12. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

Comprehensive income includes all changes in shareholders’ equity that do not arise from transactions with shareholders, and consists of net income, CTA, pension and other employee benefits, unrealized gains and losses on cash flow hedges and unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale equity securities. As a result of recent changes in accounting guidance related to available-for-sale equity securities, the unrealized gains and losses associated with these assets are no longer recognized in AOCI beginning January 1, 2018. The following table is a net-of-tax summary of the changes in AOCI by component for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017.

(in millions)	CTA			Pension and other employee benefits			Hedging activities			Available- for-sale securities			Total
Gains (losses)
Balance as of December 31, 2017	$	(3,013	)	$	(981	)	$	(10	)	$	3		$	(4,001	)
Adoption of new accounting standard		—			—			—			(3	)		(3	)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications		81			37			(8	)		—			110
Amounts reclassified from AOCI (a)		—			15			3			—			18
Net other comprehensive income (loss)		81			52			(5	)		—			128
Balance as of March 31, 2018	$	(2,932	)	$	(929	)	$	(15	)	$	—		$	(3,876	)

(in millions)	CTA			Pension and other employee benefits			Hedging activities			Available- for-sale- securities			Total
Gains (losses)
Balance as of December 31, 2016	$	(3,438	)	$	(1,122	)	$	3		$	1		$	(4,556	)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications		122			(2	)		(6	)		(1	)		113
Amounts reclassified from AOCI (a)		—			23			(1	)		3			25
Net other comprehensive income (loss)		122			21			(7	)		2			138
Balance as of March 31, 2017	$	(3,316	)	$	(1,101	)	$	(4	)	$	3		$	(4,418	)

(a)	See table below for details about these reclassifications.

The following is a summary of the amounts reclassified from AOCI to net income during the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017.

	Amounts reclassified from AOCI (a)
(in millions)	Three months ended March 31, 2018			Three months ended March 31, 2017			Location of impact in income statement
Amortization of pension and other employee benefits items
Actuarial losses and other (b)	$	(18	)	$	(34	)	Other (income) expense, net
		(18	)		(34	)	Total before tax
		3			11		Income tax expense
	$	(15	)	$	(23	)	Net of tax
Gains on hedging activities
Foreign exchange contracts	$	(4	)	$	2		Cost of sales
		(4	)		2		Total before tax
		1			(1	)	Income tax expense
	$	(3	)	$	1		Net of tax
Available-for-sale-securities
Other-than-temporary impairment of equity securities	$	—		$	(4	)	Other (income) expense, net
		—			(4	)	Total before tax
		—			1		Income tax expense
	$	—		$	(3	)	Net of tax
Total reclassification for the period	$	(18	)	$	(25	)	Total net of tax

(a)	Amounts in parentheses indicate reductions to net income.

(b)	These AOCI components are included in the computation of net periodic benefit cost disclosed in Note 11.

Refer to Note 9 for additional information regarding hedging activity and Note 11 for additional information regarding the amortization of pension and other employee benefits items.