 are presented in the following table on a weighted average basis:

Nine months ended September 30,	2018			2017
Risk free interest rate		2.7	%		2.0	%
Expected dividend yield		2.11	%		2.14	%
Expected lives of the stock options		5 years			5 years
Expected volatility		28.1	%		27.8	%

Ritchie Bros. 24

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted)

(Unaudited)

18. Share-based payments (continued)

As at September 30, 2018, the unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to the unvested stock options was $6,485,000 which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.1 years.

Share unit plans

Share unit activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 is presented below:

	Equity-classified awards										Liability-classified awards
	PSUs					RSUs					PSUs					RSUs					DSUs
				WA grant					WA grant					WA grant					WA grant					WA grant
				date fair					date fair					date fair					date fair					date fair
	Number			value		Number			value		Number			value		Number			value		Number			value
Outstanding, December 31, 2017		434,248		$	27.83		125,152		$	26.93		259,241		$	26.38		4,666		$	26.42		93,487		$	26.32
Granted		235,426			35.70		90,147			32.08		-			-		66			34.70		19,448			33.36
Transferred to equity awards on modification		257,659			31.30		-			-		(257,659	)		26.38		-			-		-			-
Vested and settled		(212,263	)		33.78		-			-		-			-		(975	)		27.58		(6,605	)		23.16
Forfeited		(43,071	)		31.42		(5,219	)		31.99		(1,582	)		26.45		-			-		-			-
Outstanding, September 30, 2018		671,999		$	31.45		210,080		$	29.02		-		$	-		3,757		$	26.27		106,330		$	27.80

At September 30, 2018, the unrecognized share unit expense related to equity-classified PSUs was $9,597,000 which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.8 years. The unrecognized share unit expense related to equity-classified RSUs was $4,540,000 which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.3 years. The unrecognized share unit expense related to liability-classified RSUs was $6,000, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 0.1 years. There is no unrecognized share unit expense related to liability-classified DSUs, as they vest immediately upon grant.

Senior executive and employee PSU plans

The Company grants PSUs under a senior executive PSU plan and an employee PSU plan (the “PSU Plans”). Under the PSU Plans, the number of PSUs that vest is conditional upon specified market, service, and performance vesting conditions being met. The PSU Plans allow the Company to choose whether to settle the awards in cash or in shares. With respect to settling in shares, the Company has the option to either (i) arrange for the purchase shares on the open market on the employee’s behalf based on the cash value that otherwise would be delivered, or (ii) to issue a number of shares equal to the number of units that vest.

On March 1, 2018, the Company modified the market and performance vesting conditions for the PSUs. Concurrently, the employee PSU plan were reclassified to equity awards, based on the Company’s settlement intentions. The weighted average fair value of the PSU awards outstanding on the modification date was $31.35. The incremental compensation recognized as a result of the vesting condition modification was $1,400,000. The share unit liability related to the employee PSUs, representing the portion of the fair value attributable to past service, was $6,701,000, which was reclassified to equity on that date. No incremental compensation was recognized as a result of the employee PSU settlement modification.

Ritchie Bros. 25

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted)

(Unaudited)

18. Share-based payments (continued)

Senior executive and employee PSU plans (continued)

The fair value of the equity-classified PSUs is estimated on modification date and on the date of grant using a Monte-Carlo simulation model. The significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the equity-classified PSUs during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 are presented in the following table on a weighted average basis:

Nine months ended September 30,	2018
Risk free interest rate		1.9	%
Expected dividend yield		2.09	%
Expected lives of the PSUs		3 years
Expected volatility		31.1	%
Average expected volatility of comparable companies		34.1	%

Sign-on grant PSUs

On September 11, 2018, the Company modified the performance vesting conditions for the sign-on grant PSUs which are equity classified PSU awards recorded in temporary equity. The modification impacted the third and fourth tranches of PSUs to vest, and the actual number of units to vest will be determined by the Board of Directors of the Company based on absolute Total Shareholder Return (“TSR”) performance over the period commencing on July 1, 2017, and ending on the fourth and fifth anniversaries of the grant date. Prior to this modification, the absolute TSR performance period commenced on August 11, 2014. The weighted average fair value of the PSU awards outstanding on the modification date was $43.34. The incremental compensation recognized as a result of the vesting condition modification was $838,000.

The incremental compensation recognized is determined based on the change in fair value of the equity-classified sign-on grant PSUs immediately before and after the modification. Significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the equity-classified PSUs to determine the incremental compensation cost is as follows:

September 11, 2018
Risk free interest rate	2.7	%
Expected dividend yield	1.53	%
Expected lives of the PSU	1 year
Expected volatility	29.2	%

19. Commitments

Commitment for inventory purchase

As at September 30, 2018, the Company had committed to purchase between 150,000 and 245,900 units of property with an expected minimum value of $11,104,000 and up to $51,028,000 to the extent that goods are available from the supplier over a 12 month period relating to the purchase of inventory. At September 30, 2018, the Company has purchased $27,078,000 pursuant to the initial 12 month period of this contract.

20. Contingencies

Legal and other claims

The Company is subject to legal and other claims that arise in the ordinary course of its business. Management does not believe that the results of these claims will have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet or consolidated income statement.

Ritchie Bros. 26

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted)

(Unaudited)

20. Contingencies (continued)

Guarantee contracts

In the normal course of business, the Company will in certain situations guarantee to a consignor a minimum level of proceeds in connection with the sale at auction of that consignor’s equipment.

At September 30, 2018, there were $67,010,000 of assets guaranteed under contract, of which 93% is expected to be sold prior to December 31, 2018 (December 31, 2017: $30,948,000 of which 27% is expected to be sold prior to the end of March 31, 2018 with the remainder to be sold by December 31, 2018).

The outstanding guarantee amounts are undiscounted and before estimated proceeds from sale at auction.

21. Business combinations

IronPlanet acquisition

On May 31, 2017 (the “IronPlanet Acquisition Date”), the Company acquired 100% of the issued and outstanding shares of IronPlanet for a total fair value consideration of $776,474,000. As at the acquisition date, cash consideration of $772,706,000, of which approximately $35,000,000 was placed in escrow, was paid to the former shareholders, vested option holders and warrant holders of IronPlanet. In addition to the cash consideration, non-cash consideration of $2,330,000 was issued attributable to the assumption of outstanding IronPlanet options, $1,771,000 was paid in cash and placed in escrow, related to customary closing adjustments, and $333,000 was related to settlement of intercompany payable transactions. Funds placed in escrow of $36,771,000 were released in March 2018.

A summary of the net cash flows and purchase price are detailed below:

	May 31, 2017
Cash consideration paid to former equity holders	$	723,810
Settlement of IronPlanet's debt		36,313
Settlement of IronPlanet's transaction costs		12,583
Cash consideration paid on closing		772,706
Cash consideration paid related to closing adjustments		1,771
Less: cash and cash equivalents acquired		(95,626	)
Less: restricted cash acquired		(3,000	)
Acquisition of IronPlanet, net of cash acquired	$	675,851
Cash consideration paid on closing	$	772,706
Replacement stock option awards attributable to pre-combination services		4,926
Stock option compensation expense from accelerated vesting of awards attributable to post-combination services		(2,596	)
Cash consideration paid relating to closing adjustments		1,771
Settlement of pre-existing intercompany balances		(333	)
Purchase price	$	776,474

IronPlanet is a leading online marketplace for selling and buying used equipment and other durable assets and an innovative participant in the multi–billion dollar used equipment market. The acquisition expands the breadth and depth of equipment disposition and management solutions the Company can offer its customers.

Ritchie Bros. 27

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted)

(Unaudited)

21. Business combinations (continued)

IronPlanet acquisition (continued)

The acquisition was accounted for in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations. The assets acquired and liabilities assumed were recorded at their estimated fair values at the IronPlanet Acquisition Date. Goodwill of $568,566,000 was calculated as the fair value of consideration over the estimated fair value of the net assets acquired.

IronPlanet purchase price allocation

	May 31, 2017
Purchase price	$	776,474
Assets acquired:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	95,626
Restricted cash		3,000
Trade and other receivables		13,021
Inventory		600
Advances against auction contracts		4,623
Prepaid expenses and deposits		1,645
Income taxes receivable		55
Property, plant and equipment		2,381
Other non-current assets		2,551
Deferred tax assets		1,497
Intangible assets ~		188,000
Liabilities assumed:
Auction proceeds payable		63,616
Trade and other payables		15,540
Deferred tax liabilities		25,935
Fair value of identifiable net assets acquired		207,908
Goodwill acquired on acquisition	$	568,566

~ Intangible assets consist of indefinite-lived trade names and trademarks, customer relationships with estimated useful lives of ranging from six to 13 years, and a technology platform with an estimated useful life of seven years.

Goodwill

The main drivers generating goodwill are the anticipated synergies from (1) the Company's auction expertise and transactional capabilities to IronPlanet's existing customer base, (2) IronPlanet providing existing technology to the Company's current customer base, and (3) future growth from international expansion and new Caterpillar dealers. Other factors generating goodwill include the acquisition of IronPlanet's assembled work force and their associated technical expertise.

Ritchie Bros. 28

ITEM 2: MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

Forward-looking statements may appear throughout this report, including the following section “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”. Forward-looking statements are typically identified by such words as “aim”, “anticipate”, “believe”, “could”, “continue”, “estimate”, “expect”, “intend”, “may”, “ongoing”, “plan”, “potential”, “predict”, “will”, “should”, “would”, “could”, “likely”, “generally”, “future”, “long-term”, or the negative of these terms, and similar expressions intended to identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are based on current expectations and assumptions that are subject to risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially.

While we have not described all potential risks related to our business and owning our common shares, the important factors discussed in “Part II, Item 1A: Risk Factors” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in “Part I, Item 1A: Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, which is available on our website at www.rbauction.com, on EDGAR at www.sec.gov, or on SEDAR at www.sedar.com, are among those that we consider may affect our performance materially or could cause our actual financial and operational results to differ significantly from our expectations. Except as required by applicable securities law and regulations of relevant securities exchanges, we do not intend to update publicly any forward-looking statements, even if our expectations have been affected by new information, future events or other developments.

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“US GAAP”). Except for Gross Transaction Value (“GTV”)¹, which is a measure of operational performance and not a measure of financial performance, liquidity, or revenue, the amounts discussed below are based on our consolidated financial statements. Unless indicated otherwise, all tabular dollar amounts, including related footnotes, presented below are expressed in thousands of United States (“U.S.”) dollars.

We make reference to various non-GAAP financial measures throughout this discussion and analysis. These measures do not have a standardized meaning, and are therefore unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies.

Overview

Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated (“Ritchie Bros.”, the “Company”, “we”, or “us”) (NYSE & TSX: RBA) is a world leader in asset management and disposition of used industrial equipment and other durable assets, selling $1.0 billion of used equipment and other assets during the third quarter of 2018. Our expertise, unprecedented global reach, market insight, and trusted portfolio of brands provide us with a unique position in the used equipment market. We primarily sell used equipment for our customers through live, unreserved auctions worldwide including in the United States, Canada, Australia, the United Arab Emirates, and the Netherlands, which are simulcast online to reach a global bidding audience.

1 GTV represents total proceeds from all items sold at our live on site auctions and online marketplaces. GTV is not a measure of financial performance, liquidity, or revenue, and is not presented in our consolidated financial statements.

Ritchie Bros. 29

On May 31, 2017, we acquired IronPlanet Holdings, Inc. (“IronPlanet”), a leading online marketplace for heavy equipment and other durable assets for $776.5 million (the “Acquisition”). IronPlanet’s complementary used equipment brand solutions, together with Marketplace-E, our online marketplace that supports reserved pricing, provide different value propositions to equipment owners and allow us to meet the needs and preferences of a wide spectrum of equipment sellers and buyers. Upon the consummation of the Acquisition on May 31, 2017, we formed an alliance with Caterpillar Inc. (“Caterpillar”), pursuant to a Strategic Alliance and Remarketing Agreement (the “Alliance”). Under the Alliance, we became Caterpillar's preferred global partner for live on site and online auctions for used Caterpillar equipment.

Through our unreserved live on site auctions, online marketplaces, and private brokerage services, we sell a broad range of used and unused equipment, including earthmoving equipment, truck trailers, government surplus, oil and gas equipment and other industrial assets. Construction and heavy machinery comprise the majority of the equipment sold through our multiple brand solutions. Customers selling equipment through our sales channels include end-users (such as construction companies), equipment dealers, original equipment manufacturers, and other equipment owners (such as rental companies and government bodies). Our customers participate in a variety of sectors, including heavy construction, transportation, agriculture, energy, and mining.

Service Offerings

As part of our Auction and Marketplace (“A&M”) solutions, we offer our equipment seller and buyer customers multiple distinct, complementary, multi-channel brand solutions that address the range of their needs. Our global customer base has a variety of transaction options, breadth of services, and the widest selection of used equipment available to them. The tables below illustrate the various channels and brand solutions available under our A&M segment, as well as our other services.

A&M segment

Channels	Brand Solutions	Description of Offering
Live On Site Auctions		n  Live unreserved on site with live simulcast online auctions
		n  Event-based sales of used construction and heavy equipment held in the Caterpillar dealer geographies
		n  Event-based sales of used energy equipment
Online Auctions and Marketplaces		n  Online marketplace for selling and buying used equipment
		n  Online marketplace offering multiple price and timing options
		n  Online marketplace for the sale of government and military assets
		n  Online truck and trailer marketplace
Brokerage Service		n  Confidential, negotiated sales

Ritchie Bros. 30

Contract options

As part of our A&M business, we offer sellers several contract options to meet their individual needs and sale objectives, which include:

· Straight commission contracts, where the consignor receives the gross proceeds from the sale less a pre-negotiated commission rate;

· Guarantee contracts, where the consignor receives a guaranteed minimum amount plus an additional amount if proceeds exceed a specified level; and

· Inventory contracts, where we purchase, take custody, and hold used equipment and other assets before they are resold in the ordinary course of business.

We refer to guarantee and inventory contracts as underwritten contracts.

We also provide a wide array of value-added services to make the process of selling and buying equipment convenient for our customers, including repair and refurbishment services, financial services through Ritchie Bros. Financial Services (“RBFS”), logistical services, and appraisals.

Seasonality

Our operations are both seasonal and event-driven. Total revenues and GTV tend to be the highest during the second and fourth calendar quarters. We generally conduct more live on site auctions during these quarters than during the first and third calendar quarters. Late December through mid-February and mid-July through August are traditionally less active periods. Online volumes are similarly affected as supply of used equipment is lower in the third quarter as it is actively being used and not available for sale.

Ritchie Bros. 31

Performance Highlights

Net income attributable to stockholders of $23.1 million increased 125% compared to $10.3 million for the same quarter in 2017. Diluted earnings per share (“EPS”) attributable to stockholders increased 133% to $0.21 versus $0.09 in the third quarter of 2017, while diluted adjusted EPS attributable to stockholders² (non-GAAP measure) increased 100% to $0.18 from $0.09 in the third quarter of 2017. Other key third quarter highlights included:

Consolidated results:

· Total revenues of $245.3 million increased 8% over the third quarter of 2017

· Total Company agency proceeds³ (non-GAAP measure) of $159.3 million increased 13% from $141.0 million in the third quarter of 2017

· Total selling, general and administrative expenses (“SG&A”) of $88.3 million increased 4% from $85.3 million in the third quarter of 2017.

· Cash provided by operating activities of $97.1 million for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2018

A&M segment results:

· GTV of $1.0 billion up 2% over the third quarter of 2017.

· Total revenues of $218.6 million increased 8% from $202.7 million in the third quarter of 2017

· A&M agency proceeds⁴ (non-GAAP measure) of $144.2 million increased 11% from $130.2 million in the third quarter of 2017

· A&M revenue rate⁵ of 21.0% and A&M agency proceeds rate⁶ (non-GAAP measure) of 13.9%, each improved 110 basis points (“bps”) over the third quarter of 2017

2	Diluted adjusted EPS attributable to stockholders is a non-GAAP financial measure. We believe that comparing diluted adjusted EPS attributable to stockholders for different financial periods provides useful information about the growth or decline of our diluted EPS attributable to stockholders for the relevant financial period, and eliminates the financial impact of adjusting items which are after-tax effects of significant non-recurring items that we do not consider to be part of our normal operating results, such as acquisition-related costs, management reorganization costs, severance, retention, gains/losses on sale of an equity accounted for investment, gains/losses on sale of certain property, plant and equipment, impairment losses, and certain other items, which we refer to as ‘adjusting items’. Diluted adjusted EPS attributable to stockholders is calculated by dividing adjusted net income attributable to stockholders (non-GAAP measure), net of the effect of dilutive securities, by the weighted average number of dilutive shares outstanding. Diluted adjusted EPS attributable to stockholders is reconciled to the most directly comparable GAAP measures in our consolidated financial statements under “Non-GAAP Measures” below.
3	Our income statement scorecard includes the non-GAAP measure performance metric, agency proceeds. Agency proceeds is also an element of the performance criteria for certain annual short-term incentive awards we grant to our employees and officers. We calculate agency proceeds by subtracting the cost of inventory sold and ancillary and logistical service expenses from total revenues.
4	A&M agency proceeds is a non-GAAP financial measure that provides useful information about the performance of our A&M contracts for different financial periods. A&M agency proceeds is calculated as A&M total revenues less cost of inventory sold and is reconciled to the most directly comparable GAAP measures in our consolidated financial statements under “Non-GAAP Measures” below.
5	We believe A&M segment total revenues are best understood by considering their relationship to GTV. The metric we use to measure that performance is A&M revenue rate, which is calculated as A&M total revenues divided by GTV.
6	A&M agency proceeds rate is a non-GAAP financial measure that provides useful information about the performance of our operations by comparing the margins we earn on our contracts for different financial periods. A&M agency proceeds rate is calculated by dividing A&M agency proceeds (non-GAAP measure) by GTV. A&M agency proceeds rate is reconciled to the most directly comparable GAAP measures in our consolidated financial statements under “Non-GAAP Measures” below.

Ritchie Bros. 32

Results of Operations

Financial overview	Three months ended September 30,									Nine months ended September 30,
							% Change									% Change
							2018 over									2018 over
(in U.S. $000's, except EPS)	2018			2017			2017			2018			2017			2017
Service revenues	$	161,374		$	145,938			11	%	$	551,736		$	442,066			25	%
Revenue from inventory sales		83,972			81,463			3	%		262,318			237,375			11	%
Total revenues		245,346			227,401			8	%		814,054			679,441			20	%
Costs of services		33,053			33,461			(1	)%		112,743			94,093			20	%
Cost of inventory sold		74,341			72,476			3	%		231,834			207,603			12	%
Selling, general and administrative expenses ("SG&A")		88,323			85,335			4	%		287,052			230,287			25	%
Acquisition-related costs		2,007			3,587			(44	)%		5,039			35,162			(86	)%
Depreciation and amortization expenses		16,723			14,837			13	%		49,451			37,047			33	%
Gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment		(342	)		(42	)		714	%		(958	)		(1,071	)		(11	)%
Impairment loss		-			-			-			-			8,911			(100	)%
Foreign exchange loss (gain)		47			816			(94	)%		31			(7	)		543	%
Operating income		31,194			16,931			84	%		128,862			67,416			91	%
Operating income margin		12.7	%		7.4	%		530	bps		15.8	%		9.9	%		590	bps
Interest expense		(10,473	)		(10,558	)		(1	)%		(32,720	)		(27,311	)		20	%
Other income, net		7,182			592			1113	%		8,995			6,346			42	%
Income tax expense (recovery)		4,791			(3,358	)		(243	)%		19,091			7,982			139	%
Net income attributable to stockholders		23,138			10,261			125	%		85,993			38,273			125	%
Diluted earnings per share attributable to stockholders	$	0.21		$	0.09			133	%	$	0.79		$	0.35			125	%
Effective tax rate		17	%		-48	%		6500	bps		18	%		17	%		100	bps
GTV	$	1,039,427		$	1,019,322			2	%	$	3,626,551		$	3,173,050			14	%
Agency proceeds (non-GAAP measure)		159,323			141,047			13	%		535,978			431,732			24	%

Ritchie Bros. 33

Consolidated Results

Total revenues

Three months ended September 30, 2018 compared with three months ended September 30, 2017

Total revenues increased $17.9 million, or 8%, primarily due to partial fee harmonization, increase in revenue from inventory sales mainly in our European operations, higher GTV volumes, and significant growth in RBFS. This was partially offset by a reduction in the year-over-year number of live on site auctions, from 86 in 2017 to 68 in 2018. Foreign exchange had a negative impact on total revenue in the third quarter of 2018.

Nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared with nine months ended September 30, 2017

Total revenues increased $134.6 million, or 20%, primarily due to incremental volume from the Acquisition. The first nine months of 2018 included nine full months of Acquisition volume versus four months of post-Acquisition activity in the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The increase was also due to partial fee harmonization and higher revenues from inventory sales and ancillary and logistical services. Foreign exchange had a positive impact on total revenues in the first nine months of 2018.

As part of our calendar optimization efforts and site closures, we reduced the number of live on site auctions from 304 in the first nine months of 2017 to 272 in the first nine months of 2018, as well as the number of sale days over the comparative period in our auction calendar.

Geographic analysis

The distribution of our revenues is determined by the location in which the sale occurred, or in the case of online sales, where the legal entity earning the revenues is incorporated. The following table presents our total revenues on a geographic basis.

Three months ended September 30, 2018 compared with three months ended September 30, 2017

(in U.S. $000's)	United States			Canada			Europe			Other			Consolidated
Total revenues for the three months ended September 30, 2018	$	114,410		$	52,711		$	43,935		$	34,290		$	245,346
Proportion of consolidated amount		47	%		21	%		18	%		14	%		100	%
Total revenues for the three months ended September 30, 2017	$	107,812		$	51,136		$	29,065		$	39,388		$	227,401
Proportion of consolidated amount		48	%		22	%		13	%		17	%		100	%
Change 2018 over 2017:
$ change	$	6,598		$	1,575		$	14,870		$	(5,098	)	$	17,945
% change		6	%		3	%		51	%		(13	)%		8	%

The $6.6 million, or 6%, increase in total revenues to $114.4 million in the United States was primarily due to partial fee harmonization, online auction performance, and strong growth in Kruse Energy Auctioneers.

In Canada, total revenues increased $1.6 million, or 3%, to $52.7 million primarily due to partial fee harmonization, growth of RBFS, and higher service revenues from our live on site auctions driven by sustained market recovery in our Western Canada industrial business. Our Canadian online performance also experienced significant improvement compared to the prior year. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in revenue from inventory sales.

The increase in total revenues in Europe of $14.9 million, or 51%, to $43.9 million was primarily due to higher revenues from inventory sales and partial fee harmonization. Revenues from inventory sales increased due to considerable underwritten inventory contracts sourced globally during the third quarter of 2018.

The decrease in revenues in Other regions was primarily due to cycling over a strong performance in the third quarter of 2017.

Ritchie Bros. 34

Nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared with nine months ended September 30, 2017

(in U.S. $000's)	United States			Canada			Europe			Other			Consolidated
Total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2018	$	392,904		$	201,296		$	123,335		$	96,519		$	814,054
Proportion of consolidated amount		48	%		25	%		15	%		12	%		100	%
Total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2017	$	327,838		$	170,994		$	81,930		$	98,679		$	679,441
Proportion of consolidated amount		48	%		25	%		12	%		15	%		100	%
Change 2018 over 2017:
$ change	$	65,066		$	30,302		$	41,405		$	(2,160	)	$	134,613
% change		20	%		18	%		51	%		(2	)%		20	%

Our revenues in the United States increased $65.1 million, or 20%, to $392.9 million primarily due to the Acquisition and partial fee harmonization. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in revenue from inventory sales.

In Canada, total revenues increased $30.3 million, or 18%, to $201.3 million primarily due to partial fee harmonization, increase in revenue from inventory sales, growth of RBFS, and the Acquisition.

In Europe, total revenue increased $41.4 million, or 51%, to $123.3 million mainly due to higher revenue from inventory sales, the Acquisition, and partial fee harmonization.

Total revenues in Other region decreased $2.2 million, or 2%, to $96.5 million primarily due to lower revenues in our Australian operations, partially offset by increases from partial fee harmonization.

Costs of services

Three months ended September 30, 2018 compared with three months ended September 30, 2017

Costs of services decreased $0.4 million, or 1%, primarily due to fewer live events.

Nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared with nine months ended September 30, 2017

Costs of services increased $18.7 million, or 20%, primarily due to the Acquisition and the incremental costs required to support the growth of our service revenues.

Cost of inventory sold

Three months ended September 30, 2018 compared with three months ended September 30, 2017

Cost of inventory sold increased $1.9 million, or 3%, in line with the revenue from inventory sales growth in the quarter.

Nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared with nine months ended September 30, 2017

Cost of inventory sold increased $24.2 million, or 12%, primarily due to the change in our revenue from inventory sales and due to the Acquisition.

SG&A expenses

Three months ended September 30, 2018 compared with three months ended September 30, 2017

SG&A expenses increased $3.0 million, or 4%, primarily due to incremental overhead costs incurred to support GovPlanet’s non-rolling stock contract with the Defense Logistics Agency and a higher share unit expense. These increases were partially offset by the favorable impact of foreign exchange during the comparative period.

Ritchie Bros. 35

Nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared with nine months ended September 30, 2017

SG&A expenses increased $56.8 million, or 25%, primarily due to the Acquisition, continued investments in talent to support growth of our business and initiatives, share unit expense, and increased overhead costs to support GovPlanet’s non-rolling stock contract with the Defense Logistics Agency. The Acquisition drove increases in employee compensation, technology support costs, and additional advertising to promote our online marketplace sales. Also, there was a decrease in share prices in the third quarter of 2017 that resulted in a positive impact on share unit expenses in that period. Foreign exchange had a negative impact on SG&A expenses in the first nine months of 2018.

Acquisition-related costs

Three months ended September 30, 2018 compared with three months ended September 30, 2017

During the third quarter of 2018, we incurred $2.0 million acquisition-related costs, which was a decrease of $1.6 million from the third quarter of 2017. In the third quarter of 2018, we incurred $1.5 million of severance costs and accelerated share unit expenses related to the labour reductions, which were part of our cost control measures to eliminate duplicative positions and overlap in roles, planned as part of our synergy targets.

Nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared with nine months ended September 30, 2017

There was a significant decrease in acquisition-related costs of $30.1 million, or 86%, primarily due to the timing of the Acquisition that closed on May 31, 2017.

Impairment loss

There were no impairment losses in the first nine months of 2018, compared to the first nine months of 2017 where we recognized an $8.9 million impairment loss on certain technology assets.

Operating income

Three months ended September 30, 2018 compared with three months ended September 30, 2017

The operating income increase of $14.3 million, or 84%, was driven by higher total service revenues mainly from partial fee harmonization and auction revenue growth. The increase was partially offset by higher SG&A expenses, depreciation and amortization expense, and cost of inventory sold. Foreign exchange had a negative impact on operating income in the third quarter of 2018. Adjusted operating income⁷ (non-GAAP measure) increased 93% during the third quarter of 2018 compared to the third quarter of 2017, which excluded the impact of $1.5 million of non-recurring acquisition-related costs related to severance costs, as discussed above.

Operating income margin, which is our operating income divided by revenues, increased 530 bps to 12.7% in the third quarter of 2018 compared to 7.4% in the third quarter of 2017 for the same reasons. Agency proceeds adjusted operating income rate⁸ (non-GAAP measure) was 20.5% in the third quarter of 2018 compared to 12.0% in the third quarter of 2017.

7

Adjusted operating income is a non-GAAP measure. We use income statement and balance sheet performance scorecards to align our operations with our strategic priorities. We concentrate on a limited number of metrics to ensure focus and to facilitate quarterly performance discussions. Our income statement scorecard includes the performance metric, adjusted operating income. We believe that comparing adjusted operating income for different financial periods provides useful information about the growth or decline of operating income for the relevant financial period. We calculate adjusted operating income by eliminating adjusting items from operating income. Adjusted operating income is reconciled to the most directly comparable GAAP measures in our consolidated financial statements under “Non-GAAP Measures” below.

8

Our income statement scorecard includes the performance metric, agency proceeds adjusted operating income rate, which is a non-GAAP measure. We believe that comparing agency proceeds adjusted operating income rate for different financial periods provides useful information about the growth or decline of our operating income for the relevant financial period. We calculate agency proceeds adjusted operating income rate by dividing adjusted operating income (non-GAAP measure) by agency proceeds (non-GAAP measure). Agency proceeds adjusted operating income rate is reconciled to the most directly comparable GAAP measures in our consolidated financial statements under “Non-GAAP Measures” below.

Ritchie Bros. 36

Nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared with nine months ended September 30, 2017

The operating income increase of $61.4 million, or 91%, was driven by higher total revenues combined with lower acquisition-related costs, as well as an impairment loss in the prior year. Adjusted operating income (non-GAAP measure) increased 42% during the first nine months of 2018 compared to the first nine months of 2017.

Operating income margin increased 590 bps to 15.8% in the first nine months of 2018 compared to 9.9% in the first nine months of 2017. Agency proceeds adjusted operating income rate (non-GAAP measure) was 24.3% in the first nine months of 2018 compared to 21.2% in the first nine months of 2017.

Interest expense

Three months ended September 30, 2018 compared with three months ended September 30, 2017

Interest expense of $10.5 million was consistent with the third quarter of 2017. Our overall interest expense has a favourable benefit resulting from our $50.0 million voluntary prepayment of the term loan during the first half of 2018, but was partially offset by an increase in variable short-term interest rates over the comparative period.

Nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared with nine months ended September 30, 2017

Interest expense increased $5.4 million, or 20%, primarily due to the additional indebtedness to finance the Acquisition and an increase in variable short-term interest over the comparative period. This was partially offset by the reduction in interest expense resulting from our $50.0 million voluntary prepayment of the term loan in the first nine months of 2018. As of September 30, 2018, our long-term debt was $751.8 million compared to $817.9 million as of September 30, 2017.

Other Income

Three months ended September 30, 2018 compared with three months ended September 30, 2017

Other income was $7.2 million, up from $0.6 million in the comparative period primarily due to a $4.9 million gain on sale of an equity accounted for investment during the third quarter of 2018.

Nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared with nine months ended September 30, 2017

Other income was $9.0 million, compared to $6.3 million during the same comparative period, an increase of $2.7 million. Other income for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 included the gain on sale of an equity accounted for investment, while in the comparative period we recorded $2.5 million of other income related to changes in the fair value of contingent consideration associated with Petrowsky, Kramer, Mascus and RBFS acquisitions.

Income tax expense and effective tax rate

Three months ended September 30, 2018 compared with three months ended September 30, 2017

For the three months ended September 30, 2018, income tax expense was $4.8 million, compared to an income tax recovery of $3.4 million for the same period in 2017. Our effective tax rate was 17% in the third quarter of 2018, compared to -48% in the third quarter of 2017. The effective tax rate increased in the third quarter of 2018 compared to the third quarter of 2017 primarily due to the estimated greater proportion of annual income subject to tax in jurisdictions with higher tax rates and the estimated annual Base Erosion Anti Abuse Tax (“BEAT”). The comparative period reflected the impact of greater estimates of non-deductible acquisition expenses, partially offset by adjustments for deductible stock compensation expenses.

Ritchie Bros. 37

Nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared with nine months ended September 30, 2017

For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, income tax expense was $19.1 million compared to an income tax expense of $8.0 million for the same period in 2017. Our effective tax rate was 18.2% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to 17.2% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. This increase was primarily due to an estimated greater proportion of annual income subject to tax in jurisdictions with higher tax rates, and the estimated BEAT, partially offset by a $2.1 million decrease in uncertain tax positions. The comparative period reflected greater estimates of non-deductible acquisition related expenses and a $2.5 million increase in uncertain tax positions, partially offset by adjustments for deductible stock compensation expenses.

On December 22, 2017, the U.S. enacted H.R. 1, originally known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, (the “Tax Act”). We have not completed our analysis of the effects of the enactment of the Tax Act and therefore have not made any adjustments to the provisional amounts recorded at December 31, 2017. For more details, refer to the notes to our consolidated financial statements included in “Part 1, Item 1: Consolidated Financial Statements” in this Form 10-Q.

Net income

Three months ended September 30, 2018 compared with three months ended September 30, 2017

Net income attributable to stockholders increased $12.9 million, or 125%, primarily due to the increase in operating income and the $4.9 million gain on sale of an equity accounted for investment, which were partially offset by higher income tax expense. Adjusted net income attributable to stockholders⁹ (non-GAAP measure) increased $9.0 million, or 88%, to $19.3 million in the third quarter of 2018 from $10.3 million in the third quarter of 2017.

Similarly, net income increased $12.8 million, or 124% to $23.1 million in the third quarter of 2018 from $10.3 million in the third quarter of 2017. Adjusted Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization (“EBITDA”) ¹⁰ (non-GAAP measure) increased $19.0 million, or 60%, to $50.9 million in the third quarter of 2018 from $31.8 million in the third quarter of 2017.

Net income margin increased 490 bps to 9.4% in the third quarter of 2018 from 4.5% in the third quarter of 2017. Agency proceeds adjusted EBITDA rate¹¹ (non-GAAP measure) increased 930 bps to 31.9% in the third quarter of 2018 compared to 22.6% in the third quarter of 2017.

Nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared with nine months ended September 30, 2017

Net income attributable to stockholders increased $47.7 million, or 125%, to $86.0 in the first nine months of 2018 compared to the first nine months of 2017. This increase was primarily due to the increase in our operating income, and a $4.9 million gain on sale of an equity accounted for investment, partially offset by higher interest expense and income tax expense. Adjusted net income attributable to stockholders (non-GAAP measure) increased $22.8 million, or 38%, to $82.2 million in the first nine months of 2018 from $59.4 million in the first nine months of 2017. 

9	Adjusted net income attributable to stockholders is a non-GAAP financial measure. We believe that comparing adjusted net income attributable to stockholders for different financial periods provides useful information about the growth or decline of our net income attributable to stockholders for the relevant financial period and eliminates the financial impact of adjusting items we do not consider to be part of our normal operating results. Adjusted net income attributable to stockholders represents net income attributable to stockholders excluding the effects of adjusting items and is reconciled to the most directly comparable GAAP measures in our consolidated financial statements under “Non-GAAP Measures” below.
10	Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure that we believe provides useful information about the growth or decline of our net income when compared between different financial periods. Adjusted EBITDA is calculated by adding back depreciation and amortization expenses, interest expense, and current income tax expense, and subtracting interest income and deferred income tax recovery from net income excluding the pre-tax effects of adjusting items. Adjusted EBITDA is reconciled to the most directly comparable GAAP measures in our consolidated financial statements under “Non-GAAP Measures” below.
11	Agency proceeds adjusted EBITDA rate is a non-GAAP financial measure that we believe provides useful information about the growth or decline of our net income when compared between different financial periods. Agency proceeds adjusted EBITDA rate presents adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP measure) as a multiple of agency proceeds (non-GAAP measure). Agency proceeds adjusted EBITDA rate is reconciled to the most directly comparable GAAP measures in our consolidated financial statements under “Non-GAAP Measures” below.

Ritchie Bros. 38

Similarly, net income increased $47.6 million, or 124% to $86.0 million in the first nine months of 2018 from $38.5 million in the first nine months of 2017. Adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP measure) increased $49.3 million, or 37%, to $181.9 million in the first nine months of 2018 from $132.5 million in the first nine months of 2017.

Net income margin increased 490 bps to 10.6% in the first nine months of 2018 from 5.7% in the first nine months of 2017. Agency proceeds adjusted EBITDA rate (non-GAAP measure) increased 320 bps to 33.9% in the first nine months of 2018 compared to 30.7% in the first nine months of 2017.

12 months ended September 30, 2018 compared with 12 months ended September 30, 2017

Debt at September 30, 2018, represented 6.2 times net income as at and for the 12 months ended September 30, 2018. This compares to debt at September 30, 2017, which represented 12.4 times net income as at and for the 12 months ended September 30, 2017. The decrease in this debt/net income multiplier was primarily due to lower debt balances at September 30, 2018 versus September 30, 2017, and a higher net income over the comparative period. The decrease in debt was primarily due to repayments of debt related to the funding for the Acquisition. Adjusted net debt/adjusted EBITDA¹² (non-GAAP measure) was 2.2 times as at and for the 12 months ended September 30, 2018 compared to 3.2 times as at and for the 12 months ended September 30, 2017.

Diluted EPS

Three months ended September 30, 2018 compared with three months ended September 30, 2017

Diluted EPS attributable to stockholders increased 133% to $0.21 per share in the third quarter of 2018 from $0.09 per share in the third quarter of 2017. Diluted adjusted EPS attributable to stockholders (non-GAAP measure) increased 100% to $0.18 in the third quarter of 2018 from $0.09 in the third quarter of 2017.

Nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared with nine months ended September 30, 2017

Diluted EPS attributable to stockholders increased 125% to $0.79 per share in the first nine months of 2018 from $0.35 per share in the first nine months of 2017. Diluted adjusted EPS attributable to stockholders (non-GAAP measure) increased 36% to $0.75 in the first nine months of 2018 from $0.55 in the first nine months of 2017.

12 Adjusted net debt/adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure. We believe that comparing adjusted net debt/adjusted EBITDA on a trailing 12-month basis for different financial periods provides useful information about the performance of our operations as an indicator of the amount of time it would take us to settle both our short and long-term debt. We do not consider this to be a measure of our liquidity, which is our ability to settle only short-term obligations, but rather a measure of how well we fund liquidity. Measures of liquidity are discussed further below under “Liquidity and Capital Resources”. We calculate adjusted net debt/adjusted EBITDA by dividing adjusted net debt (non-GAAP measure) by adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP measure). Adjusted net debt (non-GAAP measure) is calculated by subtracting cash and cash equivalents from short and long term debt. Adjusted net debt/adjusted EBITDA is reconciled to the most directly comparable GAAP measures in our consolidated financial statements under “Non-GAAP Measures” below.

Ritchie Bros. 39

Segment Performance

Auctions and Marketplaces segment

(in U.S. $000's)	Three months ended September 30,							Nine months ended September 30,
					% Change							% Change
	2018		2017		2018 over 2017			2018		2017		2018 over 2017
Service revenues	$	134,604	$	121,255		11	%	$	463,076	$	370,794		25	%
Revenue from inventory sales		83,972		81,463		3	%		262,318		237,375		11	%
Total revenues		218,576		202,718		8	%		725,394		608,169		19	%
Costs of services		20,059		18,381		9	%		62,888		51,946		21	%
Cost of inventory sold		74,341		72,476		3	%		231,834		207,603		12	%
SG&A expenses		83,542		81,736		2	%		272,503		219,824		24	%
Impairment loss		-		-		-			-		8,911		(100	)%
A&M profit	$	40,634	$	30,125		35	%	$	158,169	$	119,885		32	%

Gross Transaction Value

We believe it is more meaningful to consider revenue in relation to GTV. GTV by channel is presented below for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018.

Three months ended September 30, 2018 compared with three months ended September 30, 2017

(in U.S. $000's)	Three months ended September 30,
	2018					2017					% Change
	GTV		% of total			GTV(3)		% of total			2018 over 2017
Live on site auctions	$	850,484		82	%	$	856,522		84	%		(1	)%
Online marketplaces including featured (1) and other (2)		188,943		18	%		162,800		16	%		16	%
GTV	$	1,039,427		100	%	$	1,019,322		100	%		2	%

(1) This represents GTV from IronPlanet’s Weekly Featured Auction, which operates under an unreserved auction model.

(2) This includes GTV from Marketplace-E and, before that, EquipmentOne

(3) Prior year GTV was reclassified between live on site auctions and online marketplaces to conform with current year classification.

Overall, GTV increased $20.1 million, or 2%, compared to the third quarter of 2017, primarily due to a 16% increase primarily in our IronPlanet weekly featured auctions in the United States and Canada. This increase was partially offset by a 1% decrease in GTV from live on site auctions primarily due to fewer agricultural auctions compared to the third quarter of 2017.

The total number of industrial and agricultural lots sold at our live on site auctions increased 4% to 94,750 lots in the third quarter of 2018 compared to 91,200 lots in the third quarter of 2017, despite a reduction in the number of live on site auctions from 86 in the third quarter of 2017 to 68 in the third quarter of 2018.

We offer our customers the opportunity to use underwritten commission contracts to serve their disposition strategy needs, entering into such contracts where the risk/reward profile of the terms are agreeable. The volume of underwritten commission contracts decreased to 16% of our GTV in the third quarter of 2018 from 18% in the third quarter of 2017.

Ritchie Bros. 40

Nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared with nine months ended September 30, 2017

(in U.S. $000's)	Nine months ended September 30,
	2018					2017					% Change
	GTV		% of total			GTV(6)		% of total			2018 over 2017
Live on site auctions	$	3,025,982		83	%	$	2,853,097		90	%		6	%
Online marketplaces including featured (4) and other (5)		600,569		17	%		319,953		10	%		88	%
GTV	$	3,626,551		100	%	$	3,173,050		100	%		14	%

(4) This represents GTV from IronPlanet’s Weekly Featured Auction, which operates under an unreserved auction model.

(5) This includes GTV from Marketplace-E and, before that, EquipmentOne

(6) Prior year GTV was reclassified between live on site auctions and online marketplaces to conform with current year classification.

Overall, GTV increased $453.5 million, or 14%, primarily due to the Acquisition and improved live on site and online auction performance driven by strong price performance. We significantly increased GTV generated from online marketplaces by 88% due to the Acquisition and new compensation strategies focused on expansion of online marketplaces. Live on site auctions increased 6% primarily due to the Acquisition and strong live on site auction performance in Canada.

The total number of industrial and agricultural lots sold at live on site auctions decreased 2% to 299,350 lots in the first nine months of 2018 compared to 306,100 lots in the first nine months of 2017.

The volume of underwritten commission contracts increased to 16% compared to 15% of GTV in the first nine months of 2018 compared to the same period in 2017.

Total revenues

A&M total revenues by geographical region are presented below:

(in U.S. $000's)	Three months ended September 30,							Nine months ended September 30,
					% Change							% Change
	2018		2017		2018 over 2017			2018		2017		2018 over 2017
United States	$	103,366	$	97,350		6	%	$	356,222	$	296,867		20	%
Canada		45,247		45,131		-			176,271		152,450		16	%
International		69,963		60,237		16	%		192,901		158,852		21	%
A&M total revenues	$	218,576	$	202,718		8	%	$	725,394	$	608,169		19	%

Three months ended September 30, 2018 compared with three months ended September 30, 2017

The increase in A&M total revenues of $15.9 million, or 8%, was primarily due to partial fee harmonization, as well as the following regional differences:

· United States: +6% increase that, in addition to the factors noted above, was also due to growth in revenue from Kruse Energy Auctioneers operations. The increase in revenues was partially offset by fewer live on site auction sales days.

· International: +16% increase that, in addition to the factors noted above, was also due to an increase in revenue from inventory sales primarily in Europe. The increase in the International region was partially offset by lower volume in our Australian operations.

Ritchie Bros. 41

Nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared with nine months ended September 30, 2017

The increase in A&M total revenues of $117.2 million, or 19%, was primarily due to the Acquisition, partial fee harmonization, as well as the following regional differences:

· United States: +20% increase was primarily due to the factors discussed above and an increase in service revenues from live on site auctions. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in revenue from inventory sales.

· Canada: +16% increase that, in addition to the factors noted above, was also due to an increase in service revenues from live on site auctions.

· International: +21% increase that, in addition to the factors noted above, was also due to an increase in revenue from inventory sales primarily in Europe.

Revenue rate

As A&M total revenues are generated from transactional asset disposition services, we believe these revenues are best understood by considering their relationship to GTV. The metric we use to measure that performance is A&M revenue rate, which is calculated as A&M total revenues divided by GTV.

Three months ended September 30, 2018 compared with three months ended September 30, 2017

A&M revenue rate was 21.0% and 19.9% for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Our A&M agency proceeds (non-GAAP measure) were $144.2 million and $130.2 million, while A&M agency proceeds rate (non-GAAP measure) was 13.9% and 12.8% for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared with nine months ended September 30, 2017

A&M revenue rate was 20.0% and 19.2% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Our A&M agency proceeds (non-GAAP measure) were $493.6 million and $400.6 million, for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, while A&M agency proceeds rate (non-GAAP measure) was 13.6% and 12.6% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Costs of services

The A&M segment’s costs of services by nature are presented below:

(in U.S. $000's)	Three months ended September 30,							Nine months ended September 30,
					% Change							% Change
	2018		2017		2018 over 2017			2018		2017		2018 over 2017
Employee compensation	$	9,527		9,296		2	%	$	28,848		23,201		24	%
Buildings, facilities and technology		1,787		1,669		7	%		6,706		5,225		28	%
Travel, advertising and promotion		5,603		5,323		5	%		19,573		17,350		13	%
Other costs of services		3,142		2,093		50	%		7,761		6,170		26	%
A&M costs of services	$	20,059	$	18,381		9	%	$	62,888	$	51,946		21	%

Three months ended September 30, 2018 compared with three months ended September 30, 2017

The increase of $1.7 million, or 9%, compared to the third quarter of 2017 was primarily due to ramp up costs related to GovPlanet’s contracts with government agencies.

Nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared with nine months ended September 30, 2017

A&M costs of services increased $10.9 million, or 21%, primarily due to the Acquisition and costs associated with the inspection activities that support online marketplaces, which more customers used as our business continued to expand especially in North America. We also incurred additional cost of services to support GovPlanet’s contracts with government agencies.

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Cost of inventory sold

Three months ended September 30, 2018 compared with three months ended September 30, 2017

A&M cost of inventory sold increased $1.9 million, or 3% primarily due to an increase in the volume of inventory contracts in our European operations that occurred in the three months ended September 30, 2018.

Nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared with nine months ended September 30, 2017

A&M cost of inventory sold increased $24.2 million, or 12% primarily due to an increase in the volume of inventory contracts, as well as the Acquisition.

SG&A expenses

A&M segment’s SG&A expenses, which include corporate head office support costs, are presented by nature below:

(in U.S. $000's)	Three months ended September 30,							Nine months ended September 30,
					% Change							% Change
	2018		2017		2018 over 2017			2018		2017		2018 over 2017
Employee compensation	$	53,330	$	53,112		0	%	$	176,429	$	140,288		26	%
Buildings, facilities and technology		14,635		13,069		12	%		44,385		37,877		17	%
Travel, advertising and promotion		8,951		8,092		11	%		26,485		20,162		31	%
Professional fees		2,698		3,067		(12	)%		11,685		8,888		31	%
Other SG&A expenses		3,927		4,396		(11	)%		13,519		12,609		7	%
A&M SG&A expenses	$	83,542	$	81,736		2	%	$	272,503	$	219,824		24	%

Three months ended September 30, 2018 compared with three months ended September 30, 2017

The increase in A&M SG&A expense of $1.8 million, or 2% was primarily due an increase in overhead costs incurred to support GovPlanet’s non-rolling stock contracts with the Defense Logistics Agency. The increase in A&M SG&A expense was partially offset by a reduction in bank charges attributable to a decrease in our credit facility. Foreign exchange had a positive impact on A&M SG&A expenses in the third quarter of 2018.

Nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared with nine months ended September 30, 2017

A&M SG&A expenses increased $52.7 million, or 24%. The increase was primarily due to the Acquisition, continued investments in talent to support growth of our businesses and initiatives, higher incentive compensation driven by year-over-year performance and enhanced sales compensation plans, an increase in professional fees, and overhead costs incurred to support GovPlanet’s non-rolling stock contracts with the Defense Logistics Agency.

Productivity

The majority of our business continues to be generated by our A&M segment operations. Sales Force Productivity within this segment is an operational statistic that we believe provides a gauge of the effectiveness of our Revenue Producers in increasing GTV. Revenue Producers is a term used to describe our revenue-producing sales personnel. This definition is comprised of Regional Sales Managers and Territory Managers.

Our Sales Force Productivity as at and for the trailing 12-month period ended September 30, 2018 was $11.3 million per Revenue Producer compared to $11.1 million per Revenue Producer for the trailing 12-month period ended September 30, 2017. We believe the increase of $0.2 million per Revenue Producer over the comparative period is evidence that our sales teams are continually progressing, as we have moved beyond the most complex stage of our integration.

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Sales Force Productivity as at and for the 12-month period ended September 30, 2017 was calculated as the sum of the following two amounts:

· GTV for the eight-months, pre-Acquisition, ended May 31, 2017, divided by the average number of Revenue Producers over the same eight month period; and

· GTV for the four-months following the Acquisition divided by the average number of Revenue Producers over the same four month period.

Industrial live on site auction metrics

Total industrial live on site auction metrics

	Three months ended September 30,							Nine months ended September 30,
					% Change							% Change
	2018		2017		2018 over 2017			2018		2017		2018 over 2017
Bidder registrations		123,000		126,000		(2	)%		383,500		404,000		(5	)%
Consignment		13,600		13,900		(2	)%		39,050		41,950		(7	)%
Buyers		31,400		31,100		1	%		96,750		100,650		(4	)%
Lots		89,000		84,000		6	%		273,500		276,000		(1	)%

Three months ended September 30, 2018 compared with three months ended September 30, 2017

During the third quarter of 2018, we conducted 45 unreserved industrial live on site auctions in North America, Europe, the Middle East, Australia, and Asia, compared to 58 during the third quarter of 2017. Despite the decrease in the number of live auctions held during the quarter, our GTV was minimally impacted as we increased the average number of lots per live industrial auction.

Nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared with nine months ended September 30, 2017

For the first nine months of 2018, we conducted 130 unreserved industrial live on site auctions in North America, Europe, the Middle East, Australia, and Asia, compared to 169 during the first nine months of 2017. Over this same comparative period, we increased our industrial live on site GTV despite a decrease in the number of auctions due to an increase in average number of lots per auction.

Average industrial live on site auction metrics

	12 months ended September 30,
					Change
	2018		2017		2018 over 2017
GTV	$	18.8 million	$	15.9 million	$	2.9 million
Bidder registrations		2,694		2,324		16	%
Consignors		262		234		12	%
Lots		1,846		1,589		16	%

Twelve months trailing for September 30, 2018 compared with twelve months trailing for September 30, 2017

We saw an increase in average GTV per industrial auction for the 12 months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the 12 months ended September 30, 2017. We believe the increase was primarily driven by our site optimization strategy to achieve higher lots per auction, which was partially offset by the continued supply constraints for used equipment.

Online bidding

Three months ended September 30, 2018 compared with three months ended September 30, 2017

Internet bidders comprised 77% of the total bidder registrations at our live on site auctions in the third quarter of 2018 compared to 68% in the third quarter 2017. Across all channels, 60% of total GTV was purchased by online buyers in the third quarter of 2018 compared to 57% in the third quarter of 2017. This increase in internet bidders and online buyers show that we continued to promote multi-channel participation at our auctions through the third quarter of 2018.

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Nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared with nine months ended September 30, 2017

Internet bidders comprised 73% of the total bidder registrations at our live on site auctions in the first nine months of 2018 compared to 68% in the first nine months of 2017. Across all channels, 58% of total GTV was purchased by online buyers in the first nine months of 2018 compared to 53% in the first nine months of 2017.

Website metrics

Three months ended September 30, 2018 compared with three months ended September 30, 2017

Traffic across all our websites increased 14% in the third quarter of 2018 compared to the third quarter of 2017 primarily due to increased traffic on our IronPlanet and GovPlanet websites.

Nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared with nine months ended September 30, 2017

Traffic across all our websites increased 28% in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017, primarily due to increased traffic on our IronPlanet websites.

Segment Performance

Other services

(in U.S. $000's)	Three months ended September 30,							Nine months ended September 30,
					% Change							% Change
	2018		2017		2018 over 2017			2018		2017		2018 over 2017
Service revenues	$	26,770	$	24,683		8	%	$	88,660	$	71,272		24	%
Costs of services		12,994		15,080		(14	)%		49,855		42,147		18	%
SG&A expenses		4,781		3,599		33	%		14,549		10,463		39	%
Other services profit	$	8,995	$	6,004		50	%	$	24,256	$	18,662		30	%

Three months ended September 30, 2018 compared with three months ended September 30, 2017

Service revenues from other services grew $2.1 million, or 8%, primarily due to RBFS and Mascus performance.

Funded volume, which represents the amount of lending brokered by RBFS, increased 32% from $65.0 million in the third quarter of 2017 to $85.6 million in the third quarter of 2018. RBFS operating profit increased $0.8 million or 53% over the same comparative period to $2.3 million from $1.5 million.

Nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared with nine months ended September 30, 2017

Service revenue from other services grew $17.4 million, or 24%, primarily due to increases in ancillary and logistical services revenues, RBFS, Mascus and Asset Appraisal Services.

Funded volume increased 43% from $216.2 million in the first nine months of 2017 to $309.5 million in the first nine months of 2018. RBFS operating profit increased $2.7 million or 46%, over the same comparative period.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Working capital

(in U.S. $000's)	September 30,		December 31,
	2018		2017		% Change
Current assets	$	685,631	$	508,487		35	%
Current liabilities		534,731		388,455		38	%
Working capital	$	150,900	$	120,032		26	%

We believe that working capital is a more meaningful measure of our liquidity than cash alone. Our working capital increased during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, primarily due to the increase in our operating income generated during the period. This increase was partially offset by $58.8 million of long-term debt repayments and the payment of $56.1 million of dividends during the nine months ended September 30, 2018

Cash flows

(in U.S. $000's)	Nine months ended September 30,									12 months ended September 30,
							% Change									% Change
	2018			2017			2018 over 2017			2018			2017			2018 over 2017
Cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities	$	97,147		$	98,517			(1	)%	$	146,198		$	114,654			28	%
Investing activities		(28,807	)		(701,599	)		(96	)%		(38,162	)		(721,145	)		(95	)%
Financing activities		(92,196	)		142,043			(165	)%		(114,976	)		595,796			(119	)%
Effect of changes in foreign currency rates		(3,215	)		17,270			(119	)%		(3,335	)		10,618			(131	)%
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	(27,071	)	$	(443,769	)		(94	)%	$	(10,275	)	$	(77	)		13244	%

Operating activities

Cash provided by operating activities can fluctuate significantly from period to period due to factors such as differences in the timing, size, and number of auctions during the period, the volume of inventory purchases, the timing of the receipt of auction proceeds from buyers and payment of amounts due to consignors, as well as the location of the auction with respect to restrictions on the use of cash generated therein.

Nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared with nine months ended September 30, 2017

Net cash provided by operating activities decreased $1.4 million in the first nine months of 2018 compared to the first nine months of 2017. The decrease included $56.1 million more cash used in changes in operating assets and liabilities over the comparative period, primarily due to the timing and amount of trade receivable collections and auction proceed payable settlements, as well as an increase in our inventory. The net change in operating assets and liabilities was also impacted by cash required to early-settle certain trade and auction proceeds payable in the third quarter of 2018 compared to the third quarter of 2017 in relation to a conversion of our enterprise resource planning systems, effective October 1, 2018. Of the total inventory increase in the first nine months of 2018, $27.1 million relates to purchases under our non-rolling stock contract with the Defense Logistics Agency in the United States. These decreases in cash provided by operating activities were partially offset by a net income increase of $47.6 million in the first nine months of 2018 compared to the first nine months of 2017.

Twelve months ended September 30, 2018 compared with twelve months ended September 30, 2017

Net cash provided by operating activities for the 12 months ended September 30, 2018 was $146.2 million comprised of $122.9 million of net income and a net positive adjustment of $69.1 million for items not affecting cash, partially offset by $45.8 million of cash outflows from changes in operating assets and liabilities.

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Net cash provided by operating activities for the 12 months ended September 30, 2017 of $114.7 million was comprised of $66.4 million in net income and a net positive adjustment of $62.7 million for items not affecting cash, partially offset by $14.4 million of cash outflows from changes in operating assets and liabilities.

Investing activities

Net cash used in investing activities decreased $672.8 million, or 96% during the first nine months of 2018 compared to the first nine months of 2017. This decrease was primarily due to the Acquisition for $675.9 million, net of cash acquired, in the third quarter of 2017, as well as proceeds of $6.1 million on the sale of an equity accounted for investment in the third quarter of 2018.

CAPEX intensity presents net capital spending, which excludes acquisition investments, as a percentage of total revenues. We believe that comparing CAPEX intensity on a trailing 12-month basis for different financial periods provides useful information as to the amount of capital expenditure that we require to generate revenues.

CAPEX intensity for the 12 months ended September 30, 2018 increased 20 bps compared to CAPEX intensity for the 12 months of 2017, primarily due to a decrease in proceeds on disposition of property, plant and equipment over the comparative period.

The following table presents CAPEX intensity and agency proceeds CAPEX rate¹³ (non-GAAP measure) results for the trailing 12-month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, as well as reconciles those metrics to property, plant and equipment additions, intangible asset additions, proceeds on disposition of property, plant and equipment, and total revenues, which are the most directly comparable GAAP measures in, or calculated from, our consolidated financial statements.

(in U.S. $ millions)	12 months ended September 30,
							% Change
	2018			2017			2018 over 2017
Property, plant and equipment additions	$	16.1		$	14.4			12	%
Intangible asset additions		27.5			26.0			6	%
Proceeds on disposition of property plant and equipment		(4.0	)		(6.9	)		(42	)%
Net capital spending	$	39.6		$	33.5			18	%
Total revenues		1,105.8			974.3			13	%
Less: cost of inventory sold		(330.7	)		(344.6	)		(4	)%
Less: ancillary and logistical service expenses		(60.3	)		(51.2	)		18	%
Agency proceeds (non-GAAP measure)	$	714.8		$	578.5			24	%
CAPEX intensity		3.6	%		3.4	%		20	bps
Agency proceeds CAPEX rate (non-GAAP measure)		5.5	%		5.8	%		-30	bps

13 Agency proceeds CAPEX rate is a non-GAAP financial measure that we believe, when compared on a trailing 12-month basis to different financial periods provides useful information as to the amount of capital expenditure that we require to generate revenues. It is not a measure of liquidity. We calculate agency proceeds CAPEX rate by dividing net capital spending by agency proceeds (non-GAAP measure).

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The increase in cash provided by operating activities, partially offset by the increase in net capital spending, resulted in an increase in operating free cash flow (“OFCF”)¹⁴ (non-GAAP measure) of $25.4 million, or 31%, to $106.6 million in the 12 months ended September 30, 2018 from $81.2 million in the 12 months ended September 30, 2017.

Financing activities

Net cash used by financing activities increased $234.2 million in the first nine months of 2018 compared to the first nine months of 2017. This increase was primarily due to the financing of the Acquisition and subsequent debt repayments after it occurred in May 2017. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, repayment of long-term debt totalled $58.8 million, of which $50.0 million were voluntary repayments. Partially offsetting these cash outflows was an increase of $19.1 million in net proceeds from the issuance of share capital driven by greater stock option exercises during the first nine months of 2018 compared to the first nine months of 2017.

Dividend information

We declared and paid a regular cash dividend of $0.17 per common share for September 30, 2017, December 31, 2017, and March 31, 2018. We declared and paid regular cash dividends of $0.18 per common share for the quarter ended June 30, 2018. Subsequent to September 30, 2018, we declared a quarterly dividend of $0.18 per common share, payable on December 19, 2018 to stockholders on record on November 28, 2018 which has not been recorded as a liability at September 30, 2018.

Total dividend payments paid to stockholders during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 were $56.1 million and $54.6 million, respectively. All dividends that we pay are “eligible dividends” for Canadian income tax purposes unless indicated otherwise.

Our dividend payout ratio, which we calculate as dividends paid to stockholders divided by net income attributable to stockholders, decreased to 60.6% for the 12 months ended September 30, 2018 from 110.0% for the 12 months ended September 30, 2017. This decrease was primarily due to the increase in net income attributable to stockholders over the comparative period. Our adjusted dividend payout ratio¹⁵ (non-GAAP measure) decreased to 67.3% for the 12 months ended September 30, 2018 from 78.9% for the 12 months ended September 30, 2017.

Return on average invested capital

Return on average invested capital is calculated as net income attributable to stockholders divided by our average invested capital. We calculate average invested capital over a trailing 12-month period by adding the average long-term debt over that period to the average stockholders’ equity over that period.

Return on average invested capital increased 220 bps to 7.9% for the 12-month period ended September 30, 2018 from 5.7% for the 12-month period ended September 30, 2017. This increase was primarily due to an increase in net income attributable to stockholders and partially offset by an increase in average invested capital over the comparative period, which was driven by the Acquisition and the associated debt. Return on invested capital (“ROIC”)¹⁶ (non-GAAP measure) decreased 80 bps to 7.1% during the 12 months ended September 30, 2018 compared to 7.9% for the 12 months ended September 30, 2017.

14	OFCF is a non-GAAP financial measure that we believe, when compared on a trailing 12-month basis to different financial periods provides an effective measure of the cash generated by our business and provides useful information regarding cash flows remaining for discretionary return to stockholders, mergers and acquisitions, or debt reduction. Our balance sheet scorecard includes the performance metric, OFCF. OFCF is also an element of the performance criteria for certain annual short-term incentive awards we grant to certain executives. We calculate OFCF by subtracting net capital spending from cash provided by operating activities. OFCF is reconciled to the most directly comparable GAAP measures in our consolidated financial statements under “Non-GAAP Measures” below.
15	Adjusted dividend payout ratio is a non-GAAP financial measure. We believe that comparing the adjusted dividend payout ratio for different financial periods provides useful information about how well our net income supports our dividend payments. Adjusted dividend payout ratio is calculated by dividing dividends paid to stockholders by adjusted net income attributable to stockholders (non-GAAP measure). Adjusted dividend payout ratio is reconciled to the most directly comparable GAAP measures in our consolidated financial statements under “Non-GAAP Measures” below.
16	ROIC is a non-GAAP financial measure that we believe, by comparing on a trailing 12-month basis for different financial periods provides useful information about the after-tax return generated by our investments. We calculate ROIC as adjusted net income attributable to stockholders (non-GAAP measure) divided by average invested capital. We calculate average invested capital as the average long-term debt and average stockholders’ equity over a trailing 12-month period. ROIC is reconciled to the most directly comparable GAAP measures in our consolidated financial statements under “Non-GAAP Measures” below.

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Debt and credit facilities

At September 30, 2018, our short-term debt of $10.5 million consisted of borrowings under our committed revolving credit facilities and had a weighted average annual interest rate of 2.4%. This compares to current borrowings of $7.0 million at December 31, 2017 with a weighted average annual interest rate of 2.7%.

As at September 30, 2018, we had a total of $751.8 million of long-term debt with a weighted average annual interest rate of 5.0%. This compares to long-term debt of $812.9 million as at December 31, 2017 with a weighted average annual interest rate of 4.8%.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we made voluntary prepayments totalling $50.0 million on the term loan. Prepayments are applied against future scheduled mandatory payments. The amount available pursuant to the term loan facility was only available to finance the acquisition of IronPlanet and will not be available for other corporate purposes upon repayment of amounts borrowed under that facility.

On June 21, 2018, we reduced the amount available on our committed revolving credit facilities by $185.0 million. At September 30, 2018, our credit agreement with a syndicate of lenders, and Bank of America, N.A. as the administrative agent, provides us with:

· Revolving facilities of up to $490.0 million;

· The term loan facility used to finance the acquisition of IronPlanet; and

· At our election and subject to certain conditions, including receipt of related commitments, incremental term loan facilities and/or increases to the revolving facilities in an aggregate amount of up to $50.0 million.

As at September 30, 2018, we also had $10.0 million in credit facilities in certain foreign jurisdictions. It included $5.0 million of a committed, revolving credit facility that expires on October 27, 2021. The remaining $5.0 million was a demand facility that has no maturity date.

As at September 30, 2018, we had unused committed revolving credit facilities aggregating $477.0 million, of which $472.9 million is available until October 27, 2021.

Future scheduled principal and interest payments (assuming no changes in short-term rates from current levels) over the next five years relating to our long-term debt outstanding at September 30, 2018 are as follows:

(in U.S. $000's)	Scheduled payments by due period
	In 2018		In 2019		In 2020		In 2021		In 2022		Thereafter
On long-term debt:
Principal	$	2,311	$	13,868	$	18,490	$	231,366	$	-	$	500,000
Interest		2,788		37,770		37,088		34,698		26,875		67,188

Debt covenants

We were in compliance with all financial and other covenants applicable to our credit facilities at September 30, 2018.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have no off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future material effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, financial performance, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.

Critical Accounting Policies, Judgements, Estimates and Assumptions

Aside from the adoption of Topic 606, discussed below, there were no material changes in our critical accounting policies, judgements, estimates and assumptions from those disclosed in the following our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, or in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included in “Part I, Item 1: Consolidated Financial Statements” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

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Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted Topic 606 using the full retrospective method. The primary impact of the adoption of Topic 606 is the change in the presentation of revenue earned from inventory sales and ancillary and logistical services. These revenues are presented gross of the related expenses rather than net. There was no impact on the timing of revenues recognized, amount of operating income or net income, or on the consolidated balance sheet or consolidated statements of cash flows due to the adoption of Topic 606. Prior periods presented have been restated to conform with this new revenue standard.

The following table reconciles revenues as previously reported to total revenues under Topic 606:

	Prior to January 1, 2018		New Revenue Standard Adjustments				On and after January 1, 2018
(in U.S. $000's)	Revenues as previously reported (a)		Cost of inventory sold1 (b)		Ancillary and logistical service expenses2 (c)		Total revenues under the new standard (a)+(b)+(c)=(d)
Quarter ended:
December 31, 2017	$	178,785	$	98,895	$	14,070	$	291,750
September 30, 2017		141,047		72,476		13,878		227,401
June 30, 2017		166,186		71,726		14,701		252,613
March 31, 2017		124,499		63,401		11,527		199,427
Full year 2017	$	610,517	$	306,498	$	54,176	$	971,191

The following table reconciles cost of services as previously reported to cost of services under Topic 606:

	Prior to January 1, 2018		New Revenue Standard Adjustments		On and after January 1, 2018
(in U.S. $000's)	Costs of services (a)		Ancillary and logistical service expenses2 (b)		Costs of services under the new standard (a) + (b) = (c)
Quarter ended:
December 31, 2017	$	25,026	$	14,070	$	39,096
September 30, 2017		19,583		13,878		33,461
June 30, 2017		21,591		14,701		36,292
March 31, 2017		12,813		11,527		24,340
Full year 2017	$	79,013	$	54,176	$	133,189

(1) These amounts were historically disclosed under the Consolidated Financial Statement note entitled "Revenue" and are now presented on the face of our consolidated income statements effective January 1, 2018. Second and third quarter of 2017 amounts were restated in the fourth quarter of 2017 to conform with current presentation of certain government contracts.

(2) Effective January 1, 2018, ancillary and logistical service expenses are now reported within costs of services under the Consolidated Financial Statement note entitled "Operating Expenses".

For further details on Topic 606, refer to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 and the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2018 and June 30, 2018.

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Non-GAAP Measures

We reference various non-GAAP measures throughout this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. These measures do not have a standardized meaning and are, therefore, unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. The presentation of this financial information, which is not prepared under any comprehensive set of accounting rules or principles, is not intended to be considered in isolation of, or as a substitute for, the financial information prepared and presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

The following table presents our agency proceeds (non-GAAP measure) and agency proceeds adjusted operating income rate (non-GAAP measure) results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, as well as reconciles those metrics to total revenues and operating income margin, which are the most directly comparable GAAP measures in, or calculated from, our consolidated income statements:

(in U.S. $000's)	Three months ended September 30,									Nine months ended September 30,
							% Change									% Change
	2018			2017			2018 over 2017			2018			2017			2018 over 2017
Operating income	$	31,194		$	16,931			84	%	$	128,862		$	67,416			91	%
Pre-tax adjusting items:
Accelerated vesting of assumed options		-			-			-			-			4,752			(100	)%
Acquisition and finance structure advisory		-			-			-			-			9,063			(100	)%
Severance and retention		1,501			-			100	%		1,501			1,447			4	%
Impairment loss		-			-			-			-			8,911			(100	)%
Adjusted operating income (non-GAAP measure)		32,695			16,931			93	%		130,363			91,589			42	%
Total revenues		245,346			227,401			8	%		814,054			679,441			20	%
Less: cost of inventory sold		(74,341	)		(72,476	)		3	%		(231,834	)		(207,603	)		12	%
Less: ancillary and logistical service expenses		(11,682	)		(13,878	)		(16	)%		(46,242	)		(40,106	)		15	%
Agency proceeds (non-GAAP measure)	$	159,323		$	141,047			13	%	$	535,978		$	431,732			24	%
Operating income margin		12.7	%		7.4	%		530	bps		15.8	%		9.9	%		590	bps
Agency proceeds adjusted operating income rate (non-GAAP measure)		20.5	%		12.0	%		850	bps		24.3	%		21.2	%		310	bps

(1) Please refer to page 58 for a summary of adjusting items during the trailing 12-months ended September 30, 2018 and September 30, 2017.

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The following table presents our adjusted net income attributable to stockholders (non-GAAP measure) and diluted adjusted EPS attributable to stockholders (non-GAAP measure) results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, and 2017, as well as reconciles those metrics to net income attributable to stockholders and diluted EPS attributable to stockholders, which are the most directly comparable GAAP measures in our consolidated income statements:

(in U.S. $000's, except share and	Three months ended September 30,								Nine months ended September 30,
per share data)						% Change									% Change
	2018			2017		2018 over 2017			2018			2017			2018 over 2017
Net income attributable to stockholders	$	23,138		$	10,261		125	%	$	85,993		$	38,273			125	%
Pre-tax adjusting items:
Accelerated vesting of assumed options		-			-		-			-			4,752			(100	)%
Acquisition and finance structure advisory		-			-		-			-			9,063			(100	)%
Severance and retention		1,501			-		100	%		1,501			1,447			4	%
Gain on sale of equity accounted for investment		(4,935	)		-		100	%		(4,935	)		-			100	%
Impairment loss		-			-		-			-			8,911			(100	)%
Current income tax effect of adjusting items:
Acquisition and finance structure advisory		-			-		-			-			(2,447	)		(100	)%
Severance and retention		(376	)		-		100	%		(376	)		(564	)		(33	)%
Deferred income tax effect of adjusting items:
Impairment loss		-			-		-			-			(2,361	)		(100	)%
Current income tax adjusting item:
Change in uncertain tax provision		-			-		-			-			2,290			(100	)%
Adjusted net income attributable to stockholders (non-GAAP measure)	$	19,328		$	10,261		88	%	$	82,183		$	59,364			38	%
Effect of dilutive securities	$	-		$	-		-		$	-		$	(50	)		(100	)%
Weighted average number of dilutive shares outstanding		109,887,194			108,178,303		2	%		109,133,378			108,069,624			1	%
Diluted earnings per share attributable to stockholders	$	0.21		$	0.09		133	%		0.79			0.35			126	%
Diluted adjusted EPS attributable to stockholders (non-GAAP measure)	$	0.18		$	0.09		100	%		0.75			0.55			36	%

(1) Please refer to page 58 for a summary of adjusting items during the trailing 12-months ended September 30, 2018 and September 30, 2017.

Ritchie Bros. 52

The following table presents our adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP measure) and agency proceeds adjusted EBITDA rate (non-GAAP measure) results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, as well as reconciles those metrics to net income and net income margin, which are the most directly comparable GAAP measures in, or calculated from, our consolidated income statements:

(in U.S. $000's)	Three months ended September 30,									Nine months ended September 30,
							% Change									% Change
	2018			2017			2018 over 2017			2018			2017			2018 over 2017
Net income	$	23,112		$	10,323			124	%	$	86,046		$	38,469			124	%
Add: depreciation and amortization expenses		16,723			14,837			13	%		49,451			37,047			33	%
Add: interest expense		10,473			10,558			(1	)%		32,720			27,311			20	%
Less: interest income		(780	)		(517	)		51	%		(2,009	)		(2,459	)		(18	)%
Add: income tax expense		4,791			(3,358	)		243	%		19,091			7,982			139	%
Pre-tax adjusting items:
Accelerated vesting of assumed options		-			-			-			-			4,752			(100	)%
Acquisition and finance structure advisory		-			-			-			-			9,063			(100	)%
Severance and retention		1,501			-			100	%		1,501			1,447			4	%
Gain on sale of equity accounted for investment		(4,935	)		-			100	%		(4,935	)		-			100	%
Impairment loss		-			-			-			-			8,911			(100	)%
Adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP measure)		50,885			31,843			60	%		181,865			132,523			37	%
Total revenues		245,346			227,401			8	%		814,054			679,441			20	%
Less: cost of inventory sold		(74,341	)		(72,476	)		3	%		(231,834	)		(207,603	)		12	%
Less: ancillary and logistical service expenses		(11,682	)		(13,878	)		(16	)%		(46,242	)		(40,106	)		15	%
Agency proceeds (non-GAAP measure)	$	159,323		$	141,047			13	%	$	535,978		$	431,732			24	%
Net income margin		9.4	%		4.5	%		490	bps		10.6	%		5.7	%		490	bps
Agency proceeds adjusted EBITDA rate (non-GAAP measure)		31.9	%		22.6	%		930	bps		33.9	%		30.7	%		320	bps

(1) Please refer to page 58 for a summary of adjusting items during the trailing 12-months ended September 30, 2018 and September 30, 2017.

Ritchie Bros. 53

The following table presents our adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP measure) and adjusted net debt/adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP measure) results as at and for the 12 months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, as well as reconciles those metrics to debt, cash and cash equivalents, net income, and debt as a multiple of net income, which are the most directly comparable GAAP measures in, or calculated from, our consolidated financial statements.

(in U.S. $ millions)	As at and for the 12 months ended September 30,
							% Change
	2018			2017			2018 over 2017
Short-term debt	$	10.5		$	8.6			22	%
Long-term debt		751.8			817.9			(8	)%
Debt		762.3			826.5			(8	)%
Less: cash and cash equivalents		(228.8	)		(224.5	)		2	%
Adjusted net debt (non-GAAP measure)		533.5			602.0			(11	)%
Net income	$	122.9		$	66.4			85	%
Add: depreciation and amortization expenses		65.1			47.3			38	%
Add: interest expense		43.7			29.5			48	%
Less: interest income		(2.7	)		(3.0	)		(10	)%
Add: income tax expense		13.2			15.0			(12	)%
Pre-tax adjusting items:
Accelerated vesting of assumed options		-			4.8			(100	)%
Acquisition and finance structure advisory		-			9.1			(100	)%
Severance and retention		3.7			1.4			164	%
Gain on sale of equity accounted for investment		(4.9	)		-			100	%
Impairment loss		-			8.9			(100	)%
Debt extinguishment costs		-			6.8			(100	)%
Adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP measure)	$	241.0		$	186.2			29	%
Debt/net income		6.2	x		12.4	x		(50	)%
Adjusted net debt/adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP measure)		2.2	x		3.2	x		(31	)%

(1) Please refer to page 58 for a summary of adjusting items during the trailing 12-months ended September 30, 2018 and September 30, 2017.

Ritchie Bros. 54

The following table presents our A&M agency proceeds (non-GAAP measure) and A&M agency proceeds rate (non-GAAP measure) results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, and 2017, as well as reconciles those metrics to A&M total revenues and A&M revenue rate, which are the most directly comparable GAAP measures in, or calculated from, our consolidated financial statements:

(in U.S. $000's)	Three months ended September 30,									Nine months ended September 30,
							% Change									% Change
	2018			2017			2018 over 2017			2018			2017			2018 over 2017
A&M total revenues	$	218,576		$	202,718			8	%	$	725,394		$	608,169			19	%
Less: cost of inventory sold		(74,341	)		(72,476	)		3	%		(231,834	)		(207,603	)		12	%
A&M agency proceeds (non-GAAP measure)		144,235			130,242			11	%		493,560			400,566			23	%
GTV	$	1,039,427		$	1,019,322			2	%	$	3,626,551		$	3,173,050			14	%
A&M revenue rate		21.0	%		19.9	%		110	bps		20.0	%		19.2	%		80	bps
A&M agency proceeds rate (non-GAAP measure)		13.9	%		12.8	%		110	bps		13.6	%		12.6	%		100	bps

The following table presents our OFCF (non-GAAP measure) results on a trailing 12-month basis ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, as well as reconciles that metric to cash provided by operating activities and net capital spending, which are the most directly comparable GAAP measures in, or calculated from, our consolidated statements of cash flows:

(in U.S. $ millions)	12 months ended September 30,
							% Change
	2018			2017			2018 over 2017
Cash provided by operating activities	$	146.2		$	114.7			27	%
Property, plant and equipment additions		16.1			14.4			12	%
Intangible asset additions		27.5			26.0			6	%
Proceeds on disposition of property plant and equipment		(4.0	)		(6.9	)		(42	)%
Net capital spending	$	39.6		$	33.5			18	%
OFCF (non-GAAP measure)	$	106.6		$	81.2			31	%

Our adoption of ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments effective January 1, 2018. resulted in the $1.3 million Mascus contingent consideration paid in the second quarter of 2017 to be reclassified retrospectively from operating to financing cash flows, which is reflected in the $114.7 million.

Ritchie Bros. 55

The following table presents our adjusted net income attributable to stockholders (non-GAAP measure) and adjusted dividend payout ratio (non-GAAP measure) on a trailing 12-month basis ended September 30, 2018 and September 30, 2017, and reconciles those metrics to net income attributable to stockholders, and dividend payout ratio, which are the most directly comparable GAAP measures in, or calculated from, our consolidated financial statements:

(in U.S. $ millions)	12 months ended September 30,
							% Change
	2018			2017			2018 over 2017
Dividends paid to stockholders	$	74.3		$	72.7			2	%
Net income attributable to stockholders	$	122.7		$	66.1			86	%
Pre-tax adjusting items:
Accelerated vesting of assumed options		-			4.8			(100	)%
Acquisition and finance structure advisory		-			9.1			(100	)%
Severance and retention		3.7			1.4			164	%
Impairment loss		-			8.9			(100	)%
Debt extinguishment costs		-			6.8			(100	)%
Gain on sale of equity accounted for investment		(4.9	)		-			100	%
Current income tax effect of adjusting items:
Acquisition and finance structure advisory		-			(2.4	)		(100	)%
Severance and retention		(0.6	)		(0.6	)		-
Debt extinguishment costs		-			(1.8	)		(100	)%
Deferred income tax effect of adjusting items:
Severance and retention		(0.4	)		-			100	%
Impairment loss		-			(2.4	)		(100	)%
Current income tax adjusting item:
Change in uncertain tax provision		-			2.3			(100	)%
Deferred tax adjusting item:
Remeasurement of deferred taxes		(10.1	)		-			100	%
Adjusted net income attributable to stockholders (non-GAAP measure)	$	110.4		$	92.2			20	%
Dividend payout ratio		60.6	%		110.0	%		-4940	bps
Adjusted dividend payout ratio (non-GAAP measure)		67.3	%		78.9	%		-1160	bps

(1) Please refer to page 58 for a summary of adjusting items during the trailing 12-months ended September 30, 2018 and September 30, 2017.

Ritchie Bros. 56

The table on the following page presents our adjusted net income attributable to stockholders (non-GAAP measure) and ROIC (non-GAAP measure) results as at and for the 12-month period ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, and reconciles those metrics to net income attributable to stockholders, long-term debt, stockholders’ equity, and return on average invested capital, which are the most directly comparable GAAP measures in, or calculated from, our consolidated financial statements:

(in U.S. $ millions)	As at and for the 12 months ended September 30,
							% Change
	2018			2017			2018 over 2017
Net income attributable to stockholders	$	122.7		$	66.1			86	%
Pre-tax adjusting items:
Accelerated vesting of assumed options		-			4.8			(100	)%
Acquisition and finance structure advisory		-			9.1			(100	)%
Severance and retention		3.7			1.4			164	%
Impairment loss		-			8.9			(100	)%
Debt extinguishment costs		-			6.8			(100	)%
Gain on sale of equity accounted for investment		(4.9	)		-			100	%
Current income tax effect of adjusting items:
Acquisition and finance structure advisory		-			(2.4	)		(100	)%
Severance and retention		(0.6	)		(0.6	)		-
Debt extinguishment costs		-			(1.8	)		(100	)%
Deferred income tax effect of adjusting items:
Severance and retention		(0.4	)		-			100	%
Impairment loss		-			(2.4	)		(100	)%
Current income tax adjusting item:
Change in uncertain tax provision		-			2.3			(100	)%
Deferred tax adjusting item:
Remeasurement of deferred taxes		(10.1	)		-			100	%
Adjusted net income attributable to stockholders (non-GAAP measure)	$	110.4		$	92.2			20	%
Opening long-term debt	$	817.9		$	101.6			705	%
Ending long-term debt		751.8			817.9			(8	)%
Average long-term debt	$	784.9		$	459.8			71	%
Opening stockholders' equity	$	714.7		$	689.6			4	%
Ending stockholders' equity		815.5			714.7			14	%
Average stockholders' equity		765.1			702.2			9	%
					-
Average invested capital	$	1,550.0		$	1,162.0			33	%
Return on average invested capital (1)		7.9	%		5.7	%		220	bps
ROIC (non-GAAP measure)(2)		7.1	%		7.9	%		-80	bps

(1)	Calculated as net income attributable to stockholders divided by average invested capital.
(2)	Calculated as adjusted net income attributable to stockholders (non-GAAP measure) divided by adjusted average invested capital (non-GAAP measure).
(3)	Please refer to page 58 for a summary of adjusting items during the trailing 12-months ended September 30, 2018 and September 30, 2017.

Ritchie Bros. 57

The adjusting items during the trailing 12-months ended September 30, 2018 were:

Recognized in the third quarter of 2018

· $1.5 million ($1.1 million after tax, or $0.01 per diluted share) of severance and retention costs in a corporate reorganization that followed the Acquisition; and

· $4.9 million ($4.9 million after tax, or $0.04 per diluted share) due to gain on sale of an equity accounted for investment.

Recognized in the second quarter of 2018

There were no adjustment items recognized in the second quarter of 2018.

Recognized in the first quarter of 2018

There were no adjustment items recognized in the first quarter of 2018.

Recognized in the fourth quarter of 2017

· $2.2 million ($1.6 million after tax, or $0.02 per diluted share) of severance and retention costs in a corporate reorganization that followed the Acquisition; and

· $10.1 million (or $0.10 per diluted share) benefit on remeasurement of deferred taxes due to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act.

The adjusting items during the trailing 12-months ended September 30, 2017 were:

Recognized in the third quarter of 2017

There were no adjustment items recognized in the third quarter of 2017.

Recognized in the second quarter of 2017

· $4.8 million ($4.8 million after tax, or $0.04 per diluted share) of stock option compensation expense related to the accelerated vesting of certain IronPlanet stock options assumed as part of the Acquisition;

· $9.1 million ($6.6 million after tax, or $0.06 per diluted share) of acquisition and finance structure advisory costs;

· $1.4 million ($0.9 million after tax, or $0.01 per diluted share) of severance and retention costs in a corporate reorganization that followed the Acquisition; and

· $8.9 million ($6.6 million after tax, or $0.06 per diluted share) impairment loss recognized on various technology assets.

Recognized in the first quarter of 2017

· $2.3 million ($2.3 million after tax, or $0.02 per diluted share) charge related to the change in uncertain tax provisions.

Recognized in the fourth quarter of 2016

· $6.8 million ($5.0 million after tax, or $0.05 per diluted share) charge related to the early termination of pre-existing debt.

Ritchie Bros. 58

ITEM 3: QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

There have been no material changes to our market risk during the three months ended September 30, 2018 from those disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, which is available on our website at www.rbauction.com, on EDGAR at www.sec.gov, or on SEDAR at www.sedar.com.

ITEM 4: CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Management of the Company, including the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), have evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as at September 30, 2018. The term “disclosure controls and procedures” means controls and other procedures established by the Company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its CEO and CFO, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Based upon their evaluation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures, the CEO and the CFO concluded that the disclosure controls are effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including the CEO and CFO, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure and are effective to provide reasonable assurance that such information is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the SEC’s rules and forms.

The Company, including its CEO and CFO, does not expect that its internal controls and procedures will prevent or detect all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived or operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Management, with the participation of the CEO and CFO, concluded that there were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended September 30, 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Ritchie Bros. 59

PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1: LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

We have no material legal proceedings pending, other than ordinary routine litigation incidental to the business, and we do not know of any material proceedings contemplated by governmental authorities.

ITEM 1A: RISK FACTORS

Our business is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, and our past performance is no guarantee of our performance in future periods. In addition to the other information set forth in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, you should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties discussed in “Part I, Item 1A: Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, which is available on our website at www.rbauction.com, on EDGAR at www.sec.gov, or on SEDAR at www.sedar.com, before purchasing our common shares. Our business could also be affected by additional risks not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial. If any of the risks actually occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could materially suffer. As a result, the trading price of our common shares could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

There were no material changes in risk factors during the three months ended September 30, 2018.

ITEM 2: UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Pursuant to that certain Grant Agreement dated August 11, 2014, and as amended on May 1, 2017 and September 11, 2018, between the Company and Mr. Saligram (as more particularly described in the Company’s 2018 Proxy Statement filed on the EDGAR and SEDAR websites and posted on the Company’s website and the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 13, 2018), the Company granted to Mr. Saligram approximately 102,375 sign-on grant PSUs (“SOG PSUs”), which became eligible for vesting at a rate of 25% per year starting on the second anniversary of the grant date, with the actual number of units to vest to be determined based on achievement of pre-established performance criteria as set out therein. The third tranche of the SOG PSUs vested during the third quarter of 2018, pursuant to which Mr. Saligram was determined to be entitled to a payment, based on the Company’s absolute total shareholder return performance over the applicable period, net of applicable taxes, of $580,506. On September 19, 2018, the Company satisfied this payment obligation by issuing to Mr. Saligram 17,124 common shares in respect of the vested SOG PSUs.

ITEM 3: DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None

ITEM 4: MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

None

ITEM 5: OTHER INFORMATION

None

Ritchie Bros. 60

ITEM 6: EXHIBITS

Exhibits

The exhibits listed in below are filed as part of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and incorporated herein by reference.

Exhibit
Number	Document
10.1	Amendment No. 1 to Senior Executive Performance Share Unit Plan, dated August 8, 2018.
10.2	Amendment No. 1 to Employee Performance Share Unit Plan, dated August 8, 2018.
10.3	Amendment No. 2 to Grant Agreement dated September 11, 2018 (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 13, 2018).
31.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
31.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
32.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	RITCHIE BROS. AUCTIONEERS INCORPORATED
Dated: November 8, 2018	By:	/s/ Ravichandra K. Saligram
		Ravichandra K. Saligram
		Chief Executive Officer
Dated: November 8, 2018	By:	/s/ Sharon R. Driscoll
		Sharon R. Driscoll
		Chief Financial Officer

Ritchie Bros. 61

EX-10.1

Exhibit 10.1

AMENDMENT NO. 1

TO THE

RITCHIE BROS. AUCTIONEERS INCORPORATED

SENIOR EXECUTIVE PERFORMANCE SHARE UNIT PLAN

(MARCH 2015)

The Board of Directors of Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated (the “Corporation”), pursuant to its authority to amend the Senior Executive Performance Share Unit Plan (the “Plan”) contained in Section 9.11(a) of the Plan, hereby adopts this Amendment No. 1 to the Plan as of August 8, 2018 (this “Amendment”).

1. Section 6.5 of the Plan is hereby deleted and replaced in its entirety as follows:

“6.5 Time of Payment

Subject to section 6.4, amounts payable pursuant to section 6.1 will be paid as soon as practicable following the date on which the PSUs vest after the Corporation has determined the number of PSUs that have vested. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if payment of any amount pursuant to this section 6.5 would otherwise occur at any time during which a Participant may be in possession of undisclosed material information regarding the Corporation, or at any time during which, pursuant to any insider or securities trading policy of the Corporation, the ability of a Participant to trade in securities of the Corporation may be restricted, unless the Committee otherwise determines, payment will be postponed to the date which is five days after the later of (i) the date on which the Participant is no longer in possession of material undisclosed information or (ii) the date on which the ability of the Participant to trade in securities of the Corporation is not restricted.”

2. Remaining Provisions. All other provisions of the Plan remain in full force and effect, unmodified by this Amendment.

3. Miscellaneous. Capitalized terms used herein without definitions have the meanings given to them in the Plan, except where the context requires otherwise.

EX-10.2

Exhibit 10.2

AMENDMENT NO. 1

TO THE

RITCHIE BROS AUCTIONEERS INCORPORATED

EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE SHARE UNIT PLAN

(MARCH 2015)

The Board of Directors of Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated (the “Corporation”), pursuant to its authority to amend the Employee Performance Share Unit Plan (the “Plan”) contained in Section 9.11(a) of the Plan, hereby adopts this Amendment No. 1 to the Plan as of August 8, 2018 (this “Amendment”).

1. Section 6.5 of the Plan is hereby deleted and replaced in its entirety as follows:

“6.5 Time of Payment

Subject to section 6.4, amounts payable pursuant to section 6.1 will be paid as soon as practicable following the date on which the PSUs vest after the Corporation has determined the number of PSUs that have vested. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if payment of any amount pursuant to this section 6.5 would otherwise occur at any time during which a Participant may be in possession of undisclosed material information regarding the Corporation, or at any time during which, pursuant to any insider or securities trading policy of the Corporation, the ability of a Participant to trade in securities of the Corporation may be restricted, unless the Committee otherwise determines, payment will be postponed to the date which is five days after the later of (i) the date on which the Participant is no longer in possession of material undisclosed information or (ii) the date on which the ability of the Participant to trade in securities of the Corporation is not restricted.”

2. Remaining Provisions. All other provisions of the Plan remain in full force and effect, unmodified by this Amendment.

3. Miscellaneous. Capitalized terms used herein without definitions have the meanings given to them in the Plan, except where the context requires otherwise.

EX-31.1

EXHIBIT 31.1

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER
PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(a) OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

I, Ravichandra K. Saligram, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November 8, 2018

/s/ Ravichandra K. Saligram

Ravichandra K. Saligram

Chief Executive Officer

EX-31.2

EXHIBIT 31.2

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER
PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(a) OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

I, Sharon R. Driscoll, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November 8, 2018

/s/ Sharon R. Driscoll

Sharon R. Driscoll

Chief Financial Officer

EX-32.1

EXHIBIT 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. §1350
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated (the "Company") on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2018, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), I, Ravichandra K. Saligram, Chief Executive Officer, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: November 8, 2018

/s/ Ravichandra K. Saligram

Ravichandra K. Saligram

Chief Executive Officer

EX-32.2

EXHIBIT 32.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. §1350
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated (the "Company") on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2018, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), I, Sharon R. Driscoll, Chief Financial Officer, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: November 8, 2018

/s/ Sharon R. Driscoll

Sharon R. Driscoll

Chief Financial Officer

XML

Document and Entity Information - shares	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Nov. 07, 2018
Document And Entity Information [Abstract]
Entity Registrant Name	Ritchie Bros Auctioneers Inc
Entity Central Index Key	0001046102
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Document Type	10-Q
Document Period End Date	Sep. 30, 2018
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2018
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q3
Amendment Flag	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		108,644,431
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Small Business	false

XML

Condensed Consolidated Income Statements - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017
Revenues:
Total revenues	$ 245,346	$ 227,401	$ 814,054	$ 679,441
Operating expenses:
Costs of services	33,053	33,461	112,743	94,093
Cost of inventory sold	74,341	72,476	231,834	207,603
Selling, general and administrative expenses	88,323	85,335	287,052	230,287
Acquisition-related costs	2,007	3,587	5,039	35,162
Depreciation and amortization expenses	16,723	14,837	49,451	37,047
Gain on disposition of property, plant and equipment	(342)	(42)	(958)	(1,071)
Impairment loss				8,911
Foreign exchange loss (gain)	47	816	31	(7)
Total operating expenses	214,152	210,470	685,192	612,025
Operating income	31,194	16,931	128,862	67,416
Interest expense	(10,473)	(10,558)	(32,720)	(27,311)
Other income, net	7,182	592	8,995	6,346
Income before income taxes	27,903	6,965	105,137	46,451
Income tax expense (recovery)	4,791	(3,358)	19,091	7,982
Net income	23,112	10,323	86,046	38,469
Net income (loss) attributable to:
Stockholders	23,138	10,261	85,993	38,273
Non-controlling interests	$ (26)	$ 62	$ 53	$ 196
Earnings per share attributable to stockholders:
Basic	$ 0.21	$ 0.10	$ 0.80	$ 0.36
Diluted	$ 0.21	$ 0.09	$ 0.79	$ 0.35
Weighted average number of shares outstanding:
Basic	108,365,427	107,120,618	107,811,391	106,993,358
Diluted	109,887,194	108,178,303	109,133,378	108,069,624
Service Revenues [Member]
Revenues:
Total revenues	$ 161,374	$ 145,938	$ 551,736	$ 442,066
Revenue from Inventory Sales [Member]
Revenues:
Total revenues	$ 83,972	$ 81,463	$ 262,318	$ 237,375

XML

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Net income	$ 23,112	$ 10,323	$ 86,046	$ 38,469
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustment	3	6,009	(7,781)	22,822
Total comprehensive income	23,115	16,332	78,265	61,291
Total comprehensive income (loss) attributable to:
Stockholders	23,145	16,256	78,234	61,045
Non-controlling interests	$ (30)	$ 76	$ 31	$ 246

XML

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 228,764	$ 267,910
Restricted cash	75,281	63,206
Trade and other receivables	247,972	92,105
Inventory	84,789	38,238
Other current assets	40,236	27,610
Income taxes receivable	8,589	19,418
Total current assets	685,631	508,487
Property, plant and equipment	504,738	526,581
Equity-accounted investments	4,206	7,408
Other non-current assets	26,549	24,146
Intangible assets	251,422	261,094
Goodwill	673,191	670,922
Deferred tax assets	23,729	18,674
Total assets	2,169,466	2,017,312
Liabilities and Equity
Auction proceeds payable	325,985	199,245
Trade and other payables	179,659	164,553
Income taxes payable	6,999	732
Short-term debt	10,532	7,018
Current portion of long-term debt	11,556	16,907
Total current liabilities	534,731	388,455
Long-term debt	740,222	795,985
Other non-current liabilities	39,436	46,773
Deferred tax liabilities	33,601	32,334
Total liabilities	1,347,990	1,263,547
Commitments
Contingencies
Contingently redeemable performance share units	864	9,014
Share capital:
Common stock; no par value, unlimited shares authorized, issued and outstanding shares: 108,601,417 (December 31, 2017: 107,269,783)	179,348	138,582
Additional paid-in capital	53,941	41,005
Retained earnings	632,496	602,609
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(50,273)	(42,514)
Stockholders' equity	815,512	739,682
Non-controlling interest	5,100	5,069
Total stockholders' equity	820,612	744,751
Total liabilities and equity	$ 2,169,466	$ 2,017,312

XML

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets [Abstract]
Common stock, no par value
Common stock, Shares Authorized, Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited
Common stock, issued shares	108,601,417	107,269,783
Common stock, outstanding shares	108,601,417	107,269,783

XML

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity - 9 months ended Sep. 30, 2018 - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Common stock [Member]	Additional paid-in capital ("APIC") [Member]	Retained earnings [Member]	Accumulated other comprehensive loss [Member]	Non-controlling interest ("NCI") [Member]	Contingently Redeemable Performance Share Units [Member]	Total
Balance at Dec. 31, 2017	$ 138,582	$ 41,005	$ 602,609	$ (42,514)	$ 5,069		$ 744,751
Balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2017	107,269,783
Contingently redeemable Performance share units, Balance at Dec. 31, 2017						$ 9,014	9,014
Net income			85,993		53		86,046
Other comprehensive loss				(7,759)	(22)		(7,781)
Comprehensive income			85,993	(7,759)	31		78,265
Stock option exercises	$ 34,876	(7,804)					$ 27,072
Stock option exercises, shares	1,154,541						1,154,541
Issuance of common stock related to vesting of share units	$ 5,890	(1,662)	(326)			(7,803)	$ 3,902
Issuance of common stock related to vesting of share units, shares	177,093
Stock option compensation expense		6,711					6,711
Modification of PSUs		12,365	958			(6,622)	13,323
Equity-classified PSU expense		3,153				5,826	3,153
Equity-classified PSU dividend equivalents		173	(514)			341	(341)
Change in fair value of contingently redeemable PSUs			(108)			108	(108)
Cash dividends paid			(56,116)				(56,116)
Balance at Sep. 30, 2018	$ 179,348	$ 53,941	$ 632,496	$ (50,273)	$ 5,100		820,612
Balance, shares at Sep. 30, 2018	108,601,417
Contingently redeemable Performance share units, Balance at Sep. 30, 2018						$ 864	$ 864

XML

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017
Operating activities:
Net income	$ 86,046	$ 38,469
Adjustments for items not affecting cash:
Depreciation and amortization expenses	49,451	37,047
Impairment loss		8,911
Stock option compensation expense	6,711	10,996
Equity-classified PSU expense	8,978	1,871
Deferred income tax expense (recovery)	(3,774)	(9,583)
Unrealized foreign exchange loss (gain)	501	(1,011)
Amortization of debt issuance costs	3,032	2,058
Gain on disposition of equity investment	(4,935)
Other, net	(4,636)	(2,090)
Net changes in operating assets and liabilities	(44,227)	11,849
Net cash provided by operating activities	97,147	98,517
Investing activities:
Acquisition of IronPlanet, net of cash acquired		(675,851)
Property, plant and equipment additions	(13,394)	(8,086)
Intangible asset additions	(19,410)	(20,482)
Proceeds on disposition of property, plant and equipment	2,524	3,487
Proceeds on disposal of equity investment	6,147
Other, net	(4,674)	(667)
Net cash used in investing activities	(28,807)	(701,599)
Financing activities:
Dividends paid to stockholders	(56,116)	(54,558)
Dividends paid to NCI		(41)
Issuances of share capital	27,072	7,934
Payment of withholding taxes on issuance of shares	(3,901)
Proceeds from short-term debt	6,949	6,850
Repayment of short-term debt	(3,372)	(22,793)
Proceeds from long-term debt		325,000
Repayment of long-term debt	(58,825)	(104,729)
Debt issue costs		(12,624)
Repayment of finance lease obligations	(2,827)	(1,565)
Other, net	(1,176)	(1,431)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	(92,196)	142,043
Effect of changes in foreign currency rates on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	(3,215)	17,270
Decrease	(27,071)	(443,769)
Beginning of period	331,116	758,089
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of period	$ 304,045	$ 314,320

XML

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

1.  Summary of significant accounting policies

Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated and its subsidiaries (collectively referred to as the “Company”) provide global asset management and disposition services, offering customers end-to-end solutions for buying and selling used industrial equipment and other durable assets through its live unreserved auctions and online reserved and unreserved marketplaces, listing services, and private brokerage services.  Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated is a company incorporated in Canada under the Canada Business Corporations Act, whose shares are publicly traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange (“TSX”) and the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”).

(a) Basis of preparation

These unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“US GAAP”). They include the accounts of Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated and its subsidiaries from their respective dates of formation or acquisition. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

Certain information and footnote disclosure required by US GAAP for complete annual financial statements have been omitted and, therefore, these unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2017, included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). In the opinion of management, these unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements reflect all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, which are necessary to present fairly, in all material respects, the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, cash flows and changes in equity for the interim periods presented. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

(b) Revenue recognition

Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) using the full retrospective method, which included restating prior years for comparative amounts. This new accounting policy resulted in a change in the financial statement presentation only on the income statement, as described in Note 1(i) New and amended accounting standards in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Revenues are comprised of:

· Service revenues, including the following:

i. Revenue from auction and marketplace (“A&M”) activities, including commissions earned at our live auctions, online marketplaces, and private brokerage services where we act as an agent for consignors of equipment and other assets, and various auction-related fees, including listing and buyer transaction fees; and

ii. Other services revenues, including revenues from listing services, refurbishment, logistical services, financing, appraisal fees and other ancillary service fees; and

· Revenue from inventory sales as part of A&M activities

The Company recognizes revenue when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to our customers, or upon completion of the performance obligation, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. For live event-based auctions or online auctions, revenue is recognized when the auction sale is complete and the Company has determined that the sale proceeds are collectible.  Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable and is shown net of value-added tax and duties. 

1.  Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(b) Revenue recognition (continued)

Service revenues

Commissions from sales at the Company’s auctions represent the percentage earned by the Company on the gross proceeds from equipment and other assets sold at auction. The majority of the Company’s commissions are earned as a pre-negotiated fixed rate of the gross selling price. Other commissions from sales at the Company’s auctions are earned from underwritten commission contracts, when the Company guarantees a certain level of proceeds to a consignor. 

The Company accepts equipment and other assets on consignment stimulating buyer interest through professional marketing techniques, and matches sellers (also known as consignors) to buyers through the auction or private sale process.  Prior to offering an item for sale on its online marketplaces, the Company also performs inspections.

Following the sale of the item, the Company invoices the buyer for the purchase price of the asset, taxes, and, if applicable, the buyer transaction fee, collects payment from the buyer, and remits the proceeds to the seller, net of the seller commissions, applicable taxes, and applicable fees. Commissions are calculated as a percentage of the hammer price of the property sold at auction. Fees are also charged to sellers for listing and inspecting equipment. Other revenues earned in the process of conducting the Company’s auctions include administrative, documentation, and advertising fees.

On the fall of the auctioneer’s hammer, the highest bidder becomes legally obligated to pay the full purchase price, which is the hammer price of the property purchased and the seller is legally obligated to relinquish the property in exchange for the hammer price less any seller’s commissions. Commission and fee revenues are recognized on the date of the auction sale upon the fall of the auctioneer’s hammer. 

Under the standard terms and conditions of its auction sales, the Company is not obligated to pay a consignor for property that has not been paid for by the buyer, provided the property has not been released to the buyer. If the buyer defaults on its payment obligation, also referred to as a collapsed sale, the sale is cancelled in the period in which the determination is made, and the property is returned to the consignor or placed in a later event-based or online auction. Historically cancelled sales have not been material.

Online marketplace commission revenue is reduced by a provision for disputes, which is an estimate of disputed items that are expected to be settled at a cost to the Company, related to settlements of discrepancies under the Company’s equipment condition certification program. The equipment condition certification refers to a written inspection report provided to potential buyers that reflects the condition of a specific piece of equipment offered for sale, and includes ratings, comments, and photographs of the equipment following inspection by one of the Company’s equipment inspectors. The equipment condition certification provides that a buyer may file a written dispute claim during an eligible dispute period for consideration and resolution at the sole determination of the Company if the purchased equipment is not substantially in the condition represented in the inspection report. Typically disputes under the equipment condition certification program are settled with minor repairs or additional services, such as washing or detailing the item; the estimated costs of such items or services are included in the provision for disputes.

Commission revenues are recorded net of commissions owed to third parties, which are principally the result of situations when the commission is shared with a consignor or with the counterparty in an auction guarantee risk and reward sharing arrangement. Additionally, in certain situations, commissions are shared with third parties who introduce the Company to consignors who sell property at auction.

1.  Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(b) Revenue recognition (continued)

Service revenues (continued)

Underwritten commission contracts can take the form of guarantee contracts. Guarantee contracts typically include a pre-negotiated percentage of the guaranteed gross proceeds plus a percentage of proceeds in excess of the guaranteed amount. If actual auction proceeds are less than the guaranteed amount, commission is reduced; if proceeds are sufficiently lower, the Company can incur a loss on the sale. Losses, if any, resulting from guarantee contracts are recorded in the period in which the relevant auction is completed. If a loss relating to a guarantee contract held at the period end to be sold after the period end is known or is probable and estimable at the financial statement reporting date, the loss is accrued in the financial statements for that period. The Company’s exposure from these guarantee contracts fluctuates over time. 

Other services revenue also includes fees for refurbishment, logistical services, financing, appraisal fees and other ancillary service fees. Fees are recognized in the period in which the service is provided to the customer. 

Revenue on inventory sales

Underwritten commission contracts can take the form of inventory contracts. Revenues related to inventory contracts are recognized in the period in which the sale is completed, title to the property passes to the purchaser and the Company has fulfilled any other obligations that may be relevant to the transaction. In its role as auctioneer, the Company auctions its inventory to equipment buyers through the auction process. Following the sale of the item, the Company invoices the buyer for the purchase price of the asset, taxes, and, if applicable, the buyer transaction fee, and collects payment from the buyer.

On the fall of the auctioneer’s hammer, the highest bidder becomes legally obligated to pay the full purchase price, which is the hammer price of the property purchased. Title to the property is transferred in exchange for the hammer price, and if applicable, the buyer transaction fee plus applicable taxes.

(c) Cost of services

Costs of services are comprised of expenses incurred in direct relation to conducting auctions (“direct expenses”), earning online marketplace revenues, and earning other fee revenues. Direct expenses include direct labour, buildings and facilities charges, and travel, advertising and promotion costs.

Costs of services incurred to earn online marketplace revenues in addition to the costs listed above also include inspection costs. Inspections are generally performed at the seller’s physical location. The cost of inspections includes payroll costs and related benefits for the Company’s employees that perform and manage field inspection services, the related inspection report preparation and quality assurance costs, fees paid to contractors who perform field inspections, related travel and incidental costs for the Company’s inspection service organization, and office and occupancy costs for its inspection services personnel. Costs of earning online marketplace revenues also include costs for the Company’s customer support, online marketplace operations, logistics, title and lien investigation functions, and lease and operations costs related to the Company’s third-party data centers at which its websites are hosted.

Costs of services incurred in earning other fee revenues include ancillary and logistical service expenses, direct labour (including commissions on sales), software maintenance fees, and materials. Costs of services exclude depreciation and amortization expenses.

(d) Cost of inventory sold

Cost of inventory sold includes the purchase price of assets sold for the Company’s own account and is determined using a specific identification basis.

1.  Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(e) Share-based payments

The Company classifies a share-based payment award as an equity or liability payment based on the substantive terms of the award and any related arrangement.

Equity-classified share-based payments

Share unit plans

The Company has a senior executive performance share unit (“PSU”) plan and an employee PSU plan that provides for the award of PSUs to certain senior executives and employees, respectively, of the Company. The Company has the option to settle certain share unit awards in cash or shares and expects to settle them in shares. The cost of PSUs granted is measured at the fair value of the underlying PSUs at the grant date using a Monte-Carlo simulation model.  PSUs vest based on the passage of time and achievement of performance criteria. 

The Company also has a senior executive restricted share unit (“RSU”) plan and an employee RSU plan that provides for the award of RSUs to certain senior executives and employees, respectively, of the Company.  The Company has the option to settle certain share unit awards in cash or shares and expects to settle all grants on and after 2017 in shares.  The cost of RSUs granted is measured using the volume weighted average price of the Company’s common shares for the twenty days prior to the grant date.  RSUs vest based on the passage of time and include restrictions related to employment. 

This fair value of awards expected to vest under these plans is expensed over the respective remaining service period of the individual awards, on an accelerated recognition basis, with the corresponding increase to APIC recorded in equity. At the end of each reporting period, the Company revises its estimate of the number of equity instruments expected to vest. The impact of the revision of the original estimates, if any, is recognized in earnings, such that the consolidated expense reflects the revised estimate, with a corresponding adjustment to equity. Dividend equivalents on the equity-classified PSUs and RSUs are recognized as a reduction to retained earnings over the service period.

In previous quarters, the RSUs and PSUs awarded under the senior executive and employee PSU plans were intended to be settled in cash in the event of death of the participant. At its August 2018 meeting, the Board of Directors resolved that, with respect to each of the RSU and PSU plans, there will be no preference or default in favour of cash settlement and, pursuant to the discretion granted under each plan, the Compensation Committee of the Board will determine whether to settle the awards in cash or in shares in the event of death of the participant. The Company intends to settle in shares. Prior to such resolution, the contingently redeemable portion representing the amount that would be redeemable based on the conditions at the date of grant, to the extent attributable to prior service, was recognized as temporary equity. As a result of the resolution, that portion has been reclassified to additional paid in capital during the quarter.

Stock option plans

The Company has three stock option compensation plans that provide for the award of stock options to selected employees, directors and officers of the Company. The cost of options granted is measured at the fair value of the underlying option at the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The fair value of options expected to vest under these plans is expensed over the respective remaining service period of the individual awards, on an accelerated recognition basis, with the corresponding increase to APIC recorded in equity.  Upon exercise, any consideration paid on exercise of the stock options and amounts fully amortized in APIC are credited to the common shares.

1.  Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(e) Share-based payments (continued)

Liability-classified share-based payments

The Company maintains other share unit compensation plans that vest over a period of up to three years after grant. Under those plans, the Company is either required or expects to settle vested awards on a cash basis or by providing cash to acquire shares on the open market on the employee’s behalf, where the settlement amount is determined using the volume weighted average price of the Company’s common shares for the twenty days prior to the vesting date or, in the case of deferred share unit (“DSU”) recipients, following cessation of service on the Board of Directors.

These awards are classified as liability awards, measured at fair value at the date of grant and re-measured at fair value at each reporting date up to and including the settlement date. The determination of the fair value of the share units under these plans is described in note 18. The fair value of the awards is expensed over the respective vesting period of the individual awards with recognition of a corresponding liability. Changes in fair value after vesting are recognized through compensation expense. Compensation expense reflects estimates of the number of instruments expected to vest.

The impact of forfeitures and fair value revisions, if any, are recognized in earnings such that the cumulative expense reflects the revisions, with a corresponding adjustment to the settlement liability. Liability-classified share unit liabilities due within 12 months of the reporting date are presented in trade and other payables while settlements due beyond 12 months of the reporting date are presented in non-current liabilities.

(f) Inventories

Inventory consists of equipment and other assets purchased for resale in an upcoming live on site auction or online marketplace event. The Company purchases inventory for resale through a competitive process where the consignor or vendor has determined this to be the preferred method of disposition through the auction process. In addition, certain jurisdictions require auctioneers to hold title to assets and facilitate title transfer on sale. Inventory is valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value where net realizable value represents the expected sale price upon disposition less make-ready costs and the costs of disposal and transportation. The significant elements of cost include the acquisition price of the inventory and make-ready costs to prepare the inventory for sale that are not selling expenses and in-bound transportation costs. Write-downs to the carrying value of inventory are recorded in cost of inventory sold on the consolidated income statement.

(g) Impairment of long-lived and indefinite-lived assets

Long-lived assets, comprised of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets subject to amortization, are assessed for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable. For the purpose of impairment testing, long-lived assets are grouped and tested for recoverability at the lowest level that generates independent cash flows.  An impairment loss is recognized when the carrying value of the assets or asset groups is greater

than the future projected undiscounted cash flows. The impairment loss is calculated as the excess of the carrying value over the fair value of the asset or asset group. Fair value is based on valuation techniques or third-party appraisals. Significant estimates and judgments are applied in determining these cash flows and fair values.

1. Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(g) Impairment of long-lived and indefinite-lived assets (continued)

Indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested annually for impairment as of December 31, and between annual tests if indicators of potential impairment exist. The Company has the option of performing a qualitative assessment to first determine whether the quantitative impairment test is necessary. This involves an assessment of qualitative factors to determine the existence of events or circumstances that would indicate whether it is more likely than not that the carrying amount of the indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its fair value. If the qualitative assessment indicates it is not more likely than not that the carrying amount is less than its fair value, a quantitative impairment test is not required. Where a quantitative impairment test is required, the procedure is to compare the indefinite-lived intangible asset’s fair value with its carrying amount. An impairment loss is recognized as the difference between the indefinite-lived intangible asset’s carrying amount and its fair value.

(h) Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price of an acquired enterprise over the fair value assigned to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination.

Goodwill is not amortized, but it is tested annually for impairment at the reporting unit level as of December 31 and between annual tests if indicators of potential impairment exist. The Company has the option of performing a qualitative assessment of a reporting unit to first determine whether the quantitative impairment test is necessary. This involves an assessment of qualitative factors to determine the existence of events or circumstances that would indicate whether it is more likely than not that the carrying amount of the reporting unit to which goodwill belongs is less than its fair value. If the qualitative assessment indicates it is not more likely than not that the reporting unit’s carrying amount is less than its fair value, a quantitative impairment test is not required.

If a quantitative impairment test is required, the procedure is to identify potential impairment by comparing the reporting unit’s fair value with its carrying amount, including goodwill. The reporting unit’s fair value is determined using various valuation approaches and techniques that involve assumptions based on what the Company believes a hypothetical marketplace participant would use in estimating fair value on the measurement date. An impairment loss is recognized as the difference between the reporting unit’s carrying amount and its fair value. If the difference between the reporting unit’s carrying amount and fair value is greater than the amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit, the impairment loss is restricted by the amount of the goodwill allocated to the reporting unit.

(i) New and amended accounting standards

(i) Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606).  The Company implemented the new standard using a full retrospective method, in order to provide more useful comparative information to financial statement users. 

The primary impact of the adoption of ASU 2014-09 is the change in the presentation of revenue from inventory, ancillary service, and logistical services contracts on a gross basis as a principal versus net as an agent. This is due to the new standard requiring an entity to determine whether the entity controls the specified good or service before transfer to the customer, with the entity being principal in these transactions. Prior to adopting ASU 2014-09, an entity evaluated indicators to determine if it was a principal or agent. As the Company determined that it controls the inventory and provision of ancillary and logistical services before transfer to its customers, the Company concluded that it was acting as a principal rather than an agent.  As a result of adoption of the new accounting standard there was no impact on the timing of recognition of revenue, operating income, net income, or on the consolidated balance sheet or consolidated statement of cash flows.

1.  Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(i) New and amended accounting standards (continued)

Presenting revenue from inventory sales on a gross basis and presenting ancillary and logistical services revenues on a gross basis significantly changes the face of the Company’s consolidated income statement in two primary ways:

1) Prior to the adoption of ASU 2014-09, all revenue from inventory sales were presented net of costs within service revenues on the income statement. With the adoption of ASU 2014-09, the Company has presented separately revenue from inventory sales and service revenue and accordingly service revenues exclude revenue from inventory sales and cost of inventory sold. Those amounts are now presented gross as separate line items on the face of the consolidated income statement; and

2) Ancillary and logistical service revenues are presented within service revenues, now on a gross basis, with the related costs of services presented separately within costs of services.

Impact to reported results

The new presentation based on ASU 2014-09 results in an increase the amount of revenue reported but there is no change in the operating income compared to the prior presentation:

Three months ended September 30, 2017
Consolidated income statement line item	As reported		New Revenue Standard Adjustment		Consolidated income statement line item	As Adjusted
Revenues	$	141,047	$	4,891	Service revenues	$	145,938
				81,463	Revenue from inventory sales		81,463
				86,354	Total revenues		227,401
Costs of services, excluding D&A		(19,583)		(13,878)	Costs of services		(33,461)
				(72,476)	Cost of inventory sold		(72,476)
	$	121,464	$	-		$	121,464

Nine months ended September 30, 2017
Consolidated income statement line item	As reported		New Revenue Standard Adjustment		Consolidated income statement line item	As Adjusted
Revenues	$	431,732	$	10,334	Service revenues	$	442,066
				237,375	Revenue from inventory sales		237,375
				247,709	Total revenues		679,441
Costs of services, excluding D&A		(53,987)		(40,106)	Costs of services		(94,093)
				(207,603)	Cost of inventory sold		(207,603)
	$	377,745	$	-		$	377,745

(ii)  Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. ASU 2016-15 identifies how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. The amendments are applied retrospectively on the amendment date. The adoption of ASU 2016-15 resulted in the $1,302,000 Mascus contingent consideration paid in the second quarter of 2017 to be reclassified from operating to financing cash flows.

1. Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(j) Recent accounting standards not yet adopted

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which requires lessees to recognize almost all leases, including operating leases, on the balance sheet through a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability. For short-term leases, defined as those with a term of 12 months or less, the lessee is permitted to make an accounting policy election not to recognize the lease assets and liabilities, and instead recognize the lease expense generally on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The accounting treatment under this election is consistent with current operating lease accounting. No extensive amendments were made to lessor accounting, but amendments of note include changes to the definition of initial direct costs and accounting for collectability uncertainties in a lease.

ASU 2016-02 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. The Company plans to adopt the standard effective January 1, 2019. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements, which provides an “optional transition method”. The Company can transition to the new standard by using a “modified retrospective transition”, which reflects the new guidance from the beginning of the earliest period presented in the financial statements or the “optional transition method”, which permits the Company to apply the new lease standard at the adoption date and recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption. If the optional transition method is utilized, the Company’s reporting for the comparative periods presented in the financial statements in which it adopts Topic 842 will continue to be reported pursuant to Topic 840. The Company is evaluating which transition approach it intends to apply and will conclude on the transition approach in the fourth quarter of 2018.

The Company will utilize the package of practical expedients permitted within the new standard, which among other things, allows the Company to carryforward the historical lease classification. In addition, the Company will elect the hindsight practical expedient to determine the reasonably certain lease term for existing leases. While lease classification will remain unchanged, hindsight will result in generally longer accounting lease terms and useful lives of the corresponding leasehold improvements. The Company will elect not to recognize the lease assets and liabilities for leases with an initial term of 12 months or less and will recognize those lease payments on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

The Company is continuing to assess the impact of the standard and we expect total liabilities to increase with an offsetting increase to leased assets. The Company does not believe the standard will materially affect our consolidated net earnings.

We do not expect the standard to impact on our debt-covenant compliance under our current agreements.

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Significant Judgments, Estimates and Assumptions

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Significant Judgments, Estimates and Assumptions [Abstract]

Significant Judgments, Estimates and Assumptions

2.  Significant judgments, estimates and assumptions

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period.

Future differences arising between actual results and the judgments, estimates and assumptions made by the Company at the reporting date, or future changes to estimates and assumptions, could necessitate adjustments to the underlying reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses in future reporting periods.

Judgments, estimates and underlying assumptions are evaluated on an ongoing basis by management, and are based on historical experience and other factors including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Existing circumstances and assumptions about future developments, however, may change due to market changes or circumstance and such changes are reflected in the assumptions when they occur. Significant items subject to estimates include purchase price allocations, the carrying amounts of goodwill, the useful lives of long-lived assets, share based compensation, deferred income taxes, reserves for tax uncertainties, and other contingencies.

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Seasonality

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Seasonality [Abstract]

Seasonality

3.  Seasonality

The Company’s operations are both seasonal and event driven. Revenues tend to be the highest during the second and fourth calendar quarters. The Company generally conducts more live, on site auctions during these quarters than during the first and third calendar quarters. Late December through mid-February and mid-July through August are traditionally less active periods. Online volumes are similarly affected as supply of used equipment is lower in the third quarter as it is actively being used and not available for sale.

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Segment Information

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Segment Information [Abstract]

Segment Information

4.  Segment information

The Company’s principal business activity is the management and disposition of used industrial equipment and other durable assets. The Company’s operations are comprised of one reportable segment and other business activities that are not reportable as follows:

· Auctions and Marketplaces – This is the Company’s only reportable segment, which consists of the Company’s live on site auctions, its online auctions and marketplaces, and its brokerage service;

· Other includes the results of Ritchie Bros. Financial Services (“RBFS”), Mascus online services, and the results from various value-added services and make-ready activities, including the Company’s equipment refurbishment services, Asset Appraisal Services, and Ritchie Bros. Logistical Services.

		Three months ended September 30, 2018						Nine months ended September 30, 2018
	A&M		Other		Consolidated		A&M		Other		Consolidated
Service revenues	$	134,604	$	26,770	$	161,374	$	463,076	$	88,660	$	551,736
Revenue from inventory sales		83,972		-		83,972		262,318		-		262,318
Total revenues		218,576		26,770		245,346		725,394		88,660		814,054
Costs of services		20,059		12,994		33,053		62,888		49,855		112,743
Cost of inventory sold		74,341		-		74,341		231,834		-		231,834
Selling, general and administrative
expenses ("SG&A")		83,542		4,781		88,323		272,503		14,549		287,052
Segment profit	$	40,634	$	8,995	$	49,629	$	158,169	$	24,256	$	182,425
Acquisition-related costs						2,007						5,039
Depreciation and amortization
expenses ("D&A")						16,723						49,451
Gain on disposition of property, plant
and equipment ("PPE")						(342)						(958)
Foreign exchange loss						47						31
Operating income					$	31,194					$	128,862
Interest expense						(10,473)						(32,720)
Other income, net						7,182						8,995
Income tax expense						(4,791)						(19,091)
Net income					$	23,112					$	86,046

4.  Segment information (continued)

		Three months ended September 30, 2017						Nine months ended September 30, 2017
	A&M		Other		Consolidated		A&M		Other		Consolidated
Service revenues	$	121,255	$	24,683	$	145,938	$	370,794	$	71,272	$	442,066
Revenue from inventory sales		81,463		-		81,463		237,375		-		237,375
Total revenues		202,718		24,683		227,401		608,169		71,272		679,441
Costs of services		18,381		15,080		33,461		51,946		42,147		94,093
Cost of inventory sold		72,476		-		72,476		207,603		-		207,603
SG&A expenses		81,736		3,599		85,335		219,824		10,463		230,287
Impairment loss		-		-		-		8,911		-		8,911
Segment profit	$	30,125	$	6,004	$	36,129	$	119,885	$	18,662	$	138,547
Acquisition-related costs						3,587						35,162
D&A expenses						14,837						37,047
Gain on disposition of PPE						(42)						(1,071)
Foreign exchange loss (gain)						816						(7)
Operating income					$	16,931					$	67,416
Interest expense						(10,558)						(27,311)
Other income, net						592						6,346
Income tax recovery (expense)						3,358						(7,982)
Net income					$	10,323					$	38,469

The Company‘s geographic breakdown of total revenue is as follows:

		United States		Canada		Europe		Other		Consolidated
Total revenues for the three months ended:
September 30, 2018	$	114,410	$	52,711	$	43,935	$	34,290	$	245,346
September 30, 2017		107,812		51,136		29,065		39,388		227,401
Total revenues for the nine months ended:
September 30, 2018		392,904		201,296		123,335		96,519		814,054
September 30, 2017		327,838		170,994		81,930		98,679		679,441

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Total Revenues

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Total Revenues [Abstract]

Total Revenues

5.  Total revenues 

	Three months ended				Nine months ended
	September 30,				September 30,
		2018		2017		2018		2017
Service revenues:
Commissions	$	87,548	$	88,696	$	313,539	$	280,235
Fees		73,826		57,242		238,197		161,831
		161,374		145,938		551,736		442,066
Revenue from inventory sales		83,972		81,463		262,318		237,375
	$	245,346	$	227,401	$	814,054	$	679,441

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Operating Expenses

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Operating Expenses [Abstract]

Operating Expenses

6.  Operating expenses

Costs of services

	Three months ended				Nine months ended
	September 30,				September 30,
		2018		2017		2018		2017
Ancillary and logistical service expenses	$	11,682	$	13,878	$	46,242	$	40,106
Employee compensation expenses		10,170		10,032		30,120		24,321
Buildings, facilities and technology expenses		1,990		1,872		7,280		5,819
Travel, advertising and promotion expenses		5,921		5,562		20,535		17,644
Other costs of services		3,290		2,117		8,566		6,203
	$	33,053	$	33,461	$	112,743	$	94,093

SG&A expenses

	Three months ended				Nine months ended
	September 30,				September 30,
		2018		2017		2018		2017
Employee compensation expenses	$	56,959		55,560	$	186,951	$	147,420
Buildings, facilities and technology expenses		15,058		13,494		45,767		39,088
Travel, advertising and promotion expenses		9,302		8,431		27,821		21,212
Professional fees		2,983		3,381		12,638		9,705
Other SG&A expenses		4,021		4,469		13,875		12,862
	$	88,323	$	85,335	$	287,052	$	230,287

6.  Operating expenses (continued)

Acquisition-related costs

	Three months ended				Nine months ended
	September 30,				September 30,
		2018		2017		2018		2017
IronPlanet:
Other acquisition-related costs	$	1,756	$	2,712	$	2,876	$	32,591
Other acquisitions:
Continuing employment costs		251		829		2,104		2,421
Other acquisition-related costs		-		46		59		150
	$	2,007	$	3,587	$	5,039	$	35,162

Included in acquisition costs for the three months ended September 30, 2018 is $1,501,000 in severance relating to integration activities.

Depreciation and amortization expenses

	Three months ended				Nine months ended
	September 30,				September 30,
		2018		2017		2018		2017
Depreciation expense	$	7,252	$	7,228	$	21,460	$	20,813
Amortization expense		9,471		7,609		27,991		16,234
	$	16,723	$	14,837	$	49,451	$	37,047

Impairment loss

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018 the Company did not recognize an impairment loss while in the nine months ended September 30, 2017 the Company recognized an impairment loss of $8,911,000 on certain technology assets.  

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Other Income

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Other Income [Abstract]

Other Income

7. Other income

Included in other income is a gain of $4,935,000 recognized on the disposition of one of the Company’s equity accounted for investments. The Company received net proceeds of $6,147,000 on closing and is entitled to receive up to $1,020,000 upon the satisfaction of certain escrow release conditions over a period of five years. Additionally, the Company is entitled to receive up to $1,700,000 of contingent consideration upon the achievement of certain financial targets for the period from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019. The Company has not recognized any contingent consideration.

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Income Taxes

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Income Taxes [Abstract]

Income Taxes

8.  Income taxes

At the end of each interim period, the Company estimates the effective tax rate expected to be applicable for the full fiscal year.  The estimate reflects, among other items, management’s best estimate of operating results.  It does not include the estimated impact of foreign exchange rates or unusual and/or infrequent items, which may cause significant variations in the customary relationship between income tax expense and income before income taxes.

8.  Income taxes (continued)

For the three months ended September 30, 2018, income tax expense was $4,791,000, compared to an income tax recovery of $3,358,000 for the same period in 2017. Our effective tax rate was 17% in the third quarter of 2018, compared to -48% in the third quarter of 2017.  The effective tax rate increased in the third quarter of 2018 compared to the third quarter of 2017 primarily due to the estimated greater proportion of annual income subject to tax in jurisdictions with higher tax rates and the estimated annual Base Erosion Anti Avoidance Tax (“BEAT”).  The comparative period reflected the impact of greater estimates of non-deductible acquisition expenses which was partially offset by adjustments for deductible stock compensation expenses.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, income tax expense was $19,091,000, compared to an income tax expense of $7,982,000 for the same period in 2017. Our effective tax rate was 18% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to 17% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. 

Recent Tax Legislation

On December 22, 2017, H.R. 1, originally known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, (the “Tax Act”) was enacted. The Tax Act makes broad and complex changes to the U.S. tax code that impacted our three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, including, but not limited to, (1) reducing the U.S. federal corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018 and (2) imposing BEAT - a tax on certain deductible payments from our U.S. subsidiary to any of its foreign-related parties.

On December 22, 2017, Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (“SAB 118”) was issued to address the application of U.S. GAAP in situations when a registrant does not have the necessary information available, prepared, or analyzed (including computations) in reasonable detail to complete the accounting for certain income tax effects of the Tax Act. For the three months ended September 30, 2018, we have not made any adjustments to the provisional amounts recorded at December 31, 2017.  Additional work is still necessary for a more detailed analysis of our deferred tax assets and liabilities, our historical foreign earnings subject to the one-time transition tax, and potential correlative adjustments. Any subsequent adjustment to these amounts will be recorded to tax expense in the fourth quarter of 2018 when the analysis is complete.

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Earnings Per Share Attributable to Stockholders

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Earnings Per Share Attributable to Stockholders [Abstract]

Earnings Per Share Attributable to Stockholders

9.  Earnings per share attributable to stockholders

Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) attributable to stockholders was calculated by dividing the net income attributable to stockholders by the weighted average (“WA”) number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS attributable to stockholders was calculated by dividing the net income attributable to stockholders by the WA number of shares of common stock outstanding if the potentially dilutive securities had been issued. Potentially dilutive securities include unvested PSUs, RSUs, and outstanding stock options. The dilutive effect of potentially dilutive securities is reflected in diluted earnings per share by application of the treasury stock method. Under the treasury stock method, an increase in the fair market value of the Company’s common stock can result in a greater dilutive effect from potentially dilutive securities.

9.  Earnings per share attributable to stockholders (continued)

	Three months ended					Nine months ended
	September 30, 2018					September 30, 2018
		Net income	WA				Net income	WA
		attributable to	number		Per share		attributable to	number		Per share
		stockholders	of shares		amount		stockholders	of shares		amount
Basic	$	23,138	108,365,427	$	0.21	$	85,993	107,811,391	$	0.80
Effect of dilutive securities:
Share units		-	551,313		-		-	408,006		-
Stock options		-	970,454		-		-	913,981		(0.01)
Diluted	$	23,138	109,887,194	$	0.21	$	85,993	109,133,378	$	0.79

	Three months ended					Nine months ended
	September 30, 2017					September 30, 2017
		Net income	WA				Net income	WA
		attributable to	number		Per share		attributable to	number		Per share
		stockholders	of shares		amount		stockholders	of shares		amount
Basic	$	10,261	107,120,618	$	0.10	$	38,273	106,993,358	$	0.36
Effect of dilutive securities:
Share units		-	214,304		-		(50)	337,570		-
Stock options		-	843,381		(0.01)		-	738,696		(0.01)
Diluted	$	10,261	108,178,303	$	0.09	$	38,223	108,069,624	$	0.35

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Supplemental Cash Flow Information

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Supplemental Cash Flow Information [Abstract]

Supplemental Cash Flow Information

10.  Supplemental cash flow information

Nine months ended September 30,		2018		2017
Trade and other receivables	$	(159,258)	$	(139,411)
Inventory		(49,140)		(16,460)
Advances against auction contracts		2,434		601
Prepaid expenses and deposits		(5,282)		4,498
Income taxes receivable		10,829		(8,062)
Auction proceeds payable		130,185		186,147
Trade and other payables		15,827		(8,149)
Income taxes payable		6,836		(3,075)
Share unit liabilities		1,204		(5,848)
Other		2,138		1,608
Net changes in operating
assets and liabilities	$	(44,227)	$	11,849

10.  Supplemental cash flow information (continued)

Nine months ended September 30,		2018		2017
Interest paid, net of interest capitalized	$	36,278	$	20,233
Interest received		2,009		2,460
Net income taxes paid		7,902		28,037
Non-cash purchase of property, plant
and equipment under capital lease		5,490		6,851

		September 30,		December 31,
		2018		2017
Cash and cash equivalents	$	228,764	$	267,910
Restricted cash		75,281		63,206
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	304,045	$	331,116

A

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Fair Value Measurement

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Fair Value Measurement [Abstract]

Fair Value Measurement

11.  Fair value measurement

All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are categorized within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement or disclosure:

● Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the entity can access at measurement date;

● Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly; and

● Level 3: Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.

		September 30, 2018					December 31, 2017
	Category		Carrying amount		Fair value		Carrying amount		Fair value
Fair values disclosed:
Cash and cash equivalents	Level 1	$	228,764	$	228,764	$	267,910	$	267,910
Restricted cash	Level 1		75,281		75,281		63,206		63,206
Short-term debt	Level 2		10,532		10,532		7,018		7,018
Long-term debt
Senior unsecured notes	Level 1		488,683		498,750		487,339		520,000
Term loans	Level 2		263,095		266,036		325,553		329,687

The carrying value of the Company‘s cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, trade and other receivables, advances against auction contracts, auction proceeds payable, trade and other payables, and short term debt approximate their fair values due to their short terms to maturity. The carrying value of the term loans, before deduction of deferred debt issue costs, approximates its fair value as the interest rates on the loans were short-term in nature. The fair value of the senior unsecured notes is determined by reference to a quoted market price.

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Other Current Assets

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Other Current Assets [Abstract]

Other Current Assets

12.  Other current assets

	September 30,			December 31,
			2018			2017
Advances against auction contracts		$	4,872		$	7,336
Assets held for sale			10,805			584
Prepaid expenses and deposits			24,559			19,690
		$	40,236		$	27,610

As at September 30, 2018, the Company’s assets held for sale consisted of one excess auction site located in Canada and two excess auction sites located in the United States. Management made the strategic decision to sell these properties to maximize the Company’s return on invested capital. The estimated sales proceeds are expected to be in excess of the current book value. The properties have been actively marketed for sale, and management expects the sales to be completed within 12 months of September 30, 2018. This land belongs to the A&M reportable segment.

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Other Non-current Assets

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Other Non-current Assets [Abstract]

Other Non-current Assets

13. Other non-current assets

Included in other non-current assets is a tax receivable amount of $12,504,000 (December 31, 2017: $12,851,000).

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Goodwill

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Goodwill [Abstract]

Goodwill

14.  Goodwill

Balance, December 31, 2017	$	670,922
Additions		3,671
Foreign exchange movement		(1,402)
Balance, September 30, 2018	$	673,191

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Debt

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Debt [Abstract]

Debt

15.  Debt

			Carrying amount
			September 30,		December 31,
				2018		2017
Short-term debt			$	10,532	$	7,018
Long-term debt:
	Term Loans (previously referred to as Delayed draw term loans):
		Denominated in Canadian dollars, secured, bearing interest at a weighted
		average rate of 4.015%, due in monthly installments of interest only and
		quarterly installments of principal, maturing in October 2021		173,345		185,143
		Denominated in United States dollars, secured, bearing interest at a weighted
		average rate of 4.219%, due in weekly installments of interest only and
		quarterly installments of principal, maturing in October 2021		92,690		144,544
		Less: unamortized debt issue costs		(2,940)		(4,134)
	Senior unsecured notes:
		Bearing interest at 5.375% due in semi-annual installments, with the full
		amount of principal due in January 2025		500,000		500,000
		Less: unamortized debt issue costs		(11,317)		(12,661)
Total Long-term debt				751,778		812,892
Total debt			$	762,310	$	819,910
Long-term debt:
Current portion			$	11,556	$	16,907
Non-current portion				740,222		795,985
Total long-term debt			$	751,778	$	812,892

Short-term debt at September 30, 2018 is comprised of drawings in different currencies on the Company’s committed revolving credit facilities and have a weighted average interest rate of 2.4%  (December 31, 2017:  2.7%).

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company made scheduled debt repayments of $2,270,000 and $8,825,000, respectively, on the term loans (2017: $4,154,000 and $4,154,000). For the nine months ended September30, 2018, the Company made voluntary prepayments totalling $50,000,000on the term loan denominated in United States dollars. Prepayments are applied against future scheduled mandatory payments.  The amount available pursuant to the term loan facility was only available to finance the acquisition of IronPlanet and will not be available for other corporate purposes upon repayment of amounts borrowed under that facility.

On June 21, 2018, the Company reduced the amount available on the Company’s committed revolving credit facilities by $185,000,000. At September 30, 2018, the Company’s credit agreement with a syndicate of lenders, and Bank of America, N.A. as administrative agent provides the Company with:

· Revolving facilities of up to $490,000,000

· The term loan facility used to finance the acquisition of IronPlanet and

· At the Company’s election and subject to certain conditions, including receipt of related commitments, incremental term loan facilities and/or increases to the revolving facilities in an aggregate amount of up to $50,000,000.

15.  Debt (continued)

As at September 30, 2018, the Company had unused committed revolving credit facilities aggregating $477,007,000of which $472,881,000 is available until October 27, 2021.

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Other Non-current Liabilities

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Other Non-current Liabilities [Abstract]

Other Non-current Liabilities

16.  Other non-current liabilities

		September 30,		December 31,
		2018		2017
Tax payable	$	21,604	$	25,958
Finance lease obligation		8,738		7,875
Share unit liabilities		-		2,865
Other		9,094		10,075
	$	39,436	$	46,773

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Equity and Dividends

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Equity and Dividends [Abstract]

Equity and Dividends

17.  Equity and dividends

Share capital

Preferred stock

Unlimited number of senior preferred shares, without par value, issuable in series.

Unlimited number of junior preferred shares, without par value, issuable in series.

All issued shares are fully paid. No preferred shares have been issued.

Dividends

Declared and paid

The Company declared and paid the following dividends during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017:

	Declaration date	Dividend per share		Record date		Total dividends	Payment date
Nine months ended September 30, 2018:
Fourth quarter 2017	January 26, 2018	$	0.1700	February 16, 2018	$	18,246	March 9, 2018
First quarter 2018	May 9, 2018		0.1700	May 30, 2018		18,342	June 20, 2018
Second quarter 2018	August 7, 2018		0.1800	August 29, 2018		19,528	September 19, 2018
Nine months ended September 30, 2017:
Fourth quarter 2016	January 23, 2017	$	0.1700	February 10, 2017	$	18,160	March 3, 2017
First quarter 2017	May 4, 2017		0.1700	May 23, 2017		18,188	June 13, 2017
Second quarter 2017	August 4, 2017		0.1700	August 25, 2017		18,210	September 15, 2017

Declared and undistributed

Subsequent to September 30, 2018, the Company’s Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.18 cents per common share, payable on December 18, 2018 to stockholders of record on November 27, 2018. This dividend payable has not been recognized as a liability in the financial statements. The payment of this dividend will not have any tax consequences for the Company.

Foreign currency translation reserve

Foreign currency translation adjustments include intra-entity foreign currency transactions that are of a long-term investment nature, which generated net losses of $1,072,000 and  $6,256,000for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 (2017: net gains of $5,838,000 and $17,322,000).

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Share-Based Payments

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Share-Based Payments [Abstract]

Share-Based Payments

18.  Share-based payments

Share-based payments consist of the following compensation costs:

	Three months ended				Nine months ended
	September 30,				September 30,
		2018		2017		2018		2017
Stock option compensation expense:
SG&A expenses	$	2,066		2,920	$	6,354	$	6,244
Acquisition-related costs		162		-		357		4,752
Share unit expense (recovery):
Equity-classified share units		2,718		(176)		8,978		1,871
Liability-classified share units		300		821		2,245		246
Employee share purchase plan -
employer contributions		538		468		1,630		1,350
	$	5,784	$	4,033	$	19,564	$	14,463

Share unit expense (recovery) and employer contributions to the employee share purchase plan are recognized in SG&A expenses.

Stock option plan

Stock option activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 is presented below:

					WA
	Common			WA	remaining			Aggregate
	shares under			exercise	contractual			intrinsic
	option	price			life (in years)	value
Outstanding, December 31, 2017	4,459,744		$	24.29	7.5		$	17,649
Granted	914,967			32.12
Exercised	(1,154,541)			23.45			$	13,472
Forfeited	(77,644)			27.04
Expired	(1,302)			25.76
Outstanding,September 30, 2018	4,141,224		$	26.20	7.4		$	41,122
Exercisable, September 30, 2018	2,107,984		$	24.08	6.4		$	25,401

The fair value of the stock option grants is estimated on the date of the grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was $7.68.

The significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value of stock options granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 are presented in the following table on a weighted average basis:

Nine months ended September 30,	2018	2017
Risk free interest rate	2.7%	2.0%
Expected dividend yield	2.11%	2.14%
Expected lives of the stock options	5 years	5 years
Expected volatility	28.1%	27.8%

18.  Share-based payments (continued)

As at September 30, 2018, the unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to the unvested stock options was $6,485,000 which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.1 years.

Share unit plans

Share unit activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 is presented below:

	Equity-classified awards						Liability-classified awards
	PSUs			RSUs			PSUs			RSUs			DSUs
		WA grant			WA grant			WA grant			WA grant			WA grant
			date fair			date fair			date fair			date fair			date fair
	Number		value	Number		value	Number		value	Number		value	Number		value
Outstanding, December 31, 2017	434,248	$	27.83	125,152	$	26.93	259,241	$	26.38	4,666	$	26.42	93,487	$	26.32
Granted	235,426		35.70	90,147		32.08	-		-	66		34.70	19,448		33.36
Transferred to equity
awards on modification	257,659		31.30	-		-	(257,659)		26.38	-		-	-		-
Vested and settled	(212,263)		33.78	-		-	-		-	(975)		27.58	(6,605)		23.16
Forfeited	(43,071)		31.42	(5,219)		31.99	(1,582)		26.45	-		-	-		-
Outstanding, September 30, 2018	671,999	$	31.45	210,080	$	29.02	-	$	-	3,757	$	26.27	106,330	$	27.80

At September 30, 2018, the unrecognized share unit expense related to equity-classified PSUs was $9,597,000  which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.8 years. The unrecognized share unit expense related to equity-classified RSUs was $4,540,000which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.3 years. The unrecognized share unit expense related to liability-classified RSUs was $6,000, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 0.1 years. There is no unrecognized share unit expense related to liability-classified DSUs, as they vest immediately upon grant.

Senior executive and employee PSU plans

The Company grants PSUs under a senior executive PSU plan and an employee PSU plan (the “PSU Plans”).  Under the PSU Plans, the number of PSUs that vest is conditional upon specified market, service, and performance vesting conditions being met.  The PSU Plans allow the Company to choose whether to settle the awards in cash or in shares.  With respect to settling in shares, the Company has the option to either (i) arrange for the purchase shares on the open market on the employee’s behalf based on the cash value that otherwise would be delivered, or (ii) to issue a number of shares equal to the number of units that vest.

On March 1, 2018, the Company modified the market and performance vesting conditions for the PSUs. Concurrently, the employee PSU plan were reclassified to equity awards, based on the Company’s settlement intentions. The weighted average fair value of the PSU awards outstanding on the modification date was $31.35.  The incremental compensation recognized as a result of the vesting condition modification was $1,400,000. The share unit liability related to the employee PSUs, representing the portion of the fair value attributable to past service, was $6,701,000, which was reclassified to equity on that date. No incremental compensation was recognized as a result of the employee PSU settlement modification.

18.  Share-based payments (continued)

Senior executive and employee PSU plans (continued)

The fair value of the equity-classified PSUs is estimated on modification date and on the date of grant using a Monte-Carlo simulation model. The significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the equity-classified PSUs during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 are presented in the following table on a weighted average basis:

Nine months ended September 30,	2018
Risk free interest rate	1.9%
Expected dividend yield	2.09%
Expected lives of the PSUs	3 years
Expected volatility	31.1%
Average expected volatility of comparable companies	34.1%

Sign-on grant PSUs

On September 11, 2018, the Company modified the performance vesting conditions for the sign-on grant PSUs which are equity classified PSU awards recorded in temporary equity.  The modification impacted the third and fourth tranches of PSUs to vest, and the actual number of units to vest will be determined by the Board of Directors of the Company based on absolute Total Shareholder Return (“TSR”) performance over the period commencing on July 1, 2017, and ending on the fourth and fifth anniversaries of the grant date.  Prior to this modification, the absolute TSR performance period commenced on August 11, 2014.  The weighted average fair value of the PSU awards outstanding on the modification date was $43.34.  The incremental compensation recognized as a result of the vesting condition modification was $838,000.

The incremental compensation recognized is determined based on the change in fair value of the equity-classified sign-on grant PSUs immediately before and after the modification.  Significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the equity-classified PSUs to determine the incremental compensation cost is as follows:

September 11, 2018
Risk free interest rate	2.7%
Expected dividend yield	1.53%
Expected lives of the PSU	1 year
Expected volatility	29.2%

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Commitments

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Commitments [Abstract]

Commitments

19.  Commitments

Commitment for inventory purchase

As at September 30, 2018, the Company had committed to purchase between 150,000 and 245,900 units of property with an expected minimum value of $11,104,000 and up to $51,028,000 to the extent that goods are available from the supplier over a 12 month period relating to the purchase of inventory. At September 30, 2018, the Company has purchased $27,078,000 pursuant to the initial 12 month period of this contract.

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Contingencies

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Contingencies [Abstract]

Contingencies

20.  Contingencies

Legal and other claims

The Company is subject to legal and other claims that arise in the ordinary course of its business. Management does not believe that the results of these claims will have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet or consolidated income statement.

20.  Contingencies (continued)

Guarantee contracts

In the normal course of business, the Company will in certain situations guarantee to a consignor a minimum level of proceeds in connection with the sale at auction of that consignor’s equipment.

At September 30, 2018, there were $67,010,000 of assets guaranteed under contract, of which 93% is expected to be sold prior to December 31, 2018 (December 31, 2017: $30,948,000 of which 27% is expected to be sold prior to the end of March 31, 2018 with the remainder to be sold by December 31, 2018).

The outstanding guarantee amounts are undiscounted and before estimated proceeds from sale at auction.

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Business Combinations

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Business Combinations [Abstract]

Business Combinations

21.  Business combinations

IronPlanet acquisition

On May 31, 2017 (the “IronPlanet Acquisition Date”), the Company acquired 100% of the issued and outstanding shares of IronPlanet for a total fair value consideration of $776,474,000. As at the acquisition date, cash consideration of $772,706,000, of which approximately $35,000,000 was placed in escrow, was paid to the former shareholders, vested option holders and warrant holders of IronPlanet.  In addition to the cash consideration, non-cash consideration of $2,330,000 was issued attributable to the assumption of outstanding IronPlanet options, $1,771,000 was paid in cash and placed in escrow, related to customary closing adjustments, and $333,000 was related to settlement of intercompany payable transactions. Funds placed in escrow of $36,771,000 were released in March 2018.

A summary of the net cash flows and purchase price are detailed below:

		May 31, 2017
Cash consideration paid to former equity holders	$	723,810
Settlement of IronPlanet's debt		36,313
Settlement of IronPlanet's transaction costs		12,583
Cash consideration paid on closing		772,706
Cash consideration paid related to closing adjustments		1,771
Less: cash and cash equivalents acquired		(95,626)
Less: restricted cash acquired		(3,000)
Acquisition of IronPlanet, net of cash acquired	$	675,851
Cash consideration paid on closing	$	772,706
Replacement stock option awards attributable to pre-
combination services		4,926
Stock option compensation expense from accelerated vesting
of awards attributable to post-combination services		(2,596)
Cash consideration paid relating  to closing adjustments		1,771
Settlement of pre-existing intercompany balances		(333)
Purchase price	$	776,474

IronPlanet is a leading online marketplace for selling and buying used equipment and other durable assets and an innovative participant in the multi–billion dollar used equipment market. The acquisition expands the breadth and depth of equipment disposition and management solutions the Company can offer its customers.

21.  Business combinations (continued)

IronPlanet acquisition (continued)

The acquisition was accounted for in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations. The assets acquired and liabilities assumed were recorded at their estimated fair values at the IronPlanet Acquisition Date. Goodwill of $568,566,000 was calculated as the fair value of consideration over the estimated fair value of the net assets acquired.

IronPlanet purchase price allocation

		May 31, 2017
Purchase price	$	776,474
Assets acquired:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	95,626
Restricted cash		3,000
Trade and other receivables		13,021
Inventory		600
Advances against auction contracts		4,623
Prepaid expenses and deposits		1,645
Income taxes receivable		55
Property, plant and equipment		2,381
Other non-current assets		2,551
Deferred tax assets		1,497
Intangible assets ~		188,000
Liabilities assumed:
Auction proceeds payable		63,616
Trade and other payables		15,540
Deferred tax liabilities		25,935
Fair value of identifiable net assets acquired		207,908
Goodwill acquired on acquisition	$	568,566

~Intangible assets consist of indefinite-lived trade names and trademarks, customer relationships with estimated useful lives of ranging from six to 13 years, and a technology platform with an estimated useful life of seven years.

Goodwill

The main drivers generating goodwill are the anticipated synergies from (1) the Company's auction expertise and transactional capabilities to IronPlanet's existing customer base, (2) IronPlanet providing existing technology to the Company's current customer base, and (3) future growth from international expansion and new Caterpillar dealers. Other factors generating goodwill include the acquisition of IronPlanet's assembled work force and their associated technical expertise.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policy)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Basis of Preparation

(a) Basis of preparation

These unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“US GAAP”). They include the accounts of Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated and its subsidiaries from their respective dates of formation or acquisition. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

Certain information and footnote disclosure required by US GAAP for complete annual financial statements have been omitted and, therefore, these unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2017, included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). In the opinion of management, these unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements reflect all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, which are necessary to present fairly, in all material respects, the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, cash flows and changes in equity for the interim periods presented. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Revenue Recognition

(b) Revenue recognition

Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) using the full retrospective method, which included restating prior years for comparative amounts. This new accounting policy resulted in a change in the financial statement presentation only on the income statement, as described in Note 1(i) New and amended accounting standards in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Revenues are comprised of:

· Service revenues, including the following:

i. Revenue from auction and marketplace (“A&M”) activities, including commissions earned at our live auctions, online marketplaces, and private brokerage services where we act as an agent for consignors of equipment and other assets, and various auction-related fees, including listing and buyer transaction fees; and

ii. Other services revenues, including revenues from listing services, refurbishment, logistical services, financing, appraisal fees and other ancillary service fees; and

· Revenue from inventory sales as part of A&M activities

The Company recognizes revenue when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to our customers, or upon completion of the performance obligation, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. For live event-based auctions or online auctions, revenue is recognized when the auction sale is complete and the Company has determined that the sale proceeds are collectible.  Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable and is shown net of value-added tax and duties. 

1.  Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(b) Revenue recognition (continued)

Service revenues

Commissions from sales at the Company’s auctions represent the percentage earned by the Company on the gross proceeds from equipment and other assets sold at auction. The majority of the Company’s commissions are earned as a pre-negotiated fixed rate of the gross selling price. Other commissions from sales at the Company’s auctions are earned from underwritten commission contracts, when the Company guarantees a certain level of proceeds to a consignor. 

The Company accepts equipment and other assets on consignment stimulating buyer interest through professional marketing techniques, and matches sellers (also known as consignors) to buyers through the auction or private sale process.  Prior to offering an item for sale on its online marketplaces, the Company also performs inspections.

Following the sale of the item, the Company invoices the buyer for the purchase price of the asset, taxes, and, if applicable, the buyer transaction fee, collects payment from the buyer, and remits the proceeds to the seller, net of the seller commissions, applicable taxes, and applicable fees. Commissions are calculated as a percentage of the hammer price of the property sold at auction. Fees are also charged to sellers for listing and inspecting equipment. Other revenues earned in the process of conducting the Company’s auctions include administrative, documentation, and advertising fees.

On the fall of the auctioneer’s hammer, the highest bidder becomes legally obligated to pay the full purchase price, which is the hammer price of the property purchased and the seller is legally obligated to relinquish the property in exchange for the hammer price less any seller’s commissions. Commission and fee revenues are recognized on the date of the auction sale upon the fall of the auctioneer’s hammer. 

Under the standard terms and conditions of its auction sales, the Company is not obligated to pay a consignor for property that has not been paid for by the buyer, provided the property has not been released to the buyer. If the buyer defaults on its payment obligation, also referred to as a collapsed sale, the sale is cancelled in the period in which the determination is made, and the property is returned to the consignor or placed in a later event-based or online auction. Historically cancelled sales have not been material.

Online marketplace commission revenue is reduced by a provision for disputes, which is an estimate of disputed items that are expected to be settled at a cost to the Company, related to settlements of discrepancies under the Company’s equipment condition certification program. The equipment condition certification refers to a written inspection report provided to potential buyers that reflects the condition of a specific piece of equipment offered for sale, and includes ratings, comments, and photographs of the equipment following inspection by one of the Company’s equipment inspectors. The equipment condition certification provides that a buyer may file a written dispute claim during an eligible dispute period for consideration and resolution at the sole determination of the Company if the purchased equipment is not substantially in the condition represented in the inspection report. Typically disputes under the equipment condition certification program are settled with minor repairs or additional services, such as washing or detailing the item; the estimated costs of such items or services are included in the provision for disputes.

Commission revenues are recorded net of commissions owed to third parties, which are principally the result of situations when the commission is shared with a consignor or with the counterparty in an auction guarantee risk and reward sharing arrangement. Additionally, in certain situations, commissions are shared with third parties who introduce the Company to consignors who sell property at auction.

1.  Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(b) Revenue recognition (continued)

Service revenues (continued)

Underwritten commission contracts can take the form of guarantee contracts. Guarantee contracts typically include a pre-negotiated percentage of the guaranteed gross proceeds plus a percentage of proceeds in excess of the guaranteed amount. If actual auction proceeds are less than the guaranteed amount, commission is reduced; if proceeds are sufficiently lower, the Company can incur a loss on the sale. Losses, if any, resulting from guarantee contracts are recorded in the period in which the relevant auction is completed. If a loss relating to a guarantee contract held at the period end to be sold after the period end is known or is probable and estimable at the financial statement reporting date, the loss is accrued in the financial statements for that period. The Company’s exposure from these guarantee contracts fluctuates over time. 

Other services revenue also includes fees for refurbishment, logistical services, financing, appraisal fees and other ancillary service fees. Fees are recognized in the period in which the service is provided to the customer. 

Revenue on inventory sales

Underwritten commission contracts can take the form of inventory contracts. Revenues related to inventory contracts are recognized in the period in which the sale is completed, title to the property passes to the purchaser and the Company has fulfilled any other obligations that may be relevant to the transaction. In its role as auctioneer, the Company auctions its inventory to equipment buyers through the auction process. Following the sale of the item, the Company invoices the buyer for the purchase price of the asset, taxes, and, if applicable, the buyer transaction fee, and collects payment from the buyer.

On the fall of the auctioneer’s hammer, the highest bidder becomes legally obligated to pay the full purchase price, which is the hammer price of the property purchased. Title to the property is transferred in exchange for the hammer price, and if applicable, the buyer transaction fee plus applicable taxes.

Costs of Services

(c) Cost of services

Costs of services are comprised of expenses incurred in direct relation to conducting auctions (“direct expenses”), earning online marketplace revenues, and earning other fee revenues. Direct expenses include direct labour, buildings and facilities charges, and travel, advertising and promotion costs.

Costs of services incurred to earn online marketplace revenues in addition to the costs listed above also include inspection costs. Inspections are generally performed at the seller’s physical location. The cost of inspections includes payroll costs and related benefits for the Company’s employees that perform and manage field inspection services, the related inspection report preparation and quality assurance costs, fees paid to contractors who perform field inspections, related travel and incidental costs for the Company’s inspection service organization, and office and occupancy costs for its inspection services personnel. Costs of earning online marketplace revenues also include costs for the Company’s customer support, online marketplace operations, logistics, title and lien investigation functions, and lease and operations costs related to the Company’s third-party data centers at which its websites are hosted.

Costs of services incurred in earning other fee revenues include ancillary and logistical service expenses, direct labour (including commissions on sales), software maintenance fees, and materials. Costs of services exclude depreciation and amortization expenses.

Cost of Inventory Sold

(d) Cost of inventory sold

Cost of inventory sold includes the purchase price of assets sold for the Company’s own account and is determined using a specific identification basis.

Share-Based Payments

(e) Share-based payments

The Company classifies a share-based payment award as an equity or liability payment based on the substantive terms of the award and any related arrangement.

Equity-classified share-based payments

Share unit plans

The Company has a senior executive performance share unit (“PSU”) plan and an employee PSU plan that provides for the award of PSUs to certain senior executives and employees, respectively, of the Company. The Company has the option to settle certain share unit awards in cash or shares and expects to settle them in shares. The cost of PSUs granted is measured at the fair value of the underlying PSUs at the grant date using a Monte-Carlo simulation model.  PSUs vest based on the passage of time and achievement of performance criteria. 

The Company also has a senior executive restricted share unit (“RSU”) plan and an employee RSU plan that provides for the award of RSUs to certain senior executives and employees, respectively, of the Company.  The Company has the option to settle certain share unit awards in cash or shares and expects to settle all grants on and after 2017 in shares.  The cost of RSUs granted is measured using the volume weighted average price of the Company’s common shares for the twenty days prior to the grant date.  RSUs vest based on the passage of time and include restrictions related to employment. 

This fair value of awards expected to vest under these plans is expensed over the respective remaining service period of the individual awards, on an accelerated recognition basis, with the corresponding increase to APIC recorded in equity. At the end of each reporting period, the Company revises its estimate of the number of equity instruments expected to vest. The impact of the revision of the original estimates, if any, is recognized in earnings, such that the consolidated expense reflects the revised estimate, with a corresponding adjustment to equity. Dividend equivalents on the equity-classified PSUs and RSUs are recognized as a reduction to retained earnings over the service period.

In previous quarters, the RSUs and PSUs awarded under the senior executive and employee PSU plans were intended to be settled in cash in the event of death of the participant. At its August 2018 meeting, the Board of Directors resolved that, with respect to each of the RSU and PSU plans, there will be no preference or default in favour of cash settlement and, pursuant to the discretion granted under each plan, the Compensation Committee of the Board will determine whether to settle the awards in cash or in shares in the event of death of the participant. The Company intends to settle in shares. Prior to such resolution, the contingently redeemable portion representing the amount that would be redeemable based on the conditions at the date of grant, to the extent attributable to prior service, was recognized as temporary equity. As a result of the resolution, that portion has been reclassified to additional paid in capital during the quarter.

Stock option plans

The Company has three stock option compensation plans that provide for the award of stock options to selected employees, directors and officers of the Company. The cost of options granted is measured at the fair value of the underlying option at the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The fair value of options expected to vest under these plans is expensed over the respective remaining service period of the individual awards, on an accelerated recognition basis, with the corresponding increase to APIC recorded in equity.  Upon exercise, any consideration paid on exercise of the stock options and amounts fully amortized in APIC are credited to the common shares.

1.  Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(e) Share-based payments (continued)

Liability-classified share-based payments

The Company maintains other share unit compensation plans that vest over a period of up to three years after grant. Under those plans, the Company is either required or expects to settle vested awards on a cash basis or by providing cash to acquire shares on the open market on the employee’s behalf, where the settlement amount is determined using the volume weighted average price of the Company’s common shares for the twenty days prior to the vesting date or, in the case of deferred share unit (“DSU”) recipients, following cessation of service on the Board of Directors.

These awards are classified as liability awards, measured at fair value at the date of grant and re-measured at fair value at each reporting date up to and including the settlement date. The determination of the fair value of the share units under these plans is described in note 18. The fair value of the awards is expensed over the respective vesting period of the individual awards with recognition of a corresponding liability. Changes in fair value after vesting are recognized through compensation expense. Compensation expense reflects estimates of the number of instruments expected to vest.

The impact of forfeitures and fair value revisions, if any, are recognized in earnings such that the cumulative expense reflects the revisions, with a corresponding adjustment to the settlement liability. Liability-classified share unit liabilities due within 12 months of the reporting date are presented in trade and other payables while settlements due beyond 12 months of the reporting date are presented in non-current liabilities.

Inventories

(f) Inventories

Inventory consists of equipment and other assets purchased for resale in an upcoming live on site auction or online marketplace event. The Company purchases inventory for resale through a competitive process where the consignor or vendor has determined this to be the preferred method of disposition through the auction process. In addition, certain jurisdictions require auctioneers to hold title to assets and facilitate title transfer on sale. Inventory is valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value where net realizable value represents the expected sale price upon disposition less make-ready costs and the costs of disposal and transportation. The significant elements of cost include the acquisition price of the inventory and make-ready costs to prepare the inventory for sale that are not selling expenses and in-bound transportation costs. Write-downs to the carrying value of inventory are recorded in cost of inventory sold on the consolidated income statement.

Impairment of Long-lived and Indefinite-lived Assets

(g) Impairment of long-lived and indefinite-lived assets

Long-lived assets, comprised of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets subject to amortization, are assessed for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable. For the purpose of impairment testing, long-lived assets are grouped and tested for recoverability at the lowest level that generates independent cash flows.  An impairment loss is recognized when the carrying value of the assets or asset groups is greater

than the future projected undiscounted cash flows. The impairment loss is calculated as the excess of the carrying value over the fair value of the asset or asset group. Fair value is based on valuation techniques or third-party appraisals. Significant estimates and judgments are applied in determining these cash flows and fair values.

1. Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(g) Impairment of long-lived and indefinite-lived assets (continued)

Indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested annually for impairment as of December 31, and between annual tests if indicators of potential impairment exist. The Company has the option of performing a qualitative assessment to first determine whether the quantitative impairment test is necessary. This involves an assessment of qualitative factors to determine the existence of events or circumstances that would indicate whether it is more likely than not that the carrying amount of the indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its fair value. If the qualitative assessment indicates it is not more likely than not that the carrying amount is less than its fair value, a quantitative impairment test is not required. Where a quantitative impairment test is required, the procedure is to compare the indefinite-lived intangible asset’s fair value with its carrying amount. An impairment loss is recognized as the difference between the indefinite-lived intangible asset’s carrying amount and its fair value.

Goodwill

(h) Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price of an acquired enterprise over the fair value assigned to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination.

Goodwill is not amortized, but it is tested annually for impairment at the reporting unit level as of December 31 and between annual tests if indicators of potential impairment exist. The Company has the option of performing a qualitative assessment of a reporting unit to first determine whether the quantitative impairment test is necessary. This involves an assessment of qualitative factors to determine the existence of events or circumstances that would indicate whether it is more likely than not that the carrying amount of the reporting unit to which goodwill belongs is less than its fair value. If the qualitative assessment indicates it is not more likely than not that the reporting unit’s carrying amount is less than its fair value, a quantitative impairment test is not required.

If a quantitative impairment test is required, the procedure is to identify potential impairment by comparing the reporting unit’s fair value with its carrying amount, including goodwill. The reporting unit’s fair value is determined using various valuation approaches and techniques that involve assumptions based on what the Company believes a hypothetical marketplace participant would use in estimating fair value on the measurement date. An impairment loss is recognized as the difference between the reporting unit’s carrying amount and its fair value. If the difference between the reporting unit’s carrying amount and fair value is greater than the amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit, the impairment loss is restricted by the amount of the goodwill allocated to the reporting unit.

New and Amended Accounting Standards

(i) New and amended accounting standards

(i) Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606).  The Company implemented the new standard using a full retrospective method, in order to provide more useful comparative information to financial statement users. 

The primary impact of the adoption of ASU 2014-09 is the change in the presentation of revenue from inventory, ancillary service, and logistical services contracts on a gross basis as a principal versus net as an agent. This is due to the new standard requiring an entity to determine whether the entity controls the specified good or service before transfer to the customer, with the entity being principal in these transactions. Prior to adopting ASU 2014-09, an entity evaluated indicators to determine if it was a principal or agent. As the Company determined that it controls the inventory and provision of ancillary and logistical services before transfer to its customers, the Company concluded that it was acting as a principal rather than an agent.  As a result of adoption of the new accounting standard there was no impact on the timing of recognition of revenue, operating income, net income, or on the consolidated balance sheet or consolidated statement of cash flows.

1.  Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(i) New and amended accounting standards (continued)

Presenting revenue from inventory sales on a gross basis and presenting ancillary and logistical services revenues on a gross basis significantly changes the face of the Company’s consolidated income statement in two primary ways:

1) Prior to the adoption of ASU 2014-09, all revenue from inventory sales were presented net of costs within service revenues on the income statement. With the adoption of ASU 2014-09, the Company has presented separately revenue from inventory sales and service revenue and accordingly service revenues exclude revenue from inventory sales and cost of inventory sold. Those amounts are now presented gross as separate line items on the face of the consolidated income statement; and

2) Ancillary and logistical service revenues are presented within service revenues, now on a gross basis, with the related costs of services presented separately within costs of services.

Impact to reported results

The new presentation based on ASU 2014-09 results in an increase the amount of revenue reported but there is no change in the operating income compared to the prior presentation:

Three months ended September 30, 2017
Consolidated income statement line item	As reported		New Revenue Standard Adjustment		Consolidated income statement line item	As Adjusted
Revenues	$	141,047	$	4,891	Service revenues	$	145,938
				81,463	Revenue from inventory sales		81,463
				86,354	Total revenues		227,401
Costs of services, excluding D&A		(19,583)		(13,878)	Costs of services		(33,461)
				(72,476)	Cost of inventory sold		(72,476)
	$	121,464	$	-		$	121,464

Nine months ended September 30, 2017
Consolidated income statement line item	As reported		New Revenue Standard Adjustment		Consolidated income statement line item	As Adjusted
Revenues	$	431,732	$	10,334	Service revenues	$	442,066
				237,375	Revenue from inventory sales		237,375
				247,709	Total revenues		679,441
Costs of services, excluding D&A		(53,987)		(40,106)	Costs of services		(94,093)
				(207,603)	Cost of inventory sold		(207,603)
	$	377,745	$	-		$	377,745

(ii)  Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. ASU 2016-15 identifies how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. The amendments are applied retrospectively on the amendment date. The adoption of ASU 2016-15 resulted in the $1,302,000 Mascus contingent consideration paid in the second quarter of 2017 to be reclassified from operating to financing cash flows.

Recent Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

(j) Recent accounting standards not yet adopted

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which requires lessees to recognize almost all leases, including operating leases, on the balance sheet through a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability. For short-term leases, defined as those with a term of 12 months or less, the lessee is permitted to make an accounting policy election not to recognize the lease assets and liabilities, and instead recognize the lease expense generally on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The accounting treatment under this election is consistent with current operating lease accounting. No extensive amendments were made to lessor accounting, but amendments of note include changes to the definition of initial direct costs and accounting for collectability uncertainties in a lease.

ASU 2016-02 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. The Company plans to adopt the standard effective January 1, 2019. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements, which provides an “optional transition method”. The Company can transition to the new standard by using a “modified retrospective transition”, which reflects the new guidance from the beginning of the earliest period presented in the financial statements or the “optional transition method”, which permits the Company to apply the new lease standard at the adoption date and recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption. If the optional transition method is utilized, the Company’s reporting for the comparative periods presented in the financial statements in which it adopts Topic 842 will continue to be reported pursuant to Topic 840. The Company is evaluating which transition approach it intends to apply and will conclude on the transition approach in the fourth quarter of 2018.

The Company will utilize the package of practical expedients permitted within the new standard, which among other things, allows the Company to carryforward the historical lease classification. In addition, the Company will elect the hindsight practical expedient to determine the reasonably certain lease term for existing leases. While lease classification will remain unchanged, hindsight will result in generally longer accounting lease terms and useful lives of the corresponding leasehold improvements. The Company will elect not to recognize the lease assets and liabilities for leases with an initial term of 12 months or less and will recognize those lease payments on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

The Company is continuing to assess the impact of the standard and we expect total liabilities to increase with an offsetting increase to leased assets. The Company does not believe the standard will materially affect our consolidated net earnings.

We do not expect the standard to impact on our debt-covenant compliance under our current agreements.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Schedule of Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncements

Three months ended September 30, 2017
Consolidated income statement line item	As reported		New Revenue Standard Adjustment		Consolidated income statement line item	As Adjusted
Revenues	$	141,047	$	4,891	Service revenues	$	145,938
				81,463	Revenue from inventory sales		81,463
				86,354	Total revenues		227,401
Costs of services, excluding D&A		(19,583)		(13,878)	Costs of services		(33,461)
				(72,476)	Cost of inventory sold		(72,476)
	$	121,464	$	-		$	121,464

Nine months ended September 30, 2017
Consolidated income statement line item	As reported		New Revenue Standard Adjustment		Consolidated income statement line item	As Adjusted
Revenues	$	431,732	$	10,334	Service revenues	$	442,066
				237,375	Revenue from inventory sales		237,375
				247,709	Total revenues		679,441
Costs of services, excluding D&A		(53,987)		(40,106)	Costs of services		(94,093)
				(207,603)	Cost of inventory sold		(207,603)
	$	377,745	$	-		$	377,745

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Segment Information (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Segment Information [Abstract]

Schedule of Revenue and (Loss) Income Before Taxes by Segment

		Three months ended September 30, 2018						Nine months ended September 30, 2018
	A&M		Other		Consolidated		A&M		Other		Consolidated
Service revenues	$	134,604	$	26,770	$	161,374	$	463,076	$	88,660	$	551,736
Revenue from inventory sales		83,972		-		83,972		262,318		-		262,318
Total revenues		218,576		26,770		245,346		725,394		88,660		814,054
Costs of services		20,059		12,994		33,053		62,888		49,855		112,743
Cost of inventory sold		74,341		-		74,341		231,834		-		231,834
Selling, general and administrative
expenses ("SG&A")		83,542		4,781		88,323		272,503		14,549		287,052
Segment profit	$	40,634	$	8,995	$	49,629	$	158,169	$	24,256	$	182,425
Acquisition-related costs						2,007						5,039
Depreciation and amortization
expenses ("D&A")						16,723						49,451
Gain on disposition of property, plant
and equipment ("PPE")						(342)						(958)
Foreign exchange loss						47						31
Operating income					$	31,194					$	128,862
Interest expense						(10,473)						(32,720)
Other income, net						7,182						8,995
Income tax expense						(4,791)						(19,091)
Net income					$	23,112					$	86,046

Geographic Information of Revenue

		United States		Canada		Europe		Other		Consolidated
Total revenues for the three months ended:
September 30, 2018	$	114,410	$	52,711	$	43,935	$	34,290	$	245,346
September 30, 2017		107,812		51,136		29,065		39,388		227,401
Total revenues for the nine months ended:
September 30, 2018		392,904		201,296		123,335		96,519		814,054
September 30, 2017		327,838		170,994		81,930		98,679		679,441

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Total Revenues (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Total Revenues [Abstract]

Revenue from the Rendering of Services

	Three months ended				Nine months ended
	September 30,				September 30,
		2018		2017		2018		2017
Service revenues:
Commissions	$	87,548	$	88,696	$	313,539	$	280,235
Fees		73,826		57,242		238,197		161,831
		161,374		145,938		551,736		442,066
Revenue from inventory sales		83,972		81,463		262,318		237,375
	$	245,346	$	227,401	$	814,054	$	679,441

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Operating Expenses (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Operating Expenses [Abstract]

Schedule of Direct Operating Expenses

	Three months ended				Nine months ended
	September 30,				September 30,
		2018		2017		2018		2017
Ancillary and logistical service expenses	$	11,682	$	13,878	$	46,242	$	40,106
Employee compensation expenses		10,170		10,032		30,120		24,321
Buildings, facilities and technology expenses		1,990		1,872		7,280		5,819
Travel, advertising and promotion expenses		5,921		5,562		20,535		17,644
Other costs of services		3,290		2,117		8,566		6,203
	$	33,053	$	33,461	$	112,743	$	94,093

Schedule of Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

	Three months ended				Nine months ended
	September 30,				September 30,
		2018		2017		2018		2017
Employee compensation expenses	$	56,959		55,560	$	186,951	$	147,420
Buildings, facilities and technology expenses		15,058		13,494		45,767		39,088
Travel, advertising and promotion expenses		9,302		8,431		27,821		21,212
Professional fees		2,983		3,381		12,638		9,705
Other SG&A expenses		4,021		4,469		13,875		12,862
	$	88,323	$	85,335	$	287,052	$	230,287

Schedule of Acquisition Related Costs

	Three months ended				Nine months ended
	September 30,				September 30,
		2018		2017		2018		2017
IronPlanet:
Other acquisition-related costs	$	1,756	$	2,712	$	2,876	$	32,591
Other acquisitions:
Continuing employment costs		251		829		2,104		2,421
Other acquisition-related costs		-		46		59		150
	$	2,007	$	3,587	$	5,039	$	35,162

Schedule of Depreciation and Amortization Expenses

	Three months ended				Nine months ended
	September 30,				September 30,
		2018		2017		2018		2017
Depreciation expense	$	7,252	$	7,228	$	21,460	$	20,813
Amortization expense		9,471		7,609		27,991		16,234
	$	16,723	$	14,837	$	49,451	$	37,047

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Earnings Per Share Attributable to Stockholders (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Earnings Per Share Attributable to Stockholders [Abstract]

Computation of Basic and Diluted Earnings Per Share

	Three months ended					Nine months ended
	September 30, 2018					September 30, 2018
		Net income	WA				Net income	WA
		attributable to	number		Per share		attributable to	number		Per share
		stockholders	of shares		amount		stockholders	of shares		amount
Basic	$	23,138	108,365,427	$	0.21	$	85,993	107,811,391	$	0.80
Effect of dilutive securities:
Share units		-	551,313		-		-	408,006		-
Stock options		-	970,454		-		-	913,981		(0.01)
Diluted	$	23,138	109,887,194	$	0.21	$	85,993	109,133,378	$	0.79

	Three months ended					Nine months ended
	September 30, 2017					September 30, 2017
		Net income	WA				Net income	WA
		attributable to	number		Per share		attributable to	number		Per share
		stockholders	of shares		amount		stockholders	of shares		amount
Basic	$	10,261	107,120,618	$	0.10	$	38,273	106,993,358	$	0.36
Effect of dilutive securities:
Share units		-	214,304		-		(50)	337,570		-
Stock options		-	843,381		(0.01)		-	738,696		(0.01)
Diluted	$	10,261	108,178,303	$	0.09	$	38,223	108,069,624	$	0.35

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Supplemental Cash Flow Information (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Supplemental Cash Flow Information [Abstract]

Schedule of Net Changes in Operating Assets and Liabilities

Nine months ended September 30,		2018		2017
Trade and other receivables	$	(159,258)	$	(139,411)
Inventory		(49,140)		(16,460)
Advances against auction contracts		2,434		601
Prepaid expenses and deposits		(5,282)		4,498
Income taxes receivable		10,829		(8,062)
Auction proceeds payable		130,185		186,147
Trade and other payables		15,827		(8,149)
Income taxes payable		6,836		(3,075)
Share unit liabilities		1,204		(5,848)
Other		2,138		1,608
Net changes in operating
assets and liabilities	$	(44,227)	$	11,849

Schedule of Supplemental Cash Flow

Nine months ended September 30,		2018		2017
Interest paid, net of interest capitalized	$	36,278	$	20,233
Interest received		2,009		2,460
Net income taxes paid		7,902		28,037
Non-cash purchase of property, plant
and equipment under capital lease		5,490		6,851

Schedule of Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

		September 30,		December 31,
		2018		2017
Cash and cash equivalents	$	228,764	$	267,910
Restricted cash		75,281		63,206
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	304,045	$	331,116

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Fair Value Measurement (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Fair Value Measurement [Abstract]

Fair Value Assets Recurring and Nonrecurring

		September 30, 2018					December 31, 2017
	Category		Carrying amount		Fair value		Carrying amount		Fair value
Fair values disclosed:
Cash and cash equivalents	Level 1	$	228,764	$	228,764	$	267,910	$	267,910
Restricted cash	Level 1		75,281		75,281		63,206		63,206
Short-term debt	Level 2		10,532		10,532		7,018		7,018
Long-term debt
Senior unsecured notes	Level 1		488,683		498,750		487,339		520,000
Term loans	Level 2		263,095		266,036		325,553		329,687

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Other Current Assets (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Other Current Assets [Abstract]

Schedule of Other Current Assets

	September 30,			December 31,
			2018			2017
Advances against auction contracts		$	4,872		$	7,336
Assets held for sale			10,805			584
Prepaid expenses and deposits			24,559			19,690
		$	40,236		$	27,610

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Goodwill (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Goodwill [Abstract]

Schedule of Goodwill

Balance, December 31, 2017	$	670,922
Additions		3,671
Foreign exchange movement		(1,402)
Balance, September 30, 2018	$	673,191

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Debt (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Debt [Abstract]

Schedule of Debt

			Carrying amount
			September 30,		December 31,
				2018		2017
Short-term debt			$	10,532	$	7,018
Long-term debt:
	Term Loans (previously referred to as Delayed draw term loans):
		Denominated in Canadian dollars, secured, bearing interest at a weighted
		average rate of 4.015%, due in monthly installments of interest only and
		quarterly installments of principal, maturing in October 2021		173,345		185,143
		Denominated in United States dollars, secured, bearing interest at a weighted
		average rate of 4.219%, due in weekly installments of interest only and
		quarterly installments of principal, maturing in October 2021		92,690		144,544
		Less: unamortized debt issue costs		(2,940)		(4,134)
	Senior unsecured notes:
		Bearing interest at 5.375% due in semi-annual installments, with the full
		amount of principal due in January 2025		500,000		500,000
		Less: unamortized debt issue costs		(11,317)		(12,661)
Total Long-term debt				751,778		812,892
Total debt			$	762,310	$	819,910
Long-term debt:
Current portion			$	11,556	$	16,907
Non-current portion				740,222		795,985
Total long-term debt			$	751,778	$	812,892

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Other Non-current Liabilities (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Other Non-current Liabilities [Abstract]

Other Non-current Liabilities

		September 30,		December 31,
		2018		2017
Tax payable	$	21,604	$	25,958
Finance lease obligation		8,738		7,875
Share unit liabilities		-		2,865
Other		9,094		10,075
	$	39,436	$	46,773

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Equity and Dividends (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Equity and Dividends [Abstract]

Schedule of Quarterly Dividends Declared and Paid

	Declaration date	Dividend per share		Record date		Total dividends	Payment date
Nine months ended September 30, 2018:
Fourth quarter 2017	January 26, 2018	$	0.1700	February 16, 2018	$	18,246	March 9, 2018
First quarter 2018	May 9, 2018		0.1700	May 30, 2018		18,342	June 20, 2018
Second quarter 2018	August 7, 2018		0.1800	August 29, 2018		19,528	September 19, 2018
Nine months ended September 30, 2017:
Fourth quarter 2016	January 23, 2017	$	0.1700	February 10, 2017	$	18,160	March 3, 2017
First quarter 2017	May 4, 2017		0.1700	May 23, 2017		18,188	June 13, 2017
Second quarter 2017	August 4, 2017		0.1700	August 25, 2017		18,210	September 15, 2017

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Share-Based Payments (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]

Compensation Costs Related to Share-Based Payments

	Three months ended				Nine months ended
	September 30,				September 30,
		2018		2017		2018		2017
Stock option compensation expense:
SG&A expenses	$	2,066		2,920	$	6,354	$	6,244
Acquisition-related costs		162		-		357		4,752
Share unit expense (recovery):
Equity-classified share units		2,718		(176)		8,978		1,871
Liability-classified share units		300		821		2,245		246
Employee share purchase plan -
employer contributions		538		468		1,630		1,350
	$	5,784	$	4,033	$	19,564	$	14,463

Summary of Stock Option Activity

					WA
	Common			WA	remaining			Aggregate
	shares under			exercise	contractual			intrinsic
	option	price			life (in years)	value
Outstanding, December 31, 2017	4,459,744		$	24.29	7.5		$	17,649
Granted	914,967			32.12
Exercised	(1,154,541)			23.45			$	13,472
Forfeited	(77,644)			27.04
Expired	(1,302)			25.76
Outstanding,September 30, 2018	4,141,224		$	26.20	7.4		$	41,122
Exercisable, September 30, 2018	2,107,984		$	24.08	6.4		$	25,401

Summary of Share Unit Activity

	Equity-classified awards						Liability-classified awards
	PSUs			RSUs			PSUs			RSUs			DSUs
		WA grant			WA grant			WA grant			WA grant			WA grant
			date fair			date fair			date fair			date fair			date fair
	Number		value	Number		value	Number		value	Number		value	Number		value
Outstanding, December 31, 2017	434,248	$	27.83	125,152	$	26.93	259,241	$	26.38	4,666	$	26.42	93,487	$	26.32
Granted	235,426		35.70	90,147		32.08	-		-	66		34.70	19,448		33.36
Transferred to equity
awards on modification	257,659		31.30	-		-	(257,659)		26.38	-		-	-		-
Vested and settled	(212,263)		33.78	-		-	-		-	(975)		27.58	(6,605)		23.16
Forfeited	(43,071)		31.42	(5,219)		31.99	(1,582)		26.45	-		-	-		-
Outstanding, September 30, 2018	671,999	$	31.45	210,080	$	29.02	-	$	-	3,757	$	26.27	106,330	$	27.80

Stock Option Plan [Member]

Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]

Summary of Stock Option and Performance Share Unit Pricing Assumptions

Nine months ended September 30,	2018	2017
Risk free interest rate	2.7%	2.0%
Expected dividend yield	2.11%	2.14%
Expected lives of the stock options	5 years	5 years
Expected volatility	28.1%	27.8%

Senior Executive and Employee Performance Share Unit Plans [Member]

Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]

Summary of Stock Option and Performance Share Unit Pricing Assumptions

Nine months ended September 30,	2018
Risk free interest rate	1.9%
Expected dividend yield	2.09%
Expected lives of the PSUs	3 years
Expected volatility	31.1%
Average expected volatility of comparable companies	34.1%

Sign-on Grant Performance Share Unit Plans [Member]

Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]

Summary of Stock Option and Performance Share Unit Pricing Assumptions

September 11, 2018
Risk free interest rate	2.7%
Expected dividend yield	1.53%
Expected lives of the PSU	1 year
Expected volatility	29.2%

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Business Combinations (Tables) - Iron Planet Holdings Inc. [Member]

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Schedule of Net Cash Flows and Purchase Price

		May 31, 2017
Cash consideration paid to former equity holders	$	723,810
Settlement of IronPlanet's debt		36,313
Settlement of IronPlanet's transaction costs		12,583
Cash consideration paid on closing		772,706
Cash consideration paid related to closing adjustments		1,771
Less: cash and cash equivalents acquired		(95,626)
Less: restricted cash acquired		(3,000)
Acquisition of IronPlanet, net of cash acquired	$	675,851
Cash consideration paid on closing	$	772,706
Replacement stock option awards attributable to pre-
combination services		4,926
Stock option compensation expense from accelerated vesting
of awards attributable to post-combination services		(2,596)
Cash consideration paid relating  to closing adjustments		1,771
Settlement of pre-existing intercompany balances		(333)
Purchase price	$	776,474

Schedule of Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed

		May 31, 2017
Purchase price	$	776,474
Assets acquired:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	95,626
Restricted cash		3,000
Trade and other receivables		13,021
Inventory		600
Advances against auction contracts		4,623
Prepaid expenses and deposits		1,645
Income taxes receivable		55
Property, plant and equipment		2,381
Other non-current assets		2,551
Deferred tax assets		1,497
Intangible assets ~		188,000
Liabilities assumed:
Auction proceeds payable		63,616
Trade and other payables		15,540
Deferred tax liabilities		25,935
Fair value of identifiable net assets acquired		207,908
Goodwill acquired on acquisition	$	568,566

~Intangible assets consist of indefinite-lived trade names and trademarks, customer relationships with estimated useful lives of ranging from six to 13 years, and a technology platform with an estimated useful life of seven years.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Narrative) (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2017 USD ($)
Mascus International Holdings BV [Member] | ASU 2016-15 [Member]
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Reclassification of contingent consideration	$ 1,302

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Schedule of Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncements) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Total revenues	$ 245,346	$ 227,401	$ 814,054	$ 679,441
Costs of services	(33,053)	(33,461)	(112,743)	(94,093)
Cost of inventory sold	(74,341)	(72,476)	(231,834)	(207,603)
Gross revenue, net of expenses		121,464		377,745
As Reported [Member]
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Total revenues		141,047		431,732
Costs of services		(19,583)		(53,987)
Gross revenue, net of expenses		121,464		377,745
New Revenue Standard Adjustment [Member]
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Total revenues		86,354		247,709
Costs of services		(13,878)		(40,106)
Cost of inventory sold		(72,476)		(207,603)
Service Revenues [Member]
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Total revenues	161,374	145,938	551,736	442,066
Service Revenues [Member] | New Revenue Standard Adjustment [Member]
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Total revenues		4,891		10,334
Revenue from Inventory Sales [Member]
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Total revenues	$ 83,972	81,463	$ 262,318	237,375
Revenue from Inventory Sales [Member] | New Revenue Standard Adjustment [Member]
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Total revenues		$ 81,463		$ 237,375

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Segment Information (Narrative) (Details)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018 segment
Segment Information [Abstract]
Number of reportable segments	1

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Segment Information (Schedule of Revenue and (Loss) Income Before Taxes by Segment) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017
Segment Reporting [Line Items]
Revenues	$ 245,346	$ 227,401	$ 814,054	$ 679,441
Costs of services	33,053	33,461	112,743	94,093
Cost of inventory sold	74,341	72,476	231,834	207,603
SG&A expenses	88,323	85,335	287,052	230,287
Impairment loss				8,911
Acquisition-related costs	2,007	3,587	5,039	35,162
Depreciation and amortization expenses ("D&A")	16,723	14,837	49,451	37,047
Gain on disposition of property, plant and equipment ("PPE")	(342)	(42)	(958)	(1,071)
Foreign exchange loss (gain)	47	816	31	(7)
Operating income	31,194	16,931	128,862	67,416
Interest expense	(10,473)	(10,558)	(32,720)	(27,311)
Other income, net	7,182	592	8,995	6,346
Income tax expense	(4,791)	3,358	(19,091)	(7,982)
Net income	23,112	10,323	86,046	38,469
Operating Segments [Member]
Segment Reporting [Line Items]
Revenues	245,346	227,401	814,054	679,441
Costs of services	33,053	33,461	112,743	94,093
Cost of inventory sold	74,341	72,476	231,834	207,603
SG&A expenses	88,323	85,335	287,052	230,287
Impairment loss				8,911
Operating income	49,629	36,129	182,425	138,547
Segment Reconciling Items [Member]
Segment Reporting [Line Items]
Acquisition-related costs	2,007	3,587	5,039	35,162
Depreciation and amortization expenses ("D&A")	16,723	(14,837)	49,451	(37,047)
Gain on disposition of property, plant and equipment ("PPE")	(342)	(42)	(958)	(1,071)
Foreign exchange loss (gain)	47	816	31	(7)
Auctions and Marketplaces [Member] | Operating Segments [Member]
Segment Reporting [Line Items]
Revenues	218,576	202,718	725,394	608,169
Costs of services	20,059	18,381	62,888	51,946
Cost of inventory sold	74,341	72,476	231,834	207,603
SG&A expenses	83,542	81,736	272,503	219,824
Impairment loss				8,911
Operating income	40,634	30,125	158,169	119,885
Other Reporting Unit [Member] | Operating Segments [Member]
Segment Reporting [Line Items]
Revenues	26,770	24,683	88,660	71,272
Costs of services	12,994	15,080	49,855	42,147
SG&A expenses	4,781	3,599	14,549	10,463
Operating income	8,995	6,004	24,256	18,662
Service Revenues [Member]
Segment Reporting [Line Items]
Revenues	161,374	145,938	551,736	442,066
Service Revenues [Member] | Operating Segments [Member]
Segment Reporting [Line Items]
Revenues	161,374	145,938	551,736	442,066
Service Revenues [Member] | Auctions and Marketplaces [Member] | Operating Segments [Member]
Segment Reporting [Line Items]
Revenues	134,604	121,255	463,076	370,794
Service Revenues [Member] | Other Reporting Unit [Member] | Operating Segments [Member]
Segment Reporting [Line Items]
Revenues	26,770	24,683	88,660	71,272
Revenue from Inventory Sales [Member]
Segment Reporting [Line Items]
Revenues	83,972	81,463	262,318	237,375
Revenue from Inventory Sales [Member] | Operating Segments [Member]
Segment Reporting [Line Items]
Revenues	83,972	81,463	262,318	237,375
Revenue from Inventory Sales [Member] | Auctions and Marketplaces [Member] | Operating Segments [Member]
Segment Reporting [Line Items]
Revenues	$ 83,972	$ 81,463	$ 262,318	$ 237,375

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Segment Information (Geographic Information of Revenue) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Revenues	$ 245,346	$ 227,401	$ 814,054	$ 679,441
Operating Segments [Member]
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Revenues	245,346	227,401	814,054	679,441
United States [Member]
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Revenues	114,410	107,812	392,904	327,838
Canada [Member]
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Revenues	52,711	51,136	201,296	170,994
Europe [Member]
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Revenues	43,935	29,065	123,335	81,930
Other [Member]
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Revenues	$ 34,290	$ 39,388	$ 96,519	$ 98,679

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Total Revenues (Revenue from the Rendering of Services) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017
Revenues	$ 245,346	$ 227,401	$ 814,054	$ 679,441
Service Revenues [Member]
Revenues	161,374	145,938	551,736	442,066
Commission Revenue [Member]
Revenues	87,548	88,696	313,539	280,235
Fees Revenue [Member]
Revenues	73,826	57,242	238,197	161,831
Revenue from Inventory Sales [Member]
Revenues	$ 83,972	$ 81,463	$ 262,318	$ 237,375

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Operating Expenses (Narrative) (Details) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2017 USD ($)
Operating Expenses [Abstract]
Impairment loss	$ 8,911

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Operating Expenses (Schedule of Direct Operating Expenses) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017
Operating Expenses [Abstract]
Ancillary and logistical service expenses	$ 11,682	$ 13,878	$ 46,242	$ 40,106
Employee compensation expenses	10,170	10,032	30,120	24,321
Buildings, facilities and technology expenses	1,990	1,872	7,280	5,819
Travel, advertising and promotion expenses	5,921	5,562	20,535	17,644
Other costs of services	3,290	2,117	8,566	6,203
Cost of Services, Total	$ 33,053	$ 33,461	$ 112,743	$ 94,093

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Operating Expenses (Schedule of Selling, General and Administrative Expenses) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017
Operating Expenses [Abstract]
Employee compensation expenses	$ 56,959	$ 55,560	$ 186,951	$ 147,420
Buildings, facilities and technology expenses	15,058	13,494	45,767	39,088
Travel, advertising and promotion expenses	9,302	8,431	27,821	21,212
Professional fees	2,983	3,381	12,638	9,705
Other SG&A expenses	4,021	4,469	13,875	12,862
Total selling, general and administrative expenses	$ 88,323	$ 85,335	$ 287,052	$ 230,287

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Operating Expenses (Schedule of Acquisition Related Costs) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017
Costs of services	$ 10,170	$ 10,032	$ 30,120	$ 24,321
Other acquisition-related costs	2,007	3,587	5,039	35,162
Iron Planet Holdings Inc. [Member]
Other acquisition-related costs	1,756	2,712	2,876	32,591
Other Acquisitions [Member]
Costs of services	$ 251	829	2,104	2,421
Other acquisition-related costs		$ 46	$ 59	$ 150

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Operating Expenses (Schedule of Depreciation and Amortization Expenses) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017
Operating Expenses [Abstract]
Depreciation expense	$ 7,252	$ 7,228	$ 21,460	$ 20,813
Amortization expense	9,471	7,609	27,991	16,234
Total depreciation and amortization expenses	$ 16,723	$ 14,837	$ 49,451	$ 37,047

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Other Income (Details) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($)
Other Income [Abstract]
Gain on equity accounted for investments	$ 4,935
Proceeds on disposal of equity investment	6,147
Additional proceeds after escrow conditions	$ 1,020
Escrow release conditions period	5 years
Contingent consideration on sale of equity	$ 1,700

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Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017	Dec. 31, 2017
Income Taxes [Abstract]
Income tax expense (recovery)	$ 4,791	$ (3,358)	$ 19,091	$ 7,982
Effective income tax rate	17.00%	(48.00%)	18.00%	17.00%
Foreign income tax rate			21.00%		35.00%

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Earnings Per Share Attributable to Stockholders (Computation of Basic and Diluted Earnings Per Share) (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017
Earnings Per Share Attributable to Stockholders [Abstract]
Basic, Net income attributable to stockholders	$ 23,138	$ 10,261	$ 85,993	$ 38,273
Effect of dilutive securities: Share units, Net income attributable to stockholders				(50)
Diluted, Net income attributable to stockholders	$ 23,138	$ 10,261	$ 85,993	$ 38,223
Basic, WA number of shares	108,365,427	107,120,618	107,811,391	106,993,358
Effect of dilutive securities: Share units, WA number of shares	551,313	214,304	408,006	337,570
Effect of dilutive securities: Stock options, WA number of shares	970,454	843,381	913,981	738,696
Diluted, WA number of shares	109,887,194	108,178,303	109,133,378	108,069,624
Basic, Per share amount	$ 0.21	$ 0.10	$ 0.80	$ 0.36
Effect of dilutive securities: Stock options, Per share amount		(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)
Diluted, Per share amount	$ 0.21	$ 0.09	$ 0.79	$ 0.35

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Supplemental Cash Flow Information (Schedule of Net Changes In Operating Assets and Liabilities) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017
Supplemental Cash Flow Information [Abstract]
Trade and other receivables	$ (159,258)	$ (139,411)
Inventory	(49,140)	(16,460)
Advances against auction contracts	2,434	601
Prepaid expenses and deposits	(5,282)	4,498
Income taxes receivable	10,829	(8,062)
Auction proceeds payable	130,185	186,147
Trade and other payables	15,827	(8,149)
Income taxes payable	6,836	(3,075)
Share unit liabilities	1,204	(5,848)
Other	2,138	1,608
Net changes in operating assets and liabilities	$ (44,227)	$ 11,849

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Supplemental Cash Flow Information (Schedule of Supplemental Cash Flow) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017
Supplemental Cash Flow Information [Abstract]
Interest paid, net of interest capitalized	$ 36,278	$ 20,233
Interest received	2,009	2,460
Net income taxes paid	7,902	28,037
Non-cash purchase of property, plant and equipment under capital lease	$ 5,490	$ 6,851

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Supplemental Cash Flow Information (Schedule of Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Sep. 30, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Supplemental Cash Flow Information [Abstract]
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 228,764	$ 267,910
Restricted cash	75,281	63,206
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$ 304,045	$ 331,116	$ 314,320	$ 758,089

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Fair Value Measurement (Fair Value Assets Recurring and Nonrecurring) (Details) - Recurring [Member] - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Carrying Amount [Member] | Level 1 [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 228,764	$ 267,910
Restricted Cash	75,281	63,206
Fair Value [Member] | Level 1 [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Cash and cash equivalents	228,764	267,910
Restricted Cash	75,281	63,206
Short-term Debt [Member] | Carrying Amount [Member] | Level 2 [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Debt instrument	10,532	7,018
Short-term Debt [Member] | Fair Value [Member] | Level 2 [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Debt instrument	10,532	7,018
Senior Unsecured Notes [Member] | Long-term Debt [Member] | Carrying Amount [Member] | Level 1 [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Debt instrument	488,683	487,339
Senior Unsecured Notes [Member] | Long-term Debt [Member] | Fair Value [Member] | Level 1 [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Debt instrument	498,750	520,000
Delayed Draw Term Loans [Member] | Long-term Debt [Member] | Carrying Amount [Member] | Level 2 [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Debt instrument	263,095	325,553
Delayed Draw Term Loans [Member] | Long-term Debt [Member] | Fair Value [Member] | Level 2 [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Debt instrument	$ 266,036	$ 329,687

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Other Current Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Other Current Assets [Abstract]
Advances against auction contracts	$ 4,872	$ 7,336
Assets held for sale	10,805	584
Prepaid expenses and deposits	24,559	19,690
Other Current Assets	$ 40,236	$ 27,610

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Other Non-current Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Other Non-current Assets [Abstract]
Tax receivable	$ 12,504	$ 12,851

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Goodwill (Details) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($)
Goodwill [Abstract]
Goodwill, Balance	$ 670,922
Additions	3,671
Foreign exchange movement	(1,402)
Goodwill, Balance	$ 673,191

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Debt (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($)		3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Jun. 21, 2018	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017	Dec. 31, 2017
Debt [Line Items]
Short-term debt weighted average interest rate		2.40%		2.40%		2.70%
Repayment of debt				$ 58,825,000	$ 104,729,000
Committed Revolving Credit Facilities [Member]
Debt [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity		$ 477,007,000		477,007,000
Available borrowing capacity		472,881,000		472,881,000
Reduction of borrowing capacity	$ 185,000,000
Delayed Draw Term Loan, In US Dollars, Available until October 2021 [Member]
Debt [Line Items]
Prepayments of term loan				50,000,000
Revolving Credit Facility [Member]
Debt [Line Items]
Principal amount		490,000,000		490,000,000
Term Loan Facility [Member]
Debt [Line Items]
Repayment of debt		2,270,000	$ 4,154,000	8,825,000	$ 4,154,000
Maximum [Member] | Multicurrency Facilities [Member]
Debt [Line Items]
Principal amount		$ 50,000,000		$ 50,000,000

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Debt (Summary of Debt) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Debt [Line Items]
Short-term debt	$ 10,532	$ 7,018
Long-term Debt, Total	751,778	812,892
Total debt	762,310	819,910
Current portion	11,556	16,907
Non-current portion	740,222	795,985
Delayed Draw Term Loans [Member]
Debt [Line Items]
Less: unamortized debt issue costs	(2,940)	(4,134)
Senior Unsecured Notes [Member]
Debt [Line Items]
Less: unamortized debt issue costs	(11,317)	(12,661)
Delayed Draw Term Loan, In Canadian Dollars, Available until October 2021 [Member] | Delayed Draw Term Loans [Member]
Debt [Line Items]
Long-term Debt	$ 173,345	$ 185,143
Weighted average interest rate	4.015%	4.015%
Maturity date	Oct. 01, 2021
Delayed Draw Term Loan, In US Dollars, Available until October 2021 [Member] | Delayed Draw Term Loans [Member]
Debt [Line Items]
Long-term Debt	$ 92,690	$ 144,544
Weighted average interest rate	4.219%	4.219%
Maturity date	Oct. 01, 2021
5.375% Senior Unsecured Note, Due January 2025 [Member] | Senior Unsecured Notes [Member]
Debt [Line Items]
Long-term Debt	$ 500,000	$ 500,000
Interest rate	5.375%	5.375%
Maturity date	Jan. 01, 2025

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Other Non-current Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Other Non-current Liabilities [Abstract]
Tax payable	$ 21,604	$ 25,958
Finance lease obligation	8,738	7,875
Share unit liabilities		2,865
Other non-current liabilities	9,094	10,075
Other non-current liabilities, Total	$ 39,436	$ 46,773

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Equity and Dividends (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Nov. 08, 2018	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017
Dividends Payable [Line Items]
Preferred shares issued		0		0
Intra-entity foreign currency transactions		$ 1,072	$ 5,838	$ 6,256	$ 17,322
Subsequent Event [Member]
Dividends Payable [Line Items]
Dividends declared (usd per share)	$ 0.18
Payment date	Dec. 18, 2018
Record date	Nov. 27, 2018

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Equity and Dividends (Schedule of Quarterly Dividends Declared and Paid) (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017
Fourth Quarter 2016 [Member]
Dividends Payable [Line Items]
Declaration date		Jan. 23, 2017
Dividend per share		$ 0.1700
Record date		Feb. 10, 2017
Total dividends		$ 18,160
Payment date		Mar. 03, 2017
First Quarter 2017 [Member]
Dividends Payable [Line Items]
Declaration date		May 04, 2017
Dividend per share		$ 0.1700
Record date		May 23, 2017
Total dividends		$ 18,188
Payment date		Jun. 13, 2017
Second Quarter 2017 [Member]
Dividends Payable [Line Items]
Declaration date		Aug. 04, 2017
Dividend per share		$ 0.1700
Record date		Aug. 25, 2017
Total dividends		$ 18,210
Payment date		Sep. 15, 2017
Fourth Quarter 2017 [Member]
Dividends Payable [Line Items]
Declaration date	Jan. 26, 2018
Dividend per share	$ 0.1700
Record date	Feb. 16, 2018
Total dividends	$ 18,246
Payment date	Mar. 09, 2018
First Quarter 2018 [Member]
Dividends Payable [Line Items]
Declaration date	May 09, 2018
Dividend per share	$ 0.1700
Record date	May 30, 2018
Total dividends	$ 18,342
Payment date	Jun. 20, 2018
Second Quarter 2018 [Member]
Dividends Payable [Line Items]
Declaration date	Aug. 07, 2018
Dividend per share	$ 0.1800
Record date	Aug. 29, 2018
Total dividends	$ 19,528
Payment date	Sep. 19, 2018

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Share-Based Payments (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($)		9 Months Ended
	Mar. 01, 2018	Sep. 30, 2018
Stock Option Plan [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Unrecognized compensation costs		$ 6,485,000
Senior Executive and Employee Performance Share Unit Plans [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Market value of shares vested and released	$ 31.35
Share unit liability	$ 1,400,000
Share unit liability, fair value attributable to past service	$ 6,701,000
Sign-on Grant Performance Share Unit Plans [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Modified Performance Vesting Conditions, Weighted Average Fair Value		$ 43.34
Modified Performance Vesting Conditions, Incremental Compensation Recognized		$ 838,000
Stock Options [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Weighted average grant date fair value of options granted		$ 7.68
Unrecognized compensation costs, period for recognition		2 years 1 month 6 days
Performance Share Units, Equity Classified Awards [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Unrecognized compensation costs		$ 9,597,000
Unrecognized compensation costs, period for recognition		1 year 9 months 18 days
Restricted Stock Units, Liability Classified Awards [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Unrecognized compensation costs		$ 6,000
Unrecognized compensation costs, period for recognition		1 month 6 days
Restricted Stock Units, Equity Classified [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Unrecognized compensation costs		$ 4,540,000
Unrecognized compensation costs, period for recognition		2 years 3 months 18 days
Deferred Share Units [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Unrecognized compensation costs		$ 0

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Share-Based Payments (Compensation Costs Related To Share-Based Payments) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Stock option compensation expense			$ 6,711	$ 10,996
Acquisition-related costs	$ 162		357	4,752
Equity-classified share units	2,718	$ (176)	8,978	1,871
Liability-classified share units	300	821	2,245	246
Employee share purchase plan - employer contributions	538	468	1,630	1,350
Total compensation costs related to share based payments	5,784	4,033	19,564	14,463
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Stock option compensation expense	$ 2,066	$ 2,920	$ 6,354	$ 6,244

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Share-Based Payments (Summary of Stock Option Activity) (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Share-Based Payments [Abstract]
Outstanding beginning balance, Common shares under option	4,459,744
Granted, Common shares under option	914,967
Exercised, Common shares under option	(1,154,541)
Forfeited, Common shares under option	(77,644)
Expired, Common shares under option	(1,302)
Outstanding ending balance, Common shares under option	4,141,224	4,459,744
Exercisable, Common shares under option	2,107,984
Outstanding beginning balance, Weighted average exercise price (per share)	$ 24.29
Granted, Weighted average exercise price (per share)	32.12
Exercised, Weighted average exercise price (per share)	23.45
Forfeited, Weighted average exercise price (per share)	27.04
Expired, Weighted average exercise price (per share)	25.76
Outstanding ending balance, Weighted average exercise price (per share)	26.20	$ 24.29
Exercisable, Weighted average exercise price (per share)	$ 24.08
Outstanding, Weighted average remaining contractual life (in years)	7 years 4 months 24 days	7 years 6 months
Exercisable, Weighted average remaining contractual life (in years)	6 years 4 months 24 days
Outstanding beginning balance, Aggregate intrinsic value	$ 17,649
Exercised, Aggregate intrinsic value	13,472
Outstanding ending balance, Aggregate intrinsic value	41,122	$ 17,649
Exercisable, Aggregate intrinsic value	$ 25,401

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Share-Based Payments (Summary of Stock Option and Performance Share Unit Pricing Assumptions) (Details)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017
Sign-on Grant Performance Share Unit Plans [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Risk free interest rate	2.70%
Expected dividend yield	1.53%
Expected lives	1 year
Expected volatility	29.20%
Stock Options [Member] | Stock Option Plan [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Risk free interest rate	2.70%	2.00%
Expected dividend yield	2.11%	2.14%
Expected lives	5 years	5 years
Expected volatility	28.10%	27.80%
Performance Share Units [Member] | Senior Executive and Employee Performance Share Unit Plans [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Risk free interest rate	1.90%
Expected dividend yield	2.09%
Expected lives	3 years
Expected volatility	31.10%
Average expected volatility of comparable companies	34.10%

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Share-Based Payments (Summary of Share Unit Activity) (Details)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018 $ / shares shares
Performance Share Units [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Outstanding beginning balance, Shares | shares	434,248
Granted, Shares | shares	235,426
Transferred to (from) equity awards on modification, Shares | shares	257,659
Vested and settled, Shares | shares	(212,263)
Forfeited, Shares | shares	(43,071)
Outstanding ending balance, Shares | shares	671,999
Outstanding beginning balance, Weighted average grant date fair value (per share) | $ / shares	$ 27.83
Granted, Weighted average grant date fair value (per share) | $ / shares	35.70
Transferred to (from) equity awards on modification, WA grant date fair value (per share) | $ / shares	31.30
Vested and settled, Weighted average grant date fair value (per share) | $ / shares	33.78
Forfeited, Weighted average grant date fair value (per share) | $ / shares	31.42
Outstanding ending balance, Weighted average grant date fair value (per share) | $ / shares	$ 31.45
Liability Awards, Outstanding beginning balance, Shares | shares	259,241
Liability Awards, Granted, Shares | shares
Liability Awards, Transferred to (from) equity awards on modification, Shares | shares	(257,659)
Liability Awards, Vested and settled, Shares | shares
Liability Awards, Forfeited, Shares | shares	(1,582)
Liability Instruments, Outstanding ending balance, Shares | shares
Liability Awards, Outstanding beginning balance, Weighted average grant date fair value (per share) | $ / shares	$ 26.38
Liability Awards, Granted, Weighted average grant date fair value (per share) | $ / shares
Liability Awards, Transferred to (from) equity awards on modification, Weighted average grant date fair value (per share) | $ / shares	26.38
Liability Awards, Vested and settled, Weighted average grant date fair value (per share) | $ / shares
Liability Awards, Forfeited, Weighted average grant date fair value (per share) | $ / shares	26.45
Liability Awards, Outstanding ending balance, Weighted average grant date fair value (per share) | $ / shares
Restricted Share Units [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Outstanding beginning balance, Shares | shares	125,152
Granted, Shares | shares	90,147
Forfeited, Shares | shares	(5,219)
Outstanding ending balance, Shares | shares	210,080
Outstanding beginning balance, Weighted average grant date fair value (per share) | $ / shares	$ 26.93
Granted, Weighted average grant date fair value (per share) | $ / shares	32.08
Forfeited, Weighted average grant date fair value (per share) | $ / shares	31.99
Outstanding ending balance, Weighted average grant date fair value (per share) | $ / shares	$ 29.02
Liability Awards, Outstanding beginning balance, Shares | shares	4,666
Liability Awards, Granted, Shares | shares	66
Liability Awards, Transferred to (from) equity awards on modification, Shares | shares
Liability Awards, Vested and settled, Shares | shares	975
Liability Awards, Forfeited, Shares | shares
Liability Instruments, Outstanding ending balance, Shares | shares	3,757
Liability Awards, Outstanding beginning balance, Weighted average grant date fair value (per share) | $ / shares	$ 26.42
Liability Awards, Granted, Weighted average grant date fair value (per share) | $ / shares	34.70
Liability Awards, Transferred to (from) equity awards on modification, Weighted average grant date fair value (per share) | $ / shares
Liability Awards, Vested and settled, Weighted average grant date fair value (per share) | $ / shares	27.58
Liability Awards, Forfeited, Weighted average grant date fair value (per share) | $ / shares
Liability Awards, Outstanding ending balance, Weighted average grant date fair value (per share) | $ / shares	$ 26.27
Deferred Share Units [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Liability Awards, Outstanding beginning balance, Shares | shares	93,487
Liability Awards, Granted, Shares | shares	19,448
Liability Awards, Transferred to (from) equity awards on modification, Shares | shares
Liability Awards, Vested and settled, Shares | shares	6,605
Liability Awards, Forfeited, Shares | shares
Liability Instruments, Outstanding ending balance, Shares | shares	106,330
Liability Awards, Outstanding beginning balance, Weighted average grant date fair value (per share) | $ / shares	$ 26.32
Liability Awards, Granted, Weighted average grant date fair value (per share) | $ / shares	33.36
Liability Awards, Transferred to (from) equity awards on modification, Weighted average grant date fair value (per share) | $ / shares
Liability Awards, Vested and settled, Weighted average grant date fair value (per share) | $ / shares	23.16
Liability Awards, Forfeited, Weighted average grant date fair value (per share) | $ / shares
Liability Awards, Outstanding ending balance, Weighted average grant date fair value (per share) | $ / shares	$ 27.80

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Commitments (Narrative) (Details) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($) item
Commitments [Line Items]
Purchase commitment amount purchased	$ 27,078
Minimum [Member]
Commitments [Line Items]
Purchase commitment quantity | item	150,000
Purchase commitment	$ 11,104
Maximum [Member]
Commitments [Line Items]
Purchase commitment quantity | item	245,900
Purchase commitment	$ 51,028

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Contingencies (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Contingencies [Abstract]
Assets guaranteed under contract	$ 67,010	$ 30,948
Percentage of assets expected to be sold	93.00%	27.00%

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Business Combinations (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		1 Months Ended
	May 31, 2017	Mar. 31, 2018	Sep. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Goodwill			$ 673,191	$ 670,922
Iron Planet Holdings Inc. [Member]
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Cash consideration	$ 772,706
Total consideration	776,474
Cash consideration, placed in escrow	35,000
Noncash consideration	2,330
Non-cash consideration, placed in escrow	$ 1,771
Amount released from escrow		$ 36,771
Voting equity interests acquired, percentage	100.00%
Cash related to customary adjustments	$ 333
Goodwill	$ 568,566

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Business Combinations (Schedule of Net Cash Flows and Purchase Price) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		9 Months Ended
	May 31, 2017	Sep. 30, 2017
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Acquisition of IronPlanet, net of cash acquired		$ 675,851
Iron Planet Holdings Inc. [Member]
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Cash consideration paid to former equity holders	$ 723,810
Settlement of IronPlanet's debt	36,313
Settlement of IronPlanet's transaction costs	12,583
Cash consideration paid on closing	772,706
Less: cash and cash equivalents acquired	(95,626)
Less: restricted cash acquired	(3,000)
Acquisition of IronPlanet, net of cash acquired	675,851
Replacement stock option awards attributable to pre-combination services	4,926
Stock option compensation expense from accelerated vesting of awards attributable to post-combination services	(2,596)
Cash consideration paid relating to closing adjustments	1,771
Settlement of pre-existing intercompany balances	(333)
Purchase price	$ 776,474

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Business Combinations (Schedule of Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		May 31, 2017	Sep. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Goodwill acquired on acquisition			$ 673,191	$ 670,922
Iron Planet Holdings Inc. [Member]
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Purchase price		$ 776,474
Cash and cash equivalents		95,626
Restricted cash		3,000
Trade and other receivables		13,021
Inventory		600
Advances against auction contracts		4,623
Prepaid expenses and deposits		1,645
Income taxes receivable		55
Property, plant and equipment		2,381
Other non-current assets		2,551
Deferred tax assets		1,497
Intangible assets	[1]	188,000
Auction proceeds payable		63,616
Trade and other payables		15,540
Deferred tax liabilities		25,935
Fair value of identifiable net assets acquired		207,908
Goodwill acquired on acquisition		$ 568,566
Iron Planet Holdings Inc. [Member] | Technology [Member]
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Amortization life		7 years
Minimum [Member] | Iron Planet Holdings Inc. [Member] | Customer Relationships [Member]
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Amortization life		6 years
Maximum [Member] | Iron Planet Holdings Inc. [Member] | Customer Relationships [Member]
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Amortization life		13 years

[1] Intangible assets consist of indefinite-lived trade names and trademarks, customer relationships with estimated useful lives of ranging from six to 13 years, and a technology platform with an estimated useful life of seven years.