Basis of Presentation, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements (Policies)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Basis of Presentation, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements

The Company recognizes revenue under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The core principle of the new revenue standard is that a company should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The following five steps are applied to achieve that core principle:

Step 1: Identify the contract with the customer

Step 2: Identify the performance obligations in the contract

Step 3: Determine the transaction price

Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract

Step 5: Recognize revenue when the company satisfies a performance obligation

Taxes assessed by a governmental authority that are both imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction, that are collected by us from a customer, are excluded from revenue.

Shipping and handling costs associated with outbound freight related to contracts with customers are accounted for as a fulfillment cost and are included in cost of sales when control of the goods transfers to the customer.

Nature of goods and services

The following is a description of principal activities from which the Company generates its revenue.

Product sales –The Company accounts for individual products and services separately if they are distinct (i.e., if a product or service is separately identifiable from other items and if a customer can benefit from it on its own or with other resources that are readily available to the customer). The consideration, including any discounts, is allocated between separate products and services based on their stand-alone selling prices. The stand-alone selling prices are determined based on the cost plus margin approach.

Drug and dialysis concentrate products are sold directly to dialysis clinics and to wholesale distributors in both domestic and international markets. Distribution and license agreements for which upfront fees are received are evaluated upon execution or modification of the agreement to determine if the agreement creates a separate performance obligation from the underlying product sales. For all existing distribution and license agreements, the distribution and license agreement is not a distinct performance obligation from the product sales. In instances where regulatory approval of the product has not been established and the Company does not have sufficient experience with the foreign regulatory body to conclude that regulatory approval is probable, the revenue for the performance obligation is recognized over the term of the license agreement (over time recognition). Conversely, when regulatory approval already exists or is probable, revenue is recognized at the point in time that control of the product transfers to the customer.

The Company received upfront fees under two distribution and license agreements that have been deferred as a contract liability. The amounts received from Wanbang Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. (“Wanbang”) are recognized as revenue over the estimated term of the distribution and license agreement as regulatory approval was not received and the Company did not have sufficient experience in China to determine that regulatory approval was probable as of the execution of the agreement. The amounts received from Baxter Healthcare Corporation (“Baxter”), are recognized as revenue at the point in time that the estimated product sales under the agreement occur.

For the business under the Company’s distribution agreement with Baxter (the “Baxter Agreement”), and for the majority of the Company’s international customers, the Company recognizes revenue at the shipping point, which is generally the Company’s plant or warehouse. For other business, the Company recognizes revenue based on when the customer takes control of the product. The amount of revenue recognized is based on the purchase order less returns and adjusted for any rebates, discounts, chargebacks or other amounts paid to customers. There were no such adjustments for the periods reported. Customers typically pay for the product based on customary business practices with payment terms averaging 30 days, while distributor payment terms average 45 days.

Disaggregation of revenue

Revenue is disaggregated by primary geographical market, major product line, and timing of revenue recognition.


In thousands of US dollars ($)		Three Months Ended September 30, 2018						Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
Products By Geographic Area	Total		U.S.		Rest of World		Total		U.S.		Rest of World
Drug Revenues
License Fee – Over time	$	68	$	—	$	68	$	205	$	—	$	205
Concentrate Products
Product Sales – Point-in-time		16,099		13,208		2,891		44,815		38,536		6,279
License Fee – Point-in-time		505		505		—		1,514		1,514		—
Total Concentrate Products		16,604		13,713		2,891		46,329		40,050		6,279
Net Revenue	$	16,672	$	13,713	$	2,959	$	46,534	$	40,050	$	6,484

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, license fee revenue was $556 and $1,655 respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 product sales revenue was $14,061 and $40,807 respectively.

Contract balances

The following table provides information about receivables, contract assets, and contract liabilities from contracts with customers.


In thousands of US dollars ($)	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Receivables, which are included in "Trade and other receivables"	$	7,593	$	5,544
Contract liabilities	$	15,005	$	16,723

There were no impairment losses recognized related to any receivables arising from the Company’s contracts with customers for the nine months ended September 30, 2018.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company did not recognize material bad-debt expense and there were no material contract assets recorded on the consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2018. The Company does not generally accept returns of its concentrate products and no reserve for returns of concentrate products was established as of September 30, 2018 or December 31, 2017.

The contract liabilities primarily relate to upfront payments and consideration received from customers that are received in advance of the customer assuming control of the related products.

Transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, revenue recognized from performance obligations related to prior periods was not material.

Revenue expected to be recognized in any future year related to remaining performance obligations, excluding revenue pertaining to contracts that have an original expected duration of one year or less, contracts where revenue is recognized as invoiced and contracts with variable consideration related to undelivered performance obligations, totaled $15,005,000 as of September 30, 2018. The amount relates primarily to upfront payments and consideration received from customers that are received in advance of the customer assuming control of the related products. The Company applies the practical expedient in paragraph 606-10-50-14 and does not disclose information about remaining performance obligations that have original expected durations of one year or less. The Baxter Agreement includes minimum commitments of product sales over the duration of the agreement. Unfulfilled performance obligations related to the Baxter Agreement are product sales of $11,732,000, which will be amortized through expiration of the agreement on October 2, 2024.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that may affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with original maturities of 90 days or less at acquisition to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents include cash held in banks, money market mutual funds and unrestricted certificates of deposit.

Fair Market Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurement

The Company applies the guidance issued with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements, which provides guidance on the development and disclosure of fair value measurements. Under this accounting guidance, fair value is defined as an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability.

The accounting guidance classifies fair value measurements in one of the following three categories for disclosure purposes:

Level 1: Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2: Inputs other than Level 1 prices for similar assets or liabilities that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace.

Level 3: Unobservable inputs which are supported by little or no market activity ad values determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant judgement or estimation.

Deferred Revenue

In October of 2014, the Company entered into a 10 year distribution agreement with Baxter and received an upfront fee of $20 million. The upfront fee was recorded as deferred revenue and is being recognized based on the proportion of product shipments to Baxter in each period, compared with total expected sales volume over the term of the Distribution Agreement. The Company recognized revenue of approximately $0.5 million each of the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $1.5 million for each of the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Research and Product Development

The Company recognizes research and product development expenses as incurred. The Company incurred product development and research costs related to the commercial development, patent approval and regulatory approval of new products aggregating approximately $0.8 million and $1.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $4.0 million and $4.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Share Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company expenses stock-based compensation to employees over the requisite service period based on the estimated grant-date fair value of the awards. For stock-based compensation awards to non-employees, the Company re-measures the fair value of the non-employee awards at each reporting period prior to vesting and finally at the vesting date of the award. Changes in the estimated fair value of these non-employee awards are recognized as compensation expense in the period of change. The Company estimates the fair value of stock option grants using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, and the assumptions used in calculating the fair value of stock-based awards represent management’s best estimates and involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgement. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company recorded stock-based compensation expense on its options granted under the Company’s equity compensation plans to its directors and officers, and its employees.

Loss Per Share

ASC 260, Earnings Per Share, requires dual presentation of basic and diluted earnings per share (“EPS”), with a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator of the basic EPS computation to the numerator and denominator of the diluted EPS computation. Basic EPS excludes dilution. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issued common stock were exercised or converted into common stock or resulted in the issuance of common stock that then shared in the earnings of the entity.

Basic net loss per share of common stock excludes dilution and is computed by dividing the net loss by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share of common stock reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock or resulted in the issuance of common stock that then shared in the earnings of the entity unless inclusion of such shares would be anti-dilutive. The Company has only incurred losses, therefore, basic and diluted net loss per share is the same. Securities that could potentially dilute loss per share in the future that were not included in the computation of diluted loss per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:


	As of September 30,
	2018		2017
Options to purchase common stock		8,048,105		7,326,501
Unvested restricted stock awards		-		480,000
Unvested restricted stock units		1,293,750		-
		9,341,855		7,806,501

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Adoption of Recent Accounting Pronouncements

The Company continually assesses any new accounting pronouncements to determine their applicability. When it is determined that a new accounting pronouncement affects the Company’s financial reporting, the Company undertakes a study to determine the consequences of the change to its consolidated financial statements and assures that there are proper controls in place to ascertain that the Company’s consolidated financial statements properly reflect the change.

In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), as modified by ASU 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Deferral of the Effective Date, ASU 2016-08, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net), ASU 2016-10, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing, and ASU 2016-12, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients. The revenue recognition principle in ASU 2014-09 is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. In addition, new and enhanced disclosures will be required. Companies may adopt the new standard either using the full retrospective approach, a modified retrospective approach with practical expedients, or a cumulative effect upon the adoption approach. The Company adopted the new standard on January 1, 2018, using the modified retrospective approach. The adoption of ASU 2014-09 did not have a material impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) and subsequent amendments to the initial guidance: ASU 2017-13, ASU 2018-10 and ASU 2018-11 (collectively, Topic 842). Topic 842 requires companies to generally recognize on the balance sheet operating and financing lease liabilities and corresponding right-of-use assets. Topic 842 is effective for the Company in its first quarter 2020, and earlier adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of its pending adoption of Topic 842 on its condensed consolidated financial statements. The Company currently expects that most of its operating lease commitments will be subject to the new standard and recognized as operating lease liabilities and right-of-use assets upon its adoption of Topic 842, which will increase its total assets and total liabilities that the Company reports relative to such amounts prior to adoption.

In August 2018, the SEC adopted the final rule under SEC Release No. 33-10532, Disclosure Update and Simplification, amending certain disclosure requirements that were redundant, duplicative, overlapping, outdated or superseded. In addition, the amendments expanded the disclosure requirements on the analysis of stockholder’s equity for interim financial statements. Under the amendments, an analysis of changes in each caption of stockholder’s equity presented in the balance sheet must be provided in a note or separate statement. The analysis should present a reconciliation of the beginning balance and the ending balance of each period for which a statement of comprehensive income is required to be filed. This rule is effective on November 5, 2018. The Company is evaluating the impact of this guidance on its condensed consolidated financial statements.