8. Income Taxes

Loss before income taxes for domestic and non-U.S. continuing operations is as follows:

(In thousands)	2016			2015
Loss from continuing operations before income taxes and noncontrolling interest:
U.S.	$	(13,284	)	$	(43,518	)
Foreign		(287	)		4,520
Loss from continuing operations before income taxes and noncontrolling interest	$	(13,571	)	$	(38,998	)

The benefit (provision) for income taxes consisted of the following:

	December 31,
(In thousands)	2016			2015
Deferred:
Federal	$	—		$	—
State		—			—
Foreign		—			—
	$	—		$	—
Current
Federal	$	—		$	—
State		(25	)		(16	)
Foreign		(107	)		(206	)
Total current		(132	)		(222	)
Total provision for income taxes	$	(132	)	$	(222	)

Significant items making up deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

	December 31,
(In thousands)	2016			2015
Deferred tax assets:
Allowances not currently deductible for tax purposes	$	2,844		$	3,481
Net operating loss carryforwards		64,741			62,779
Accrued and other		7,149			8,781
		74,734			75,041
Less valuation allowance		(71,023	)		(70,478	)
		3,711			4,563
Deferred tax liability:
Depreciation and amortization		(2,220	)		(2,774	)
Other		(1,491	)		(1,789	)
		(3,711	)		(4,563	)

Net deferred tax liability	$	—		$	—

Management assesses the available positive and negative evidence to estimate if sufficient future taxable income will be generated to use the existing deferred tax assets. A significant piece of objective negative evidence evaluated was the cumulative loss incurred over the three-year period ended December 31, 2016. Such objective evidence limits the ability to consider other subjective evidence such as the Company’s projections for future growth.

A valuation allowance of $71.0 million and $70.5 million at December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively, has been recorded to offset the related net deferred tax assets as the Company is unable to conclude that it is more likely than not that such deferred tax assets will be realized. The net deferred tax liabilities are primarily from foreign tax liabilities as well as intangibles acquired as a result of the acquisition of Hirsch, which are not deductible for tax purposes.

As of December 31, 2016, the Company has net operating loss carryforwards of $103.3 million for federal, $35.6 million for state and $118.2million for foreign income tax purposes. The Company’s loss carryforwards have started expiring and will continue to expire through 2036 if not utilized.

The Tax Reform Act of 1986 (the “Reform Act”) limits the use of net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards in certain situations where changes occur in stock ownership. The Company completed its acquisition of Bluehill ID on January 4, 2010, which resulted in a stock ownership change as defined by the Reform Act. This transaction resulted in limitations on the annual utilization of federal and state net operating loss carryforwards. As a result, the Company reevaluated its deferred tax assets available under the Reform Act. The loss carryforward amounts, excluding the valuation allowance, presented above have been adjusted for the limitation resulting from the change in ownership in accordance with the provisions of the Reform Act.

The (benefit) provision for income taxes reconciles to the amount computed by applying the statutory federal tax rate to the loss before income taxes from continuing operation is as follows:

	December 31,
(In thousands)	2016			2015
Income tax expense (benefit) at statutory federal tax rate of 34%	$	(4,711	)	$	(13,247	)
State taxes, net of federal benefit		17			11
Foreign taxes benefits provided for at rates other than U.S statutory rate		424			(1,349	)
Change in valuation allowance		4,064			11,728
Goodwill impairment		—			2,646
Permanent differences		—			731
Other		338			(298	)
Total provision for income taxes		132			222

The Company has no present intention of remitting undistributed retained earnings of any of its foreign subsidiaries. Accordingly, the Company has not established a deferred tax liability with respect to undistributed earnings of its foreign subsidiaries.

U.S. income and foreign withholding taxes have not been recognized on the excess of the amount for financial reporting over the tax basis of investments in foreign subsidiaries that is indefinitely reinvested outside the United States. This amount becomes taxable upon a repatriation of assets from the subsidiary or a sale or liquidation of the subsidiary. The determination and presentation of the amount of such temporary differences as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, is not practicable because of complexities of the hypothetical calculation.

The Company applies the provisions of, and accounted for uncertain tax positions in accordance with ASC 740. ASC 740 clarifies the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in an enterprise’s financial statements. It prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. ASC 740 also provides guidance on de-recognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure, and transition.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits with an impact on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets or results of operations is as follows:

(In thousands)	2016			2015
Balance at January 1	$	3,223		$	2,886
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year		1			352
Additions for tax positions of prior years		—			—
Reductions in prior year tax positions		(350	)		—
Reductions in prior year tax positions due to completion of audit		—			—
Other reductions in prior year tax positions		—			(15	)
Balance at December 31	$	2,874		$	3,223

While timing of the resolution and/or finalization of tax audits is uncertain, the Company does not believe that its unrecognized tax benefits as presented in the above table would materially change in the next 12 months. The reduction to the amount of unrecognized tax benefits during 2015 was primarily due to the expiration of statutes of limitations on tax attributes carried forward for prior years.

As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company recognized liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits of $2.9 million and $3.1 million, respectively, which were accounted for as a decrease to deferred tax assets. Since there was a full valuation allowance against these deferred tax assets, there was no impact on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets or results of operations for the years 2016 and 2015. Also the subsequent recognition, if any, of these previously unrecognized tax benefits would not affect the effective tax rate. Such recognition would result in adjustments to other tax accounts, primarily deferred taxes. The amount of unrecognized tax benefits, which, if recognized would affect the tax rate is $0.1 million as of December 31, 2016 and 2015.

The Company recognizes interest accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits and penalties as income tax expense. During fiscal 2016, the Company recorded a reduction to accrued penalties of $2,000 and an increase in accrued interest of $4,000 related to the unrecognized tax benefits noted above. As of December 31, 2016, the Company has recognized a total liability for penalties of $13,000 and interest of $28,000. During fiscal 2015, the Company recorded a reduction to accrued penalties of $400 and a reduction to accrued interest of $3,000 related to the unrecognized tax benefits noted above. As of December 31, 2015, the Company has recognized a total liability for penalties of $15,000 and interest of $24,000.

The Company files U.S. federal, U.S. state and foreign tax returns. The Company generally is no longer subject to tax examinations for years prior to 2011. However, if loss carryforwards of tax years prior to 2011 are utilized in the U.S., these tax years may become subject to investigation by the tax authorities.