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Income Tax
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2018
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Tax
Income Tax
The effective tax rates for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 were 16.4% and (12.4)%, respectively, compared to 52.0% and 52.2% for the same periods in 2017. The Company established valuation allowances on deferred tax assets for losses and tax credits generated in each period, which, when applied to losses for the three and  nine months ended September 30, 2018, resulted in lower effective tax rates than the U.S. statutory rate. The negative tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 is the result of net tax expense recorded against a pre-tax loss for the period.  The change in effective tax rate from 2017 to 2018 was also impacted by the decrease in the U.S. federal corporate tax rate from 35% in 2017 to 21% in 2018.
On December 22, 2017, the President of the United States signed into law P.L. 115-97, informally known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 ("Tax Reform"). Tax Reform amends the Internal Revenue Code to reduce tax rates and modify policies, credits and deductions for individuals and businesses. For businesses, Tax Reform reduced the corporate federal tax rate from a maximum of 35% to 21% and transitions from a worldwide tax system to a modified territorial tax system. Tax Reform also adds many new provisions including changes to bonus depreciation, the deduction for executive compensation and interest expense, a tax on global intangible low-taxed income, the base erosion anti-abusive tax and a deduction for foreign-derived intangible income.  Given the amount and complexity of the changes to tax law, we continue to finalize our accounting for the income tax effects stemming from Tax Reform. At December 31, 2017, certain provisional amounts were taken as estimates to account for the impact of Tax Reform. The actual impact of Tax Reform may differ from the estimates used due to, among other things, further refinement of our calculations, changes in interpretations and assumptions we have made, guidance that may be issued and actions we may take as a result of the tax legislation. Any adjustments to these provisional estimates will be reported as a component of income tax expense in the reporting period in which any such adjustments are identified, which will be no later than the fourth quarter of 2018. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company reclassified $28.0 million from current income taxes payable to non-current income taxes payable due to tax return elections, recent guidance and regulations occurring in the quarter.