Fair Value Measurements

9 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Fair value is defined under GAAP as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. GAAP requires that valuation techniques maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. GAAP also establishes a fair value hierarchy which prioritizes the valuation inputs into three broad levels. Based on the underlying inputs, each fair value measurement in its entirety is reported in one of three levels. These levels are:

Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date.

Level 2: Significant observable inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar (as opposed to identical) assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a company’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability based on the best information available in the circumstances.

The Company's assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis consist of investment securities available for sale and investments in equity securities. The estimated fair values of MBS are based upon market prices of similar securities or observable inputs (Level 2). The estimated fair values of mutual funds are based upon quoted market prices (Level 1).

The Company had no liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at June 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022. The Company's assets measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis at June 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022 were as follows (dollars in thousands):


June 30, 2023	Estimated Fair Value
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Available for sale investment securities
MBS: U.S. government agencies	$	—	$	43,842	$	—	$	43,842
Investments in equity securities
Mutual funds	837		—		—		837
Total	$	837	$	43,842	$	—	$	44,679



September 30, 2022	Estimated Fair Value
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Available for sale investment securities
MBS: U.S. government agencies	$	—	$	41,415	$	—	$	41,415
Investments in equity securities

Mutual funds	835		—		—		835
Total	$	835	$	41,415	$	—	$	42,250

There were no transfers among Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 during the nine months ended June 30, 2023 and the year ended September 30, 2022.

The Company may be required, from time to time, to measure certain assets and liabilities at fair value on a non-recurring basis in accordance with GAAP. These include assets that are measured at the lower of cost or market value that were recognized at fair value below cost at the end of the period.

The Company uses the following methods and significant assumptions to estimate fair value on a non-recurring basis:

Impaired Loans: The estimated fair value of impaired loans is calculated using the collateral value method or on a discounted cash flow basis. The specific reserve for collateral dependent impaired loans is based on the estimated fair value of the collateral less estimated costs to sell, if applicable. In some cases, adjustments are made to the appraised values due to various factors including age of the appraisal, age of the comparable collateral included in the appraisal and known changes in the market and in the underlying collateral. Such adjustments may be significant and typically result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. Impaired loans are evaluated on a quarterly basis for additional impairment and adjusted accordingly.

The following table summarizes the balances of assets measured at estimated fair value on a non-recurring basis at June 30, 2023 (dollars in thousands):


	Estimated Fair Value
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Impaired loans:









Commercial business loans	$	—	$	—	$	122




Total	$	—	$	—	$	122

The following table presents quantitative information about Level 3 fair value measurements for financial instruments measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of June 30, 2023 (dollars in thousands):

Estimated
Fair Value

Valuation
Technique(s)

Unobservable Input(s)

Impaired loans

122

Market approach

Appraised value less estimated selling costs

The following table summarizes the balances of assets measured at estimated fair value on a non-recurring basis at September 30, 2022 (dollars in thousands):


	Estimated Fair Value
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Impaired loans:









Commercial business loans	$	—	$	—	$	123




Total	$	—	$	—	$	123

The following table presents quantitative information about Level 3 fair value measurements for financial instruments measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of September 30, 2022 (dollars in thousands):

Estimated
Fair Value

Valuation
Technique(s)

Unobservable Input(s)

Impaired loans

123

Market approach

Appraised value less estimated selling costs

GAAP requires disclosure of estimated fair values for certain financial instruments. Such estimates are subjective in nature, and significant judgment is required regarding the risk characteristics of various financial instruments at a discrete point in time. Therefore, such estimates could vary significantly if assumptions regarding uncertain factors were to change. In addition, as the Company normally intends to hold the majority of its financial instruments until maturity, it does not expect to realize many of the estimated amounts disclosed. The disclosures also do not include estimated fair value amounts for certain items which are not defined as financial instruments but for which may have significant value. The Company does not believe that it would be practicable to estimate a representative fair value for these types of items as of June 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022. Because GAAP excludes certain items from fair value disclosure requirements, any aggregation of the fair value amounts presented would not represent the underlying value of the Company. Additionally, in accordance with GAAP, the Company uses the exit price notion in calculating the fair values of financial instruments not measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

The recorded amounts and estimated fair values of financial instruments were as follows as of June 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022 (dollars in thousands):


	June 30, 2023
					Fair Value Measurements Using:
	Recorded Amount		Estimated Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Financial assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	129,953	$	129,953	$	129,953	$	—	$	—
CDs held for investment	16,931		16,767		16,767		—		—
Investment securities	318,895		304,313		161,458		142,855		—
Investments in equity securities	837		837		837		—		—
FHLB stock	2,802		2,802		2,802		—		—
Other investments	3,000		3,000		3,000		—		—

Loans receivable, net	1,260,647		1,219,328		—		—		1,219,328
Accrued interest receivable	5,451		5,451		5,451		—		—

Financial liabilities
Certificates of deposit	251,313		248,541		—		—		248,541
FHLB borrowings	15,000		14,665		—		—		14,665
Accrued interest payable	881		881		881		—		—


	September 30, 2022
					Fair Value Measurements Using:
	Recorded Amount		Estimated Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Financial assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	316,755	$	316,755	$	316,755	$	—	$	—
CDs held for investment	22,894		22,519		22,519		—		—
Investment securities	308,023		291,198		158,578		132,620		—
Investments in equity securities	835		835		835		—		—
FHLB stock	2,194		2,194		2,194		—		—
Other investments	3,000		3,000		3,000		—		—
Loans held for sale	748		758		758		—		—
Loans receivable, net	1,132,426		1,124,579		—		—		1,124,579
Accrued interest receivable	4,483		4,483		4,483		—		—

Financial liabilities
Certificates of deposit	122,584		120,807		—		—		120,807

Accrued interest payable	108		108		108		—		—

- Definition

The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information.

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