ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Comprehensive income includes all changes in stockholders’ equity that do not arise from transactions with stockholders, and consists of net income, currency translation adjustments (CTA), certain gains and losses from pension and other postretirement employee benefit (OPEB) plans, gains and losses on cash flow hedges and, prior to 2018, unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale equity securities. As a result of changes in accounting guidance related to available-for-sale equity securities, the unrealized gains and losses associated with these assets are no longer recognized in AOCI beginning January 1, 2018. The following table is a net-of-tax summary of the changes in AOCI by component for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018.


(in millions)	CTA		Pension and OPEB plans		Hedging activities		Total
Gains (losses)
Balance as of December 31, 2018 (as restated)	$	(2,868)	$	(954)	$	(1)	$	(3,823)
Adoption of new accounting standard	9		(169)		(1)		(161)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	(272)		20		(66)		(318)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI (a)	—		17		(3)		14
Net other comprehensive income (loss)	(272)		37		(69)		(304)
Balance as of September 30, 2019	$	(3,131)	$	(1,086)	$	(71)	$	(4,288)


	As Restated
(in millions)	CTA		Pension and OPEB plans		Hedging activities		Available- for-sale- equity securities		Total
Gains (losses)
Balance as of December 31, 2017	$	(2,545)	$	(987)	$	(10)	$	3	$	(3,539)
Adoption of new accounting standard	—		—		—		(3)		(3)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	(314)		50		1		—		(263)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI (a)	—		44		7		—		51
Net other comprehensive income (loss)	(314)		94		8		—		(212)
Balance as of September 30, 2018	$	(2,859)	$	(893)	$	(2)	$	—	$	(3,754)

(a) See table below for details about these reclassifications.

The following is a summary of the amounts reclassified from AOCI to net income during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018.


	Amounts reclassified from AOCI (a)
(in millions)	Three months ended September 30, 2019		Nine months ended September 30, 2019		Location of impact in income statement
Amortization of pension and OPEB items
Amortization of net losses and prior service costs or credits	$	(8)	$	(23)	Other income, net
Less: Tax effect	4		6		Income tax expense
	$	(4)	$	(17)	Net of tax
Gains on hedging activities
Foreign exchange contracts	$	2	$	3	Cost of sales
Less: Tax effect	—		—		Income tax expense
	$	2	$	3	Net of tax
Total reclassifications for the period	$	(2)	$	(14)	Total net of tax


	Amounts reclassified from AOCI (a)
(in millions)	Three months ended September 30, 2018		Nine months ended September 30, 2018		Location of impact in income statement
Amortization of pension and OPEB items
Amortization of net losses and prior service costs or credits	$	(18)	$	(54)	Other income, net
Less: Tax effect	4		10		Income tax expense
	$	(14)	$	(44)	Net of tax
Losses on hedging activities
Foreign exchange contracts	$	(1)	$	(11)	Cost of sales
Less: Tax effect	1		4		Income tax expense
	$	—	$	(7)	Net of tax
Total reclassifications for the period	$	(14)	$	(51)	Total net of tax

(a) Amounts in parentheses indicate reductions to net income.

Refer to Note 13 for additional information regarding the amortization of pension and OPEB items and Note 16 for additional information regarding hedging activity.