Asbestos-Related Liability See Note 2 for a discussion of Grace's asbestos-related liability and future obligations and contingencies following the effectiveness of the Joint Plan.

Environmental Remediation Grace is subject to loss contingencies resulting from extensive and evolving federal, state, local and foreign environmental laws and regulations relating to the generation, storage, handling, discharge, disposition and stewardship of hazardous wastes and other materials. Grace accrues for anticipated costs associated with investigative and remediation efforts where an assessment has indicated that a probable liability has been incurred and the cost can be reasonably estimated. These accruals do not take into account any discounting for the time value of money.

Grace's environmental liabilities are reassessed whenever circumstances become better defined or remediation efforts and their costs can be better estimated. These liabilities are evaluated based on currently available information, including the progress of remedial investigation at each site, the current status of discussions with regulatory authorities regarding the method and extent of remediation at each site, existing technology, prior experience in contaminated site remediation and the apportionment of costs among potentially responsible parties.

Estimated Investigation and Remediation Costs

At December 31, 2013, Grace's estimated liability for environmental investigation and remediation costs (non-asbestos and asbestos-related) totaled $135.9 million, compared with $141.5 million at December 31, 2012. These amounts are based on funding and/or remediation agreements in place, including the Multi-Site Agreement described below, and Grace's estimate of costs for sites not subject to a formal remediation plan for which sufficient information is available to estimate investigation and remediation costs. These amounts do not include environmental response costs for the Libby vermiculite mine area or vermiculite expansion facilities, which may be material but are not currently estimable. Due to these vermiculite-related matters, it is probable that Grace's actual investigation and remediation costs will exceed Grace's current estimates by material amounts.

Grace recorded pre-tax charges of $8.2 million, $3.6 million, and $17.8 million for environmental matters in 2013, 2012, and 2011, respectively. Net cash expenditures charged against previously established reserves in 2013, 2012, and 2011 were $14.0 million, $13.0 million, and $11.8 million, respectively.

Vermiculite-Related Matters

Grace purchased a vermiculite mine in Libby, Montana, in 1963 and operated it until 1990. Vermiculite concentrate from the Libby mine was used in the manufacture of attic insulation and other products. Some of the vermiculite ore that was mined at the Libby mine contained naturally occurring asbestos. EPA has investigated sites, including some owned by Grace, which used, stored or processed vermiculite concentrate from the Libby mine. EPA, Grace, and/or other potentially responsible parties have conducted investigations and/or remedial actions at those sites identified by EPA as requiring remedial action.

During 2010, EPA began reinvestigating certain facilities on a list of 105 facilities where vermiculite concentrate from the Libby mine may have been processed. Grace is cooperating with EPA on this reinvestigation. EPA has requested that Grace perform remediation at eight of these facilities. In 2011, Grace performed preliminary evaluations to estimate the cost of remediating these sites based on the revised criteria and recorded an aggregate charge of $16.0 million. It is probable that EPA will request additional remediation at other facilities. Grace does not have sufficient information to identify either the sites that might require additional remediation or the cost of any additional remediation. Grace will continue to monitor EPA's reinvestigation of the remaining sites and assess any information received from EPA. A liability will be recorded in the future should Grace determine that an obligation is probable and reasonably estimable.

Grace's total estimated liability for asbestos remediation studies and other estimable matters related to its former vermiculite operations in Libby, as well as the cost of remediation at vermiculite processing sites outside of Libby, at December 31, 2013 and 2012, was $60.4 million and $60.8 million, respectively, excluding interest where applicable. It is probable that Grace's ultimate liability will exceed current estimates by material amounts. Grace's current recorded liability will be adjusted as Grace receives new information and amounts become reasonably estimable.

Non-Vermiculite-Related Matters

At December 31, 2013 and 2012, Grace's estimated liability for remediation of sites not related to its former vermiculite mining and processing activities was $75.5 million and $80.7 million, respectively. This liability relates to Grace's current and former operations, including its share of liability for off-site disposal at facilities where it has been identified as a potentially responsible party. Grace's estimated liability is based upon an evaluation of claims for which sufficient information is available, regulatory requirements, and environmental conditions at each site. As Grace receives new information and continues its claims evaluation process, its estimated liability may change materially.

Settlement of Environmental Claims in Chapter 11

EPA filed proofs of claim with respect to potential contamination at 38 sites, including vermiculite-related claims and non-vermiculite-related claims. In June 2008, Grace entered into a settlement agreement (the "Multi-Site Agreement") with the U.S. Government, on behalf of EPA and other federal agencies. Under the Multi-Site Agreement, Grace agreed to pay approximately $44 million, which is included in the liabilities described above, to the U.S. Government and other parties in settlement of 35 of these outstanding claims and the U.S. Government has agreed not to take action against Grace under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act with respect to these sites. The settlement amount under the Multi-Site Agreement was paid, with interest, following the effective date of the Joint Plan in February 2014. Grace is implementing remediation at two of the remaining sites. With respect to the third remaining site, Libby, Montana, EPA's claims have been resolved except for claims related to the Grace-owned Libby vermiculite mine and the surrounding area. EPA is engaged in a remedial investigation of these areas to determine an appropriate cleanup standard. Grace is cooperating with EPA in this investigation.

Purchase Commitments Grace uses purchase commitments to ensure supply and to minimize the volatility of major components of direct manufacturing costs including natural gas, certain metals, rare earths, asphalt, amines and other materials. Such commitments are for quantities that Grace fully expects to use in its normal operations.

Guarantees and Indemnification Obligations Grace is a party to many contracts containing guarantees and indemnification obligations. These contracts primarily consist of:

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Product warranties with respect to certain products sold to customers in the ordinary course of business. These warranties typically provide that products will conform to specifications. Grace generally does not establish a liability for product warranty based on a percentage of sales or other formula. Grace accrues a warranty liability on a transaction-specific basis depending on the individual facts and circumstances related to each sale. Both the liability and annual expense related to product warranties are immaterial to the Consolidated Financial Statements.


•	Licenses of intellectual property by Grace to third parties in which Grace has agreed to indemnify the licensee against third party infringement claims.


•	Contracts providing for the sale of a former business unit or product line in which Grace has agreed to indemnify the buyer against liabilities arising prior to the closing of the transaction, including environmental liabilities.


•	Guarantees of real property lease obligations of third parties, typically arising out of (a) leases entered into by former subsidiaries of Grace, or (b) the assignment or sublease of a lease by Grace to a third party.

Financial Assurances Financial assurances have been established for a variety of purposes, including insurance and environmental matters, asbestos settlements and appeals, trade-related commitments and other matters. At December 31, 2013, Grace had gross financial assurances issued and outstanding of $258.2 million, composed of $108.5 million of surety bonds issued by various insurance companies and $149.7 million of standby letters of credit and other financial assurances issued by various banks; $80.6 million of these financial assurances have been issued under the letter of credit facility.

Accounting for Contingencies Although the outcome of each of the matters discussed above cannot be predicted with certainty, Grace has assessed its risk and has made accounting estimates as required under U.S. GAAP. Claims related to certain of the items discussed above were addressed as part of Grace's Chapter 11 proceedings. Accruals recorded for such contingencies have been included in "liabilities subject to compromise" in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.