10-K

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-K

ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2017

Commission file number: 1‑13011

Comfort Systems USA, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware
(State or Other Jurisdiction of
Incorporation or Organization) 76‑0526487
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)

675 Bering Drive

Suite 400

Houston, Texas 77057

(713) 830‑9600

(Address and telephone number of Principal Executive Offices)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class	Name of Each Exchange on which Registered
Common Stock, $.01 par value	New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well‑known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒  No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐  No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒  No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S‑T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒  No ☐

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation SK is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10‑K or any amendment to this Form 10‑K. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☒ Accelerated filer ☐ Non‑accelerated filer ☐
(Do not check if a
smaller reporting company) Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 12b‑2). Yes ☐  No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non‑affiliates of the registrant at June 30, 2017 was approximately $1.35 billion, based on the $37.10 last sale price of the registrant’s common stock on the New York Stock Exchange on June 30, 2017.

As of February 15, 2018, 37,175,074 shares of the registrant’s common stock were outstanding (excluding treasury shares of 3,948,291).

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

The information required by Part III (other than the required information regarding executive officers) is incorporated by reference from the registrant’s definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Commission not later than 120 days following December 31, 2017.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Part I
Item 1.	Business	3
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	9
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	18
Item 2.	Properties	18
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	19
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	19
Item 4A.	Executive Officers of the Registrant	19
Part II
Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	20
Item 6.	Selected Financial Data	22
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	23
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	38
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	39
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	70
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	70
Item 9B.	Other Information	71
Part III
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	71
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	71
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	71
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	71
Item 14.	Principal Accounting Fees and Services	71
Part IV
Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	71
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	72

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FORWARD‑LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain statements and information in this Annual Report on Form 10‑K may constitute forward‑looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. The words “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “intend,” “foresee,” “should,” “would,” “could,” or other similar expressions are intended to identify forward‑looking statements, which are generally not historic in nature. These forward‑looking statements are based on the current expectations and beliefs of Comfort Systems USA, Inc. and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”) concerning future developments and their effect on the Company. While the Company’s management believes that these forward‑looking statements are reasonable as and when made, there can be no assurance that future developments affecting the Company will be those that it anticipates. All comments concerning the Company’s expectations for future revenue and operating results are based on the Company’s forecasts for its existing operations and do not include the potential impact of any future acquisitions. The Company’s forward‑looking statements involve significant risks and uncertainties (some of which are beyond the Company’s control) and assumptions that could cause actual future results to differ materially from the Company’s historical experience and its present expectations or projections. Known material factors that could cause the Company’s actual results to differ from those in the forward‑looking statements are those described in Part I, “Item 1A. Risk Factors.”

Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward‑looking statements, which speak only as of the date hereof. The Company undertakes no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward‑looking statements after the date they are made, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise.

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PART I

The terms “Comfort Systems,” “we,” “us,” or “the Company” refer to Comfort Systems USA, Inc. or Comfort Systems USA, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries, as appropriate in the context.

ITEM 1.  Business

Comfort Systems USA, Inc., a Delaware corporation, was established in 1997. We provide comprehensive mechanical contracting services, which principally includes heating, ventilation and air conditioning (“HVAC”), plumbing, piping and controls, as well as off‑site construction, electrical, monitoring and fire protection. We install, maintain, repair and replace products and systems throughout our 36 operating units with 115 locations in 102 cities throughout the United States.

We operate primarily in the commercial, industrial and institutional HVAC markets and perform most of our services in industrial, healthcare, education, office, technology, retail and government facilities. Approximately 99% of our consolidated 2017 revenue was derived from commercial, industrial and institutional customers and multi‑family residential projects. Approximately 38% of our revenue was attributable to installation services in newly constructed facilities and 62% was attributable to renovation, expansion, maintenance, repair and replacement services in existing buildings. Our consolidated 2017 revenue was derived from the following service activities, substantially all of which are in the mechanical services industry, the single industry segment we serve:

	Percentage of
Service Activity	Revenue
HVAC and Plumbing	90	%
Building Automation Control Systems	5	%
Other	5	%
Total	100	%

Industry Overview

We believe that the commercial, industrial, and institutional mechanical contracting generates annual revenue in the United States of approximately $100 billion. Mechanical systems are necessary to virtually all commercial, industrial and institutional buildings. Because most buildings are sealed, HVAC systems provide the primary method of circulating fresh air in such buildings. In many instances, replacing an aging building’s existing systems with modern, energy‑efficient systems significantly reduces a building’s operating costs while improving air quality and overall system effectiveness. Older commercial, industrial and institutional facilities often have poor air quality as well as inadequate air conditioning, and older HVAC systems result in significantly higher energy costs than do modern systems.

Many factors positively affect mechanical services industry growth, particularly (i) population growth, which increases the need for commercial, industrial and institutional space, (ii) an aging installed base of buildings and equipment, (iii) increasing sophistication, complexity and efficiency of mechanical systems, and (iv) growing emphasis on environmental and energy efficiency.

Our industry can be broadly divided into two categories:

· construction of and installation in new buildings, which provided approximately 38% of our revenue in 2017, and

· renovation, expansion, maintenance, repair and replacement in existing buildings, which provided the remaining 62% of our 2017 revenue.

Construction, Installation, Expansion and Renovation Services— Construction, installation, expansion and renovation services consist of “design and build” and “plan and spec” projects. In “design and build” projects, the commercial HVAC company is responsible for designing, engineering and installing a cost‑effective, energy‑efficient system customized to the specific needs of the building owner. Costs and other project terms are normally negotiated between the building owner or its representative and the contracting company. Companies that specialize in “design and

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build” projects use a consultative approach with customers and tend to develop long‑term relationships with building owners and developers, general contractors, architects, consulting engineers and property managers. “Plan and spec” installation refers to projects in which a third‑party architect or consulting engineer designs the HVAC systems and the installation project is “put out for bid.” We believe that “plan and spec” projects usually take longer to complete than “design and build” projects because the system design and installation process are not integrated, thus resulting in more frequent adjustments to project specifications, work requirements and schedules.

Maintenance, Repair and Replacement Services—These services include maintaining, repairing, replacing, reconfiguring and monitoring previously installed systems and building automation controls. The growth and aging of the installed base of HVAC and related systems, and the demand for more efficient and sophisticated systems and building automation controls have fueled growth in these services. The increasing complexity of these systems leads many commercial, industrial and institutional building owners and property managers to outsource maintenance and repair, often through service agreements with service providers. State‑of‑the‑art control and monitoring systems feature electronic sensors and microprocessors. These systems require specialized training to install, maintain and repair.

Strategy

We focus on strengthening operating competencies and on increasing profit margins. The key objectives of our strategy are to generate growth in our operations, improve the productivity of our workforce and to acquire complementary businesses. In order to accomplish our objectives we are currently focused on the following elements:

Achieve Excellence in Core Competencies—We have identified six core competencies that we believe are critical to attracting and retaining customers, increasing operating income and cash flow and maximizing the productivity of our increasingly valuable skilled labor force. The six core competencies are: (i) customer cultivation and rapport, (ii) design and build expertise, (iii) effective pre-construction processes, (iv) job and cost tracking, (v) safety, and (vi) service excellence.

Achieve Operating Efficiencies—We think we can achieve operating efficiencies and cost savings through purchasing economies, adopting “best practices” operating programs, and focusing on job management to deliver services in a cost‑effective and efficient manner. We emphasize improving the “job loop” at our locations—qualifying, estimating, pricing and executing projects effectively and efficiently, then promptly assessing project experience for applicability to current and future projects. We also use our combined spend to gain purchasing advantages on products and services such as HVAC components, raw materials, services, vehicles, bonding, insurance and employee benefits.

Attract, Retain and Invest in our Employees—We seek to attract and retain quality employees by providing them an enhanced career path from working for a larger company, the opportunity to realize a more stable income and attractive benefits packages. We continually invest in training, including programs for project managers, field superintendents, service managers, service technicians, sales managers, estimators, and leadership and development of key managers and leaders. We are also increasing our national and local focus on skills training for our hourly workers.

Focus on Commercial, Industrial and Institutional Markets—We focus on the commercial, industrial and institutional building markets, including construction, maintenance, repair and replacement services. We believe that these complex markets are attractive because of their growth opportunities, large and diverse customer base, attractive margins and potential for long‑term relationships with building owners, property managers, general contractors and architects. Approximately 99% of our consolidated 2017 revenue was derived from commercial, industrial and institutional customers and large multi‑family residential projects.

Leveraging Resources and Capabilities—We believe significant operating efficiencies can be achieved by leveraging resources among our operating locations. For example, we have shifted certain fabrication activities to centralized locations in order to increase asset utilization. We opportunistically allocate our engineering, field and supervisory labor from one operation to another to more fully use our employee base, meet our customers’ needs and share expertise. We believe we have realized scale benefits from coordinated purchasing, technical innovation, insurance, benefits, bonding and financing activities across our operations.

Maintain a Diverse Customer, Geographic and Project Base—We have a distribution of revenue across end‑use sectors that we believe reduces our exposure to negative developments in any given sector. We also have

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significant geographical diversification across all regions of the United States, again reducing our exposure to negative developments in any given region. Our distribution of revenue in 2017 by end‑use sector was as follows:

Industrial	22	%
Education	20	%
Office Buildings	14	%
Healthcare	13	%
Government	8	%
Retail and Restaurants	8	%
Multi-Family	6	%
Lodging and Entertainment	5	%
Religious and Not for Profit	2	%
Residential	1	%
Other	1	%
Total	100	%

Approximately 81% of our revenue is earned on a project basis for installation of systems in newly constructed or existing facilities. As of December 31, 2017, we had 4,690 projects in process with an aggregate contract value of approximately $2.36 billion. Our average project takes six to nine months to complete, with an average contract price of approximately $504,000. This average project size, when taken together with the approximately 19% of our revenue derived from maintenance and service, provides us with a broad base of work in the construction services sector. A stratification of projects in progress as of December 31, 2017, by contract price, is as follows:

		Aggregate
		Contract
	No. of	Price Value
Contract Price of Project	Projects	(millions)
Under $1 million	4,221	$	529.8
$1 million - $5 million	368		828.6
$5 million - $10 million	70		464.7
$10 million - $15 million	18		221.3
Greater than $15 million	13		319.6
Total	4,690	$	2,364.0

Strategic Service Initiative.  Over the last several years we have made substantial incremental investments to expand our service and maintenance revenue by increasing the value we can offer to service and maintenance customers. We are actively concentrating existing and new managerial and sales resources on training and hiring experienced employees to sell and profitably perform service work. In many locations we have added or upgraded our capability, and we believe our investments and efforts have provided a compelling customer value offering that stimulates growth in all aspects of our businesses.

Seek Growth through Acquisitions—We believe that we can increase our cash flow and operating income by continuing to opportunistically enter new markets or service lines through acquisition. We have dedicated a significant portion of our cash flow on an ongoing basis to seeking opportunities to acquire businesses that have strong assembled workforces, attractive market positions and capabilities and other attractive operational, management, growth and geographic characteristics.

Operations and Services Provided

We provide a wide range of construction, renovation, expansion, maintenance, repair and replacement services for mechanical and related systems in commercial, industrial and institutional properties. Our local management teams maintain responsibility for day‑to‑day operating decisions. Local management is augmented by regional leadership that focuses on core business competencies, regional financial performance, cooperation and coordination between locations, implementing best practices and corporate initiatives. In addition to senior management, local personnel generally include design engineers, sales personnel, customer service personnel, installation and service technicians, sheet metal and prefabrication technicians, estimators and administrative personnel. We have centralized certain administrative functions such as insurance, employee benefits, training, safety programs, marketing and cash management to enable our

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local operating management to focus on pursuing new business opportunities and improving operating efficiencies. We also combine certain back office and administrative functions at various locations.

Construction and Installation Services for New Buildings—Our installation business related to newly constructed facilities, which comprised approximately 38% of our consolidated 2017 revenue, involves the design, engineering, integration, installation and start‑up of mechanical and related systems. We provide “design and build” and “plan and spec” installation services for office buildings, retail centers, apartment complexes, manufacturing plants, healthcare, education and government facilities and other commercial, industrial and institutional facilities. In a “design and build” installation, working with the customer, we determine the needed capacity and energy efficiency of the HVAC system that best suits the proposed facility. The final design, terms, price and timing of the project are then negotiated with the customer or its representatives, after which any necessary modifications are made to the system plan. In “plan and spec” installation, we participate in a bid process to provide labor, equipment, materials and installation based on the end user’s plans and engineering specifications.

Once an agreement has been reached, we order the necessary materials and equipment for delivery to meet the project schedule. In many instances, we fabricate ductwork and piping and assemble certain components for the system based on the mechanical drawing specifications, eliminating the need to subcontract ductwork or piping fabrication. Finally, we install the system at the project site, working closely with the owner or general contractor. Our average project takes six to nine months to complete, with an average contract price of approximately $504,000. We also perform larger project work, with 469 contracts in progress at December 31, 2017 with contract prices in excess of $1 million. Our largest project in progress at December 31, 2017 had a contract price of $46.4 million. Project contracts typically provide for periodic billings to the customer as we meet progress milestones or incur cost on the project. Project contracts in our industry also frequently allow for a small portion of progress billings or contract price to be withheld by the customer until after we have completed the work. Amounts withheld under this practice are known as retention or retainage.

Renovation, Expansion, Maintenance, Repair and Replacement Services for Existing Buildings—Our renovation, expansion, maintenance, repair and replacement services in existing buildings comprised approximately 62% of our consolidated 2017 revenue and include the maintenance, repair, replacement, renovation, expansion, reconfiguration and monitoring of mechanical systems including HVAC systems and industrial process piping. Approximately 43% of our consolidated 2017 revenue was derived from renovation, expansion, replacement and reconfiguration of existing systems for commercial, industrial and institutional customers.

Maintenance and repair services are provided either in response to service calls or under a service agreement. Service calls are coordinated by customer service representatives or dispatchers that use computer and communication technology to process orders, arrange service calls, dispatch technicians and communicate with and invoice customers. Service technicians work from service vehicles equipped with commonly used parts, supplies and tools to complete a variety of jobs. Commercial, industrial and institutional service agreements usually have terms of one or more years, with automatic annual renewals, and frequently include thirty‑ to sixty‑day cancellation notice periods. We also provide remote monitoring of temperature, pressure, humidity and air flow for HVAC systems.

Sources of Supply

The raw materials and components we use include HVAC system components, ductwork, steel, sheet metal and copper tubing and piping. These raw materials and components are generally available from a variety of domestic or foreign suppliers at competitive prices. Delivery times are typically short for most raw materials and standard components, but during periods of peak demand, may extend to one month or more. We estimate that direct purchase of commodities and finished products comprises between 10% and 15% of our average project cost. We have procedures to reduce commodity cost exposure such as; purchasing commodities early for particular projects, as well as frequently using time or market based escalation and escape provisions in bids and contracts.

Chillers for large units typically have the longest delivery time and generally have lead times of up to six months. The major components of commercial HVAC systems are compressors and chillers that are manufactured primarily by Carrier, Lennox, McQuay, Trane and York. The major suppliers of building automation control systems are Schneider, Honeywell, Johnson Controls, Siemens, Trane, York, Automated Logic, Delta, Distech, Rockwell and Novar. We do not have any significant contracts guaranteeing us a supply of raw materials or components.

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Cyclicality and Seasonality

Historically, the construction industry has been highly cyclical. As a result, our volume of business, particularly in new construction projects and renovation, may be adversely affected by declines in new installation and replacement projects in various geographic regions of the United States during periods of economic weakness.

The HVAC industry is subject to seasonal variations. The demand for new installation and replacement is generally lower during the winter months (the first quarter of the year) due to reduced construction activity during inclement weather and less use of air conditioning during the colder months. Demand for HVAC services is generally higher in the second and third calendar quarters due to increased construction activity and increased use of air conditioning during the warmer months. Accordingly, we expect our revenue and operating results generally will be lower in the first calendar quarter.

Sales and Marketing

We have a diverse customer base, with no single customer accounting for more than 2% of consolidated 2017 revenue, and our largest customer often changes from year to year. Management and a dedicated sales force are responsible for developing and maintaining successful long‑term relationships with key customers. Customers generally include building owners and developers and property managers, as well as general contractors, architects and consulting engineers. We intend to continue our emphasis on developing and maintaining long‑term relationships with our customers by providing superior, high‑quality service in a professional manner. We believe we can continue to leverage the diverse technical and marketing strengths at individual locations to expand the services offered in other local markets. With respect to multi‑location service opportunities, we maintain a national sales force in our national accounts group.

Employees

As of December 31, 2017, we had approximately 8,700 employees. We have collective bargaining agreements covering less than ten employees. We have not experienced and do not expect any significant strikes or work stoppages and believe our relations with employees covered by collective bargaining agreements are good.

Recruiting, Training and Safety

Our continued success depends, in part, on our ability to continue to attract, retain and motivate qualified engineers, service technicians, field supervisors and project managers. We believe our success in retaining qualified employees will be based on the quality of our recruiting, training, compensation, employee benefits programs and opportunities for advancement. We provide numerous training programs for management, sales and leadership, as well as on‑the‑job training, technical training, apprenticeship programs, attractive benefit packages and career advancement opportunities within our company.

We have established comprehensive safety programs throughout our operations to ensure that all technicians comply with safety standards we have established and that are established under federal, state and local laws and regulations. Additionally, we have implemented a “best practices” safety program throughout our operations, which provides employees with incentives to improve safety performance and decrease workplace accidents. Safety leadership establishes safety programs and benchmarking to improve safety across the Company. Finally, our employment screening process seeks to determine that prospective employees have requisite skills, sufficient background references and acceptable driving records, if applicable. Our rate of incidents recordable under the standards of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (“OSHA”) per one hundred employees per year, also known as the OSHA recordable rate, was 1.67 during 2017. This level was 2% better than the most recently published OSHA rate for our industry.

Insurance and Litigation

The primary insured risks in our operations are bodily injury, property damage and workers’ compensation injuries. We retain the risk for workers’ compensation, employer’s liability, auto liability, general liability and employee group health claims resulting from uninsured deductibles per-incident or occurrence. Because we have very large deductibles, the vast majority of our claims are paid by us, so as a practical matter we self‑insure the great majority of these risks. Losses up to such per‑incident deductible amounts are estimated and accrued based upon known facts, historical trends and industry averages using the assistance of an actuary to project the extent of these obligations.

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We are subject to certain claims and lawsuits arising in the normal course of business. We maintain various insurance coverages to minimize financial risk associated with these claims. We have estimated and provided accruals for probable losses and related legal fees associated with certain litigation in our consolidated financial statements. While we cannot predict the outcome of these proceedings, in our opinion and based on reports of counsel, any liability arising from these matters individually and in the aggregate will not have a material effect on our operating results, cash flows or financial condition, after giving effect to provisions already recorded.

We typically warrant labor for the first year after installation on new HVAC systems and pass through to the customer manufacturers’ warranties on equipment. We generally warrant labor for thirty days after servicing existing HVAC systems. We do not expect warranty claims to have a material adverse effect on our financial position or results of operations.

Competition

The HVAC industry is highly competitive and consists of thousands of local and regional companies. We believe that purchasing decisions in the commercial, industrial and institutional markets are based on (i) competitive price, (ii) relationships, (iii) quality, timeliness and reliability, (iv) tenure, financial strength and access to bonding, (v) range of capabilities, and (vi) scale of operation. To improve our competitive position, we focus on both the consultative “design and build” installation market and the maintenance, repair and replacement market in order to develop and strengthen customer relationships. In addition, we believe our ability to provide multi‑location coverage and a broad range of services gives us a strategic advantage over smaller competitors who may have more limited resources and capabilities.

We believe that we are larger than most of our competitors, which are generally small, owner‑operated companies in a specific area. However, there are divisions of larger contracting companies, utilities and HVAC equipment manufacturers that provide HVAC services in some of the same service lines and geographic areas we serve. Some of these competitors and potential competitors have greater financial resources than we do to finance development opportunities and support their operations. We believe our smaller competitors generally compete with us based on price and their long‑term relationships with local customers. Our larger competitors compete with us on those factors but may also provide attractive financing and comprehensive service and product packages.

Vehicles

We operate a fleet of various owned or leased service trucks, vans and support vehicles. We believe these vehicles generally are well maintained and sufficient for our current operations.

Governmental Regulation and Environmental Matters

Our operations are subject to various federal, state and local laws and regulations, including: (i) licensing requirements applicable to engineering, construction and service technicians, (ii) building and HVAC codes and zoning ordinances, (iii) regulations relating to consumer protection, including those governing residential service agreements, (iv) special bidding and procurement requirements on government projects, (v) wage and hour regulations, and (vi) regulations relating to worker safety and protection of the environment. For example, our operations are subject to the requirements of the Occupational Safety and Health Act, or OSHA, and comparable state laws directed towards protection of employees. We believe we have all required licenses to conduct our operations and are in substantial compliance with applicable regulatory requirements. If we fail to comply with applicable regulations, we could be subject to substantial fines or revocation of our operating licenses.

Many state and local regulations governing the HVAC services trades require individuals to hold permits and licenses. In some cases, a required permit or license held by a single individual may be sufficient to authorize specified activities for all of our service technicians who work in the state or county that issued the permit or license. We seek to ensure that, where possible, we have two employees who hold any such permits or licenses that may be material to our operations in a particular geographic region.

Our operations are subject to the federal Clean Air Act, as amended, which governs air emissions and imposes specific requirements on the use and handling of ozone‑depleting refrigerants generally classified as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) or hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). Clean Air Act regulations promulgated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) require the certification of service technicians involved in the service or

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repair of equipment containing these refrigerants and also regulate the containment and recycling of these refrigerants. These requirements have increased our training expenses and expenditures for containment and recycling equipment. The Clean Air Act is intended ultimately to eliminate the use of ozone‑depleting substances such as CFCs and HCFCs in the United States and to require alternative refrigerants to be used in replacement HVAC systems. Some replacement refrigerants, already in use, and classified as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are not ozone‑depleting substances. HFCs are considered by USEPA to have high global warming potential. USEPA may at some point require the phase‑out of HFCs and expand existing technician certification requirements to cover the handling of HFCs. We do not believe the existing regulations governing technician certification requirements for the handling of ozone‑depleting substances or possible future regulations applicable to HFCs will materially affect our business on the whole because, although they require us to incur modest ongoing training costs, our competitors also incur such costs, and such regulations may encourage or require our customers to update their HVAC systems.

Additional Information

Our Internet address is www.comfortsystemsusa.com. We make available free of charge on or through our website our annual report on Form 10‑K, quarterly reports on Form 10‑Q, current reports on Form 8‑K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the Securities and Exchange Commission. Our website also includes our code of ethics, titled “Corporate Compliance Policy: Standards and Procedures Regarding Business Practices,” together with other governance materials including our corporate governance standards and our Board committee charters. Printed versions of our code of ethics and our corporate governance standards may be obtained upon written request to our Corporate Compliance Officer at our headquarters address.

You may read and copy any materials filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission at the Securities and Exchange Commission’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549. You may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the Securities and Exchange Commission at 1-800-SEC-0330. This information is also available at www.sec.gov. The reference to these website addresses does not constitute incorporation by reference of the information contained on the websites and should not be considered part of this document.

ITEM 1A.  Risk Factors

Our business is subject to a variety of risks. You should carefully consider the risks described below, together with all the information included in this report. Our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected by the occurrence of any of these events, which could cause actual results to differ materially from expected and historical results, and the trading price of our common stock could decline.

Many of the markets we do work in are currently experiencing an economic downturn or might in the future experience an economic downturn that may materially and adversely affect our business because our business is dependent on levels of construction activity.

The demand for our services is dependent upon the existence of construction projects and service requirements within the markets in which we operate. Any period of economic recession affecting a market or industry in which we transact business is likely to adversely impact our business. Many of the projects we work on have long lifecycles from conception to completion, and the bulk of our performance generally occurs late in a construction project’s lifecycle. We experience the results of economic trends well after an economic cycle begins, and therefore will continue to experience the results of an economic recession well after conditions in the general economy have improved.

The industries and markets we operate in have always been and will continue to be vulnerable to macroeconomic downturns because they are cyclical in nature. When there is a reduction in demand, it often leads to greater price competition as well as decreased revenue and profit. The lasting effects of a recession can also increase economic instability with our vendors, subcontractors, developers, and general contractors, which can cause us greater liability exposure and can result in us not being paid on some projects, as well as decreasing our revenue and profit. Further, to the extent some of our vendors, subcontractors, developers, or general contractors seek bankruptcy protection, the bankruptcy will likely force us to incur additional costs in attorneys’ fees, as well as other professional consultants, and will result in decreased revenue and profit. Additionally, a reduction in federal, state, or local government spending in our industries and markets could result in decreased revenue and profit for us.

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Because we bear the risk of cost overruns in most of our contracts, we may experience reduced profits or, in some cases, losses under these contracts if costs increase above our estimates.

Our contract prices are established largely upon estimates and assumptions of our projected costs, including assumptions about: future economic conditions; prices, including commodities prices; availability of labor, including the costs of providing labor, equipment, and materials; and other factors outside our control. If our estimates or assumptions prove to be inaccurate, if circumstances change in a way that renders our assumptions and estimates inaccurate or we fail to successfully execute the work, cost overruns may occur and we could experience reduced profits or a loss for affected projects. For instance, unanticipated technical problems may arise, we could have difficulty obtaining permits or approvals, local laws, labor costs or labor conditions could change, bad weather could delay construction, raw materials prices could increase, our suppliers or subcontractors may fail to perform as expected or site conditions may be different than we expected. We are also exposed to increases in energy prices, particularly as they relate to gasoline prices. Additionally, in certain circumstances, we guarantee project completion or the achievement of certain acceptance and performance testing levels by a scheduled date. Failure to meet schedule or performance requirements typically results in additional costs to us, and in some cases we may also create liability for consequential and liquidated damages. Performance problems for existing and future projects could cause our actual results of operations to differ materially from those we anticipate and could damage our reputation within our industry and our customer base.

Our backlog is subject to unexpected adjustments and cancellations, which means that amounts included in our backlog may not result in actual revenue or translate into profits.

The revenue projected from our backlog may not be realized, or, if realized, may not result in profits. Projects may remain in our backlog for an extended period of time, or project cancellations or scope adjustments may occur with respect to contracts reflected in our backlog.

Intense competition in our industry could reduce our market share and our profit.

The markets we serve are highly fragmented and competitive. Our industry is characterized by many small companies whose activities are geographically concentrated. We compete on the basis of our technical expertise and experience, financial and operational resources, nationwide presence, industry reputation and dependability. While we believe our customers consider a number of these factors in awarding available contracts, a large portion of our work is awarded through a bid process. Consequently, price is often the principal factor in determining which contractor is selected, especially on smaller, less complex projects. Smaller competitors are sometimes able to win bids for these projects based on price alone due to their lower cost and financial return requirements. We expect competition to intensify in our industry, presenting us with significant challenges in our ability to maintain strong growth rates and acceptable profit margins. We also expect increased competition from in‑house service providers, because some of our customers have employees who perform service work similar to the services we provide. Vertical consolidation is also expected to intensify competition in our industry. If we are unable to meet these competitive challenges, we will lose market share to our competitors and experience an overall reduction in our profits. In addition, our profitability would be impaired if we have to reduce our prices to remain competitive.

If we are unable to attract and retain qualified managers and employees, we will be unable to operate efficiently, which could reduce our profitability.

Our business is labor intensive, and many of our operations experience a high rate of employment turnover. At times of low unemployment rates in the United States, it will be more difficult for us to find qualified personnel at low cost in some geographic areas where we operate. Additionally, our business is managed by a small number of key executive and operational officers. We may be unable to hire and retain the sufficient skilled labor force necessary to operate efficiently and to support our growth strategy. Our labor expenses may increase as a result of a shortage in the supply of skilled personnel. Labor shortages, increased labor costs or the loss of key personnel could reduce our profitability and negatively impact our business. Further, our relationship with some customers could suffer if we are unable to retain the employees with whom those customers primarily work and have established relationships.

Our recent and future acquisitions may not be successful.

We expect to continue pursuing selective acquisitions of businesses. We cannot assure that we will be able to locate acquisitions or that we will be able to consummate transactions on terms and conditions acceptable to us, or that

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acquired businesses will be profitable. Acquisitions may expose us to additional business risks different than those we have traditionally experienced. We also may encounter difficulties integrating acquired businesses and successfully managing the growth we expect to experience from these acquisitions.

We may choose to finance future acquisitions with debt, equity, cash or a combination of the three. Future acquisitions could dilute earnings or disrupt the payment of a stockholder dividend. To the extent we succeed in making acquisitions, a number of risks will result, including:

· the assumption of material liabilities (including for environmental‑related costs);

· failure of due diligence to uncover situations that could result in legal exposure or to quantify the true liability exposure from known risks;

· the diversion of management’s attention from the management of daily operations to the integration of operations;

· difficulties in the assimilation and retention of employees, in the assimilation of different cultures and practices, in the assimilation of broad and geographically dispersed personnel and operations, and the retention of employees generally;

· the risk of additional financial and accounting challenges and complexities in areas such as tax planning, treasury management, financial reporting and internal controls; and

· we may not be able to realize the cost savings or other financial benefits we anticipated prior to the acquisition.

The failure to successfully integrate acquisitions could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Information technology system failures, network disruptions or cyber security breaches could adversely affect our business.

We use sophisticated information technology systems, networks, and infrastructure in conducting some of our day‑to‑day operations and providing services to certain customers. Information technology system failures, including suppliers’ or vendors’ system failures, could disrupt our operations by causing transaction errors, processing inefficiencies, the loss of customers, other business disruptions or the loss of employee personal information. In addition, these systems, networks, and infrastructure may be vulnerable to deliberate cyber‑attacks that interfere with their functionality or the confidentiality of our information or our customers’ data. These events could impact our customers, employees and reputation and lead to financial losses from remediation actions, loss of business or potential liability or an increase in expense, all of which may have a material adverse effect on our business.

Third parties contribute significantly to our completion of many projects.

We hire third‑party subcontractors to perform work and depend on third‑party suppliers to provide equipment and materials necessary to complete our projects. If we are unable to retain qualified subcontractors or suppliers, or if our subcontractors or suppliers do not perform as anticipated for any reason, our execution and profitability could be harmed.

Earnings for future periods may be impacted by impairment charges for goodwill and intangible assets.

We carry a significant amount of goodwill and identifiable intangible assets on our consolidated balance sheets. Goodwill is the excess of purchase price over the fair value of the net assets of acquired businesses. We assess goodwill for impairment each year, and more frequently if circumstances suggest an impairment may have occurred. We have determined in the past and may again determine in the future that a significant impairment has occurred in the value of our unamortized intangible assets or fixed assets, which could require us to write off a portion of our assets and could adversely affect our financial condition or our reported results of operations.

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Actual and potential claims, lawsuits and proceedings could ultimately reduce our profitability and liquidity and weaken our financial condition.

We are likely to continue to be named as a defendant in legal proceedings claiming damages from us in connection with the operation of our business. These actions and proceedings may involve claims for, among other things, compensation for alleged personal injury, workers’ compensation, employment discrimination, breach of contract or property damage. In addition, we may be subject to class action lawsuits involving allegations of violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act and state wage and hour laws. Due to the inherent uncertainties of litigation, we cannot accurately predict the ultimate outcome of any such actions or proceedings. We also are, and are likely to continue to be, from time to time a plaintiff in legal proceedings against customers, in which we seek to recover payment of contractual amounts we are owed as well as claims for increased costs we incur. When appropriate, we establish provisions against possible exposures, and we adjust these provisions from time to time according to ongoing exposure. If our assumptions and estimates related to these exposures prove to be inadequate or inaccurate, we could experience a reduction in our profitability and liquidity and a weakening of our financial condition. In addition, claims, lawsuits and proceedings may harm our reputation or divert management resources away from operating our business.

We typically warrant the services we provide, guaranteeing the work performed against defects in workmanship and the material we supply. Historically, warranty claims have not been material as our customers evaluate much of the work we perform for defects shortly after work is completed. However, if warranty claims occur, we could be required to repair or replace warrantied items at our cost. In addition, our customers may elect to repair or replace the warrantied item by using the services of another provider and require us to pay for the cost of the repair or replacement. Costs incurred as a result of warranty claims could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

Our use of the percentage‑of‑completion method of accounting could result in a reduction or reversal of previously recorded revenue or profits.

A material portion of our revenue is recognized using the percentage‑of‑completion method of accounting, which results in our recognizing contract revenue and earnings ratably over the contract term in the proportion that our actual costs bear to our estimated contract costs. The earnings or losses recognized on individual contracts are based on estimates of contract revenue, costs and profitability. We review our estimates of contract revenue, costs and profitability on an ongoing basis. Prior to contract completion, we may adjust our estimates on one or more occasions as a result of change orders to the original contract, collection disputes with the customer on amounts invoiced or claims against the customer for increased costs incurred by us due to customer‑induced delays and other factors. Contract losses are recognized in the fiscal period when the loss is determined. Contract profit estimates are also adjusted in the fiscal period in which it is determined that an adjustment is required. As a result of the requirements of the percentage‑of‑completion method of accounting, the possibility exists, for example, that we could have estimated and reported a profit on a contract over several periods and later determined, usually near contract completion, that all or a portion of such previously estimated and reported profits were overstated. If this occurs, the full aggregate amount of the overstatement will be reported for the period in which such determination is made, thereby eliminating all or a portion of any profits from other contracts that would have otherwise been reported in such period or even resulting in a loss being reported for such period. On a historical basis, we believe that we have made reasonably reliable estimates of the progress towards completion on our long‑term contracts. However, given the uncertainties associated with these types of contracts, it is possible for actual costs to vary from estimates previously made, which may result in reductions or reversals of previously recorded revenue and profits.

A significant portion of our business depends on our ability to provide surety bonds. Any difficulties in the financial and surety markets may adversely affect our bonding capacity and availability.

In the past we have expanded, and it is possible we will continue to expand, the number and percentage of total contract dollars that require an underlying bond. Historically surety market conditions have experienced times of difficulty as a result of significant losses incurred by many surety companies and the results of macroeconomic trends outside of our control. Consequently, during times when less overall bonding capacity is available in the market, surety terms have become more expensive and more restrictive. As such, we cannot guarantee our ability to maintain a sufficient level of bonding capacity in the future, which could preclude our ability to bid for certain contracts or successfully contract with some customers. Additionally, even if we continue to be able to access bonding capacity to sufficiently bond future work, we may be required to post collateral to secure bonds, which would decrease the liquidity we would have available for other purposes. Our surety providers are under no commitment to guarantee our access to

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new bonds in the future; thus, our ability to access or increase bonding capacity is at the sole discretion of our surety providers. If our surety companies were to limit or eliminate our access to bonds, our alternatives would include seeking bonding capacity from other surety companies, increasing business with clients that do not require bonds and posting other forms of collateral for project performance, such as letters of credit or cash. We may be unable to secure these alternatives in a timely manner, on acceptable terms, or at all. As such, if we were to experience an interruption or reduction in the availability of bonding capacity, it is likely we would be unable to compete for or work on certain projects.

We are a decentralized company and place significant decision making powers with our subsidiaries’ management, which presents certain risks.

We believe that our practice of placing significant decision making powers with local management is important to our successful growth and allows us to be responsive to opportunities and to our customers’ needs. However, this practice presents certain risks, including the risk that we may be slower or less effective in our attempts to identify or react to problems affecting an important business than we would under a more centralized structure or that we would be slower to identify a misalignment between a subsidiary’s and the Company’s overall business strategy. Further, if a subsidiary location fails to follow the Company’s compliance policies, we could be made party to a contract, arrangement or situation that requires the assumption of large liabilities or has less advantageous terms than is typically found in the market.

Our insurance policies against many potential liabilities require high deductibles, and our risk management policies and procedures may leave us exposed to unidentified or unanticipated risks. Additionally, difficulties in the insurance markets may adversely affect our ability to obtain necessary insurance.

Although we maintain insurance policies with respect to our related exposures, these policies are subject to high deductibles; as such, we are, in effect, self‑insured for substantially all of our typical claims. We hire an actuary to determine any liabilities for unpaid claims and associated expenses for the three major lines of coverage (workers’ compensation, general liability and auto liability). The determination of these claims and expenses and the appropriateness of the estimated liability are reviewed and updated quarterly. However, insurance liabilities are difficult to assess and estimate due to the many relevant factors, the effects of which are often unknown, including the severity of an injury, the determination of our liability in proportion to other parties, the number of incidents that have occurred but are not reported and the effectiveness of our safety program. Our accruals are based on known facts, historical trends (both internal trends and industry averages) and our reasonable estimate of our future expenses. We believe our accruals are adequate. However, our risk management strategies and techniques may not be fully effective in mitigating our risk exposure in all market environments or against all types of risk. If any of the variety of instruments, processes or strategies we use to manage our exposure to various types of risk are not effective, we may incur losses that are not covered by our insurance policies or that exceed our accruals or coverage limits.

Additionally, we typically are contractually required to provide proof of insurance on projects we work on. Historically insurance market conditions become more difficult for insurance consumers during periods when insurance companies suffer significant investment losses as well as casualty losses. Consequently, it is possible that insurance markets will become more expensive and restrictive. Also, our prior casualty loss history might adversely affect our ability to procure insurance within commercially reasonable ranges. As such, we may not be able to maintain commercially reasonable levels of insurance coverage in the future, which could preclude our ability to work on many projects. Our insurance providers are under no commitment to renew our existing insurance policies in the future; therefore, our ability to obtain necessary levels or kinds of insurance coverage is subject to market forces outside our control. If we were unable to obtain necessary levels of insurance, it is likely we would be unable to compete for or work on most projects.

Failure to remain in compliance with covenants under our credit agreement, service our indebtedness, or fund our other liquidity needs could adversely impact our business.

Our credit agreement and related restrictive and financial covenants are more fully described in Note 8 of “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.” Our failure to comply with any of these covenants, or to pay principal, interest or other amounts when due thereunder, would constitute an event of default under the credit agreement. Default under our credit agreement could result in (1) us no longer being entitled to borrow under the agreement; (2) termination of the agreement; (3) acceleration of the maturity of outstanding indebtedness under the agreement; and/or

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(4) foreclosure on any collateral securing the obligations under the agreement. If we are unable to service our debt obligations or fund our other liquidity needs, we could be forced to curtail our operations, reorganize our capital structure (including through bankruptcy proceedings) or liquidate some or all of our assets in a manner that could cause holders of our securities to experience a partial or total loss of their investment in us.

If we experience delays and/or defaults in customer payments, we could be unable to recover all expenditures.

Because of the nature of our contracts, at times we commit resources to projects prior to receiving payments from the customer in amounts sufficient to cover expenditures on projects as they are incurred. Delays in customer payments may require us to make a working capital investment. If a customer defaults in making their payments on a project to which we have devoted resources, it could have a material negative effect on our results of operations.

Our inability to properly utilize our workforce could have a negative impact on our profitability.

The extent to which we utilize our workforce affects our profitability. Underutilizing our workforce could result in lower gross margins and, consequently, a decrease in short‑term profitability. On the other hand, overutilization of our workforce could negatively impact safety, employee satisfactions and project execution, leading to a potential decline in future project awards. The utilization of our workforce is impacted by numerous factors, including:

· our estimate of headcount requirements and our ability to manage attrition;

· efficiency in scheduling projects and our ability to minimize downtime between project assignments; and

· productivity.

Misconduct by our employees, subcontractors or partners or our overall failure to comply with laws or regulations could harm our reputation, damage our relationships with customers, reduce our revenue and profits, and subject us to criminal and civil enforcement actions.

Misconduct, fraud, non‑compliance with applicable laws and regulations, or other improper activities by one or more of our employees, subcontractors or partners could have a significant negative impact on our business and reputation. Examples of such misconduct include employee or subcontractor theft, the failure to comply with safety standards, laws and regulations, customer requirements, environmental laws and any other applicable laws or regulations. While we take precautions to prevent and detect these activities, such precautions may not be effective and are subject to inherent limitations, including human error and fraud. Our failure to comply with applicable laws or regulations or acts of misconduct could subject us to fines and penalties, harm our reputation, damage our relationships with customers, reduce our revenue and profits and subject us to criminal and civil enforcement actions.

Failure or circumvention of our disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls over financial reporting could seriously harm our financial condition, results of operations, and our business.

We plan to continue to maintain and strengthen internal controls and procedures to enhance the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and internal controls over financial reporting. Any system of controls, however well designed and operated, is based in part on certain assumptions and can provide only reasonable, and not absolute, assurances that the objectives of the system are met. Any failure of our disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls over financial reporting could harm our financial condition and results of operations.

We have subsidiary operations through the United States and are exposed to multiple state and local regulations, as well as federal laws and requirements applicable to government contractors. Changes in law, regulations or requirements, or a material failure of any of our subsidiaries or us to comply with any of them, could increase our costs and have other negative impacts on our business.

Our 115 locations are located in 27 states, which exposes us to a variety of different state and local laws and regulations, particularly those pertaining to contractor licensing requirements. These laws and regulations govern many aspects of our business, and there are often different standards and requirements in different locations. In addition, our subsidiaries that perform work for federal government entities are subject to additional federal laws and regulatory and contractual requirements. Changes in any of these laws, or any of our subsidiaries’ material failure to comply with them,

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can adversely impact our operations by, among other things, increasing costs, distracting management’s time and attention from other items, and harming our reputation.

As government contractors, our subsidiaries are subject to a number of rules and regulations, and their contracts with government entities are subject to audit. Violations of the applicable rules and regulations could result in a subsidiary being barred from future government contracts.

Government contractors must comply with many regulations and other requirements that relate to the award, administration and performance of government contracts. A violation of these laws and regulations could result in imposition of fines and penalties, the termination of a government contract or debarment from bidding on government contracts in the future. Further, despite our decentralized nature, a violation at one of our locations could impact other locations’ ability to bid on and perform government contracts; additionally, because of our decentralized nature, we face risks in maintaining compliance with all local, state and federal government contracting requirements. Prohibition against bidding on future government contracts could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Past and future environmental, safety and health regulations could impose significant additional costs on us that reduce our profits.

HVAC systems are subject to various environmental statutes and regulations, including the Clean Air Act and those regulating the production, servicing and disposal of certain ozone‑depleting refrigerants used in HVAC systems. There can be no assurance that the regulatory environment in which we operate will not change significantly in the future. Various local, state and federal laws and regulations impose licensing standards on technicians who install and service HVAC systems. And additional laws, regulations and standards apply to contractors who perform work that is being funded by public money, particularly federal public funding. Our failure to comply with these laws and regulations could subject us to substantial fines, the loss of our licenses or potentially debarment from future publicly funded work. It is impossible to predict the full nature and effect of judicial, legislative or regulatory developments relating to health and safety regulations and environmental protection regulations applicable to our operations.

Unsatisfactory safety performance may subject us to penalties, affect customer relationships, result in higher operating costs, negatively impact employee morale and result in higher employee turnover.

Our projects are conducted at a variety of sites including construction sites and industrial facilities. Each location is subject to numerous safety risks, including electrocutions, fires, explosions, mechanical failures, weather‑related incidents, transportation accidents and damage to equipment. These hazards can cause personal injury and loss of life, severe damage to or destruction of property and equipment and other consequential damages and could lead to suspension of operations, large damage claims and, in extreme cases, criminal liability. While we have taken what we believe are appropriate precautions to minimize safety risks, we have experienced serious accidents, including fatalities, in the past and may experience additional accidents in the future. Serious accidents may subject us to penalties, civil litigation or criminal prosecution. Claims for damages to persons, including claims for bodily injury or loss of life, could result in significant costs and liabilities, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Poor safety performance could also jeopardize our relationships with our customers and harm our reputation.

If we do not effectively manage the size and cost of our operations, our existing infrastructure may become either strained or over‑burdensome, and we may be unable to increase revenue growth.

The growth that we have experienced in the past, and that we may experience in the future, may provide challenges to our organization, requiring us to expand our personnel and our operations. Future growth may strain our infrastructure, operations and other managerial and operating resources. We have also experienced in the past severe constriction in the markets in which we operate and, as a result, in our operating requirements. Failing to maintain the appropriate cost structure for a particular economic cycle may result in our incurring costs that affect our profitability. If our business resources become strained or over‑burdensome, our earnings may be adversely affected and we may be unable to increase revenue growth. Further, we may undertake contractual commitments that exceed our labor resources, which could also adversely affect our earnings and our ability to increase revenue growth.

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We are susceptible to adverse weather conditions, which may harm our business and financial results.

Our business may be adversely affected by severe weather in areas where we have significant operations. Repercussions of severe weather conditions may include:

· curtailment of services;

· suspension of operations;

· inability to meet performance schedules in accordance with contracts and potential liability for liquidated damages;

· injuries or fatalities;

· weather-related damage to our facilities;

· disruption of information systems;

· inability to receive machinery, equipment and materials at jobsites; and

· loss of productivity.

Future climate change could adversely affect us.

Climate change may create physical and financial risk. Physical risks from climate change could, among other things, include an increase in extreme weather events (such as floods or hurricanes), rising sea levels and limitations on water availability and quality. Such extreme weather conditions may limit the availability of resources, increasing the costs of our projects, or may cause projects to be delayed or cancelled.

Legislation, nationwide protocols, regulation or other restrictions related to climate change could negatively impact our operations or our customers’ operations. Such legislation or restrictions could increase the costs of projects for our customers or, in some cases, prevent a project from going forward, which could in turn have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Force majeure events, including natural disasters and terrorists’ actions, could negatively impact our business, which may affect our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Force majeure or extraordinary events beyond the control of the contracting parties, such as natural and man‑made disasters, as well as terrorist actions, could negatively impact us. We typically negotiate contract language where we are allowed certain relief from force majeure events in private client contracts and review and attempt to mitigate force majeure events in both public and private client contracts. We remain obligated to perform our services after most extraordinary events subject to relief that may be available pursuant to a force majeure clause. If we are not able to react quickly to force majeure events, our operations may be affected significantly, which would have a negative impact on our financial position, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity.

Deliberate, malicious acts, including terrorism and sabotage, could damage our facilities, disrupt our operations or injure employees, contractors, customers or the public and result in liability to us.

Intentional acts of destruction could damage or destroy our facilities, reducing our operational production capacity and requiring us to repair or replace our facilities at substantial cost. Additionally, employees, contractors and the public could suffer substantial physical injury from acts of terrorism for which we could be liable. Governmental authorities may also impose security or other requirements that could make our operations more difficult or costly. The consequences of any such actions could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

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Our common stock, which is listed on the New York Stock Exchange, has from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. These fluctuations are likely to continue in the future, and our stockholders may suffer losses.

The market price of our common stock may change significantly in response to various factors and events beyond our control. A variety of events may cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate significantly, including the following: (i) the risk factors described in this Report on Form 10‑K; (ii) a shortfall in operating revenue or net income from that expected by securities analysts and investors; (iii) quarterly fluctuations in our operating results; (iv) changes in securities analysts’ estimates of our financial performance or that of our competitors or companies in our industry generally; (v) general conditions in our customers’ industries; (vi) general conditions in the securities markets; (vii) our announcements of significant contracts, milestones, acquisitions; (viii) our relationship with other companies; (ix) our investors’ view of the sectors and markets in which we operate; and (x) additions or departures of key personnel. Some companies that have volatile market prices for their securities have been subject to security class action suits filed against them. If a suit were to be filed against us, regardless of the outcome, it could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources. This could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We are required to assess and report on our internal controls each year. Findings of inadequate internal controls could reduce investor confidence in the reliability of our financial information.

As directed by the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act, the SEC adopted rules generally requiring public companies, including us, to include in their annual reports on Form 10‑K a report of management that contains an assessment by management of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. In addition, the independent registered public accounting firm auditing our financial statements must report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the company’s principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, and effected by the company’s board of directors, management, and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and records of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

We may discover in the future that we have deficiencies in the design and operation of our internal controls. If any of the deficiencies in our internal control, either by itself or in combination with other deficiencies, becomes a “material weakness”, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis, we may be unable to conclude that we have effective internal control over financial reporting. In such event, investors could lose confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, which may significantly harm our business and cause our stock price to decline. In addition, the failure to maintain effective internal controls could also result in unauthorized transactions.

Future sales of our common stock may depress our stock price.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market or otherwise, either by us, a member of management or a major stockholder, or the perception that these sales could occur, could depress the market price of our common stock and impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities.

Increases and uncertainty in our health insurance costs could adversely impact our results of operations and cash flows.

The costs of employee health insurance have been increasing in recent years due to rising health care costs, legislative changes, and general economic conditions. Additionally, we may incur additional costs as a result of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (the “Affordable Care Act”) that was signed into law in March 2010. Future

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legislation could also have an impact on our business. For example, Government officials have made statements that suggest the current White House administration supports the repeal of all or portions of the Affordable Care Act, and Congress has introduced, and may introduce and pass in the future, new legislation to repeal or replace portions of the Affordable Care Act. Because of the continued uncertainty about the implementation of the Affordable Care Act, including the potential for further legal challenges or repeal of that legislation, it is unclear what the impact of the Affordable Care Act or its potential repeal will have on our financial position or results of operations.

Rising inflation and/or interest rates could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Economic factors, including inflation and fluctuations in interest rates, could have a negative impact on our business. If our costs were to become subject to significant inflationary pressures or interest rate increases, we may not be able to fully offset such higher costs through price increases. Our inability or failure to do so could harm our financial position and results of operations.

Tax matters, including changes in corporate tax rates and disagreements with taxing authorities, could impact our results of operations and financial condition.

We conduct business across the United States and file income taxes in various tax jurisdictions. Our effective tax rates could be affected by many factors, some of which are outside of our control, including changes in tax laws and regulations in the various tax jurisdictions in which we file income taxes. For instance, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act was enacted into law in December 2017. While certain portions of the law may have a positive impact on the Company’s results of operations, the overall impact of the new federal tax law is uncertain and our business and financial condition could be adversely affected. It is also unknown if and to what extent various states will conform to the newly enacted federal tax law. 

Issues relating to tax audits or examinations and any related interest or penalties and uncertainty in obtaining deductions or credits claimed in various jurisdictions could also impact our effective tax rates. Our results of operations are reported based on our determination of the amount of taxes we owe in various tax jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes and our determination of tax liability is always subject to review or examination by tax authorities in applicable tax jurisdictions. An adverse outcome of such a review of examination could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition. Further, the results of tax examinations and audits could have a negative impact on our financial results and cash flows where the results differ from the liabilities recorded in our financial statements.

Our charter contains certain anti‑takeover provisions that may inhibit or delay a change in control.

Our certificate of incorporation authorizes our board of directors to issue, without stockholder approval, one or more series of preferred stock having such preferences, powers and relative, participating, optional and other rights (including preferences over the common stock respecting dividends and distributions and voting rights) as the board of directors may determine. The issuance of this “blank‑check” preferred stock could render more difficult or discourage an attempt to obtain control by means of a tender offer, merger, proxy contest or otherwise. Additionally, certain provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law may also discourage takeover attempts that have not been approved by the Board of Directors.

ITEM 1B.  Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

ITEM 2.  Properties

As of December 31, 2017, we owned five properties. Other than these owned properties, we lease the real property and buildings from which we operate. Our facilities are located in 27 states and consist of offices, shops and fabrication, maintenance and warehouse facilities. Generally, leases range from three to ten years and are on terms we believe to be commercially reasonable. A majority of these premises are leased from individuals or entities with whom we have no other business relationship. In certain instances these leases are with current or former employees. To the extent we renew, enter into leases or otherwise change leases with current or former employees, we enter into such

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agreements on terms that reflect a fair market valuation for the properties. Leased premises range in size from approximately 1,000 square feet to 110,000 square feet. To maximize available capital, we generally intend to continue to lease our properties, but may consider further purchases of property where we believe ownership would be more economical. We believe that our facilities are sufficient for our current needs.

We lease our executive and administrative offices in Houston, Texas.

ITEM 3.  Legal Proceedings

We are subject to certain claims and lawsuits arising in the normal course of business. We maintain various insurance coverages to minimize financial risk associated with these claims. We have estimated and provided accruals for probable losses and related legal fees associated with certain litigation in our consolidated financial statements. While we cannot predict the outcome of these proceedings, in our opinion and based on reports of counsel, any liability arising from these matters individually and in the aggregate will not have a material effect on our operating results, cash flows or financial condition, after giving effect to provisions already recorded.

ITEM 4.  Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

ITEM 4A.  Executive Officers of the Registrant

Executive officers are appointed by our Board of Directors and hold office until their successors are elected and duly qualified. The following persons serve as executive officers of the Company.

Brian Lane, age 60, has served as our Chief Executive Officer and President since December 2011 and as a director since November 2010. Mr. Lane served as our President and Chief Operating Officer from March 2010 until December 2011. Mr. Lane joined the Company in October 2003 and served as Vice President and then Senior Vice President for Region One of the Company until he was named Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer in January 2009. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Lane spent fifteen years at Halliburton, the global service and equipment company devoted to energy, industrial, and government customers. During his tenure at Halliburton, he held various positions in business development, strategy, and project initiatives. He departed as the Regional Director of Europe and Africa. Mr. Lane’s additional experience included serving as a Regional Director of Capstone Turbine Corporation, a distributed power manufacturer. He also was a Vice President of Kvaerner, an international engineering and construction company where he focused on the chemical industry.

William George, age 53, has served as our Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since May 2005, was our Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary from May 1998 to May 2005, and was our Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary from March 1997 to April 1998. From October 1995 to February 1997, Mr. George was Vice President and General Counsel of American Medical Response, Inc., a publicly‑traded healthcare transportation company. From September 1992 to September 1995, Mr. George practiced corporate and antitrust law at Ropes & Gray, a Boston, Massachusetts law firm.

Julie S. Shaeff, age 52, has served as our Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer since May 2005, was our Vice President and Corporate Controller from March 2002 to May 2005, and was our Assistant Corporate Controller from September 1999 to February 2002. From 1996 to August 1999, Ms. Shaeff was Financial Accounting Manager—Corporate Controllers Group for Browning‑Ferris Industries, Inc., a publicly‑traded waste services company. From 1987 to 1995, she held various positions with Arthur Andersen LLP. Ms. Shaeff is a Certified Public Accountant.

Trent T. McKenna, age 45, has served as our Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary since August 2013, was our Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary from May 2005 to August 2013, and was our Associate General Counsel from August 2004 to May 2005. From February 1999 to August 2004, Mr. McKenna was a practicing attorney in the area of complex commercial litigation in the Houston, Texas office of Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP, an international law firm.

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PART II

ITEM 5.  Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The following table sets forth the reported high and low sales prices of our Common Stock for the quarters indicated as traded at the New York Stock Exchange. Our Common Stock is traded under the symbol FIX:

						Cash
						Dividends
		High		Low		Declared
Fourth Quarter, 2017	$	44.65	$	35.70	$	0.075
Third Quarter, 2017	$	37.15	$	32.55	$	0.075
Second Quarter, 2017	$	37.10	$	34.30	$	0.075
First Quarter, 2017	$	38.65	$	32.30	$	0.070
Fourth Quarter, 2016	$	34.70	$	27.21	$	0.070
Third Quarter, 2016	$	33.48	$	26.26	$	0.070
Second Quarter, 2016	$	33.59	$	29.49	$	0.070
First Quarter, 2016	$	32.27	$	24.67	$	0.065

As of February 15, 2018 there were approximately 364 stockholders of record of our Common Stock, and the last reported sale price on that date was $41.45 per share.

We expect to continue paying cash dividends quarterly, although there is no assurance as to future dividends because they depend on future earnings, capital requirements, and financial condition. In addition, our revolving credit agreement may limit the amount of dividends we can pay at any time that our Net Leverage Ratio exceeds 1.0.

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The following Corporate Performance Graph and related information shall not be deemed “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC, nor shall such information be incorporated by reference into any future filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, except to the extent that we specifically incorporate it by reference into such filing.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

None.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

On March 29, 2007, our Board of Directors (the “Board”) approved a stock repurchase program to acquire up to 1.0 million shares of our outstanding common stock. Subsequently, the Board has from time to time increased the number of shares that may be acquired under the program and approved extensions of the program. Since the inception of the repurchase program, the Board has approved 8.1 million shares to be repurchased. As of December 31, 2017, we have repurchased a cumulative total of 7.6 million shares at an average price of $13.75 per share under the repurchase program.

The share repurchases will be made from time to time at our discretion in the open market or privately negotiated transactions as permitted by securities laws and other legal requirements, and subject to market conditions and other factors. The Board may modify, suspend, extend or terminate the program at any time. During the twelve

21

months ended December 31, 2017, we repurchased 0.3 million shares for approximately $9.0 million at an average price of $34.23 per share.

During the year ended December 31, 2017, we purchased our common shares in the following amounts at the following weighted‑average prices:

				Total Number of Shares	Maximum Number of
				Purchased as Part of	Shares that May Yet Be
	Total Number of	Average Price		Publicly Announced Plans	Purchased Under the Plans
Period	Shares Purchased	Paid Per Share		or Programs (1)	or Programs
January 1 - January 31	—	$	—	7,342,491	770,002
February 1 - February 28	—	$	—	7,342,491	770,002
March 1 - March 31	61,412	$	35.78	7,403,903	708,590
April 1 - April 30	500	$	34.73	7,404,403	708,090
May 1 - May 31	45,381	$	35.28	7,449,784	662,709
June 1 - June 30	—	$	—	7,449,784	662,709
July 1 - July 31	—	$	—	7,449,784	662,709
August 1 - August 31	143,667	$	33.18	7,593,451	519,042
September 1 - September 30	9,737	$	33.56	7,603,188	509,305
October 1 - October 31	—	$	—	7,603,188	509,305
November 1 - November 30	2,400	$	40.58	7,605,588	506,905
December 1 - December 31	—	$	—	7,605,588	506,905
	263,097	$	34.23	7,605,588	506,905

(1) Purchased as part of a program announced on March 29, 2007 under which, since the inception of this program, 8.1 million shares have been approved for repurchase.

ITEM 6.  Selected Financial Data

The following selected historical financial data has been derived from our audited financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the historical Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2017		2016		2015		2014		2013
	(in thousands, except per share amounts)
STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS DATA:
Revenue	$	1,787,922	$	1,634,340	$	1,580,519	$	1,410,795	$	1,357,272
Operating income (1)	$	99,260	$	101,569	$	90,044	$	42,222	$	46,258
Income from continuing operations	$	55,272	$	64,896	$	57,440	$	28,614	$	28,632
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(15)	$	(76)
Net income including noncontrolling interests	$	55,272	$	64,896	$	57,440	$	28,599	$	28,556
Net income attributable to Comfort Systems USA, Inc.	$	55,272	$	64,896	$	49,364	$	23,063	$	27,269
Income per share attributable to Comfort Systems USA, Inc.:
Basic—
Income from continuing operations	$	1.48	$	1.74	$	1.32	$	0.61	$	0.73
Income (loss) from discontinued operations		—		—		—		—		—
Net income	$	1.48	$	1.74	$	1.32	$	0.61	$	0.73
Diluted—
Income from continuing operations	$	1.47	$	1.72	$	1.30	$	0.61	$	0.73
Income (loss) from discontinued operations		—		—		—		—		—
Net income	$	1.47	$	1.72	$	1.30	$	0.61	$	0.73
Cash dividends per share	$	0.295	$	0.275	$	0.250	$	0.225	$	0.210
BALANCE SHEET DATA:
Working capital	$	115,629	$	98,276	$	118,882	$	111,433	$	109,618
Total assets	$	881,120	$	708,903	$	691,594	$	655,942	$	592,789
Total debt	$	60,539	$	2,811	$	11,507	$	40,346	$	2,000
Total stockholders’ equity	$	417,945	$	376,633	$	365,005	$	321,393	$	314,022
Total Comfort Systems USA, Inc. stockholders’ equity	$	417,945	$	376,633	$	346,721	$	306,281	$	295,834

(1) Included in operating income is a goodwill impairment charge of $1.1 million for 2017 and $0.7 million for 2014. There were no goodwill impairment charges for 2016, 2015 or 2013.

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ITEM 7.  Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 10‑K. Also see “Forward‑Looking Statements” discussion.

Introduction and Overview

We are a national provider of comprehensive mechanical installation, renovation, maintenance, repair and replacement services within the mechanical services industry. We operate primarily in the commercial, industrial and institutional HVAC markets and perform most of our services within office buildings, retail centers, apartment complexes, manufacturing plants, and healthcare, education and government facilities.

Nature and Economics of Our Business

Approximately 81% of our revenue is earned on a project basis for installation of mechanical systems in newly constructed facilities or for replacement of systems in existing facilities. Customers hire us to ensure such systems deliver specified or generally expected heating, cooling, conditioning and circulation of air in a facility. This entails installing core system equipment such as packaged heating and air conditioning units, or in the case of larger facilities, separate core components such as chillers, boilers, air handlers, and cooling towers. We also typically install connecting and distribution elements such as piping and ducting. Our responsibilities usually require conforming the systems to pre‑established engineering drawings and equipment and performance specifications, which we frequently participate in establishing. Our project management responsibilities include staging equipment and materials to project sites, deploying labor to perform the work, and coordinating with other service providers on the project, including any subcontractors we might use to deliver our portion of the work.

When competing for project business, we usually estimate the costs we will incur on a project, and then propose a bid to the customer that includes a contract price and other performance and payment terms. Our bid price and terms are intended to cover our estimated costs on the project and provide a profit margin to us commensurate with the value of the installed system to the customer, the risk that project costs or duration will vary from estimate, the schedule on which we will be paid, the opportunities for other work that we might forego by committing capacity to this project, and other costs that we incur to support our operations but which are not specific to the project. Typically, customers will seek pricing from competitors for a given project. While the criteria on which customers select a service provider vary widely and include factors such as quality, technical expertise, on‑time performance, post‑project support and service, and company history and financial strength, we believe that price for value is the most influential factor for most customers in choosing a mechanical installation and service provider.

After a customer accepts our bid, we generally enter into a contract with the customer that specifies what we will deliver on the project, what our related responsibilities are, and how much and when we will be paid. Our overall price for the project is typically set at a fixed amount in the contract, although changes in project specifications or work conditions that result in unexpected additional work are usually subject to additional payment from the customer via what are commonly known as change orders. Project contracts typically provide for periodic billings to the customer as we meet progress milestones or incur cost on the project. Project contracts in our industry also frequently allow for a small portion of progress billings or contract price to be withheld by the customer until after we have completed the work. Amounts withheld under this practice are known as retention or retainage.

Labor and overhead costs account for the majority of our cost of service. Accordingly, labor management and utilization have the most impact on our project performance. Given the fixed price nature of much of our project work, if our initial estimate of project costs is wrong or we incur cost overruns that cannot be recovered in change orders, we can experience reduced profits or even significant losses on fixed price project work. We also perform some project work on a cost‑plus or a time and materials basis, under which we are paid our costs incurred plus an agreed‑upon profit margin, and such projects are sometimes subject to a guaranteed maximum cost. These margins are frequently less than fixed‑price contract margins because there is less risk of unrecoverable cost overruns in cost‑plus or time and materials work.

As of December 31, 2017, we had 4,690 projects in process. Our average project takes six to nine months to complete, with an average contract price of approximately $504,000. Our projects generally require working capital

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funding of equipment and labor costs. Customer payments on periodic billings generally do not recover these costs until late in the job. Our average project duration together with typical retention terms as discussed above generally allow us to complete the realization of revenue and earnings in cash within one year. We have what we believe is a well‑diversified distribution of revenue across end‑use sectors that we believe reduces our exposure to negative developments in any given sector. Because of the integral nature of HVAC and related controls systems to most buildings, we have the legal right in almost all cases to attach liens to buildings or related funding sources when we have not been fully paid for installing systems, except with respect to some government buildings. The service work that we do, which is discussed further below, usually does not give rise to lien rights.

We also perform larger projects. Taken together, projects with contract prices of $1 million or more totaled $1.83 billion of aggregate contract value as of December 31, 2017, or approximately 80%, out of a total contract value for all projects in progress of $2.36 billion. Generally, projects closer in size to $1 million will be completed in one year or less. It is unusual for us to work on a project that exceeds two years in length.

A stratification of projects in progress as of December 31, 2017, by contract price, is as follows:

		Aggregate
		Contract
	No. of	Price Value
Contract Price of Project	Projects	(millions)
Under $1 million	4,221	$	529.8
$1 million - $5 million	368		828.6
$5 million - $10 million	70		464.7
$10 million - $15 million	18		221.3
Greater than $15 million	13		319.6
Total	4,690	$	2,364.0

In addition to project work, approximately 19% of our revenue represents maintenance and repair service on already installed HVAC and controls systems. This kind of work usually takes from a few hours to a few days to perform. Prices to the customer are based on the equipment and materials used in the service as well as technician labor time. We usually bill the customer for service work when it is complete, typically with payment terms of up to thirty days. We also provide maintenance and repair service under ongoing contracts. Under these contracts, we are paid regular monthly or quarterly amounts and provide specified service based on customer requirements. These agreements typically are for one or more years and frequently contain thirty‑ to sixty‑day cancellation notice periods.

A relatively small portion of our revenue comes from national and regional account customers. These customers typically have multiple sites, and contract with us to perform maintenance and repair service. These contracts may also provide for us to perform new or replacement systems installation. We operate a national call center to dispatch technicians to sites requiring service. We perform the majority of this work with our own employees, with the balance being subcontracted to third parties that meet our performance qualifications.

Profile and Management of Our Operations

We manage our 36 operating units based on a variety of factors. Financial measures we emphasize include profitability, and use of capital as indicated by cash flow and by other measures of working capital principally involving project cost, billings and receivables. We also monitor selling, general, administrative and indirect project support expense, backlog, workforce size and mix, growth in revenue and profits, variation of actual project cost from original estimate, and overall financial performance in comparison to budget and updated forecasts. Operational factors we emphasize include project selection, estimating, pricing, management and execution practices, labor utilization, safety, training, and the make‑up of both existing backlog as well as new business being pursued, in terms of project size, technical application and facility type, end‑use customers and industries, and location of the work.

Most of our operations compete on a local or regional basis. Attracting and retaining effective operating unit managers is an important factor in our business, particularly in view of the relative uniqueness of each market and operation, the importance of relationships with customers and other market participants such as architects and consulting engineers, and the high degree of competition and low barriers to entry in most of our markets. Accordingly, we devote considerable attention to operating unit management quality, stability, and contingency planning, including related considerations of compensation, and non‑competition protection where applicable.

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Economic and Industry Factors

As a mechanical and building controls services provider, we operate in the broader nonresidential construction services industry and are affected by trends in this sector. While we do not have operations in all major cities of the United States, we believe our national presence is sufficiently large that we experience trends in demand for and pricing of our services that are consistent with trends in the national nonresidential construction sector. As a result, we monitor the views of major construction sector forecasters along with macroeconomic factors they believe drive the sector, including trends in gross domestic product, interest rates, business investment, employment, demographics, and the general fiscal condition of federal, state and local governments.

Spending decisions for building construction, renovation and system replacement are generally made on a project basis, usually with some degree of discretion as to when and if projects proceed. With larger amounts of capital, time, and discretion involved, spending decisions are affected to a significant degree by uncertainty, particularly concerns about economic and financial conditions and trends. We have experienced periods of time when economic weakness caused a significant slowdown in decisions to proceed with installation and replacement project work.

Operating Environment and Management Emphasis

Nonresidential building construction and renovation activity, as reported by the federal government, declined steeply over the four-year period from 2009 to 2012, and 2013 and 2014 activity levels were relatively stable at the low levels of the preceding years. During the three-year period from 2015 to 2017, there was an increase in overall activity levels and we currently expect that activity will continue at these improved levels during 2018.

As a result of our continued strong emphasis on cash flow, at December 31, 2017 we had modest indebtedness under our revolving credit facility, with positive uncommitted cash balances, as discussed further in “Liquidity and Capital Resources” below. We have a credit facility in place with considerably less restrictive terms than those of our previous facilities; this facility does not expire until February 2021. We have strong surety relationships to support our bonding needs, and we believe our relationships with the surety markets are strong and benefit from our solid current results and financial position. We have generated positive free cash flow in each of the last nineteen calendar years and will continue our emphasis in this area. We believe that the relative size and strength of our balance sheet and surety support as compared to most companies in our industry represent competitive advantages for us.

As discussed at greater length in “Results of Operations” below, we expect price competition to continue as our customers and local and regional competitors respond cautiously to improved market conditions. We will continue to invest in our service business, to pursue the more active sectors in our markets, and to emphasize our regional and national account business. Our primary emphasis for 2018 will be on execution and cost control, but we are seeking growth based on our belief that industry conditions will continue to be strong in the near term, and we believe that activity levels will permit us to continue to earn solid profits while preserving and developing our workforce. We continue to focus on project qualification, estimating, pricing and management; and we are investing in growth and improved performance.

Critical Accounting Policies

Our critical accounting policies are based upon the significance of the accounting policy to our overall financial statement presentation, as well as the complexity of the accounting policy and our use of estimates and subjective assessments. Our most critical accounting policy is revenue recognition. As discussed elsewhere in this annual report on Form 10‑K, our business has two service functions: (i) installation, which we account for under the percentage of completion method, and (ii) maintenance, repair and replacement, which we account for as the services are performed, or in the case of replacement, under the percentage of completion method. In addition, we identified other critical accounting policies related to our allowance for doubtful accounts receivable, the recording of our self‑insurance liabilities, valuation of deferred tax assets, accounting for acquisitions and the recoverability of goodwill and identifiable intangible assets. These accounting policies, as well as others, are described in Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 10‑K.

Percentage of Completion Method of Accounting

Approximately 81% of our revenue was earned on a project basis and recognized through the percentage of completion method of accounting during 2017. Under this method, contract revenue recognizable at any time during the

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life of a contract is determined by multiplying expected total contract revenue by the percentage of contract costs incurred at any time to total estimated contract costs. More specifically, as part of the negotiation and bidding process in connection with obtaining installation contracts, we estimate our contract costs, which include all direct materials (exclusive of rebates), labor and subcontract costs and indirect costs related to contract performance, such as indirect labor, supplies, tools, repairs and depreciation costs. These contract costs are included in our results of operations under the caption “Cost of Services.” Then, as we perform under those contracts, we measure costs incurred, compare them to total estimated costs to complete the contract, and recognize a corresponding proportion of contract revenue. Labor costs are considered to be incurred as the work is performed. Subcontractor labor is recognized as the work is performed, but is generally subjected to approval as to milestones or other evidence of completion. Non‑labor project costs consist of purchased equipment, prefabricated materials and other materials. Purchased equipment on our projects is substantially produced to job specifications and is a value added element to our work. The costs are considered to be incurred when title is transferred to us, which typically is upon delivery to the worksite. Prefabricated materials, such as ductwork and piping, are generally performed at our shops and recognized as contract costs when fabricated for the unique specifications of the job. Other materials costs are not significant and are generally recorded when delivered to the worksite. This measurement and comparison process requires updates to the estimate of total costs to complete the contract, and these updates may include subjective assessments.

We generally do not incur significant costs prior to receiving a contract, and therefore, these costs are expensed as incurred. In limited circumstances, when significant pre‑contract costs are incurred, they are deferred if the costs can be directly associated with a specific contract and if their recoverability from the contract is probable. Upon receiving the contract, these costs are included in contract costs. Deferred costs associated with unsuccessful contract bids are written off in the period that we are informed that we will not be awarded the contract.

Project contracts typically provide for a schedule of billings or invoices to the customer based on reaching agreed upon milestones or as we incur costs. The schedules for such billings usually do not precisely match the schedule on which costs are incurred. As a result, contract revenue recognized in the statement of operations can and usually does differ from amounts that can be billed or invoiced to the customer at any point during the contract. Amounts by which cumulative contract revenue recognized on a contract as of a given date exceed cumulative billings to the customer under the contract are reflected as a current asset in our balance sheet under the caption “Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings.” Amounts by which cumulative billings to the customer under a contract as of a given date exceed cumulative contract revenue recognized on the contract are reflected as a current liability in our balance sheet under the caption “Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings.”

The percentage of completion method of accounting is also affected by changes in job performance, job conditions, and final contract settlements. These factors may result in revisions to estimated costs and, therefore, revenue. Such revisions are frequently based on further estimates and subjective assessments. The effects of these revisions are recognized in the period in which revisions are determined. When such revisions lead to a conclusion that a loss will be recognized on a contract, the full amount of the estimated ultimate loss is recognized in the period such conclusion is reached, regardless of the percentage of completion of the contract.

Revisions to project costs and conditions can give rise to change orders under which the customer agrees to pay additional contract price. Revisions can also result in claims we might make against the customer to recover project variances that have not been satisfactorily addressed through change orders with the customer. Except in certain circumstances, we do not recognize revenue or margin based on change orders or claims until they have been agreed upon with the customer. The amount of revenue associated with unapproved change orders and claims was immaterial for the year ended December 31, 2017.

Variations from estimated project costs could have a significant impact on our operating results, depending on project size, and the recoverability of the variation via additional customer payments.

Accounting for Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

We are required to estimate the collectability of accounts receivable and provide an allowance for doubtful accounts for receivable amounts we believe we will not ultimately collect. This requires us to make certain judgments and estimates involving, among others, the creditworthiness of our customers, prior collection history with our customers, ongoing relationships with our customers, the aging of past due balances, our lien rights, if any, in the property where we performed the work, and the availability, if any, of payment bonds applicable to the contract. These estimates are evaluated and adjusted as needed when additional information is received.

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Accounting for Self‑Insurance Liabilities

We are substantially self‑insured for workers’ compensation, employer’s liability, auto liability, general liability and employee group health claims in view of the relatively high per‑incident deductibles we absorb under our insurance arrangements for these risks. Losses are estimated and accrued based upon known facts, historical trends and industry averages. Estimated losses in excess of our deductible, which have not already been paid, are included in our accrual with a corresponding receivable from our insurance carrier. Loss estimates associated with the larger and longer‑developing risks—workers’ compensation, auto liability and general liability—are reviewed by a third party actuary quarterly.

We believe these accruals are adequate. However, insurance liabilities are difficult to estimate due to unknown factors, including the severity of an injury, the determination of our liability in proportion to other parties, timely reporting of occurrences, ongoing treatment or loss mitigation, general trends in litigation recovery outcomes and the effectiveness of safety and risk management programs. Therefore, if actual experience differs from the assumptions and estimates used for recording the liabilities, adjustments may be required and would be recorded in the period that such experience becomes known.

Accounting for Deferred Tax Assets

We regularly evaluate valuation allowances established for deferred tax assets for which future realization is uncertain. We perform this evaluation quarterly. In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, we must consider whether it is more-likely-than-not some portion, or all, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. We consider all available evidence, both positive and negative, in determining whether a valuation allowance is required. Such evidence includes the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, taxable income in prior carryback years and tax planning strategies in making this assessment, and judgment is required in considering the relative weight of negative and positive evidence.

Acquisitions

We recognize assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations, including contingent assets and liabilities, based on fair value estimates as of the date of acquisition.

Contingent Consideration—In certain acquisitions, we agree to pay additional amounts to sellers contingent upon achievement by the acquired businesses of certain predetermined profitability targets. We have recognized liabilities for these contingent obligations based on their estimated fair value at the date of acquisition with any differences between the acquisition‑date fair value and the ultimate settlement of the obligations being recognized in income from operations.

Contingent Assets and Liabilities—Assets and liabilities arising from contingencies are recognized at their acquisition date fair value when their respective fair values can be determined. If the fair values of such contingencies cannot be determined, they are recognized at the acquisition date if the contingencies are probable and an amount can be reasonably estimated. Acquisition date fair value estimates are revised as necessary if, and when, additional information regarding these contingencies becomes available to further define and quantify assets acquired and liabilities assumed.

Recoverability of Goodwill and Identifiable Intangible Assets

Goodwill is the excess of purchase price over the fair value of the net assets of acquired businesses. We assess goodwill for impairment each year, and more frequently if circumstances suggest an impairment may have occurred.

When the carrying value of a given reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recorded to the extent that the implied fair value of the goodwill of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value. If other reporting units have had increases in fair value, such increases may not be recorded. Accordingly, such increases may not be netted against impairments at other reporting units. The requirements for assessing whether goodwill has been impaired involve market‑based information. This information, and its use in assessing goodwill, entails some degree of subjective assessment.

We perform our annual impairment testing as of October 1 and any impairment charges resulting from this process are reported in the fourth quarter. We segregate our operations into reporting units based on the degree of operating and financial independence of each unit and our related management of them. We perform our annual goodwill impairment testing at the reporting unit level. Each of our operating units represents an operating segment, and our operating segments are our reporting units.

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In the evaluation of goodwill for impairment, we have the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances lead to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value of one of our reporting units is greater than its carrying value. If, after completing such assessment, we determine it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount, then there is no need to perform any further testing. If we conclude otherwise, then we perform the first step of a two‑step impairment test by calculating the fair value of the reporting unit and comparing the fair value with the carrying value of the reporting unit.

We estimate the fair value of the reporting unit based on a market approach and an income approach, which utilizes discounted future cash flows. Assumptions critical to the fair value estimates under the discounted cash flow model include discount rates, cash flow projections, projected long‑term growth rates and the determination of terminal values. The market approach utilized market multiples of invested capital from comparable publicly traded companies (“public company approach”). The market multiples from invested capital include revenue, book equity plus debt and earnings before interest, provision for income taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”).

There are significant inherent uncertainties and management judgment involved in estimating the fair value of each reporting unit. While we believe we have made reasonable estimates and assumptions to estimate the fair value of our reporting units, it is possible that a material change could occur. If actual results are not consistent with our current estimates and assumptions, or the current economic outlook worsens, goodwill impairment charges may be recorded in future periods.

We amortize identifiable intangible assets with finite lives over their useful lives. Changes in strategy and/or market condition, may result in adjustments to recorded intangible asset balances or their useful lives.

Results of Operations (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2017				2016				2015
Revenue	$	1,787,922	100.0	%	$	1,634,340	100.0	%	$	1,580,519	100.0	%
Cost of services		1,421,641	79.5	%		1,290,331	79.0	%		1,262,390	79.9	%
Gross profit		366,281	20.5	%		344,009	21.0	%		318,129	20.1	%
Selling, general and administrative expenses		266,586	14.9	%		243,201	14.9	%		228,965	14.5	%
Goodwill impairment		1,105	0.1	%		—	—			—	—
Gain on sale of assets		(670)	—			(761)	—			(880)	(0.1)	%
Operating income		99,260	5.6	%		101,569	6.2	%		90,044	5.7	%
Interest income		70	—			9	—			72	—
Interest expense		(3,156)	(0.2)	%		(2,345)	(0.1)	%		(1,753)	(0.1)	%
Changes in the fair value of contingent earn-out obligations		3,715	0.2	%		731	—			225	—
Other income (expense)		1,049	0.1	%		1,097	0.1	%		76	—
Income before income taxes		100,938	5.6	%		101,061	6.2	%		88,664	5.6	%
Provision for income taxes		45,666				36,165				31,224
Net income including noncontrolling interests		55,272	3.1	%		64,896	4.0	%		57,440	3.6	%
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests		—				—				8,076
Net income attributable to Comfort Systems USA, Inc.	$	55,272			$	64,896			$	49,364

2017 Compared to 2016

We had 35 operating locations as of December 31, 2016. During 2017, we completed one acquisition in the second quarter of 2017, known as “BCH”, that reports as a separate operating location in the Tampa, Florida area. Other than the addition of BCH, we did not make any changes to operating locations. As of December 31, 2017, we had 36 operating locations. Acquisitions are included in our results of operations from the respective acquisition date. The

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same‑store comparison from 2017 to 2016, as described below, excludes nine months of results for BCH, which was acquired in April 2017 as well as the first month of 2017 for Shoffner, which was acquired in February 2016. An operating location is included in the same‑store comparison on the first day it has comparable prior year operating data.

Revenue—Revenue increased $153.6 million, or 9.4% to $1.79 billion in 2017 compared to 2016. The increase included a 6.4% increase related to the acquisitions of BCH and Shoffner and a 3.0% increase in revenue related to same‑store activity. The same‑store revenue increase was primarily due to one of our Virginia operations ($24.1 million) and our Wisconsin operation ($22.9 million), which experienced increased large project work compared to the prior year, specifically in the industrial sector.  

Backlog reflects revenue still to be recognized under contracted or committed installation and replacement project work. Project work generally lasts less than one year. Service agreement revenue and service work and short duration projects, which are generally billed as performed, do not flow through backlog. Accordingly, backlog represents only a portion of our revenue for any given future period, and it represents revenue that is likely to be reflected in our operating results over the next six to twelve months. As a result, we believe the predictive value of backlog information is limited to indications of general revenue direction over the near term, and should not be interpreted as indicative of ongoing revenue performance over several quarters.

Backlog as of December 31, 2017 was $948.4 million, a 5.2% increase from September 30, 2017 backlog of $901.2 million and a 24.2% increase from December 31, 2016 backlog of $763.4 million. Sequential backlog increased primarily due to increased project bookings at our North Carolina operation ($43.0 million). The year‑over‑year backlog increase included the acquisition of BCH ($30.0 million or 3.9%).  Same-store backlog increased 20.3% primarily due to increased project bookings at our North Carolina operation ($63.3 million), one of our Virginia operations ($39.0 million) and our Colorado operation ($37.3 million). 

Gross Profit—Gross profit increased $22.3 million, or 6.5%, to $366.3 million in 2017 as compared to 2016. The increase included a $18.3 million, or 5.3%, increase related to the acquisitions of BCH and Shoffner and a $4.0 million, or 1.2%, increase on a same‑store basis. The same‑store increase in gross profit was primarily due to increased volumes at our Wisconsin operation ($6.9 million) and our New Hampshire operation ($3.7 million).  This was partially offset by a decrease at our North Carolina operation ($6.4 million), which has experienced lower project activity when compared to the same period in 2016. As a percentage of revenue, gross profit decreased from 21.0% in 2016 to 20.5% in 2017 primarily due to a $3.6 million increase in amortization expense, primarily related to the BCH acquisition, as well as the factors discussed above.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses (“SG&A”)—SG&A increased $23.4 million, or 9.6%, to $266.6 million for 2017 as compared to 2016. On a same‑store basis, excluding amortization expense, SG&A increased $7.3 million, or 3.1%. This increase is primarily due to $0.8 million in compensation costs related to leadership changes and the increase in same-store revenue.  Additionally, we incurred $0.4 million in expenses in the first quarter of 2017 related to the acquisition of BCH completed on April 1, 2017. Amortization expense increased $5.6 million during the period primarily as a result of the BCH acquisition. As a percentage of revenue, SG&A was 14.9% in both 2017 and 2016.

We have included same‑store SG&A, excluding amortization, because we believe it is an effective measure of comparative results of operations. However, same‑store SG&A, excluding amortization, is not considered under

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generally accepted accounting principles to be a primary measure of an entity’s financial results, and accordingly, should not be considered an alternative to SG&A as shown in our consolidated statements of operations.

	Year Ended
	December 31,
	2017		2016
	(in thousands)
SG&A	$	266,586	$	243,201
Less: SG&A from companies acquired		(10,493)		—
Less: Amortization expense		(11,759)		(6,165)
Same-store SG&A, excluding amortization expense	$	244,334	$	237,036

Interest Expense—Interest expense increased $0.8 million, or 34.6%, in 2017. The increase reflects the increased borrowings on the revolving credit facility as well as notes to former owners used to fund the BCH acquisition during the second quarter of 2017.

Changes in the Fair Value of Contingent Earn‑out Obligations—The contingent earn‑out obligations are measured at fair value each reporting period and changes in estimates of fair value are recognized in earnings. Income from changes in the fair value of contingent earn‑out obligations increased $3.0 million in 2017 compared to 2016. This increase was the result of reducing our obligation related to the BCH acquisition primarily due to results being below the initial estimate as a result of the impact of Hurricane Irma and less project activity than previously estimated. In 2016, based on updated measurements of estimated future cash flows for our contingent obligations, we reduced our obligation related to the EAS acquisition resulting in a gain of $0.8 million.

Other Income—Other income remained relatively flat in 2017 compared to 2016. In the fourth quarter of 2017, we entered into settlement agreements with British Petroleum (“BP”) related to two claims from one of our subsidiaries regarding the April 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill. We recorded a $1.0 million gain in the fourth quarter of 2017 in “Other Income” as a result of these settlements. Additionally, in the fourth quarter of 2016, we entered into a separate settlement agreement with BP related to a claim from another one of our subsidiaries and recorded a $0.6 million gain in the fourth quarter of 2016 in “Other Income”. While we still have other subsidiaries with outstanding claims against BP related to this matter, we cannot predict when or if we will receive any further settlement compensation as a result of these outstanding claims.

Provision for Income Taxes—We conduct business throughout the United States in virtually all fifty states. Our effective tax rate changes based upon our relative profitability, or lack thereof, in states with varying tax rates and rules. In addition, discrete items, such as tax law changes, judgments and legal structures can impact our effective tax rate. These items can also include the tax treatment for impairment of goodwill and other intangible assets, changes in fair value of acquisition-related assets and liabilities, tax reserves for uncertain tax positions, accounting for losses associated with underperforming operations and noncontrolling interests.

Our effective tax rate for 2017 was 45.2%, as compared to 35.8% in 2016. The effective rate for 2017 was higher than the 35% federal statutory rate primarily due to the remeasurement of net deferred tax assets for the corporate tax rate reduction to 21% (9.4%), net state income taxes (2.8%) partially offset by the domestic production activities deduction (2.1%) and deductions for stock-based compensation (1.3%). The effective rate for 2016 was higher than the 35% federal statutory rate primarily due to net state income taxes (4.2%) partially offset by the domestic production activities deduction (2.0%) and a decrease in valuation allowances (1.2%). Refer to Note 9 in the Consolidated Financial Statements for a reconciliation of the federal statutory rate to the effective tax rate reflected in our financial statements.

The increase in the effective tax rate from 2016 to 2017 was primarily due to the impact from the remeasurement of net deferred tax assets for the corporate tax rate reduction to 21% pursuant to the recently enacted Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. While we believe we were able to make reasonable estimates of the impact of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act in these financial statements, the amounts recorded are provisional and the final impact may differ from these estimates due to, among other things, changes in our interpretations and assumptions and additional guidance that may be issued by regulatory authorities.

We currently estimate our effective tax rate for 2018 will be between 22% and 27%. This includes the impact of a decrease in unrecognized tax benefits of up to $8.7 million that is expected within the next twelve months due to the

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filing of a federal income tax automatic accounting method change application. Approximately $3.0 million of the decrease is expected to impact our effective tax rate. Starting in 2019, we currently estimate our effective tax rate will be between 25% and 30%. We expect our future tax rates to be lower than 2017 primarily due to the corporate tax rate reduction to 21% effective January 1, 2018. These estimates also reflect the repeal of the domestic production activities deduction and other items of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act that partially offset the benefit from the reduction in the corporate tax rate.

2016 Compared to 2015

We had 35 operating locations as of December 31, 2015. During 2016, we completed one acquisition in the first quarter of 2016, known as “Shoffner”, that reports as a separate operating location in the Knoxville, Tennessee area. In addition, we merged four operating locations into two operating locations during the first quarter, and created two operating locations out of one existing operating location. As of December 31, 2016, we had 35 operating locations. Acquisitions are included in our results of operations from the respective acquisition date. The same‑store comparison from 2016 to 2015, as described below, excludes eleven months of results for Shoffner, which was acquired in February 2016. An operating location is included in the same‑store comparison on the first day it has comparable prior year operating data. An operating location is excluded from the same‑store comparison in the current year and comparable prior years when it is properly characterized as a discontinued operation under applicable accounting standards.

Revenue—Revenue increased $53.8 million, or 3.4% to $1,634.3 million in 2016 compared to 2015. The increase included a 4.6% increase related to the acquisition of Shoffner, which was partially offset by a 1.1% decrease in revenue related to same‑store activity. The same‑store revenue decrease was primarily due to our Environmental Air Systems, LLC (“EAS”) operation ($48.0 million), which experienced decreased large project work compared to the prior year, specifically in the manufacturing sector.  This decrease was partially offset by increased activity at our Michigan operation ($16.8 million) and our Northern Texas operation ($13.1 million).

Backlog reflects revenue still to be recognized under contracted or committed installation and replacement project work. Project work generally lasts less than one year. Service agreement revenue and service work and short duration projects, which are generally billed as performed, do not flow through backlog. Accordingly, backlog represents only a portion of our revenue for any given future period, and it represents revenue that is likely to be reflected in our operating results over the next six to twelve months. As a result, we believe the predictive value of backlog information is limited to indications of general revenue direction over the near term, and should not be interpreted as indicative of ongoing revenue performance over several quarters.

Backlog as of December 31, 2016 was $763.4 million, a 6.1% increase from September 30, 2016 backlog of $719.3 million and a 7.3% increase from December 31, 2015 backlog of $711.6 million. Sequential backlog increased primarily due to increased project bookings at our Colorado operation ($15.9 million), our New Hampshire operation ($13.3 million) and one of our Florida operations ($12.9 million). The year‑over‑year backlog increase was primarily due to the acquisition of Shoffner ($35.3 million or 5.0%).  Same-store backlog increased 2.3% primarily due to increased project bookings at our New Hampshire operation ($28.1 million).  This was partially offset by the completion of project work at our EAS operation ($21.0 million).

Gross Profit—Gross profit increased $25.9 million, or 8.1%, to $344.0 million in 2016 as compared to 2015. The increase included a $13.3 million, or 4.2%, increase related to the acquisition of Shoffner and a $12.6 million, or 3.9%, increase on a same‑store basis. The same‑store increase in gross profit was primarily due to broad based improvement in project execution, including our California operation ($4.0 million) and one of our New York operations ($3.5 million).  Additionally, gross profit was higher due to increased volumes at our Michigan operation ($3.9 million) and one of our Alabama operations ($3.3 million).  This was partially offset by a decrease at our EAS operation ($8.6 million), which has experienced a decrease in large project work when compared to the same period in 2015. As a percentage of revenue, gross profit increased from 20.1% in 2015 to 21.0% in 2016 primarily due to the factors discussed above.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses (“SG&A”)—SG&A increased $14.2 million, or 6.2%, to $243.2 million for 2016 as compared to 2015. On a same‑store basis, excluding amortization expense, SG&A increased $4.2 million, or 1.9%. This increase was primarily due to increased compensation costs ($4.8 million), which are primarily related to an increase in operating results and expanded service activities at multiple locations.  This was offset by a decrease in bad debt expense ($1.6 million) primarily due to collections of aged receivables. Amortization expense

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decreased $0.7 million during 2016 compared to the prior year. As a percentage of revenue, SG&A increased from 14.5% in 2015 to 14.9% in 2016, primarily due to the factors discussed above.

We have included same‑store SG&A, excluding amortization, because we believe it is an effective measure of comparative results of operations. However, same‑store SG&A, excluding amortization, is not considered under generally accepted accounting principles to be a primary measure of an entity’s financial results, and accordingly, should not be considered an alternative to SG&A as shown in our consolidated statements of operations.

	Year Ended
	December 31,
	2016		2015
	(in thousands)
SG&A	$	243,201	$	228,965
Less: SG&A from companies acquired		(10,817)		—
Less: Amortization expense		(6,165)		(6,897)
Same-store SG&A, excluding amortization expense	$	226,219	$	222,068

Interest Expense—Interest expense increased $0.6 million, or 33.8%, in 2016. The increase is due to higher average net borrowings on the revolving credit facility in 2016 compared to 2015.

Changes in the Fair Value of Contingent Earn‑out Obligations—The contingent earn‑out obligations are measured at fair value each reporting period and changes in estimates of fair value are recognized in earnings. Income from changes in the fair value of contingent earn‑out obligations increased $0.5 million in 2016 compared to 2015. Based on updated measurements of estimated future cash flows for our contingent obligations, we reduced our obligation related to the EAS acquisition resulting in a gain of $0.8 million.  This was partially offset by increases in the fair value of contingent earn-out obligations related to various acquisitions during 2016.

Other Income—Other income increased $1.0 million in 2016 compared to 2015. In the fourth quarter of 2016, we entered into a settlement agreement with British Petroleum (“BP”) related to a claim from one of our subsidiaries regarding the April 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill. We recorded a $0.6 million gain in the fourth quarter of 2016 in “Other Income” as a result of this settlement.

Provision for Income Taxes—We conduct business throughout the United States in virtually all fifty states. Our effective tax rate changes based upon our relative profitability, or lack thereof, in states with varying tax rates and rules. In addition, discrete items, such as tax law changes, judgments and legal structures can impact our effective tax rate. These items can also include the tax treatment for impairment of goodwill and other intangible assets, changes in fair value of acquisition-related assets and liabilities, tax reserves for uncertain tax positions, accounting for losses associated with underperforming operations and noncontrolling interests.

Our effective tax rate for 2016 was 35.8%, as compared to 35.2% in 2015. The effective rate for 2016 was higher than the 35% federal statutory rate primarily due to net state income taxes (4.2%) partially offset by the domestic production activities deduction (2.0%) and a decrease in valuation allowances (1.2%). The effective rate for 2015 was slightly higher than the 35% federal statutory rate primarily due to an increase in net state income taxes (3.9%) which was partially offset by a decrease from the impact of the noncontrolling interest of EAS which for federal tax purposes is treated as a partnership (3.2%). Refer to Note 9 in the Consolidated Financial Statements for a reconciliation of the federal statutory rate to the effective tax rate reflected in our financial statements. The increase in the effective tax rate from 2015 to 2016 was primarily due to the impact of our noncontrolling interests, which was partially offset by the impact on the rate from the benefits from deductions on stock-based compensation, valuation allowances and net state income taxes.

Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests— There was no net income attributable to noncontrolling interests for 2016 due to our January 1, 2016 purchase of the remaining 40% noncontrolling interest in Environmental Air Systems, LLC. 

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Outlook

Industry conditions improved during the three-year period from 2015 to 2017 and we currently expect that activity will continue at these improved levels during 2018. Our emphasis for 2018 will be on cost discipline and efficient project performance, labor force development, and investing in growth, particularly in service and small projects. Based on our backlog, and in light of economic conditions, we currently expect improvement in our revenue and net earnings in 2018.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

	Year Ended December 31,
	2017		2016		2015
	(in thousands)
Cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities	$	114,090	$	91,188	$	97,867
Investing activities		(128,968)		(79,318)		(25,628)
Financing activities		19,346		(36,260)		(47,839)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	$	4,468	$	(24,390)	$	24,400
Free cash flow:
Cash provided by operating activities	$	114,090	$	91,188	$	97,867
Purchases of property and equipment		(35,467)		(23,217)		(20,808)
Proceeds from sales of property and equipment		1,359		1,062		1,338
Free cash flow	$	79,982	$	69,033	$	78,397

Cash Flow

Our business does not require significant amounts of investment in long‑term fixed assets. The substantial majority of the capital used in our business is working capital that funds our costs of labor and installed equipment deployed in project work until our customer pays us. Customary terms in our industry allow customers to withhold a small portion of the contract price until after we have completed the work, typically for six months. Amounts withheld under this practice are known as retention or retainage. Our average project duration together with typical retention terms generally allow us to complete the realization of revenue and earnings in cash within one year.

2017 Compared to 2016

Cash Provided by Operating Activities—Cash flow from operations is primarily influenced by demand for our services and operating margins, but can also be influenced by working capital needs associated with the various types of services that we provide. In particular, working capital needs may increase when we commence large volumes of work under circumstances where project costs, primarily associated with labor, equipment and subcontractors, are required to be paid before the receivables resulting from the work performed are billed and collected. Working capital needs are generally higher during the late winter and spring months as we prepare and plan for the increased project demand when favorable weather conditions exist in the summer and fall months. Conversely, working capital assets are typically converted to cash during the late summer and fall months as project completion is underway. These seasonal trends are sometimes offset by changes in the timing of major projects, which can be impacted by the weather, project delays or accelerations and other economic factors that may affect customer spending.

We generated $114.1 million of cash flow from operating activities during 2017 compared with $91.2 million during 2016. The $22.9 million increase is primarily due to the $22.3 million increase in gross profit, increases in billings in excess of costs of $21.6 million, primarily due to the timing of billings and various project work, and increases in accounts payable and accrued liabilities of $19.3 million due to increased activity and revenue as well as increased compensation accruals. These increases to operating cash flow were partially offset by the change in receivables of $44.8 million primarily related to the timing of customer billings and payments.

Cash Used in Investing Activities—Cash used in investing activities was $129.0 million for 2017 compared to $79.3 million during 2016. The $49.7 million increase in cash used primarily relates to cash paid (net of cash acquired)

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for the BCH acquisition in 2017 of $86.1 million compared to the EAS and Shoffner acquisitions in 2016 ($56.3 million).

Cash Provided by (Used in) Financing Activities—Cash provided by financing activities was $19.3 million for 2017 compared to cash used in financing activities of $36.3 million during 2016. The $55.6 million increase in cash provided by financing activities primarily relates to $55.0 million of additional net proceeds from the revolving line of credit in 2017 compared to the prior year.

2016 Compared to 2015

Cash Provided by Operating Activities—We generated $91.2 million of cash flow from operating activities during 2016 compared with $97.9 million during 2015. The $6.7 million decrease is primarily due to decreases in billings in excess of costs of $16.3 million, primarily due to the timing of billings and various project work, and increases in prepaid expenses and other current assets of $9.2 million, primarily due to increases of insurance receivables. These uses of operating cash flow were partially offset by the change in receivables of $10.6 million primarily related to the timing of customer billings and payments and overall higher net income in 2016 compared to 2015.

Cash Used in Investing Activities—Cash used in investing activities was $79.3 million for 2016 compared to $25.6 million during 2015. The $53.7 million increase in cash used primarily relates to cash paid for the EAS and Shoffner acquisitions that were completed in 2016.

Cash Used in Financing Activities—Cash used in financing activities was $36.3 million for 2016 compared to $47.8 million during 2015. The $11.6 million decrease in cash used in financing activities primarily relates to $18.5 million less in net payments on the revolving line of credit in 2016. Additionally, we repurchased $4.8 million of incremental shares in 2016 and did not have distributions to noncontrolling interests after we acquired the remaining 40% noncontrolling interest in EAS.

Free Cash Flow

We define free cash flow as cash provided by operating activities, less customary capital expenditures, plus the proceeds from asset sales and taxes paid related to pre‑acquisition equity transactions of an acquired company. We believe free cash flow, by encompassing both profit margins and the use of working capital over our approximately one year working capital cycle, is an effective measure of operating effectiveness and efficiency. We have included free cash flow information here for this reason, and because we are often asked about it by third parties evaluating us. However, free cash flow is not considered under generally accepted accounting principles to be a primary measure of an entity’s financial results, and accordingly free cash flow should not be considered an alternative to operating income, net income, or amounts shown in our consolidated statements of cash flows as determined under generally accepted accounting principles. Free cash flow may be defined differently by other companies.

Share Repurchase Program

On March 29, 2007, our Board of Directors (the “Board”) approved a stock repurchase program to acquire up to 1.0 million shares of our outstanding common stock. Subsequently, the Board has from time to time increased the number of shares that may be acquired under the program and approved extensions of the program. Since the inception of the repurchase program, the Board has approved 8.1 million shares to be repurchased. As of December 31, 2017, we have repurchased a cumulative total of 7.6 million shares at an average price of $13.75 per share under the repurchase program.

The share repurchases will be made from time to time at our discretion in the open market or privately negotiated transactions as permitted by securities laws and other legal requirements, and subject to market conditions and other factors. The Board may modify, suspend, extend or terminate the program at any time. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2017, we repurchased 0.3 million shares for approximately $9.0 million at an average price of $34.23 per share.

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Debt

Revolving Credit Facility

We have a $325.0 million senior credit facility (the “Facility”) provided by a syndicate of banks, with a $100 million accordion option. The Facility, which is available for borrowings and letters of credit, expires in February 2021 and is secured by a first lien on substantially all of our personal property except for assets related to projects subject to surety bonds and assets held by certain unrestricted subsidiaries and a second lien on our assets related to projects subject to surety bonds. As of December 31, 2017, we had $45.0 million of outstanding borrowings, $39.6 million in letters of credit outstanding and $240.4 million of credit available.

There are two interest rate options for borrowings under the Facility, the Base Rate Loan option and the Eurodollar Rate Loan option. These rates are floating rates determined by the broad financial markets, meaning they can and do move up and down from time to time. Additional margins are then added to these two rates. The weighted average interest rate applicable to the borrowings under the Facility was approximately 2.8% as of December 31, 2017.

Certain of our vendors require letters of credit to ensure reimbursement for amounts they are disbursing on our behalf, such as to beneficiaries under our self‑funded insurance programs. We have also occasionally used letters of credit to guarantee performance under our contracts and to ensure payment to our subcontractors and vendors under those contracts. Our lenders issue such letters of credit through the Facility for a fee. We have never had a claim made against a letter of credit that resulted in payments by a lender or by us and believe such claims are unlikely in the foreseeable future. The letter of credit fees range from 1.25% to 2.00% per annum, based on the ratio of Consolidated Total Indebtedness to Credit Facility Adjusted EBITDA, as defined in the credit agreement.

Commitment fees are payable on the portion of the revolving loan capacity not in use for borrowings or letters of credit at any given time. These fees range from 0.20%‑0.35% per annum, based on the ratio of Consolidated Total Indebtedness to Credit Facility Adjusted EBITDA, as defined in the credit agreement.

Interest expense included the following primary elements (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2017		2016		2015
Interest expense on notes to former owners	$	365	$	70	$	25
Interest expense on borrowings and unused commitment fees		1,862		1,251		692
Letter of credit fees		553		657		719
Amortization of debt financing costs		376		367		317
Total	$	3,156	$	2,345	$	1,753

The Facility contains financial covenants defining various measures and the levels of these measures with which we must comply. Covenant compliance is assessed as of each quarter end. Credit Facility Adjusted EBITDA is defined under the Facility for financial covenant purposes as net earnings for the four quarters ending as of any given quarterly covenant compliance measurement date, plus the corresponding amounts for (a) interest expense; (b) provision for income taxes; (c) depreciation and amortization; (d) stock compensation; (e) other non‑cash charges; and (f) pre‑acquisition results of acquired companies. The following is a reconciliation of Credit Facility Adjusted EBITDA to net income for 2017 (in thousands):

Net income including noncontrolling interests	$	55,272
Provision for income taxes		45,666
Interest expense, net		3,086
Depreciation and amortization expense		37,456
Stock-based compensation		6,377
Goodwill impairment		1,105
Pre-acquisition results of acquired companies, as defined under the Facility		4,597
Credit Facility Adjusted EBITDA	$	153,559

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The Facility’s principal financial covenants include:

Leverage Ratio—The Facility requires that the ratio of our Consolidated Total Indebtedness to our Credit Facility Adjusted EBITDA not exceed 2.75 to 1.00 as of the end of each fiscal quarter. The leverage ratio as of December 31, 2017 was 0.4.

Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio— The Facility requires that the ratio of (a) Credit Facility Adjusted EBITDA, less non‑financed capital expenditures, provision for income taxes, dividends and amounts used to repurchase stock to (b) the sum of interest expense and scheduled principal payments of indebtedness be at least 2.00 to 1.00; provided that the calculation of the fixed charge coverage ratio excludes stock repurchases and the payment of dividends at any time that the Company’s Net Leverage Ratio does not exceed 1.50 to 1.00. The Facility also allows the fixed charge coverage ratio not to be reduced for stock repurchases through September 30, 2015 in an aggregate amount not to exceed $25 million and for stock repurchases made after February 22, 2016 but on or prior to December 31, 2017 in an aggregate amount not to exceed $25 million, if at the time of and after giving effect to such repurchase the Company’s Net Leverage Ratio was less than or equal to 1.50 to 1.00. Capital expenditures, provision for income taxes, dividends and stock repurchase payments are defined under the Facility for purposes of this covenant to be amounts for the four quarters ending as of any given quarterly covenant compliance measurement date. The fixed charge coverage ratio as of December 31, 2017 was 21.8.

Other Restrictions— The Facility permits acquisitions of up to $30.0 million per transaction, provided that the aggregate purchase price of all such acquisitions in the same fiscal year does not exceed $65.0 million. However, these limitations only apply when the Company’s Total Leverage Ratio is greater than 2.00 to 1.00.

While the Facility’s financial covenants do not specifically govern capacity under the Facility, if our debt level under the Facility at a quarter‑end covenant compliance measurement date were to cause us to violate the Facility’s leverage ratio covenant, our borrowing capacity under the Facility and the favorable terms that we currently have could be negatively impacted by the lenders.

We were in compliance with all of our financial covenants as of December 31, 2017.

Notes to Former Owners

As part of the consideration used to acquire two companies, we have outstanding notes to the former owners. These notes had an outstanding balance of $15.3 million as of December 31, 2017. In conjunction with the BCH acquisition in the second quarter of 2017, we issued a promissory note to the former owners with an outstanding balance of $14.3 million as of December 31, 2017 that bears interest, payable quarterly, at a weighted average interest rate of 3.0%. The principal is due in equal installments in April 2020 and 2021. In conjunction with the Shoffner acquisition in the first quarter of 2016, we issued a subordinated note to former owners with an outstanding balance of $1.0 million as of December 31, 2017 that bears interest, payable quarterly, at a weighted average interest rate of 3.0%. The principal is due in equal installments in February 2018 and 2019.

Other Debt

As part of the Shoffner acquisition, we acquired debt with an outstanding balance at the acquisition date of $0.4 million with principal and interest due the last day of every month; ending on the December 30, 2019 maturity date. The interest rate is the one month LIBOR rate plus 2.25%. As of December 31, 2017, $0.2 million of the note was outstanding, of which $0.1 million was considered current.

Outlook

We have generated positive net free cash flow for the last nineteen calendar years, much of which occurred during challenging economic and industry conditions. We also continue to have significant borrowing capacity under our credit facility, and we maintain what we feel are reasonable cash balances. We believe these factors will provide us with sufficient liquidity to fund our operations for the foreseeable future.

Off‑Balance Sheet Arrangements and Other Commitments

As is common in our industry, we have entered into certain off‑balance sheet arrangements in the ordinary course of business that result in risks not directly reflected in our balance sheets. Our most significant off‑balance sheet

36

transactions include liabilities associated with noncancelable operating leases. We also have other off‑balance sheet obligations involving letters of credit and surety guarantees.

We enter into noncancelable operating leases for many of our facility, vehicle and equipment needs. These leases allow us to conserve cash by paying a monthly lease rental fee for use of facilities, vehicles and equipment rather than purchasing them. At the end of the lease, we have no further obligation to the lessor. If we decide to cancel or terminate a lease before the end of its term, we would typically owe the lessor the remaining lease payments under the term of the lease.

Certain of our vendors require letters of credit to ensure reimbursement for amounts they are disbursing on our behalf, such as to beneficiaries under our self‑funded insurance programs. We have also occasionally used letters of credit to guarantee performance under our contracts and to ensure payment to our subcontractors and vendors under those contracts. The letters of credit we provide are actually issued by our lenders through the Facility as described above. A letter of credit commits the lenders to pay specified amounts to the holder of the letter of credit if the holder demonstrates that we have failed to perform specified actions. If this were to occur, we would be required to reimburse the lenders. Depending on the circumstances of such a reimbursement, we may also have to record a charge to earnings for the reimbursement. Absent a claim, there is no payment or reserving of funds by us in connection with a letter of credit. However, because a claim on a letter of credit would require immediate reimbursement by us to our lenders, letters of credit are treated as a use of the Facility’s capacity just the same as actual borrowings. Claims against letters of credit are rare in our industry. To date we have not had a claim made against a letter of credit that resulted in payments by a lender or by us. We believe that it is unlikely that we will have to fund claims under a letter of credit in the foreseeable future.

Many customers, particularly in connection with new construction, require us to post performance and payment bonds issued by a financial institution known as a surety. If we fail to perform under the terms of a contract or to pay subcontractors and vendors who provided goods or services under a contract, the customer may demand that the surety make payments or provide services under the bond. We must reimburse the sureties for any expenses or outlays they incur. To date, we are not aware of any losses to our sureties in connection with bonds the sureties have posted on our behalf, and we do not expect such losses to be incurred in the foreseeable future.

Under standard terms in the surety market, sureties issue bonds on a project‑by‑project basis and can decline to issue bonds at any time. Historically, approximately 20% to 30% of our business has required bonds. While we currently have strong surety relationships to support our bonding needs, future market conditions or changes in our sureties’ assessment of our operating and financial risk could cause our sureties to decline to issue bonds for our work. If that were to occur, our alternatives include doing more business that does not require bonds, posting other forms of collateral for project performance such as letters of credit or cash, and seeking bonding capacity from other sureties. We would likely also encounter concerns from customers, suppliers and other market participants as to our creditworthiness. While we believe our general operating and financial characteristics would enable us to ultimately respond effectively to an interruption in the availability of bonding capacity, such an interruption would likely cause our revenue and profits to decline in the near term.

Contractual Obligations

The following recaps the future maturities of our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2017 (in thousands):

	Twelve Months Ended December 31,
	2018		2019		2020		2021		2022		Thereafter		Total
Revolving credit facility	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	45,000	$	—	$	—	$	45,000
Notes to former owners		513		512		7,150		7,150		—		—		15,325
Other debt		100		114		—		—		—		—		214
Interest payable		1,716		1,697		1,533		264		—		—		5,210
Operating lease obligations		13,963		11,892		9,838		7,921		6,266		21,726		71,606
Total	$	16,292	$	14,215	$	18,521	$	60,335	$	6,266	$	21,726	$	137,355

As discussed in Note 9 “Income Taxes”, included in our Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2017 is approximately $8.9 million of unrecognized tax benefits. Due to the uncertain and complex application of tax

37

regulations, combined with the difficulty in predicting when tax audits may be concluded, we generally cannot make reliable estimates of the timing of cash outflows relating to these liabilities. We, however, expect to recognize a decrease in unrecognized tax benefits of up to $8.7 million within the next twelve months due to the filing of a federal income tax automatic accounting method change application. Approximately $3.0 million of the decrease is expected to impact our effective tax rate.

As of December 31, 2017, we also have $39.6 million in letter of credit commitments, of which $15.1 million will expire in 2018 and $24.5 million will expire in 2019. The substantial majority of these letters of credit are posted with insurers who disburse funds on our behalf in connection with our workers’ compensation, auto liability and general liability insurance program. These letters of credit provide additional security to the insurers that sufficient financial resources will be available to fund claims on our behalf, many of which develop over long periods of time, should we ever encounter financial duress. Posting of letters of credit for this purpose is a common practice for entities that manage their self‑insurance programs through third‑party insurers as we do. While many of these letter of credit commitments expire in 2018, we expect nearly all of them, particularly those supporting our insurance programs, will be renewed annually.

Other than the operating and capital lease obligations noted above, we have no significant purchase or operating commitments outside of commitments to deliver equipment and provide labor in the ordinary course of performing project work

ITEM 7A.  Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

We are exposed to market risk primarily related to potential adverse changes in interest rates as discussed below. We are actively involved in monitoring exposure to market risk and continue to develop and utilize appropriate risk management techniques. We are not exposed to any other significant financial market risks including commodity price risk, foreign currency exchange risk or interest rate risks from the use of derivative financial instruments. We do not use derivative financial instruments.

We have exposure to changes in interest rates under our revolving credit facility. We have a modest level of indebtedness under our debt facility and our indebtedness could increase in the future. Our debt with fixed interest rates consists of notes to former owners of acquired companies.

The following table presents principal amounts (stated in thousands) and related average interest rates by year of maturity for our debt obligations and their indicated fair market value at December 31, 2017:

	Twelve Months Ended December 31,
	2018		2019		2020		2021		2022		Thereafter		Total
Fixed Rate Debt	$	513	$	512	$	7,150	$	7,150	$	—	$	—	$	15,325
Average Interest Rate		3.0%		3.0%		3.0%		3.0%		—		—		3.0%
Variable Rate Debt	$	100	$	114	$	—	$	45,000	$	—	$	—	$	45,214

The interest rate applicable to the variable rate debt was approximately 3.8% as of December 31, 2017. The weighted average interest rate applicable to the borrowings under the Facility was approximately 2.8% as of December 31, 2017.

We measure certain assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. These assets are recognized at fair value when they are deemed to be other‑than‑temporarily impaired. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $1.1 million based on Level 3 measurements. We did not recognize any other impairments, in the current year, on those assets required to be measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis.

The valuation of the Company’s contingent earn‑out payments is determined using a probability weighted discounted cash flow method. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the purchase agreements (e.g., minimum and maximum payment, length of earn‑out periods, manner of calculating any amounts due, etc.) and utilizes assumptions with regard to future cash flows, probabilities of achieving such future cash flows and a discount rate.

38

ITEM 8.  Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

	Page
Comfort Systems USA, Inc.
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting	40
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	41
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	42
Consolidated Balance Sheets	43
Consolidated Statements of Operations	44
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity	45
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	46
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	47

39

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a‑15(f) and 15d‑15(f). Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017 based on the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO 2013 framework). Based on that evaluation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2017.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Ernst & Young LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is included elsewhere herein, has issued an attestation report auditing the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017.

40

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Comfort Systems USA, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Comfort Systems USA, Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2017 and 2016, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated February 22, 2018 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2002.

Houston, Texas

February 22, 2018

41

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Comfort Systems USA, Inc.

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited Comfort Systems USA, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Comfort Systems USA, Inc. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017, and the related notes and our report dated February 22, 2018 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. 

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Houston, Texas

February 22, 2018

42

COMFORT SYSTEMS USA, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In Thousands, Except Share Amounts)

	December 31,
	2017		2016
ASSETS
CURRENT ASSETS:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	36,542	$	32,074
Accounts receivable, less allowance for doubtful accounts of $3,400 and $4,288, respectively		382,867		318,837
Other receivables		21,235		20,363
Inventories		10,303		9,208
Prepaid expenses and other		8,294		6,106
Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings		30,116		29,369
Total current assets		489,357		415,957
PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET		87,591		68,195
GOODWILL		200,584		149,208
IDENTIFIABLE INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET		76,044		42,435
DEFERRED TAX ASSETS		22,966		27,170
OTHER NONCURRENT ASSETS		4,578		5,938
Total assets	$	881,120	$	708,903
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
CURRENT LIABILITIES:
Current maturities of long-term debt	$	613	$	600
Current maturities of long-term capital lease obligations		—		163
Accounts payable		132,011		103,440
Accrued compensation and benefits		69,217		61,712
Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings		106,005		83,985
Accrued self-insurance		32,228		33,520
Other current liabilities		33,654		34,261
Total current liabilities		373,728		317,681
LONG-TERM DEBT		59,926		1,955
LONG-TERM CAPITAL LEASE OBLIGATIONS		—		93
DEFERRED TAX LIABILITIES		2,263		2,289
OTHER LONG-TERM LIABILITIES		27,258		10,252
Total liabilities		463,175		332,270
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY:
Preferred stock, $.01 par, 5,000,000 shares authorized, none issued and outstanding		—		—
Common stock, $.01 par, 102,969,912 shares authorized, 41,123,365 and 41,123,365 shares issued, respectively		411		411
Treasury stock, at cost, 3,936,291 and 3,914,251 shares, respectively		(63,519)		(57,387)
Additional paid-in capital		312,784		309,625
Retained earnings		168,269		123,984
Total stockholders’ equity		417,945		376,633
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	881,120	$	708,903

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

43

COMFORT SYSTEMS USA, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(In Thousands, Except Per Share Data)

	Year Ended December 31,
	2017		2016		2015
REVENUE	$	1,787,922	$	1,634,340	$	1,580,519
COST OF SERVICES		1,421,641		1,290,331		1,262,390
Gross profit		366,281		344,009		318,129
SELLING, GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES		266,586		243,201		228,965
GOODWILL IMPAIRMENT		1,105		—		—
GAIN ON SALE OF ASSETS		(670)		(761)		(880)
Operating income		99,260		101,569		90,044
OTHER INCOME (EXPENSE):
Interest income		70		9		72
Interest expense		(3,156)		(2,345)		(1,753)
Changes in the fair value of contingent earn-out obligations		3,715		731		225
Other		1,049		1,097		76
Other income (expense)		1,678		(508)		(1,380)
INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES		100,938		101,061		88,664
PROVISION FOR INCOME TAXES		45,666		36,165		31,224
NET INCOME INCLUDING NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS		55,272		64,896		57,440
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests		—		—		8,076
NET INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMFORT SYSTEMS USA, INC.	$	55,272	$	64,896	$	49,364
INCOME PER SHARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMFORT SYSTEMS USA, INC.:
Basic	$	1.48	$	1.74	$	1.32
Diluted	$	1.47	$	1.72	$	1.30
SHARES USED IN COMPUTING INCOME PER SHARE:
Basic		37,239		37,335		37,442
Diluted		37,672		37,811		37,868
DIVIDENDS PER SHARE	$	0.295	$	0.275	$	0.250

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

44

COMFORT SYSTEMS USA, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(In Thousands, Except Share Amounts)

							Additional				Non-		Total
	Common Stock			Treasury Stock			Paid-In		Retained		Controlling		Stockholders’
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Capital		Earnings		Interests		Equity
BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 2014	41,123,365	$	411	(3,853,586)	$	(43,598)	$	320,084	$	29,384	$	15,112	$	321,393
Net income	—		—	—		—		—		49,364		8,076		57,440
Issuance of Stock:
Issuance of shares for options exercised including tax benefit	—		—	317,333		3,728		966		—		—		4,694
Issuance of restricted stock & performance stock	—		—	200,015		2,292		(626)		—		—		1,666
Shares received in lieu of tax withholding payment on vested restricted stock	—		—	(44,590)		(937)		—		—		—		(937)
Tax benefit from vesting of restricted stock	—		—	—		—		284		—		—		284
Stock-based compensation	—		—	—		—		3,057		—		—		3,057
Dividends	—		—	—		—		—		(9,358)		—		(9,358)
Distribution to noncontrolling interest	—		—	—		—		—		—		(4,904)		(4,904)
Share repurchase	—		—	(315,953)		(8,330)		—		—		—		(8,330)
BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 2015	41,123,365		411	(3,696,781)		(46,845)		323,765		69,390		18,284		365,005
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle	—		—	—		—		—		(38)		—		(38)
Net income	—		—	—		—		—		64,896		—		64,896
Issuance of Stock:
Issuance of shares for options exercised	—		—	111,761		1,568		10		—		—		1,578
Issuance of restricted stock & performance stock	—		—	172,727		2,282		(306)		—		—		1,976
Shares received in lieu of tax withholding payment on vested restricted stock	—		—	(41,788)		(1,304)		—		—		—		(1,304)
Stock-based compensation	—		—	—		—		3,502		—		—		3,502
Dividends	—		—	—		—		—		(10,264)		—		(10,264)
Acquisition of noncontrolling interest	—		—	—		—		(17,346)		—		(18,284)		(35,630)
Share repurchase	—		—	(460,170)		(13,088)		—		—		—		(13,088)
BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 2016	41,123,365		411	(3,914,251)		(57,387)		309,625		123,984		—		376,633
Net income	—		—	—		—		—		55,272		—		55,272
Issuance of Stock:
Issuance of shares for options exercised	—		—	145,746		2,257		(205)		—		—		2,052
Issuance of restricted stock & performance stock	—		—	134,646		2,037		(421)		—		—		1,616
Shares received in lieu of tax withholding payment on vested restricted stock	—		—	(39,335)		(1,419)		—		—		—		(1,419)
Stock-based compensation	—		—	—		—		3,785		—		—		3,785
Dividends	—		—	—		—		—		(10,987)		—		(10,987)
Share repurchase	—		—	(263,097)		(9,007)		—		—		—		(9,007)
BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 2017	41,123,365	$	411	(3,936,291)	$	(63,519)	$	312,784	$	168,269	$	—	$	417,945

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

45

COMFORT SYSTEMS USA, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In Thousands)

	Year Ended December 31,
	2017		2016		2015
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income including noncontrolling interests	$	55,272	$	64,896	$	57,440
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities—
Amortization of identifiable intangible assets		17,404		8,185		7,481
Depreciation expense		20,052		17,981		15,935
Goodwill impairment		1,105		—		—
Bad debt expense (benefit)		182		(27)		1,552
Deferred tax provision (benefit)		4,178		(1,239)		(414)
Amortization of debt financing costs		376		367		317
Gain on sale of assets		(670)		(761)		(880)
Changes in the fair value of contingent earn-out obligations		(3,715)		(731)		(225)
Stock-based compensation		6,377		5,041		5,609
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effects of acquisitions and divestitures—
(Increase) decrease in—
Receivables, net		(37,799)		7,038		(3,584)
Inventories		(584)		213		956
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		2,467		(8,850)		364
Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings		1,869		3,144		(3,630)
Other noncurrent assets		1,005		(143)		(479)
Increase (decrease) in—
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities		22,068		2,736		11,617
Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings		13,265		(8,351)		7,908
Other long-term liabilities		11,238		1,689		(2,100)
Net cash provided by operating activities		114,090		91,188		97,867
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Purchases of property and equipment		(35,467)		(23,217)		(20,808)
Proceeds from sales of property and equipment		1,359		1,062		1,338
Cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired		(94,860)		(57,163)		(6,158)
Net cash used in investing activities		(128,968)		(79,318)		(25,628)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Proceeds from revolving line of credit		177,000		144,000		24,500
Payments on revolving line of credit		(132,000)		(154,000)		(53,000)
Payments on other debt		(835)		(592)		—
Payments on capital lease obligations		(256)		(251)		(443)
Debt financing costs		—		(789)		—
Payments of dividends to stockholders		(10,987)		(10,264)		(9,358)
Share repurchase		(9,007)		(13,088)		(8,330)
Shares received in lieu of tax withholding		(1,419)		(1,304)		(937)
Excess tax benefit of stock-based compensation		—		—		1,240
Proceeds from exercise of options		2,052		1,578		3,738
Distributions to noncontrolling interests		—		—		(4,904)
Deferred acquisition payments		(2,802)		(1,350)		—
Payments for contingent consideration arrangements		(2,400)		(200)		(345)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		19,346		(36,260)		(47,839)
NET INCREASE (DECREASE) IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS		4,468		(24,390)		24,400
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, beginning of year		32,074		56,464		32,064
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, end of year	$	36,542	$	32,074	$	56,464

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

46

COMFORT SYSTEMS USA, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2017

1. Business and Organization

Comfort Systems USA, Inc., a Delaware corporation, provides comprehensive mechanical contracting services, which principally includes heating, ventilation and air conditioning (“HVAC”), plumbing, piping and controls, as well as off-site construction, electrical, monitoring and fire protection. We install, maintain, repair and replace products and systems throughout the United States. Approximately 38% of our consolidated 2017 revenue is attributable to installation of systems in newly constructed facilities, with the remaining 62% attributable to maintenance, repair and replacement services.

Our consolidated 2017 revenue was derived from the following service activities, all of which are in the mechanical services industry, the single industry segment we serve:

	Revenue
Service Activity	$ in thousands		%
HVAC and Plumbing	$	1,615,468	90	%
Building Automation Control Systems		94,041	5	%
Other		78,413	5	%
Total	$	1,787,922	100	%

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation

These financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The accompanying consolidated financial statements include our accounts and those of our subsidiaries in which we have a controlling interest. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Certain amounts in prior periods may have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. The effects of the reclassifications were not material to the consolidated financial statements.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires the use of estimates and assumptions by management in determining the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenue and expenses and disclosures regarding contingent assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The most significant estimates used in our financial statements affect revenue and cost recognition for construction contracts, the allowance for doubtful accounts, self‑insurance accruals, deferred tax assets, warranty accruals, fair value accounting for acquisitions and the quantification of fair value for reporting units in connection with our goodwill impairment testing. In 2015, two operating locations came to an agreement with customers on multiple jobs and received approved change orders, which resulted in the recognition of additional revenue with minimal additional costs resulting in a project gain of $3.4 million, on a pre-tax basis.

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Cash Flow Information

We consider all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.

Cash paid (in thousands) for:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2017		2016		2015
Interest	$	2,832	$	1,864	$	1,408
Income taxes	$	38,144	$	29,349	$	35,538

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606).” ASU 2014-09 provides a framework that replaces the existing revenue recognition guidance. The guidance can be applied on a full retrospective or modified retrospective basis whereby the entity records a cumulative effect of initially applying this update on the adoption date. We plan to use the modified retrospective basis on the adoption date. ASU 2014-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period. We believe the areas that may impact us the most include accounting for variable consideration, capitalization of incremental costs of obtaining a contract and the guidance on the number of performance obligations contained in a contract. We currently expect the adoption of ASU 2014-09 to have an impact of less than $0.5 million on our consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842)”. The standard requires lessees to recognize assets and liabilities for most leases. ASU 2016-02 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. ASU 2016-02’s transition provisions are applied using a modified retrospective approach at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements. Full retrospective application is prohibited. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of this authoritative guidance on our consolidated financial statements.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments”. This standard provides guidance on how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows and is intended to reduce diversity in practice with respect to these items.  The standard is applied using a retrospective transition method and is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. We currently do not believe the adoption will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, “Intangibles – Goodwill and other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Accounting for Goodwill Impairment”. This standard removes Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test, which required a hypothetical purchase price allocation.  A goodwill impairment will now be the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill.  Additionally, entities will be required to disclose the amount of goodwill at reporting units with zero or negative carrying amounts.  The standard is applied prospectively and is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including annual or interim goodwill impairment tests within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for interim and annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. We early adopted ASU 2017-04 in the first quarter of 2017, which did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Revenue Recognition

Approximately 81% of our revenue was earned on a project basis and recognized through the percentage of completion method of accounting. Under this method, contract revenue recognizable at any time during the life of a contract is determined by multiplying expected total contract revenue by the percentage of contract costs incurred at any time to total estimated contract costs. More specifically, as part of the negotiation and bidding process in connection with obtaining installation contracts, we estimate our contract costs, which include all direct materials (exclusive of rebates), labor and subcontract costs and indirect costs related to contract performance, such as indirect labor, supplies, tools, repairs and depreciation costs. These contract costs are included in our results of operations under the caption

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“Cost of Services.” Then, as we perform under those contracts, we measure costs incurred, compare them to total estimated costs to complete the contract and recognize a corresponding proportion of contract revenue. Labor costs are considered to be incurred as the work is performed. Subcontractor labor is recognized as the work is performed, but is generally subjected to approval as to milestones or other evidence of completion. Non‑labor project costs consist of purchased equipment, prefabricated materials and other materials. Purchased equipment on our projects is substantially produced to job specifications and is a value added element to our work. The costs are considered to be incurred when title is transferred to us, which typically is upon delivery to the work site. Prefabricated materials, such as ductwork and piping, are generally performed at our shops and recognized as contract costs when fabricated for the unique specifications of the job. Other material costs are not significant and are generally recorded when delivered to the work site. This measurement and comparison process requires updates to the estimate of total costs to complete the contract, and these updates may include subjective assessments.

We generally do not incur significant costs prior to receiving a contract, and therefore, these costs are expensed as incurred. In limited circumstances, when significant pre‑contract costs are incurred, they are deferred if the costs can be directly associated with a specific contract and if their recoverability from the contract is probable. Upon receiving the contract, these costs are included in contract costs. Deferred costs associated with unsuccessful contract bids are written off in the period that we are informed that we will not be awarded the contract.

Project contracts typically provide for a schedule of billings or invoices to the customer based on reaching agreed upon milestones or as we incur costs. The schedules for such billings usually do not precisely match the schedule on which costs are incurred. As a result, contract revenue recognized in the statement of operations can and usually does differ from amounts that can be billed or invoiced to the customer at any point during the contract. Amounts by which cumulative contract revenue recognized on a contract as of a given date exceed cumulative billings to the customer under the contract are reflected as a current asset in our balance sheet under the caption “Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings.” Amounts by which cumulative billings to the customer under a contract as of a given date exceed cumulative contract revenue recognized on the contract are reflected as a current liability in our balance sheet under the caption “Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings.”

Contracts in progress are as follows (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2017		2016
Costs incurred on contracts in progress	$	1,288,330	$	1,116,182
Estimated earnings, net of losses		253,641		207,252
Less—Billings to date		(1,617,860)		(1,378,050)
	$	(75,889)	$	(54,616)
Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings	$	30,116	$	29,369
Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings		(106,005)		(83,985)
	$	(75,889)	$	(54,616)

Accounts receivable include amounts billed to customers under retention or retainage provisions in construction contracts. Such provisions are standard in our industry and usually allow for a small portion of progress billings or the contract price to be withheld by the customer until after we have completed work on the project, typically for a period of six months. Based on our experience with similar contracts in recent years, the majority of our billings for such retention balances at each balance sheet date are finalized and collected within the subsequent year. Retention balances at December 31, 2017 and 2016 were $68.7 million and $60.7 million, respectively, and are included in accounts receivable.

Accounts payable at December 31, 2017 and 2016 included $11.9 million and $10.1 million of retainage under terms of contracts with subcontractors, respectively. The majority of the retention balances at each balance sheet date are finalized and paid within the subsequent year.

The percentage of completion method of accounting is also affected by changes in job performance, job conditions and final contract settlements. These factors may result in revisions to estimated costs and, therefore, revenue. Such revisions are frequently based on further estimates and subjective assessments. The effects of these revisions are recognized in the period in which the revisions are determined. When such revisions lead to a conclusion that a loss will  

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be recognized on a contract, the full amount of the estimated ultimate loss is recognized in the period such a conclusion is reached, regardless of the percentage of completion of the contract.

Revisions to project costs and conditions can give rise to change orders under which the customer agrees to pay additional contract price. Revisions can also result in claims we might make against the customer to recover project variances that have not been satisfactorily addressed through change orders with the customer. Except in certain circumstances, we do not recognize revenue or margin based on change orders or claims until they have been agreed upon with the customer. The amount of revenue associated with unapproved change orders and claims was immaterial for the year ended December 31, 2017.

Variations from estimated project costs could have a significant impact on our operating results, depending on project size, and the recoverability of the variation via additional customer payments.

Revenue associated with maintenance, repair and monitoring services and related contracts are recognized as services are performed. Amounts associated with unbilled service work orders are reflected as a current asset in our balance sheet under the caption “Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings” and amounts billed in advance of work orders being performed are reflected as a current liability in our balance sheet under the caption “Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings.”

Accounts Receivable

The carrying value of our receivables, net of the allowance for doubtful accounts, represents the estimated net realizable value. We estimate our allowance for doubtful accounts based upon the creditworthiness of our customers, prior collection history, ongoing relationships with our customers, the aging of past due balances, our lien rights, if any, in the property where we performed the work and the availability, if any, of payment bonds applicable to the contract. The receivables are written off when they are deemed to be uncollectible.

Inventories

Inventories consist of parts and supplies that we purchase and hold for use in the ordinary course of business and are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value using the average-cost method.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost, and depreciation is computed using the straight‑line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements are capitalized and amortized over the lesser of the expected life of the lease or the estimated useful life of the asset.

Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are charged to expense when incurred. Expenditures for major renewals and betterments, which extend the useful lives of existing equipment, are capitalized and depreciated over the remaining useful life of the equipment. Upon retirement or disposition of property and equipment, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is recognized in “Gain on sale of assets” in the statement of operations.

Recoverability of Goodwill and Identifiable Intangible Assets

Goodwill is the excess of purchase price over the fair value of the net assets of acquired businesses. We assess goodwill for impairment each year, and more frequently if circumstances suggest an impairment may have occurred.

When the carrying value of a given reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recorded to the extent that the implied fair value of the goodwill of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value. If other reporting units have had increases in fair value, such increases may not be recorded. Accordingly, such increases may not be netted against impairments at other reporting units. The requirements for assessing whether goodwill has been impaired involve market‑based information. This information, and its use in assessing goodwill, entails some degree of subjective assessment.

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We perform our annual impairment testing as of October 1 and any impairment charges resulting from this process are reported in the fourth quarter. We segregate our operations into reporting units based on the degree of operating and financial independence of each unit and our related management of them. We perform our annual goodwill impairment testing at the reporting unit level. Each of our operating units represents an operating segment, and our operating segments are our reporting units.

In the evaluation of goodwill for impairment, we have the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances lead to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value of one of our reporting units is greater than its carrying value. If, after completing such assessment, we determine it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount, then there is no need to perform any further testing. If we conclude otherwise, then we perform the first step of a two‑step impairment test by calculating the fair value of the reporting unit and comparing the fair value with the carrying value of the reporting unit.

We estimate the fair value of the reporting unit based on a market approach and an income approach, which utilizes discounted future cash flows. Assumptions critical to the fair value estimates under the discounted cash flow model include discount rates, cash flow projections, projected long‑term growth rates and the determination of terminal values. The market approach utilizes market multiples of invested capital from comparable publicly traded companies (“public company approach”). The market multiples from invested capital include revenue, book equity plus debt and earnings before interest, provision for income taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”).

We amortize identifiable intangible assets with finite lives over their useful lives. Changes in strategy and/or market condition may result in adjustments to recorded intangible asset balances.

Long‑Lived Assets

Long‑lived assets are comprised principally of goodwill, identifiable intangible assets, property and equipment, and deferred tax assets. We periodically evaluate whether events and circumstances have occurred that indicate that the remaining balances of these assets may not be recoverable. We use estimates of future income from operations and cash flows, as well as other economic and business factors, to assess the recoverability of these assets.

Acquisitions

We recognize assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations, including contingent assets and liabilities, based on fair value estimates as of the date of acquisition.

Contingent Consideration—In certain acquisitions, we agree to pay additional amounts to sellers contingent upon achievement by the acquired businesses of certain predetermined profitability targets. We have recognized liabilities for these contingent obligations based on their estimated fair value at the date of acquisition with any differences between the acquisition date fair value and the ultimate settlement of the obligations being recognized in income from operations.

Contingent Assets and Liabilities—Assets and liabilities arising from contingencies are recognized at their acquisition date fair value when their respective fair values can be determined. If the fair values of such contingencies cannot be determined, they are recognized at the acquisition date if the contingencies are probable and an amount can be reasonably estimated. Acquisition date fair value estimates are revised as necessary if, and when, additional information regarding these contingencies becomes available to further define and quantify assets acquired and liabilities assumed.

Self‑Insurance Liabilities

We are substantially self‑insured for workers’ compensation, employer’s liability, auto liability, general liability and employee group health claims, in view of the relatively high per‑incident deductibles we absorb under our insurance arrangements for these risks. Losses are estimated and accrued based upon known facts, historical trends and industry averages. Estimated losses in excess of our deductible, which have not already been paid, are included in our accrual with a corresponding receivable from our insurance carrier. Loss estimates associated with the larger and longer‑developing risks—workers’ compensation, auto liability and general liability—are reviewed by a third‑party actuary quarterly. Our self‑insurance arrangements are further discussed in Note 11 “Commitments and Contingencies.”

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Warranty Costs

We typically warrant labor for the first year after installation on new HVAC systems. We generally warrant labor for thirty days after servicing of existing HVAC systems. A reserve for warranty costs is estimated and recorded based upon the historical level of warranty claims and management’s estimate of future costs.

Income Taxes

We are subject to income tax in the United States and Puerto Rico and file a consolidated return for federal income tax purposes. Income taxes are provided for under the liability method, which takes into account differences between financial statement treatment and tax treatment of certain transactions.

Deferred taxes are based on the difference between the financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities. The deferred tax provision represents the change during the reporting period in the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities, net of the effect of acquisitions and dispositions. Deferred tax assets include tax loss and credit carryforwards and are reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on available evidence, it is more-likely-than-not some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

We regularly evaluate valuation allowances established for deferred tax assets for which future realization is uncertain. We perform this evaluation quarterly. In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, we must consider whether it is more-likely-than-not some portion, or all, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. We consider all available evidence, both positive and negative, in determining whether a valuation allowance is required. Such evidence includes the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, taxable income in prior carryback years and tax planning strategies in making this assessment, and judgment is required in considering the relative weight of negative and positive evidence.

Significant judgment is required in assessing the timing and amounts of deductible and taxable items. We establish reserves when, despite our belief that our tax return positions are supportable, we believe that certain positions may be disallowed. When facts and circumstances change, we adjust these reserves through our provision for income taxes.

To the extent interest and penalties may be assessed by taxing authorities on any underpayment of income tax, such amounts have been accrued and are classified as a component in provision for income taxes in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Segment Disclosure

Our activities are within the mechanical services industry, which is the single industry segment we serve. Each operating unit represents an operating segment and these segments have been aggregated, as the operating units meet all of the aggregation criteria.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

We provide services in a broad range of geographic regions. Our credit risk primarily consists of receivables from a variety of customers including general contractors, property owners and developers and commercial and industrial companies. We are subject to potential credit risk related to changes in business and economic factors throughout the United States within the nonresidential construction industry. However, we are entitled to payment for work performed and have certain lien rights in that work. Further, we believe that our contract acceptance, billing and collection policies are adequate to manage potential credit risk. We regularly review our accounts receivable and estimate an allowance for uncollectible amounts. We have a diverse customer base, with no single customer accounting for more than 2% of consolidated 2017 revenue.

Financial Instruments

Our financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, other receivables, accounts payable, life insurance policies, notes to former owners, capital leases, and a revolving credit facility. We believe that the carrying values of these instruments on the accompanying balance sheets approximate their fair values.

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3. Fair Value Measurements

We classify and disclose assets and liabilities carried at fair value in one of the following three categories:

· Level 1—quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities;

· Level 2—observable market based inputs or unobservable inputs that are corroborated by market data; and

· Level 3—significant unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions.

The following table summarizes the fair values, and levels within the fair value hierarchy in which the fair value measurements fall, for assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands):

	Balance		Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date
	December 31,
	2017		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Cash and cash equivalents	$	36,542	$	36,542	$	—	$	—
Life insurance—cash surrender value	$	3,128	$	—	$	3,128	$	—
Contingent earn-out obligations	$	7,993	$	—	$	—	$	7,993

	December 31,
	2016		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Cash and cash equivalents	$	32,074	$	32,074	$	—	$	—
Life insurance—cash surrender value	$	3,697	$	—	$	3,697	$	—
Contingent earn-out obligations	$	2,531	$	—	$	—	$	2,531

Cash and cash equivalents consist primarily of highly rated money market funds at a variety of well‑known institutions with original maturities of three months or less. The original cost of these assets approximates fair value due to their short term maturity. The carrying value of our borrowings associated with the Revolving Credit Facility approximate its fair value due to the variable rate on such debt.

One of our operations has life insurance policies covering 42 employees with a combined face value of $31.3 million. The policies are invested in mutual funds and the fair value measurement of the cash surrender balance associated with these policies is determined using Level 2 inputs within the fair value hierarchy and will vary with investment performance. The cash surrender value of these policies is $3.1 million as of December 31, 2017 and $3.7 million as of December 31, 2016. These assets are included in “Other Noncurrent Assets” in our consolidated balance sheets.

We value contingent earn‑out obligations using a probability weighted discounted cash flow method. This fair value measurement is based on significant unobservable inputs in the market and thus represents a Level 3 measurement within the fair value hierarchy. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the purchase agreements (e.g., minimum and maximum payments, length of earn‑out periods, manner of calculating any amounts due, etc.) and utilizes assumptions with regard to future cash flows, probabilities of achieving such future cash flows and a discount rate. The contingent earn‑out obligations are measured at fair value each reporting period and changes in estimates of fair value are recognized in earnings.

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The table below presents a reconciliation of the fair value of our contingent earn‑out obligations that use significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) (in thousands).

	December 31,
	2017		2016
Balance at beginning of year	$	2,531	$	450
Issuances		11,755		3,240
Settlements		(2,578)		(428)
Adjustments to fair value		(3,715)		(731)
Balance at end of year	$	7,993	$	2,531

We measure certain assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. These assets are recognized at fair value when they are deemed to be other-than-temporarily impaired. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $1.1 million based on Level 3 measurements. See Note 5 “Goodwill and Identifiable Intangible Assets, Net” for further discussion.  No goodwill or other intangible asset impairments were recorded during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. We did not recognize any other impairments on those assets required to be measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis.

4. Acquisitions

On April 1, 2017, we acquired all of the issued and outstanding stock of BCH Holdings, Inc. and each of its wholly-owned subsidiaries (collectively “BCH”). BCH is an integrated, single-source provider of mechanical service, maintenance and construction with headquarters in Tampa, Florida and operations throughout the southeastern region of the United States, which reports as a separate operating location.

The following summarizes the acquisition date fair value of consideration transferred and identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including an amount for goodwill (in thousands):

Cash and cash equivalents	$	9,613
Receivables		28,263
Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings		1,690
Other current assets		708
Property and equipment		3,927
Goodwill		50,512
Identifiable intangible assets		46,500
Accounts payable and other current liabilities		(11,763)
Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings		(8,039)
Other non-current liabilities		(104)
Total purchase price	$	121,307

The total purchase price was $121.3 million, including $95.4 million in cash, $14.3 million in notes payable to former owners and an $11.6 million contingent earn-out obligation. Our consolidated balance sheet includes preliminary allocations of the purchase price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed pending the completion of the final valuation of intangible assets and accrued liabilities.

The contingent earn-out obligation is based upon exceeding specified earnings milestones each year during a four-year period. We determined the initial fair value of the contingent earn-out obligation based on a Monte Carlo simulation model which represents a Level 3 measurement. We measure the contingent earn-out obligation at fair value each reporting period and changes in the estimated fair value of the contingent payments are recognized in earnings.

Goodwill represents the future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired that could not be individually identified and separately recognized. All of the goodwill recognized as a result of this transaction is tax deductible.

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The acquired assets include the following (in thousands):

	Valuation	Estimated	Estimated
	Method	Amortization Life	Value
Customer relationships	Excess Earnings	10 years	$	36,500
Backlog	Excess Earnings	1 year		6,300
Tradenames	Relief-from-royalty	25 years		3,700
Total acquired intangible assets			$	46,500

In estimating the fair value of the acquired intangible assets, we utilized the valuation methodology determined to be the most appropriate for the individual intangible asset. In order to estimate the fair value of the backlog and customer relationships, we utilized an excess earnings methodology, which consisted of the projected cash flows attributable to these assets discounted to present value using a risk-adjusted discount rate that represented the required rate of return. The tradename value was determined based on the relief-from-royalty method, which applies a royalty rate to the revenue stream attributable to this asset and the resulting royalty payment is tax effected and discounted to present value. Some of the more significant estimates and assumptions inherent in determining the fair value of the identifiable intangible assets are associated with forecasting cash flows and profitability, which represent Level 3 inputs. The primary assumptions used were generally based upon the present value of anticipated cash flows discounted at rates ranging from 13%-18%. Estimated years of projected earnings generally follow the range of estimated remaining useful lives for each intangible asset class.

Other Acquisitions

We completed two acquisitions in the first quarter of 2016. We acquired the remaining 40% noncontrolling interest in Environmental Air Systems, LLC (“EAS”) on January 1, 2016 for $46.6 million, including $42.0 million funded on the closing date plus a holdback, an earn-out that will be earned if certain financial targets are met after the acquisition date and a working capital adjustment. Due to our majority ownership and control over EAS on the acquisition date, the difference between the purchase price and the noncontrolling interest liability was recorded in Additional Paid-In Capital in our Balance Sheet.

Additionally in the first quarter of 2016, we acquired 100% of the ShoffnerKalthoff family of companies (collectively, “Shoffner”), which reports as a separate operating location in the Knoxville, Tennessee area. The acquisition date fair value of consideration transferred for this acquisition was $19.8 million, of which $14.8 million was allocated to goodwill and identifiable intangible assets. The purchase price included $15.5 million funded on the closing date plus a note payable to former owners, an earn-out that we will pay if certain financial targets are met after the acquisition date and a working capital adjustment.

We completed various other acquisitions in 2017 and 2016 which were not material, individually or in the aggregate, and were “tucked-in” with existing operations. The total purchase price for the “tucked-in” acquisitions, including earn-outs, was $9.4 million in 2017 and $0.1 million in 2016.

The results of operations of acquisitions are included in our consolidated financial statements from their respective acquisition dates. The acquisitions completed in the current and prior year were not material, individually or in the aggregate. Additional contingent purchase price (“earn-out”) has been or will be paid if certain acquisitions achieve predetermined profitability targets. Such earn-outs are not subject to the continued employment of the sellers.            

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5. Goodwill and Identifiable Intangible Assets, Net

Goodwill

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill are as follows (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2017		2016
Balance at beginning of year	$	149,208	$	143,874
Additions (See Note 4)		52,481		5,334
Impairment adjustment		(1,105)		—
Balance at end of year	$	200,584	$	149,208

We perform our annual impairment testing on October 1, or more frequently, if events and circumstances indicate impairment may have occurred. As discussed in Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” we have the option to first perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying value.

During our annual impairment testing on October 1, we performed a qualitative assessment for each reporting unit, which considered various factors, including changes in the carrying value of the reporting unit, forecasted operating results, long-term growth rates and discount rates. Additionally, we considered qualitative key events and circumstances (i.e. macroeconomic environment, industry and market specific conditions, cost factors and events specific to the reporting unit, etc.). Based on this assessment, we concluded that it was more likely than not that the fair value of each of the reporting units was greater than its carrying value. Accordingly, no further testing was required.

Prior to our annual goodwill impairment test in 2017, we recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $1.1 million during the first quarter of 2017. Based on changes to our market strategy that occurred in March 2017 related to our reporting unit based in California, we reevaluated our projected future earnings for this operating location and determined that we could no longer support the related goodwill balance and therefore the goodwill associated with this location was fully impaired. The fair value was estimated using a discounted cash flow model.

During 2016, we performed a quantitative assessment where the fair value of each reporting unit was estimated using a discounted cash flow model combined with a market valuation approach. We assigned a weighting of 50% to the discounted cash flow analysis and 50% to the public company approach for the year ended December 31, 2016. Based on this assessment, we concluded that the fair value of each of the reporting units was greater than its carrying value. As of October 1, 2016, the fair value exceeded the carrying value by a significant margin for all of our reporting units with a goodwill balance.

During 2015, we performed a qualitative assessment for each reporting unit and no further testing was required.

There are significant inherent uncertainties and management judgment involved in estimating the fair value of each reporting unit. While we believe we have made reasonable estimates and assumptions to estimate the fair value of our reporting units, it is possible that a material change could occur. If actual results are not consistent with our current estimates and assumptions, or the current economic outlook worsens, goodwill impairment charges may be recorded in future periods.

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Identifiable Intangible Assets, Net

Identifiable intangible assets consist of the following (dollars in thousands):

	Estimated	2017				2016
	Useful Lives	Gross Book		Accumulated		Gross Book		Accumulated
	in Years	Value		Amortization		Value		Amortization
Customer relationships	1 - 15	$	98,244	$	(47,057)	$	57,230	$	(36,758)
Backlog	1 - 2		6,300		(5,478)		3,600		(3,433)
Noncompete agreements	2 - 7		—		—		2,890		(2,890)
Tradenames	2 - 25		35,340		(11,305)		31,640		(9,844)
Total		$	139,884	$	(63,840)	$	95,360	$	(52,925)

The amounts attributable to customer relationships, noncompete agreements and tradenames are amortized to “Selling, General and Administrative Expenses” on a pattern of economic benefit or a straight‑line method over periods from one to twenty‑five years. The amounts attributable to backlog are being amortized to “Cost of Services” on a proportionate method over the remaining backlog period. Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $17.4 million, $8.2 million and $7.5 million, respectively.

At December 31, 2017, future amortization expense of identifiable intangible assets is as follows (in thousands):

Year ended December 31—
2018	$	13,786
2019		11,320
2020		9,252
2021		7,651
2022		6,041
Thereafter		27,994
Total	$	76,044

6. Property and Equipment

Property and equipment consist of the following (dollars in thousands):

	Estimated
	Useful Lives	December 31,
	in Years	2017		2016
Land	—	$	2,745	$	2,745
Transportation equipment	1 - 7		87,120		74,137
Machinery and equipment	1 - 20		30,064		27,843
Computer and telephone equipment	1 - 10		20,463		20,791
Buildings and leasehold improvements	1 - 40		38,422		35,166
Furniture and fixtures	1 - 17		4,473		4,224
Construction in progress	—		12,614		425
			195,901		165,331
Less—Accumulated depreciation			(108,310)		(97,136)
Property and equipment, net		$	87,591	$	68,195

Depreciation expense, including capital lease amortization, for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $20.1 million, $18.0 million and $15.9 million, respectively.

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7. Detail of Certain Balance Sheet Accounts

Activity in our allowance for doubtful accounts consists of the following (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2017		2016		2015
Balance at beginning of year	$	4,288	$	5,158	$	4,379
Bad debt expense (benefit)		182		(27)		1,552
Deductions for uncollectible receivables written off, net of recoveries		(1,829)		(876)		(798)
Allowance for doubtful accounts of acquired companies at date of acquisition		759		33		25
Balance at end of year	$	3,400	$	4,288	$	5,158

Other current liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2017		2016
Accrued warranty costs	$	6,149	$	6,702
Accrued job losses		598		1,269
Accrued sales and use tax		2,308		1,973
Deferred revenue		3,895		5,257
Liabilities due to former owners		2,981		4,196
Other current liabilities		17,723		14,864
	$	33,654	$	34,261

8. Long‑Term Debt Obligations

Long‑term debt obligations consist of the following (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2017		2016
Revolving credit facility	$	45,000	$	—
Notes to former owners		15,325		2,250
Other debt		214		305
Capital lease obligations		—		256
Total debt		60,539		2,811
Less—current portion		(613)		(763)
Total long-term portion of debt	$	59,926	$	2,048

At December 31, 2017, future principal payments of debt are as follows (in thousands):

Year ended December 31—
2018	$	613
2019		626
2020		7,150
2021		52,150
	$	60,539

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Interest expense included the following primary elements (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2017		2016		2015
Interest expense on notes to former owners	$	365	$	70	$	25
Interest expense on borrowings and unused commitment fees		1,862		1,251		692
Letter of credit fees		553		657		719
Amortization of debt financing costs		376		367		317
Total	$	3,156	$	2,345	$	1,753

Revolving Credit Facility

We have a $325.0 million senior credit facility (the “Facility”) provided by a syndicate of banks, with a $100 million accordion option. The Facility, which is available for borrowings and letters of credit, expires in February 2021 and is secured by a first lien on substantially all of our personal property except for assets related to projects subject to surety bonds and assets held by certain unrestricted subsidiaries and a second lien on our assets related to projects subject to surety bonds. As of December 31, 2017, we had $45.0 million of outstanding borrowings, $39.6 million in letters of credit outstanding and $240.4 million of credit available.

Collateral

A common practice in our industry is the posting of payment and performance bonds with customers. These bonds are offered by financial institutions known as sureties, and provide assurance to the customer that in the event we encounter significant financial or operational difficulties, the surety will arrange for the completion of our contractual obligations and for the payment of our vendors on the projects subject to the bonds. In cooperation with our lenders, we granted our sureties a first lien on assets such as receivables, costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings, and equipment specifically identifiable to projects for which bonds are outstanding, as collateral for potential obligations under bonds. As of December 31, 2017, the book value of these assets was approximately $40.9 million.

Covenants and Restrictions

The Facility contains financial covenants defining various measures and the levels of these measures with which we must comply. Covenant compliance is assessed as of each quarter end. Credit Facility Adjusted EBITDA is defined under the Facility for financial covenant purposes as net earnings for the four quarters ending as of any given quarterly covenant compliance measurement date, plus the corresponding amounts for (a) interest expense; (b) provision for income taxes; (c) depreciation and amortization; (d) stock compensation; (e) other non‑cash charges; and (f) pre‑acquisition results of acquired companies. The following is a reconciliation of Credit Facility Adjusted EBITDA to net income for 2017 (in thousands):

Net income including noncontrolling interests	$	55,272
Provision for income taxes		45,666
Interest expense, net		3,086
Depreciation and amortization expense		37,456
Stock-based compensation		6,377
Goodwill impairment		1,105
Pre-acquisition results of acquired companies, as defined under the Facility		4,597
Credit Facility Adjusted EBITDA	$	153,559

The Facility’s principal financial covenants include:

Leverage Ratio—The Facility requires that the ratio of our Consolidated Total Indebtedness to our Credit Facility Adjusted EBITDA not exceed 2.75 to 1.00 as of the end of each fiscal quarter. The leverage ratio as of December 31, 2017 was 0.4.

Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio—The Facility requires that the ratio of Credit Facility Adjusted EBITDA, less non-financed capital expenditures, provision for income taxes, dividends and amounts used to

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repurchase stock to the sum of interest expense and scheduled principal payments of indebtedness be at least 2.00 to 1.00; provided that the calculation of the fixed charge coverage ratio excludes stock repurchases and the payment of dividends at any time that the Company’s Net Leverage Ratio does not exceed 1.50 to 1.00. The Facility also allows the fixed charge coverage ratio not to be reduced for stock repurchases through September 30, 2015 in an aggregate amount not to exceed $25 million and for stock repurchases made after February 22, 2016 but on or prior to December 31, 2017 in an aggregate amount not to exceed $25 million, if at the time of and after giving effect to such repurchase the Company’s Net Leverage Ratio was less than or equal to 1.50 to 1.00. Capital expenditures, provision for income taxes, dividends and stock repurchase payments are defined under the Facility for purposes of this covenant to be amounts for the four quarters ending as of any given quarterly covenant compliance measurement date. The fixed charge coverage ratio as of December 31, 2017 was 21.8.

Other Restrictions—The Facility permits acquisitions of up to $30.0 million per transaction, provided that the aggregate purchase price of such an acquisition and of acquisitions in the same fiscal year does not exceed $65.0 million. However, these limitations only apply when the Company’s Net Leverage Ratio is equal to or greater than 2.00 to 1.00.

While the Facility’s financial covenants do not specifically govern capacity under the Facility, if our debt level under the Facility at a quarter‑end covenant compliance measurement date were to cause us to violate the Facility’s leverage ratio covenant, our borrowing capacity under the Facility and the favorable terms that we currently have could be negatively impacted by the lenders.

We were in compliance with all of our financial covenants as of December 31, 2017.

Interest Rates and Fees

There are two interest rate options for borrowings under the Facility, the Base Rate Loan Option and the Eurodollar Rate Loan Option. Under the Base Rate Loan Option, the interest rate is determined based on the highest of the Federal Funds Rate plus 0.5%, the prime lending rate offered by Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. or the one‑month Eurodollar Rate plus 1.00%. Under the Eurodollar Rate Loan Option, the interest rate is determined based on the one‑ to six‑month Eurodollar Rate. The Eurodollar Rate corresponds very closely to rates described in various general business media sources as the London Interbank Offered Rate or “LIBOR.” Additional margins are then added to these rates. The additional margins are determined based on the ratio of our Consolidated Total Indebtedness as of a given quarter end to our “Credit Facility Adjusted EBITDA” for the twelve months ending as of that quarter end, as defined in the credit agreement and shown below.

The interest rates under the Facility are floating rates determined by the broad financial markets, meaning they can and do move up and down from time to time. For illustrative purposes, the following are the respective market rates as of December 31, 2017 relating to interest options under the Facility:

Base Rate Loan Option:
Federal Funds Rate plus 0.50%	1.87%
Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. Prime Rate	4.50%
One-month LIBOR plus 1.00%	2.56%
Eurodollar Rate Loan Option:
One-month LIBOR	1.56%
Six-month LIBOR	1.84%

Certain of our vendors require letters of credit to ensure reimbursement for amounts they are disbursing on our behalf, such as to beneficiaries under our self‑funded insurance programs. We have also occasionally used letters of credit to guarantee performance under our contracts and to ensure payment to our subcontractors and vendors under those contracts. Our lenders issue such letters of credit through the Facility. A letter of credit commits the lenders to pay specified amounts to the holder of the letter of credit if the holder demonstrates that we have failed to perform specified actions. If this were to occur, we would be required to reimburse the lenders for amounts they fund to honor the letter of credit holder’s claim. Absent a claim, there is no payment or reserving of funds by us in connection with a letter of credit. However, because a claim on a letter of credit would require immediate reimbursement by us to our lenders, letters of credit are treated as a use of facility capacity just the same as actual borrowings. We have never had a claim

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made against a letter of credit that resulted in payments by a lender or by us and believe such claim is unlikely in the foreseeable future.

Commitment fees are payable on the portion of the revolving loan capacity not in use for borrowings or letters of credit at any given time. Letter of credit fees and commitment fees are based on the ratio of Consolidated Total Indebtedness to Credit Facility Adjusted EBITDA, as defined in the credit agreement.

	Consolidated Total Indebtedness to
	Credit Facility Adjusted EBITDA
	Less than 0.75		0.75 to 1.50		1.50 to 2.25		2.25 or greater
Additional Per Annum Interest Margin Added Under:
Base Rate Loan Option	0.25	%	0.50	%	0.75	%	1.00	%
Eurodollar Rate Loan Option	1.25	%	1.50	%	1.75	%	2.00	%
Letter of credit fees	1.25	%	1.50	%	1.75	%	2.00	%
Commitment fees on any portion of the Revolving Loan capacity not in use for borrowings or letters of credit at any given time	0.20	%	0.25	%	0.30	%	0.35	%

The weighted average interest rate applicable to the borrowings under the Facility was approximately 2.8% as of December 31, 2017.

Notes to Former Owners

As part of the consideration used to acquire two companies, we have outstanding notes to the former owners. These notes had an outstanding balance of $15.3 million as of December 31, 2017. In conjunction with the BCH acquisition in the second quarter of 2017, we issued a promissory note to the former owners with an outstanding balance of $14.3 million as of December 31, 2017 and bears interest, payable quarterly, at a weighted average interest rate of 3.0%. The principal is due in equal installments in April 2020 and 2021. In conjunction with the Shoffner acquisition in the first quarter of 2016, we issued a subordinated note to former owners with an outstanding balance of $1.0 million as of December 31, 2017 that bears interest, payable quarterly, at a weighted average interest rate of 3.0%. The principal is due in equal installments in February 2018 and 2019.

Other Debt

As part of the Shoffner acquisition, we acquired debt with an outstanding balance at the acquisition date of $0.4 million with principal and interest due the last day of every month; ending on the December 30, 2019 maturity date. The interest rate is the one month LIBOR rate plus 2.25%. As of December 31, 2017, $0.2 million of the note was outstanding, of which $0.1 million was considered current.

9. Income Taxes

Provision for Income Taxes

The provision for income taxes relating to continuing operations consists of the following (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2017		2016		2015
Current tax provision—
Federal	$	35,434	$	32,721	$	27,564
State and Puerto Rico		6,054		4,683		4,065
Total current		41,488		37,404		31,629
Deferred tax provision (benefit)—
Federal		5,391		(2,101)		(1,481)
State and Puerto Rico		(1,213)		862		1,076
Total deferred		4,178		(1,239)		(405)
Provision for income taxes	$	45,666	$	36,165	$	31,224

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The provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 resulted in effective tax rates on continuing operations of 45.2%, 35.8% and 35.2%, respectively. The reasons for the differences between these effective tax rates and the 35% federal statutory rate are as follows (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2017		2016		2015
Income taxes at the federal statutory rate of 35%	$	35,328	$	35,371	$	31,032
Increases (decreases) resulting from—
Net state income taxes		2,838		4,262		3,432
Valuation allowances		91		(1,254)		463
Net unrecognized tax benefits		153		20		(72)
Noncontrolling interests		—		—		(2,827)
Nondeductible expenses		1,134		825		751
Stock-based compensation deductions		(1,320)		(885)		—
Domestic production activities deduction		(2,112)		(2,026)		(1,701)
Corporate tax rate reduction to 21%		9,478		—		—
Other		76		(148)		146
Provision for income taxes	$	45,666	$	36,165	$	31,224

While we believe we were able to make reasonable estimates of the impact of the recently enacted Tax Cuts and Jobs Act in these financial statements, the amounts recorded are provisional and the final impact may differ from these estimates due to, among other things, changes in our interpretations and assumptions and additional guidance that may be issued by regulatory authorities.

Deferred Tax Assets (Liabilities)

Significant components of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities as reflected on the balance sheets are as follows (in thousands):

	Year Ended
	December 31,
	2017		2016
Deferred tax assets—
Accounts receivable and allowance for doubtful accounts	$	715	$	1,627
Stock-based compensation		2,297		3,036
Accrued liabilities and expenses		19,555		23,000
Net operating loss carryforwards		6,007		5,053
Goodwill		—		875
Intangible assets		2,272		—
Other		544		759
Subtotal		31,390		34,350
Valuation allowances		(3,500)		(3,184)
Total deferred tax assets		27,890		31,166
Deferred tax liabilities—
Property and equipment		(4,668)		(4,398)
Long-term contracts		(625)		(637)
Goodwill		(1,572)		—
Intangible assets		—		(737)
Other		(322)		(513)
Total deferred tax liabilities		(7,187)		(6,285)
Net deferred tax assets	$	20,703	$	24,881

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The deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2017 were remeasured to account for the corporate tax rate reduction to 21%, resulting in an increase to the provision for income taxes of $9.5 million. The deferred tax assets and liabilities reflected above are included in the consolidated balance sheets as follows (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2017		2016
Deferred tax assets	$	22,966	$	27,170
Deferred tax liabilities	$	2,263	$	2,289

As of December 31, 2017, we had $6.0 million of future tax benefits related to $71.8 million of available state and Puerto Rican net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”), which begin to expire between 2018 and 2037. Valuation allowances of $3.5 million have been recorded against certain state NOLs and deferred tax assets and all of our Puerto Rican NOLs. We recorded an increase in valuation allowances of $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The $2.5 million deferred tax asset for state NOLs, net of related valuation allowances, reflects our conclusion that it is more-likely-than-not these assets will be realized based upon expected future earnings in certain subsidiaries.

We update this assessment of the realizability of deferred tax assets relating to state NOLs annually. A return to profitability in our entities with valuation allowances on their NOLs and other deferred tax assets would result in a reversal of a portion of the valuation allowance relating to realized deferred tax assets. A sustained period of profitability could cause a change in our judgment of the remaining deferred tax assets. If that were to occur, then it is likely that we would reverse some or all of the remaining valuation allowances.

Liabilities for Uncertain Tax Positions

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits, excluding accrued interest and penalties, is as follows (in thousands):

	Year Ended
	December 31,
	2017		2016		2015
Balance at beginning of year	$	240	$	240	$	343
Additions based on tax positions related to current year		8,689		—		—
Additions based on tax positions related to prior years		—		—		—
Reductions for tax positions related to prior years		—		—		(103)
Reductions for settlements with tax authorities		—		—		—
Balance at end of year	$	8,929	$	240	$	240

As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, we had $8.9 million and $0.2 million, respectively, of unrecognized tax benefits, most of which, if recognized in future periods, would not impact our effective tax rate. We also had accrued $0.7 million and $0.4 million for potential interest and penalties related to the unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. These liabilities are included in “Other Long‑Term Liabilities” in the consolidated balance sheets. We recognize potential interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in our provision for income taxes.

We expect to recognize a decrease in unrecognized tax benefits of up to $8.7 million within the next twelve months due to the filing of a federal income tax automatic accounting method change application. Approximately $3.0 million of the decrease is expected to impact our effective tax rate. 

We are subject to taxation in the United States and various state jurisdictions. In the fourth quarter of 2017, we received a ‘no change letter’ from the Internal Revenue Service upon completion of its examination of the 2015 tax year. We remain open to examination by various state tax authorities for the 2009 tax year forward.

10. Employee Benefit Plans

We and certain of our subsidiaries sponsor various retirement plans for most full‑time and some part‑time employees. These plans primarily consist of defined contribution plans. The defined contribution plans generally provide for contributions up to 2.5% of covered employees’ salaries or wages. These contributions totaled $7.8 million in 2017,

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$7.8 million in 2016 and $7.1 million in 2015. Of these amounts, approximately $0.5 million and $0.2 million were payable to the plans at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Certain of our subsidiaries also participate or have participated in various multi‑employer pension plans for the benefit of employees who are union members. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, we had 6 and 5, respectively, who were union members. There were no contributions made to multi‑employer pension plans in 2017, 2016 or 2015. The data available from administrators of other multi‑employer pension plans is not sufficient to determine the accumulated benefit obligations, nor the net assets attributable to the multi‑employer plans in which our employees participate or previously participated.

Certain individuals at one of our operating units are entitled to receive fixed annual payments that reach a maximum amount, as specified in the related agreements, for a 15 year period following retirement or, in some cases, the attainment of 65 years of age. We recognize the unfunded status of the plan as a non‑current liability in our Consolidated Balance Sheet. Benefits vest 50% after ten years of service, 75% after fifteen years of service and are fully vested after 20 years of service. We had an unfunded benefit liability of $4.0 million recorded as of December 31, 2017 and 2016.

11. Commitments and Contingencies

Leases

We lease certain facilities and equipment under noncancelable operating leases. Rent expense for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $21.1 million, $20.6 million, and $20.6 million, respectively. We recognize escalating rental payments that are quantifiable at the inception of the lease on a straight‑line basis over the lease term. Concurrent with the acquisitions of certain companies, we entered into various agreements with previous owners to lease buildings used in our operations. The terms of these leases generally range from three to ten years and certain leases provide for escalations in the rental expenses each year, the majority of which are based on inflation. Included in the 2017, 2016 and 2015 rent expense above are approximately $4.8 million, $5.1 million and $5.4 million of rent paid to these related parties, respectively.

The following represents future minimum rental payments under noncancelable operating leases (in thousands):

Year ended December 31—
2018	$	13,963
2019		11,892
2020		9,838
2021		7,921
2022		6,266
Thereafter		21,726
	$	71,606

Claims and Lawsuits

We are subject to certain legal and regulatory claims, including lawsuits arising in the normal course of business. We maintain various insurance coverages to minimize financial risk associated with these claims. We have estimated and provided accruals for probable losses and related legal fees associated with certain litigation in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. While we cannot predict the outcome of these proceedings, in management’s opinion and based on reports of counsel, any liability arising from these matters individually and in the aggregate will not have a material effect on our operating results, cash flows or financial condition, after giving effect to provisions already recorded.

In the fourth quarter of 2017, we entered into settlement agreements with British Petroleum (“BP”) related to two claims from one of our subsidiaries regarding the April 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill. We recorded a $1.0 million gain in the fourth quarter of 2017 in “Other Income” as a result of these settlements. Additionally, in the fourth quarter of 2016, we entered into a separate settlement agreement with BP related to a claim from another one of our subsidiaries and recorded a $0.6 million gain in the fourth quarter of 2016 in “Other Income”. While we still have other subsidiaries with outstanding claims against BP related to this matter, we cannot predict when or if we will receive any further settlement compensation as a result of these outstanding claims.

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Surety

Many customers, particularly in connection with new construction, require us to post performance and payment bonds issued by a financial institution known as a surety. If we fail to perform under the terms of a contract or to pay subcontractors and vendors who provided goods or services under a contract, the customer may demand that the surety make payments or provide services under the bond. We must reimburse the surety for any expenses or outlays it incurs. To date, we are not aware of any losses to our sureties in connection with bonds the sureties have posted on our behalf, and do not expect such losses to be incurred in the foreseeable future.

Surety market conditions are favorable and bonding capacity is adequate in the current market conditions along with acceptable terms and conditions. Historically, approximately 20% to 30% of our business has required bonds. While we currently have strong surety relationships to support our bonding needs, future market conditions or changes in the sureties’ assessment of our operating and financial risk could cause the sureties to decline to issue bonds for our work. If that were to occur, the alternatives include doing more business that does not require bonds, posting other forms of collateral for project performance such as letters of credit or cash, and seeking bonding capacity from other sureties. We would likely also encounter concerns from customers, suppliers and other market participants as to our creditworthiness. While we believe our general operating and financial characteristics would enable us to ultimately respond effectively to an interruption in the availability of bonding capacity, such an interruption would likely cause our revenue and profits to decline in the near term.

Self‑Insurance

We are substantially self‑insured for workers’ compensation, employer’s liability, auto liability, general liability and employee group health claims, in view of the relatively high per‑incident deductibles we absorb under our insurance arrangements for these risks. Losses are estimated and accrued based upon known facts, historical trends and industry averages. Estimated losses in excess of our deductible, which have not already been paid, are included in our accrual with a corresponding receivable from our insurance carrier. Loss estimates associated with the larger and longer‑developing risks, such as workers’ compensation, auto liability and general liability, are reviewed by a third‑party actuary quarterly.

Our self‑insurance arrangements as of December 31, 2017 were as follows:

Workers’ Compensation—The per‑incident deductible for workers’ compensation is $1.0 million. Losses above $1.0 million are determined by statutory rules on a state‑by‑state basis, and are fully covered by excess workers’ compensation insurance.

Employer’s Liability—For employer’s liability, the per-incident deductible is $1.0 million and then we have several layers of excess loss insurance policies that cover losses up to $100.0 million in aggregate across this risk area (as well as general liability and auto liability noted below).

General Liability—For general liability, the per-incident deductible is $1.0 million. We are fully insured for the next $1.0 million of each loss, and then have several layers of excess loss insurance policies that cover losses up to $100.0 million in aggregate across this risk area (as well as employer’s liability noted above and auto liability noted below).

Auto Liability—For auto liability, the per-incident deductible is $0.5 million. We are fully insured for the next $1.5 million of each loss, and then have several layers of excess loss insurance policies that cover losses up to $100.0 million in aggregate across this risk area (as well as employer’s liability and general liability noted above).

Employee Medical—We have three medical plans. The deductible for employee group health claims is $350,000 per person, per policy (calendar) year for each plan. Insurance then covers any responsibility for medical claims in excess of the deductible amount.

Our $100.0 million of aggregate excess loss coverage above applicable per‑incident deductibles represents one policy limit that applies to all lines of risk; we do not have a separate $100.0 million of excess loss coverage for each of general liability, employer’s liability and auto liability.

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12. Stockholders’ Equity

2012 Equity Incentive Plan

In May 2012, our stockholders approved our 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2012 Plan”), which provides for the granting of incentive or non‑qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted or deferred stock, dividend equivalents or other incentive awards to directors, employees, or consultants. The number of shares authorized and reserved for issuance under the 2012 Plan is 5.1 million shares. As of December 31, 2017, there were 2.9 million shares available for issuance under this plan; however, following adoption of the 2017 Plan (described below), no additional shares will be issued under the 2012 Plan. The 2012 Plan will expire in May 2022.

2017 Omnibus Incentive Plan

In May 2017, our stockholders approved our 2017 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”), which provides for the granting of incentive or non‑qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted or deferred stock, dividend equivalents or other incentive awards to directors, employees, or consultants. The number of shares authorized and reserved for issuance under the 2017 Plan is 2.9 million shares. As of December 31, 2017, there were 2.9 million shares available for issuance under this plan. The 2017 Plan will expire in May 2027. Additionally, we have outstanding stock options, stock awards and stock units that were issued under other plans, and no further grants may be made under those plans.

Share Repurchase Program

On March 29, 2007, our Board of Directors (the “Board”) approved a stock repurchase program to acquire up to 1.0 million shares of our outstanding common stock. Subsequently, the Board has from time to time increased the number of shares that may be acquired under the program and approved extensions of the program. Since the inception of the repurchase program, the Board has approved 8.1 million shares to be repurchased. As of December 31, 2017, we have repurchased a cumulative total of 7.6 million shares at an average price of $13.75 per share under the repurchase program.

The share repurchases will be made from time to time at our discretion in the open market or privately negotiated transactions as permitted by securities laws and other legal requirements, and subject to market conditions and other factors. The Board may modify, suspend, extend or terminate the program at any time. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2017, we repurchased 0.3 million shares for approximately $9.0 million at an average price of $34.23 per share.

Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the year. Diluted EPS is computed considering the dilutive effect of stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units and performance stock units. The vesting of unvested contingently issuable performance stock units is based on the achievement of certain earnings per share targets and total shareholder return. These shares are considered contingently issuable shares for purposes of calculating diluted earnings per share. These shares are not included in the diluted earnings per share denominator until the performance criteria are met, if it is assumed that the end of the reporting period was the end of the contingency period.

Unvested restricted stock, restricted stock units and performance stock units are included in diluted earnings per share, weighted outstanding until the shares and units vest. Upon vesting, the vested restricted stock, restricted stock units and performance stock units are included in basic earnings per share weighted outstanding from the vesting date.

There were less than 0.1 million anti-dilutive stock options excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS for the year ended December 31, 2017. There were approximately 0.1 million anti-dilutive stock options excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS for the year ended December 31, 2016.  There were no anti-dilutive stock options for the year ended December 31, 2015.

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The following table reconciles the number of shares outstanding with the number of shares used in computing basic and diluted earnings per share for each of the periods presented (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2017	2016	2015
Common shares outstanding, end of period	37,187	37,209	37,427
Effect of using weighted average common shares outstanding	52	126	15
Shares used in computing earnings per share—basic	37,239	37,335	37,442
Effect of shares issuable under stock option plans based on the treasury stock method	316	330	266
Effect of restricted and contingently issuable shares	117	146	160
Shares used in computing earnings per share—diluted	37,672	37,811	37,868

13. Stock‑Based Compensation

Grants of stock options, restricted stock and restricted stock units, and performance share units have been, under the 2012 Plan, and will be, under the 2017 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”), determined and administered by the compensation committee of the Board of Directors. Total stock‑based compensation expense was $6.4 million, $5.0 million and $5.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Stock-based compensation expense is recognized using the straight‑line method over the vesting period and generally vests over a three‑year vesting period. Certain awards provide for accelerated vesting when the sum of an employee's age and years of service is at least 75. We recognize forfeitures as they occur. Total income tax benefit recognized for stock‑based compensation arrangements was $2.4 million, $1.9 million and $2.1 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015. Subsequent to our adoption of ASU 2016-09 in the second quarter of 2016, we elected to apply the presentation requirements for cash flows related to excess tax benefits prospectively. As such, we present, in the consolidated statements of cash flows, the benefits of tax deductions in excess of recognized compensation costs (“excess tax benefits”) as operating cash flows for the years ended 2017 and 2016 and as financing cash flows for the year ended 2015.

We generally issue treasury shares for stock options and restricted stock, unless treasury shares are not available.  Upon the vesting of restricted shares, we have allowed the holder to elect to surrender an amount of shares to meet their statutory tax withholding requirements. These shares are accounted for as treasury stock based upon the value of the stock on the date of vesting.

Stock Options

The following table summarizes activity under our stock option plans (shares in thousands):

	Year Ended
	December 31,
	2017
		Weighted-
		Average
Stock Options	Shares	Exercise Price
Outstanding at beginning of year	714	$	17.01
Granted	85	$	36.25
Exercised	(146)	$	14.08
Forfeited	(23)	$	23.55
Expired	—	$	—
Outstanding at end of year	630	$	20.03
Options exercisable at end of year	444

The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $3.6 million, $1.9 million and $3.9 million, respectively. Stock options exercisable as of December 31, 2017 have a weighted‑average remaining contractual term of 5.3 years and an aggregate intrinsic value of $12.5 million. As of December 31, 2017, we have 0.6 million options that are vested or expected to vest; these options have a weighted

67

average exercise price of $20.03 per share, have a weighted‑average remaining contractual term of 6.2 years and an aggregate intrinsic value of $14.9 million.

The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding at December 31, 2017 (shares in thousands):

	Options Outstanding				Options Exercisable
		Weighted-
		Average
	Number	Remaining	Weighted-		Number	Weighted-
	Outstanding at	Contractual	Average		Exercisable at	Average
Range of Exercise Prices	12/31/2017	Life	Exercise Price		12/31/2017	Exercise Price
$11.00 - $15.00	265	4.16	$	12.77	265	$	12.77
$15.01 - $20.00	189	6.73	$	17.93	149	$	17.47
$20.01 - $36.25	176	8.69	$	33.19	30	$	30.36
$11.00 - $36.25	630	6.20	$	20.03	444	$	15.55

The fair value of each option award is estimated, based on several assumptions, on the date of grant using the Black‑Scholes option valuation model. The fair values and the assumptions used for the 2017, 2016 and 2015 grants are shown in the table below:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2017		2016		2015
Weighted-average fair value per share of options granted	$	11.43	$	9.94	$	6.33
Fair value assumptions:
Expected dividend yield		0.89%		0.97%		1.51%
Expected stock price volatility		34.5%		37.9%		38.4%
Risk-free interest rate		2.11%		1.41%		1.50%
Expected term		5.3 years		5.3 years		5.6 years

Stock options are accounted for as equity instruments. As of December 31, 2017, the unrecognized compensation cost related to stock options was $0.4 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted‑average period of 1.4 years. The total fair value of options vested during the year ended December 31, 2017 was $0.8 million.

The following table summarizes information about nonvested stock option awards as of December 31, 2017 and changes for the year ended December 31, 2017 (shares in thousands):

		Weighted-Average
		Grant Date
Stock Options	Shares	Fair Value
Nonvested at December 31, 2016	241	$	7.83
Granted	85	$	11.43
Vested	(117)	$	7.23
Forfeited	(23)	$	7.88
Nonvested at December 31, 2017	186	$	9.85

68

Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units

The following table summarizes activity under our restricted stock plans (shares in thousands):

	Year Ended
	December 31,
	2017
		Weighted
		Average Grant
Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units	Shares	Date Fair Value
Unvested at beginning of year	126	$	23.41
Granted	71	$	35.69
Vested	(90)	$	25.44
Forfeited	(15)	$	26.34
Unvested at end of year	92	$	30.48

Approximately $0.8 million of compensation expense related to restricted stock and restricted stock units will be recognized over a weighted‑average period of 1.6 years. The total fair value of shares vested during the year ended December 31, 2017 was $2.3 million. The weighted‑average fair value per share of restricted stock shares and units awarded during 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $35.69, $30.25 and $20.64, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value of restricted stock vested during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $3.2 million, $3.6 million and $3.4 million, respectively.

Performance Stock Units

Under the 2012 Plan, we granted dollar‑denominated performance vesting restricted stock units (“PSUs”), which cliff vest at the end of a three‑year performance period. The PSUs are subject to two performance measures; 50% of the PSUs are based on the annual performance of our stock price relative to a group of our peers (total shareholder return) and 50% of the PSUs are measured based on meeting or exceeding a pre‑determined annual earnings per share target as set by our board of directors (EPS). Depending on the Company’s performance in relation to the established performance measures, the awards may vest at zero to a maximum of 2.0 times the dollar‑denominated award granted at target. Upon achievement of the necessary performance metrics, the award will be determined in dollars and may be settled in cash or stock based on the market price of the Company’s common stock at the end of the performance period, at our discretion.

Compensation expense for dollar‑denominated performance units will ultimately be equal to the final dollar value awarded to the grantee upon vesting, settled either in cash or stock. However, throughout the performance period we must record an accrued expense based on an estimate of that future payout. For units determined by EPS performance, the awards are evaluated quarterly against established targets in order to estimate the liability throughout the vesting period. For units determined by total shareholder return performance, a Monte Carlo simulation model was used to estimate accruals throughout the vesting period. The model simulates our total shareholder return and compares it against our peer group over the three‑year performance period to produce a predicted distribution of relative share performance. This is applied to the reward criteria to give an expected value of the total shareholder return element. The calculated fair market value as of December 31, 2017 was $4.9 million. Of this amount, $2.2 million relates to the PSUs granted in 2015 whose performance period ended December 31, 2017. These awards will be settled within the upcoming year either in cash or stock. The expense related to performance stock units for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $2.6 million, $1.6 million and $2.6 million, respectively. At the December 31, 2017 calculated fair market value, approximately $0.7 million of compensation expense related to performance stock units will be recognized over a weighted‑average period of 1.2 years.

69

14. Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)

Quarterly financial information for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 is summarized as follows (in thousands, except per share data):

	2017
	Q1		Q2		Q3		Q4
Revenue	$	380,588	$	465,411	$	480,851	$	461,072
Gross profit		75,954		95,738		100,858		93,731
Net income including noncontrolling interests (1)		7,477		17,972		22,284		7,539
Net income attributable to Comfort Systems USA, Inc. (1)		7,477		17,972		22,284		7,539
INCOME PER SHARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMFORT SYSTEMS USA, INC.:
Basic	$	0.20	$	0.48	$	0.60	$	0.20
Diluted	$	0.20	$	0.48	$	0.59	$	0.20

	2016
	Q1		Q2		Q3		Q4
Revenue	$	385,942	$	427,538	$	428,760	$	392,100
Gross profit		73,502		89,426		92,816		88,265
Net income including noncontrolling interests		9,841		17,717		20,471		16,867
Net income attributable to Comfort Systems USA, Inc.		9,841		17,717		20,471		16,867
INCOME PER SHARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMFORT SYSTEMS USA, INC.:
Basic	$	0.26	$	0.47	$	0.55	$	0.45
Diluted	$	0.26	$	0.47	$	0.54	$	0.45

(1) In the fourth quarter of 2017, we recorded a $9.5 million increase to the provision for income taxes to remeasure our net deferred tax assets for the enacted corporate tax rate reduction.

The sums of the individual quarterly earnings per share amounts do not necessarily agree with year‑to‑date earnings per share as each quarter’s computation is based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the quarter, the weighted average stock price during the quarter and the dilutive effects of options and contingently issuable restricted stock in each quarter.

ITEM 9.  Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

ITEM 9A.  Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our executive management is responsible for ensuring the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures. We carried out an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a‑15(e) and 15d‑15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a‑15(e) and 15d‑15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) are effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.

70

Internal Controls over Financial Reporting

Management’s report on our internal controls over financial reporting can be found in Item 8 of this report. The Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm’s Attestation Report on the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting can also be found in Item 8 of this report.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have not been any changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a‑15(f) and 15d‑15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) during the three months ended December 31, 2017 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 9B.  Other Information

None.

PART III

ITEM 10.  Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

We have adopted a code of ethics that applies to our principal executive officer, our principal financial officer, and our principal accounting officer, as well as to our other employees. This code of ethics consists of our Corporate Compliance Policy. The Company has made this code of ethics available on our website, as described in Item 1 of this annual report on Form 10‑K. If we make substantive amendments to this code of ethics or grant any waiver, including any implicit waiver, we will disclose the nature of such amendment or waiver on our website or in a report on Form 8‑K within four business days of such amendment or waiver.

The other information called for by this item has been omitted in accordance with the instructions to Form 10‑K. The Company will file with the Commission a definitive proxy statement including the other information to be disclosed under this item in the 120 days following December 31, 2017 and such information is hereby incorporated by reference.

ITEMS 11, 12, 13 AND 14.

These items have been omitted in accordance with the instructions to Form 10‑K. The Company will file with the Commission a definitive proxy statement including the information to be disclosed under the items in the 120 days following December 31, 2017 and such information is hereby incorporated by reference.

PART IV

ITEM 15.  Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

(a)The following documents are filed as part of this annual report on Form 10‑K:

(1) Consolidated Financial Statements: The Index to the Consolidated Financial Statements is included under Part II, Item 8 of this annual report on Form 10‑K and is incorporated herein by reference.

(2) Financial Statement Schedules:

None.

71

(b)Exhibits

Reference is made to the Index of Exhibits immediately following the signature page thereof, which is incorporated herein by reference.

(c)Excluded financial statements:

None.

ITEM 16.  Form 10-K Summary

The Company has determined not to include a summary of the information required by the Form 10-K under this Item 16 of the Form 10-K.

72

INDEX OF EXHIBITS

		Incorporated by Reference to the Exhibit Indicated Below and to the Filing with the Commission Indicated Below
Exhibit Number	Description of Exhibits	Exhibit Number	Filing or File Number
3.1	Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant	3.1	333‑24021
3.2	Certificate of Amendment dated May 21, 1998	3.2	1998 Form 10‑K
3.3	Certificate of Amendment dated July 9, 2003	3.3	2003 Form 10‑K
3.4	Certificate of Amendment dated May 20, 2016	3.1	May 20, 2016 Form 8‑K
3.5	Amended and Restated Bylaws of Comfort Systems USA, Inc.	3.1	March 25 ,2016 Form 8-K
4.1	Form of certificate evidencing ownership of Common Stock of the Registrant	4.1	333‑24021
*10.1	Comfort Systems USA, Inc. 1997 Long‑Term Incentive Plan	10.1	333‑24021
*10.2	Comfort Systems USA, Inc. 1997 Non‑Employee Directors’ Stock Plan	10.2	333‑24021
*10.3	Amendment to the 1997 Non‑Employee Directors’ Stock Plan dated May 23, 2002	10.3	Second Quarter 2002 Form 10‑Q/A
*10.4	Comfort Systems USA, Inc. 2006 Equity Incentive Plan	4.5	333‑138377
*10.5	Form of Option Award under the Comfort Systems USA, Inc. 2006 Equity Incentive Plan	10.6	2006 Form 10‑K
*10.6	Form of Option Award under the Comfort Systems USA, Inc. 2006 Stock Options/SAR Plan for Non‑Employee Directors	10.7	2006 Form 10‑K
*10.7	Employment Agreement between the Company, Eastern Heating & Cooling, Inc. and Alfred J. Giardinelli, Jr.	10.1	Second Quarter 2003 Form 10‑Q
*10.8	Amended and Restated 2006 Equity Compensation Plan for Non‑Employee Directors	A	Proxy Statement April 10, 2008
*10.9	2008 Senior Management Annual Performance Plan	B	Proxy Statement April 10, 2008
*10.10	Form of Change in Control Agreement	10.2	First Quarter 2008 Form 10‑Q
*10.11	Form of Comfort Systems USA, Inc. Executive Severance Policy	10.3	First Quarter 2008 Form 10‑Q
*10.12	Form of Directors and Officers Indemnification Agreement	10.1	May 19, 2009 Form 8‑K
10.13	Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement by and among Comfort Systems USA, Inc., as Borrower and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent/Wells Fargo Securities LLC, as Sole Lead Arranger and Sole Lead Book Runner/Bank of Texas, N.A., Capital One, N.A., and Regions Bank as Co‑Syndication Agent/and Certain Financial Institutions as Lenders	10.1	July 22, 2010 Form 8‑K/A
10.14	Stock Purchase Agreement, dated July 28, 2010	10.1	July 30, 2010 Form 8‑K

73

		Incorporated by Reference to the Exhibit Indicated Below and to the Filing with the Commission Indicated Below
Exhibit Number	Description of Exhibits	Exhibit Number	Filing or File Number
*10.15	Summary of 2011 Incentive Compensation Plan	10.1	First Quarter 2011 Form 10‑Q
*10.16	Form of Performance Restricted Stock Award Agreement dated March 24, 2011	10.1	March 28, 2011 Form 8‑K
*10.17	First Amendment to Comfort Systems USA, Inc. Amended and Restated 2006 Equity Compensation Plan for Non‑Employee Directors	10.1	Second Quarter 2011 Form 10‑Q
10.18	Amendment No. 1 to Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, Second Amended and Restated Security Agreement, and Second Amended and Restated Pledge Agreement	10.1	Third Quarter 2011 Form 10‑Q
*10.19	Summary of 2012 Incentive Compensation Plan	10.1	First Quarter 2012 Form 10‑Q
*10.20	Form of 2012 Restricted Stock Unit Agreement	10.1	March 30, 2012 Form 8‑K
*10.21	Form of 2012 Dollar‑denominated Performance Vesting Restricted Stock Unit Agreement	10.2	March 30, 2012 Form 8‑K
*10.22	2012 Equity Incentive Plan	A	April 9, 2012 Proxy Statement
*10.23	2012 Senior Management Annual Performance Plan	B	April 9, 2012 Proxy Statement
*10.24	Summary of 2013 Incentive Compensation Plan	10.1	First Quarter 2013 Form 10‑Q
*10.25	Form of 2013 Restricted Stock Unit Agreement	10.1	March 22, 2013 Form 8‑K
*10.26	Form of 2013 Dollar‑denominated Performance Vesting Restricted Stock Unit Agreement	10.2	March 22, 2013 Form 8‑K
10.27	Amendment No. 2 to Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement and Amendment to Other Loan Documents	10.1	Second Quarter 2013 Form 10‑Q
*10.28	Letter Agreement between the Company and James Mylett	10.28	2013 Form 10‑K
*10.29	Form of Change in Control Agreement (2013)	10.29	2013 Form 10‑K
*10.30	Summary of 2014 Incentive Compensation Plan	10.1	First Quarter 2014 Form 10‑Q
*10.31	Form of 2014 Restricted Stock Unit Agreement	10.1	March 21, 2014 Form 8‑K
*10.32	Form of 2014 Dollar‑denominated Performance Vesting Restricted Stock Unit Agreement	10.2	March 21, 2014 Form 8‑K
*10.33	Form of Option Award under the Comfort Systems USA, Inc. 2012 Equity Incentive Plan	10.33	2014 Form 10‑K
10.34	Amendment No. 3 to Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement and Amendment to Other Loan Documents	10.1	Third Quarter 2014 Form 10‑Q
10.35	Agreement and Plan of Merger between the Company and Dyna Ten Corporation, dated April 9, 2014	10.1	April 9, 2014 Form 8‑K
*10.36	Form of 2015 Restricted Stock Unit Agreement	10.1	April 1, 2015 Form 8‑K

74

		Incorporated by Reference to the Exhibit Indicated Below and to the Filing with the Commission Indicated Below
Exhibit Number	Description of Exhibits	Exhibit Number	Filing or File Number
*10.37	Form of 2015 Dollar‑denominated Performance Vesting Restricted Stock Unit Agreement	10.2	April 1, 2015 Form 8‑K
*10.38	Summary of 2015 Incentive Compensation Plan	10.1	First Quarter 2015 Form 10‑Q
*10.39	Form of Amended Change in Control Agreement	10.1	Third Quarter 2015 Form 10‑Q
10.40	Amendment No. 4 to Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement and Amendment to Other Loan Documents	10.40	2015 Form 10-K
*10.41	Form of 2016 Restricted Stock Unit Agreement	10.1	March 25, 2016 Form 8-K
*10.42	Form of 2016 Dollar-denominated Performance Restricted Stock Unit Agreement	10.2	March 25, 2016 Form 8-K
*10.43	Form of 2016 Stock Option Notice	10.3	March 25, 2016 Form 8-K
*10.44	Resignation and General Release Agreement between the Company and James Mylett, dated as of January 10, 2017	10.1	January 11, 2017 Form 8-K
10.45	Stock Purchase Agreement, dated February 21, 2017, by and among the Company, BCH, the Selling Shareholders and Daryl Blume, in his capacity as representative of the Selling Shareholders	2.1	February 23, 2017 Form 8-K
10.46	Form of Promissory Note, dated April 1, 2017, issued by the Company in favor of each of the Selling Shareholders	10.1	April 3, 2017 Form 8-K
*10.47	2017 Omnibus Incentive Plan	A	April 10, 2017 Proxy Statement
*10.48	2017 Senior Management Annual Performance Plan	B	April 10, 2017 Proxy Statement
*10.49	Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the Company’s 2012 Equity Incentive Plan	10.2	First Quarter 2017 Form 10-Q
*10.50	Form of Stock Option Notice under the Company’s 2012 Equity Incentive Plan	10.3	First Quarter 2017 Form 10-Q
*10.51	Form of Dollar-denominated Performance Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the Company’s 2012 Equity Incentive Plan	10.4	First Quarter 2017 Form 10-Q
21.1	List of subsidiaries of Comfort Systems USA, Inc.		Filed Herewith
23.1	Consent of Ernst & Young LLP		Filed Herewith
31.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002		Filed Herewith
31.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002		Filed Herewith
32.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002		Furnished Herewith
32.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002		Furnished Herewith
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

*Management contract or compensatory plan.

75

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	COMFORT SYSTEMS USA, INC.
	By:	/s/ BRIAN E. LANE
		Brian E. Lane
		President and Chief Executive Officer
Date: February 22, 2018

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature	Title	Date
/s/ Brian E. Lane	President, Chief Executive Officer, and	February 22, 2018
Brian E. Lane	Director (Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ William George	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial	February 22, 2018
William George	Officer (Principal Financial Officer)
/s/ Julie S. Shaeff	Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting	February 22, 2018
Julie S. Shaeff	Officer (Principal Accounting Officer)
/s/ Franklin Myers	Chairman of the Board	February 22, 2018
Franklin Myers
/s/ Darcy G. Anderson	Director	February 22, 2018
Darcy G. Anderson
/s/ Herman E. Bulls	Director	February 22, 2018
Herman E. Bulls
/s/ Alfred J. Giardinelli, Jr.	Director	February 22, 2018
Alfred J. Giardinelli, Jr.
/s/ Alan P. Krusi	Director	February 22, 2018
Alan P. Krusi
/s/ James H. Schultz	Director	February 22, 2018
James H. Schultz
/s/ Constance E. Skidmore	Director	February 22, 2018
Constance E. Skidmore
/s/ Vance W. Tang	Director	February 22, 2018
Vance W. Tang

76

EX-21.1

EXHIBIT 21.1

SUBSIDIARIES OF COMFORT SYSTEMS USA, INC.

as of December 31, 2017

ENTITY NAME	DOMESTIC JURISDICTION	FORMATION DATE
ACI Mechanical, Inc.	Delaware	06/26/1998
ARC Comfort Systems USA, Inc.	Delaware	03/17/1998
Accu-Temp GP, Inc.	Delaware	05/21/1998
Accu-Temp LP, Inc.	Delaware	05/20/1998
Acorn Industrial, LLC	North Carolina	01/03/1997
Air Systems Engineering, Inc.	Washington	05/18/1973
AirTemp, Inc.	Maine	10/15/1998
Atlas-Accurate Holdings, L.L.C.	Delaware	12/28/1998
Batchelor’s Mechanical Contractors, LLC	Alabama	03/16/1981
BCH Holdings, Inc.	Florida	12/28/2004
BCH Leasing, LLC	Florida	10/25/1990
BCH Mechanical, L.L.C.	Florida	10/19/1976
BCM Controls Corporation	Massachusetts	10/03/1984
California Comfort Systems USA, Inc.	California	05/18/1983
Century Mechanical Solutions, Inc.	Ohio	12/17/1946
ColonialWebb Contractors Company	Virginia	2/18/1977
Comfort Systems USA (Arkansas), Inc.	Arkansas	03/17/1998
Comfort Systems USA (Baltimore), LLC	Delaware	10/15/1998
Comfort Systems USA (Bristol), Inc.	Delaware	08/25/1997
Comfort Systems USA Energy Services, Inc.	Delaware	08/25/1997
Comfort Systems USA G.P., Inc.	Delaware	08/12/1998
Comfort Systems USA (Indiana), LLC	Indiana	06/08/2015
Comfort Systems USA (Intermountain), Inc.	Utah	05/06/1969
Comfort Systems USA (Kentucky), Inc.	Kentucky	02/10/1981
Comfort Systems USA (MidAtlantic), LLC	Virginia	01/01/2010
Comfort Systems USA (Midwest), LLC	Iowa	10/13/2009
Comfort Systems USA (Northwest), Inc.	Washington	02/14/1984
Comfort Systems USA (Ohio), Inc.	Ohio	10/10/1979
Comfort Systems USA Puerto Rico, Inc.	Puerto Rico	08/09/1991
Comfort Systems USA (South Central), Inc.	Texas	5/24/2007
Comfort Systems USA (Southeast), Inc.	Delaware	03/24/1998
Comfort Systems USA (Southwest), Inc.	Arizona	12/23/1997
Comfort Systems USA Strategic Accounts, LLC	Indiana	07/28/1998
Comfort Systems USA (Syracuse), Inc.	New York	03/08/1965
Comfort Systems USA (Texas), L.P.	Texas	08/14/1998
Comfort Systems USA (Western Michigan), Inc.	Michigan	07/21/1989
ConServ Building Services of Alabama, LLC	Alabama	12/28/2012
ConServ Building Services of Georgia, LLC	Georgia	11/04/2008
ConServ Building Services of Tennessee, LLC	Tennessee	01/07/2010
ConServ Building Services of Texas, LLC	Texas	01/22/2010
ConServ Building Services, LLC	Florida	01/05/2005
ConServ Buildings Services of North Carolina, LLC	North Carolina	03/22/2010
Control Concepts, LLC	Georgia	12/16/1996
Control Concepts Mechanical Services, LLC	Georgia	01/17/2008
CS53 Acquisition Corp.	Delaware	01/26/1999
CSUSA (10), LLC	North Carolina	10/21/2011
Delcard Associates, LLC	Delaware	06/23/2000
Design Mechanical Incorporated	Colorado	10/30/1997

ENTITY NAME	DOMESTIC JURISDICTION	FORMATION DATE
Dyna Ten Corporation	Texas	06/26/1980
Dyna Ten Maintenance Services, LLC	Texas	08/07/2006
Eastern Heating & Cooling, Inc.	New York	12/19/1988
Eastern Refrigeration Co., Inc.	New York	01/30/1990
Environmental Air Systems, LLC	North Carolina	10/07/2011
Envirotrol, LLC	North Carolina	10/07/2011
Granite State Holdings Company, Inc.	Delaware	11/02/2005
Granite State Plumbing & Heating, LLC	New Hampshire	07/31/2001
H & M Mechanical, Inc.	Alabama	08/06/1998
Helm Corporation	Colorado	10/26/1972
Hess Mechanical, LLC	Maryland	01/07/2016
Mechanical Technical Services, Inc.	Texas	05/24/2007
MJ Mechanical Services, Inc.	Virginia	12/12/1997
North American Mechanical, Inc.	Delaware	03/17/1998
Quality Air Heating and Cooling, Inc.	Michigan	09/10/1980
Riddleberger Brothers, Inc.	Virginia	12/22/1958
Royalaire Holdings, LLC	Florida	03/22/2006
Royalaire Mechanical Services II, LLC	Florida	09/27/2010
Royalaire Mechanical Services, LLC	Florida	09/12/2006
S.I. Goldman Company, Inc.	Florida	10/04/1976
S.M. Lawrence Company, Inc.	Tennessee	03/08/1973
Seasonair, Inc.	Maryland	10/28/1966
ShoffnerKalthoff MES, Inc.	Tennessee	08/18/2005
Temp Right Service, Inc.	Delaware	09/25/1997

EX-23.1

Exhibit 23.1

Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

We consent to the incorporation by reference in the following Registration Statements:

(1) Registration Statement (Form S‑8 No. 333‑38011) pertaining to the 1997 Long‑Term Incentive Plan, 1997 Non‑Employee Director’s Stock Plan, and 1998 Employee Stock Purchase Plan of Comfort Systems USA, Inc.

(2) Registration Statement (Form S‑8 No. 333‑44354) pertaining to the 2000 Incentive Plan of Comfort Systems USA, Inc.

(3) Registration Statement (Form S‑8 No. 333‑138377) pertaining to the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan and 2006 Stock Options/SAR Plan for Non‑Employee Directors of Comfort Systems USA, Inc.

(4) Registration Statement (Form S‑8 No. 333‑188302) pertaining to the Comfort Systems USA, Inc. 2012 Equity Incentive Plan.

(5) Registration Statement (Form S‑8 No. 333‑221142) pertaining to the Comfort Systems USA, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Incentive Plan.

of our reports dated February 22, 2018, with respect to the consolidated financial statements of Comfort Systems USA, Inc. and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of Comfort Systems USA, Inc., included in this Annual Report (Form 10‑K) for the year ended December 31, 2017.

/s/ Ernst & Young, LLP

Houston, Texas

February 22, 2018

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002

I, Brian E. Lane, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10‑K of Comfort Systems USA, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a‑15(e) and 15d‑15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a‑15(f) and 15d‑15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: February 22, 2018	/s/ Brian E. Lane
	Brian E. Lane
	President and Chief Executive Officer

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER

Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002

I, William George, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10‑K of Comfort Systems USA, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a‑15(e) and 15d‑15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a‑15(f) and 15d‑15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a. designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b. designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c. evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d. disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a. all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b. any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: February 22, 2018	/s/ William George
	William George
	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES‑OXLEY ACT OF 2002*

In connection with the Annual Report of Comfort Systems USA, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10‑K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Brian E. Lane, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002, that:

1. The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2. The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: February 22, 2018	/s/ Brian E. Lane
	Brian E. Lane
	President and Chief Executive Officer

*A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES‑OXLEY ACT OF 2002*

In connection with the Annual Report of Comfort Systems USA, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10‑K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, William George, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002, that:

1. The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2. The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: February 22, 2018	/s/ William George
	William George
	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

*A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

XML

Document and Entity Information - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017	Feb. 15, 2018	Jun. 30, 2017
Document and Entity Information
Entity Registrant Name	COMFORT SYSTEMS USA INC
Entity Central Index Key	0001035983
Document Type	10-K
Document Period End Date	Dec. 31, 2017
Amendment Flag	false
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer	Yes
Entity Voluntary Filers	No
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Public Float			$ 1,350
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		37,175,074
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2017
Document Fiscal Period Focus	FY

XML

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
CURRENT ASSETS:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 36,542	$ 32,074
Accounts receivable, less allowance for doubtful accounts of $3,400 and $4,288, respectively	382,867	318,837
Other receivables	21,235	20,363
Inventories	10,303	9,208
Prepaid expenses and other	8,294	6,106
Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings	30,116	29,369
Total current assets	489,357	415,957
PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET	87,591	68,195
GOODWILL	200,584	149,208
IDENTIFIABLE INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET	76,044	42,435
DEFERRED TAX ASSETS	22,966	27,170
OTHER NONCURRENT ASSETS	4,578	5,938
Total assets	881,120	708,903
CURRENT LIABILITIES:
Current maturities of long-term debt	613	600
Current maturities of long-term capital lease obligations		163
Accounts payable	132,011	103,440
Accrued compensation and benefits	69,217	61,712
Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings	106,005	83,985
Accrued self-insurance	32,228	33,520
Other current liabilities	33,654	34,261
Total current liabilities	373,728	317,681
LONG-TERM DEBT	59,926	1,955
LONG-TERM CAPITAL LEASE OBLIGATIONS		93
DEFERRED TAX LIABILITIES	2,263	2,289
OTHER LONG-TERM LIABILITIES	27,258	10,252
Total liabilities	463,175	332,270
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY:
Preferred stock, $.01 par, 5,000,000 shares authorized, none issued and outstanding
Common stock, $.01 par, 102,969,912 shares authorized, 41,123,365 and 41,123,365 shares issued, respectively	411	411
Treasury stock, at cost, 3,936,291 and 3,914,251 shares, respectively	(63,519)	(57,387)
Additional paid-in capital	312,784	309,625
Retained earnings	168,269	123,984
Total stockholders’ equity	417,945	376,633
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$ 881,120	$ 708,903

XML

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
Accounts receivable, allowance for doubtful accounts (in dollars)	$ 3,400	$ 4,288
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Preferred stock, shares authorized	5,000,000	5,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued	0	0
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common stock, shares authorized	102,969,912	102,969,912
Common stock, shares issued	41,123,365	41,123,365
Treasury stock, shares	3,936,291	3,914,251

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
REVENUE	$ 1,787,922	$ 1,634,340	$ 1,580,519
COST OF SERVICES	1,421,641	1,290,331	1,262,390
Gross profit	366,281	344,009	318,129
SELLING, GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES	266,586	243,201	228,965
GOODWILL IMPAIRMENT	1,105
GAIN ON SALE OF ASSETS	(670)	(761)	(880)
Operating income	99,260	101,569	90,044
OTHER INCOME (EXPENSE):
Interest income	70	9	72
Interest expense	(3,156)	(2,345)	(1,753)
Changes in the fair value of contingent earn-out obligations	3,715	731	225
Other	1,049	1,097	76
Other income (expense)	1,678	(508)	(1,380)
INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES	100,938	101,061	88,664
PROVISION FOR INCOME TAXES	45,666	36,165	31,224
NET INCOME INCLUDING NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS	55,272	64,896	57,440
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests			8,076
NET INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMFORT SYSTEMS USA, INC.	$ 55,272	$ 64,896	$ 49,364
INCOME PER SHARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMFORT SYSTEMS USA, INC.:
Basic (in shares)	$ 1.48	$ 1.74	$ 1.32
Diluted (in shares)	$ 1.47	$ 1.72	$ 1.30
SHARES USED IN COMPUTING INCOME PER SHARE:
Basic (in shares)	37,239	37,335	37,442
Diluted (in shares)	37,672	37,811	37,868
DIVIDENDS PER SHARE (in dollars per share)	$ 0.295	$ 0.275	$ 0.250

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Common Stock	Treasury Stock	Additional Paid-In Capital	Retained Earnings	Non-Controlling Interests	Total
BALANCE at Dec. 31, 2014	$ 411	$ (43,598)	$ 320,084	$ 29,384	$ 15,112	$ 321,393
BALANCE (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2014	41,123,365
BALANCE (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2014		3,853,586
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Net income				49,364	8,076	57,440
Issuance of Stock:
Issuance of shares for options exercised (in shares)		317,333
Issuance of shares for options exercised		$ 3,728	966			4,694
Issuance of restricted stock & performance stock		$ 2,292	(626)			1,666
Issuance of restricted stock & performance stock (in shares)		200,015
Shares received in lieu of tax withholding payment on vested restricted stock		$ (937)				(937)
Shares received in lieu of tax withholding payment on vested restricted stock (in shares)		(44,590)
Tax benefit from vesting of restricted stock			284			284
Stock-based compensation			3,057			3,057
Dividends				(9,358)		(9,358)
Distribution to noncontrolling interests					(4,904)	(4,904)
Share repurchase		$ (8,330)				(8,330)
Minimum number of shares of common stock repurchased		(315,953)
BALANCE at Dec. 31, 2015	$ 411	$ (46,845)	323,765	69,390	18,284	365,005
BALANCE (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2015	41,123,365
BALANCE (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2015		3,696,781
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Net income				64,896		64,896
Issuance of Stock:
Issuance of shares for options exercised		$ 1,568	10			1,578
Issuance of shares for options exercised (in shares)		111,761
Issuance of restricted stock & performance stock		$ 2,282	(306)			1,976
Issuance of restricted stock & performance stock (in shares)		172,727
Shares received in lieu of tax withholding payment on vested restricted stock		$ (1,304)				(1,304)
Shares received in lieu of tax withholding payment on vested restricted stock (in shares)		(41,788)
Stock-based compensation			3,502			3,502
Dividends				(10,264)		(10,264)
Share repurchase		$ (13,088)				(13,088)
Minimum number of shares of common stock repurchased		(460,170)
Acquisition of noncontrolling interests			(17,346)		$ (18,284)	(35,630)
BALANCE at Dec. 31, 2016	$ 411	$ (57,387)	309,625	123,984		$ 376,633
BALANCE (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2016	41,123,365					41,123,365
BALANCE (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2016		3,914,251				(3,914,251)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle (unaudited)				(38)		$ (38)
Net income				55,272		55,272
Issuance of Stock:
Issuance of shares for options exercised		$ 2,257	(205)			2,052
Issuance of shares for options exercised (in shares)		145,746
Issuance of restricted stock & performance stock		$ 2,037	(421)			1,616
Issuance of restricted stock & performance stock (in shares)		134,646
Shares received in lieu of tax withholding payment on vested restricted stock		$ (1,419)				(1,419)
Shares received in lieu of tax withholding payment on vested restricted stock (in shares)		(39,335)
Stock-based compensation			3,785			3,785
Dividends				(10,987)		(10,987)
Share repurchase		$ (9,007)				(9,007)
Minimum number of shares of common stock repurchased		(263,097)
BALANCE at Dec. 31, 2017	$ 411	$ (63,519)	$ 312,784	$ 168,269		$ 417,945
BALANCE (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2017	41,123,365					41,123,365
BALANCE (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2017		3,936,291				(3,936,291)

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income including noncontrolling interests	$ 55,272	$ 64,896	$ 57,440
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities—
Amortization of identifiable intangible assets	17,404	8,185	7,481
Depreciation expense	20,052	17,981	15,935
Goodwill impairment	1,105
Bad debt expense (benefit)	182	(27)	1,552
Deferred tax provision (benefit)	4,178	(1,239)	(414)
Amortization of debt financing costs	376	367	317
Gain on sale of assets	(670)	(761)	(880)
Changes in the fair value of contingent earn-out obligations	(3,715)	(731)	(225)
Stock-based compensation	6,377	5,041	5,609
(Increase) decrease in-
Receivables, net	(37,799)	7,038	(3,584)
Inventories	(584)	213	956
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	2,467	(8,850)	364
Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings	1,869	3,144	(3,630)
Other noncurrent assets	1,005	(143)	(479)
Increase (decrease) in-
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	22,068	2,736	11,617
Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings	13,265	(8,351)	7,908
Other long-term liabilities	11,238	1,689	(2,100)
Net cash provided by operating activities	114,090	91,188	97,867
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Purchases of property and equipment	(35,467)	(23,217)	(20,808)
Proceeds from sales of property and equipment	1,359	1,062	1,338
Cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired	(94,860)	(57,163)	(6,158)
Net cash used in investing activities	(128,968)	(79,318)	(25,628)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Proceeds from revolving line of credit	177,000	144,000	24,500
Payments on revolving line of credit	(132,000)	(154,000)	(53,000)
Payments on other debt	(835)	(592)
Payments on capital lease obligations	(256)	(251)	(443)
Debt financing costs		(789)
Payments of dividends to stockholders	(10,987)	(10,264)	(9,358)
Share repurchase	(9,007)	(13,088)	(8,330)
Shares received in lieu of tax withholding	(1,419)	(1,304)	(937)
Excess tax benefit of stock-based compensation			1,240
Proceeds from exercise of options	2,052	1,578	3,738
Distributions to noncontrolling interests			(4,904)
Deferred acquisition payments	(2,802)	(1,350)
Payments for contingent consideration arrangements	(2,400)	(200)	(345)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	19,346	(36,260)	(47,839)
NET INCREASE (DECREASE) IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS	4,468	(24,390)	24,400
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, beginning of year	32,074	56,464	32,064
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, end of year	$ 36,542	$ 32,074	$ 56,464

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Business and Organization

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Business and Organization

Business and Organization

1. Business and Organization

Comfort Systems USA, Inc., a Delaware corporation, provides comprehensive mechanical contracting services, which principally includes heating, ventilation and air conditioning (“HVAC”), plumbing, piping and controls, as well as off-site construction, electrical, monitoring and fire protection. We install, maintain, repair and replace products and systems throughout the United States. Approximately 38% of our consolidated 2017 revenue is attributable to installation of systems in newly constructed facilities, with the remaining 62% attributable to maintenance, repair and replacement services.

Our consolidated 2017 revenue was derived from the following service activities, all of which are in the mechanical services industry, the single industry segment we serve:

	Revenue
Service Activity	$ in thousands		%
HVAC and Plumbing	$	1,615,468	90	%
Building Automation Control Systems		94,041	5	%
Other		78,413	5	%
Total	$	1,787,922	100	%

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation

These financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The accompanying consolidated financial statements include our accounts and those of our subsidiaries in which we have a controlling interest. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Certain amounts in prior periods may have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. The effects of the reclassifications were not material to the consolidated financial statements.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires the use of estimates and assumptions by management in determining the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenue and expenses and disclosures regarding contingent assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The most significant estimates used in our financial statements affect revenue and cost recognition for construction contracts, the allowance for doubtful accounts, self‑insurance accruals, deferred tax assets, warranty accruals, fair value accounting for acquisitions and the quantification of fair value for reporting units in connection with our goodwill impairment testing. In 2015, two operating locations came to an agreement with customers on multiple jobs and received approved change orders, which resulted in the recognition of additional revenue with minimal additional costs resulting in a project gain of $3.4 million, on a pre-tax basis.

Cash Flow Information

We consider all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.

Cash paid (in thousands) for:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2017		2016		2015
Interest	$	2,832	$	1,864	$	1,408
Income taxes	$	38,144	$	29,349	$	35,538

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606).” ASU 2014-09 provides a framework that replaces the existing revenue recognition guidance. The guidance can be applied on a full retrospective or modified retrospective basis whereby the entity records a cumulative effect of initially applying this update on the adoption date. We plan to use the modified retrospective basis on the adoption date. ASU 2014-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period. We believe the areas that may impact us the most include accounting for variable consideration, capitalization of incremental costs of obtaining a contract and the guidance on the number of performance obligations contained in a contract. We currently expect the adoption of ASU 2014-09 to have an impact of less than $0.5 million on our consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842)”. The standard requires lessees to recognize assets and liabilities for most leases. ASU 2016-02 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. ASU 2016-02’s transition provisions are applied using a modified retrospective approach at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements. Full retrospective application is prohibited. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of this authoritative guidance on our consolidated financial statements.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments”. This standard provides guidance on how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows and is intended to reduce diversity in practice with respect to these items.  The standard is applied using a retrospective transition method and is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. We currently do not believe the adoption will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, “Intangibles – Goodwill and other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Accounting for Goodwill Impairment”. This standard removes Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test, which required a hypothetical purchase price allocation.  A goodwill impairment will now be the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill.  Additionally, entities will be required to disclose the amount of goodwill at reporting units with zero or negative carrying amounts.  The standard is applied prospectively and is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including annual or interim goodwill impairment tests within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for interim and annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. We early adopted ASU 2017-04 in the first quarter of 2017, which did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Revenue Recognition

Approximately 81% of our revenue was earned on a project basis and recognized through the percentage of completion method of accounting. Under this method, contract revenue recognizable at any time during the life of a contract is determined by multiplying expected total contract revenue by the percentage of contract costs incurred at any time to total estimated contract costs. More specifically, as part of the negotiation and bidding process in connection with obtaining installation contracts, we estimate our contract costs, which include all direct materials (exclusive of rebates), labor and subcontract costs and indirect costs related to contract performance, such as indirect labor, supplies, tools, repairs and depreciation costs. These contract costs are included in our results of operations under the caption “Cost of Services.” Then, as we perform under those contracts, we measure costs incurred, compare them to total estimated costs to complete the contract and recognize a corresponding proportion of contract revenue. Labor costs are considered to be incurred as the work is performed. Subcontractor labor is recognized as the work is performed, but is generally subjected to approval as to milestones or other evidence of completion. Non‑labor project costs consist of purchased equipment, prefabricated materials and other materials. Purchased equipment on our projects is substantially produced to job specifications and is a value added element to our work. The costs are considered to be incurred when title is transferred to us, which typically is upon delivery to the work site. Prefabricated materials, such as ductwork and piping, are generally performed at our shops and recognized as contract costs when fabricated for the unique specifications of the job. Other material costs are not significant and are generally recorded when delivered to the work site. This measurement and comparison process requires updates to the estimate of total costs to complete the contract, and these updates may include subjective assessments.

We generally do not incur significant costs prior to receiving a contract, and therefore, these costs are expensed as incurred. In limited circumstances, when significant pre‑contract costs are incurred, they are deferred if the costs can be directly associated with a specific contract and if their recoverability from the contract is probable. Upon receiving the contract, these costs are included in contract costs. Deferred costs associated with unsuccessful contract bids are written off in the period that we are informed that we will not be awarded the contract.

Project contracts typically provide for a schedule of billings or invoices to the customer based on reaching agreed upon milestones or as we incur costs. The schedules for such billings usually do not precisely match the schedule on which costs are incurred. As a result, contract revenue recognized in the statement of operations can and usually does differ from amounts that can be billed or invoiced to the customer at any point during the contract. Amounts by which cumulative contract revenue recognized on a contract as of a given date exceed cumulative billings to the customer under the contract are reflected as a current asset in our balance sheet under the caption “Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings.” Amounts by which cumulative billings to the customer under a contract as of a given date exceed cumulative contract revenue recognized on the contract are reflected as a current liability in our balance sheet under the caption “Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings.”

Contracts in progress are as follows (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2017		2016
Costs incurred on contracts in progress	$	1,288,330	$	1,116,182
Estimated earnings, net of losses		253,641		207,252
Less—Billings to date		(1,617,860)		(1,378,050)
	$	(75,889)	$	(54,616)
Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings	$	30,116	$	29,369
Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings		(106,005)		(83,985)
	$	(75,889)	$	(54,616)

Accounts receivable include amounts billed to customers under retention or retainage provisions in construction contracts. Such provisions are standard in our industry and usually allow for a small portion of progress billings or the contract price to be withheld by the customer until after we have completed work on the project, typically for a period of six months. Based on our experience with similar contracts in recent years, the majority of our billings for such retention balances at each balance sheet date are finalized and collected within the subsequent year. Retention balances at December 31, 2017 and 2016 were $68.7 million and $60.7 million, respectively, and are included in accounts receivable.

Accounts payable at December 31, 2017 and 2016 included $11.9 million and $10.1 million of retainage under terms of contracts with subcontractors, respectively. The majority of the retention balances at each balance sheet date are finalized and paid within the subsequent year.

The percentage of completion method of accounting is also affected by changes in job performance, job conditions and final contract settlements. These factors may result in revisions to estimated costs and, therefore, revenue. Such revisions are frequently based on further estimates and subjective assessments. The effects of these revisions are recognized in the period in which the revisions are determined. When such revisions lead to a conclusion that a loss will be recognized on a contract, the full amount of the estimated ultimate loss is recognized in the period such a conclusion is reached, regardless of the percentage of completion of the contract.

Revisions to project costs and conditions can give rise to change orders under which the customer agrees to pay additional contract price. Revisions can also result in claims we might make against the customer to recover project variances that have not been satisfactorily addressed through change orders with the customer. Except in certain circumstances, we do not recognize revenue or margin based on change orders or claims until they have been agreed upon with the customer. The amount of revenue associated with unapproved change orders and claims was immaterial for the year ended December 31, 2017.

Variations from estimated project costs could have a significant impact on our operating results, depending on project size, and the recoverability of the variation via additional customer payments.

Revenue associated with maintenance, repair and monitoring services and related contracts are recognized as services are performed. Amounts associated with unbilled service work orders are reflected as a current asset in our balance sheet under the caption “Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings” and amounts billed in advance of work orders being performed are reflected as a current liability in our balance sheet under the caption “Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings.”

Accounts Receivable

The carrying value of our receivables, net of the allowance for doubtful accounts, represents the estimated net realizable value. We estimate our allowance for doubtful accounts based upon the creditworthiness of our customers, prior collection history, ongoing relationships with our customers, the aging of past due balances, our lien rights, if any, in the property where we performed the work and the availability, if any, of payment bonds applicable to the contract. The receivables are written off when they are deemed to be uncollectible.

Inventories

Inventories consist of parts and supplies that we purchase and hold for use in the ordinary course of business and are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value using the average-cost method.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost, and depreciation is computed using the straight‑line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements are capitalized and amortized over the lesser of the expected life of the lease or the estimated useful life of the asset.

Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are charged to expense when incurred. Expenditures for major renewals and betterments, which extend the useful lives of existing equipment, are capitalized and depreciated over the remaining useful life of the equipment. Upon retirement or disposition of property and equipment, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is recognized in “Gain on sale of assets” in the statement of operations.

Recoverability of Goodwill and Identifiable Intangible Assets

Goodwill is the excess of purchase price over the fair value of the net assets of acquired businesses. We assess goodwill for impairment each year, and more frequently if circumstances suggest an impairment may have occurred.

When the carrying value of a given reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recorded to the extent that the implied fair value of the goodwill of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value. If other reporting units have had increases in fair value, such increases may not be recorded. Accordingly, such increases may not be netted against impairments at other reporting units. The requirements for assessing whether goodwill has been impaired involve market‑based information. This information, and its use in assessing goodwill, entails some degree of subjective assessment.

We perform our annual impairment testing as of October 1 and any impairment charges resulting from this process are reported in the fourth quarter. We segregate our operations into reporting units based on the degree of operating and financial independence of each unit and our related management of them. We perform our annual goodwill impairment testing at the reporting unit level. Each of our operating units represents an operating segment, and our operating segments are our reporting units.

In the evaluation of goodwill for impairment, we have the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances lead to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value of one of our reporting units is greater than its carrying value. If, after completing such assessment, we determine it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount, then there is no need to perform any further testing. If we conclude otherwise, then we perform the first step of a two‑step impairment test by calculating the fair value of the reporting unit and comparing the fair value with the carrying value of the reporting unit.

We estimate the fair value of the reporting unit based on a market approach and an income approach, which utilizes discounted future cash flows. Assumptions critical to the fair value estimates under the discounted cash flow model include discount rates, cash flow projections, projected long‑term growth rates and the determination of terminal values. The market approach utilizes market multiples of invested capital from comparable publicly traded companies (“public company approach”). The market multiples from invested capital include revenue, book equity plus debt and earnings before interest, provision for income taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”).

We amortize identifiable intangible assets with finite lives over their useful lives. Changes in strategy and/or market condition may result in adjustments to recorded intangible asset balances.

Long‑Lived Assets

Long‑lived assets are comprised principally of goodwill, identifiable intangible assets, property and equipment, and deferred tax assets. We periodically evaluate whether events and circumstances have occurred that indicate that the remaining balances of these assets may not be recoverable. We use estimates of future income from operations and cash flows, as well as other economic and business factors, to assess the recoverability of these assets.

Acquisitions

We recognize assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations, including contingent assets and liabilities, based on fair value estimates as of the date of acquisition.

Contingent Consideration—In certain acquisitions, we agree to pay additional amounts to sellers contingent upon achievement by the acquired businesses of certain predetermined profitability targets. We have recognized liabilities for these contingent obligations based on their estimated fair value at the date of acquisition with any differences between the acquisition date fair value and the ultimate settlement of the obligations being recognized in income from operations.

Contingent Assets and Liabilities—Assets and liabilities arising from contingencies are recognized at their acquisition date fair value when their respective fair values can be determined. If the fair values of such contingencies cannot be determined, they are recognized at the acquisition date if the contingencies are probable and an amount can be reasonably estimated. Acquisition date fair value estimates are revised as necessary if, and when, additional information regarding these contingencies becomes available to further define and quantify assets acquired and liabilities assumed.

Self‑Insurance Liabilities

We are substantially self‑insured for workers’ compensation, employer’s liability, auto liability, general liability and employee group health claims, in view of the relatively high per‑incident deductibles we absorb under our insurance arrangements for these risks. Losses are estimated and accrued based upon known facts, historical trends and industry averages. Estimated losses in excess of our deductible, which have not already been paid, are included in our accrual with a corresponding receivable from our insurance carrier. Loss estimates associated with the larger and longer‑developing risks—workers’ compensation, auto liability and general liability—are reviewed by a third‑party actuary quarterly. Our self‑insurance arrangements are further discussed in Note 11 “Commitments and Contingencies.”

Warranty Costs

We typically warrant labor for the first year after installation on new HVAC systems. We generally warrant labor for thirty days after servicing of existing HVAC systems. A reserve for warranty costs is estimated and recorded based upon the historical level of warranty claims and management’s estimate of future costs.

Income Taxes

We are subject to income tax in the United States and Puerto Rico and file a consolidated return for federal income tax purposes. Income taxes are provided for under the liability method, which takes into account differences between financial statement treatment and tax treatment of certain transactions.

Deferred taxes are based on the difference between the financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities. The deferred tax provision represents the change during the reporting period in the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities, net of the effect of acquisitions and dispositions. Deferred tax assets include tax loss and credit carryforwards and are reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on available evidence, it is more-likely-than-not some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

We regularly evaluate valuation allowances established for deferred tax assets for which future realization is uncertain. We perform this evaluation quarterly. In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, we must consider whether it is more-likely-than-not some portion, or all, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. We consider all available evidence, both positive and negative, in determining whether a valuation allowance is required. Such evidence includes the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, taxable income in prior carryback years and tax planning strategies in making this assessment, and judgment is required in considering the relative weight of negative and positive evidence.

Significant judgment is required in assessing the timing and amounts of deductible and taxable items. We establish reserves when, despite our belief that our tax return positions are supportable, we believe that certain positions may be disallowed. When facts and circumstances change, we adjust these reserves through our provision for income taxes.

To the extent interest and penalties may be assessed by taxing authorities on any underpayment of income tax, such amounts have been accrued and are classified as a component in provision for income taxes in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Segment Disclosure

Our activities are within the mechanical services industry, which is the single industry segment we serve. Each operating unit represents an operating segment and these segments have been aggregated, as the operating units meet all of the aggregation criteria.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

We provide services in a broad range of geographic regions. Our credit risk primarily consists of receivables from a variety of customers including general contractors, property owners and developers and commercial and industrial companies. We are subject to potential credit risk related to changes in business and economic factors throughout the United States within the nonresidential construction industry. However, we are entitled to payment for work performed and have certain lien rights in that work. Further, we believe that our contract acceptance, billing and collection policies are adequate to manage potential credit risk. We regularly review our accounts receivable and estimate an allowance for uncollectible amounts. We have a diverse customer base, with no single customer accounting for more than 2% of consolidated 2017 revenue.

Financial Instruments

Our financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, other receivables, accounts payable, life insurance policies, notes to former owners, capital leases, and a revolving credit facility. We believe that the carrying values of these instruments on the accompanying balance sheets approximate their fair values.

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Fair Value Measurements

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements

3. Fair Value Measurements

We classify and disclose assets and liabilities carried at fair value in one of the following three categories:

· Level 1—quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities;

· Level 2—observable market based inputs or unobservable inputs that are corroborated by market data; and

· Level 3—significant unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions.

The following table summarizes the fair values, and levels within the fair value hierarchy in which the fair value measurements fall, for assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands):

	Balance		Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date
	December 31,
	2017		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Cash and cash equivalents	$	36,542	$	36,542	$	—	$	—
Life insurance—cash surrender value	$	3,128	$	—	$	3,128	$	—
Contingent earn-out obligations	$	7,993	$	—	$	—	$	7,993

	December 31,
	2016		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Cash and cash equivalents	$	32,074	$	32,074	$	—	$	—
Life insurance—cash surrender value	$	3,697	$	—	$	3,697	$	—
Contingent earn-out obligations	$	2,531	$	—	$	—	$	2,531

Cash and cash equivalents consist primarily of highly rated money market funds at a variety of well‑known institutions with original maturities of three months or less. The original cost of these assets approximates fair value due to their short term maturity. The carrying value of our borrowings associated with the Revolving Credit Facility approximate its fair value due to the variable rate on such debt.

One of our operations has life insurance policies covering 42 employees with a combined face value of $31.3 million. The policies are invested in mutual funds and the fair value measurement of the cash surrender balance associated with these policies is determined using Level 2 inputs within the fair value hierarchy and will vary with investment performance. The cash surrender value of these policies is $3.1 million as of December 31, 2017 and $3.7 million as of December 31, 2016. These assets are included in “Other Noncurrent Assets” in our consolidated balance sheets.

We value contingent earn‑out obligations using a probability weighted discounted cash flow method. This fair value measurement is based on significant unobservable inputs in the market and thus represents a Level 3 measurement within the fair value hierarchy. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the purchase agreements (e.g., minimum and maximum payments, length of earn‑out periods, manner of calculating any amounts due, etc.) and utilizes assumptions with regard to future cash flows, probabilities of achieving such future cash flows and a discount rate. The contingent earn‑out obligations are measured at fair value each reporting period and changes in estimates of fair value are recognized in earnings.

The table below presents a reconciliation of the fair value of our contingent earn‑out obligations that use significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) (in thousands).

	December 31,
	2017		2016
Balance at beginning of year	$	2,531	$	450
Issuances		11,755		3,240
Settlements		(2,578)		(428)
Adjustments to fair value		(3,715)		(731)
Balance at end of year	$	7,993	$	2,531

We measure certain assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. These assets are recognized at fair value when they are deemed to be other-than-temporarily impaired. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $1.1 million based on Level 3 measurements. See Note 5 “Goodwill and Identifiable Intangible Assets, Net” for further discussion.  No goodwill or other intangible asset impairments were recorded during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. We did not recognize any other impairments on those assets required to be measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis.

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Acquisitions

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Acquisitions

Acquisitions

4. Acquisitions

On April 1, 2017, we acquired all of the issued and outstanding stock of BCH Holdings, Inc. and each of its wholly-owned subsidiaries (collectively “BCH”). BCH is an integrated, single-source provider of mechanical service, maintenance and construction with headquarters in Tampa, Florida and operations throughout the southeastern region of the United States, which reports as a separate operating location.

The following summarizes the acquisition date fair value of consideration transferred and identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including an amount for goodwill (in thousands):

Cash and cash equivalents	$	9,613
Receivables		28,263
Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings		1,690
Other current assets		708
Property and equipment		3,927
Goodwill		50,512
Identifiable intangible assets		46,500
Accounts payable and other current liabilities		(11,763)
Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings		(8,039)
Other non-current liabilities		(104)
Total purchase price	$	121,307

The total purchase price was $121.3 million, including $95.4 million in cash, $14.3 million in notes payable to former owners and an $11.6 million contingent earn-out obligation. Our consolidated balance sheet includes preliminary allocations of the purchase price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed pending the completion of the final valuation of intangible assets and accrued liabilities.

The contingent earn-out obligation is based upon exceeding specified earnings milestones each year during a four-year period. We determined the initial fair value of the contingent earn-out obligation based on a Monte Carlo simulation model which represents a Level 3 measurement. We measure the contingent earn-out obligation at fair value each reporting period and changes in the estimated fair value of the contingent payments are recognized in earnings.

Goodwill represents the future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired that could not be individually identified and separately recognized. All of the goodwill recognized as a result of this transaction is tax deductible.

The acquired assets include the following (in thousands):

	Valuation	Estimated	Estimated
	Method	Amortization Life	Value
Customer relationships	Excess Earnings	10 years	$	36,500
Backlog	Excess Earnings	1 year		6,300
Tradenames	Relief-from-royalty	25 years		3,700
Total acquired intangible assets			$	46,500

In estimating the fair value of the acquired intangible assets, we utilized the valuation methodology determined to be the most appropriate for the individual intangible asset. In order to estimate the fair value of the backlog and customer relationships, we utilized an excess earnings methodology, which consisted of the projected cash flows attributable to these assets discounted to present value using a risk-adjusted discount rate that represented the required rate of return. The tradename value was determined based on the relief-from-royalty method, which applies a royalty rate to the revenue stream attributable to this asset and the resulting royalty payment is tax effected and discounted to present value. Some of the more significant estimates and assumptions inherent in determining the fair value of the identifiable intangible assets are associated with forecasting cash flows and profitability, which represent Level 3 inputs. The primary assumptions used were generally based upon the present value of anticipated cash flows discounted at rates ranging from 13%-18%. Estimated years of projected earnings generally follow the range of estimated remaining useful lives for each intangible asset class.

Other Acquisitions

We completed two acquisitions in the first quarter of 2016. We acquired the remaining 40% noncontrolling interest in Environmental Air Systems, LLC (“EAS”) on January 1, 2016 for $46.6 million, including $42.0 million funded on the closing date plus a holdback, an earn-out that will be earned if certain financial targets are met after the acquisition date and a working capital adjustment. Due to our majority ownership and control over EAS on the acquisition date, the difference between the purchase price and the noncontrolling interest liability was recorded in Additional Paid-In Capital in our Balance Sheet.

Additionally in the first quarter of 2016, we acquired 100% of the ShoffnerKalthoff family of companies (collectively, “Shoffner”), which reports as a separate operating location in the Knoxville, Tennessee area. The acquisition date fair value of consideration transferred for this acquisition was $19.8 million, of which $14.8 million was allocated to goodwill and identifiable intangible assets. The purchase price included $15.5 million funded on the closing date plus a note payable to former owners, an earn-out that we will pay if certain financial targets are met after the acquisition date and a working capital adjustment.

We completed various other acquisitions in 2017 and 2016 which were not material, individually or in the aggregate, and were “tucked-in” with existing operations. The total purchase price for the “tucked-in” acquisitions, including earn-outs, was $9.4 million in 2017 and $0.1 million in 2016.  

The results of operations of acquisitions are included in our consolidated financial statements from their respective acquisition dates. The acquisitions completed in the current and prior year were not material, individually or in the aggregate. Additional contingent purchase price (“earn-out”) has been or will be paid if certain acquisitions achieve predetermined profitability targets. Such earn-outs are not subject to the continued employment of the sellers.            

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Goodwill and Identifiable Intangible Assets, Net

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Goodwill and Identifiable Intangible Assets, Net

Goodwill and Identifiable Intangible Assets, Net

5. Goodwill and Identifiable Intangible Assets, Net

Goodwill

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill are as follows (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2017		2016
Balance at beginning of year	$	149,208	$	143,874
Additions (See Note 4)		52,481		5,334
Impairment adjustment		(1,105)		—
Balance at end of year	$	200,584	$	149,208

We perform our annual impairment testing on October 1, or more frequently, if events and circumstances indicate impairment may have occurred. As discussed in Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” we have the option to first perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying value.

During our annual impairment testing on October 1, we performed a qualitative assessment for each reporting unit, which considered various factors, including changes in the carrying value of the reporting unit, forecasted operating results, long-term growth rates and discount rates. Additionally, we considered qualitative key events and circumstances (i.e. macroeconomic environment, industry and market specific conditions, cost factors and events specific to the reporting unit, etc.). Based on this assessment, we concluded that it was more likely than not that the fair value of each of the reporting units was greater than its carrying value. Accordingly, no further testing was required.

Prior to our annual goodwill impairment test in 2017, we recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $1.1 million during the first quarter of 2017. Based on changes to our market strategy that occurred in March 2017 related to our reporting unit based in California, we reevaluated our projected future earnings for this operating location and determined that we could no longer support the related goodwill balance and therefore the goodwill associated with this location was fully impaired. The fair value was estimated using a discounted cash flow model.

During 2016, we performed a quantitative assessment where the fair value of each reporting unit was estimated using a discounted cash flow model combined with a market valuation approach. We assigned a weighting of 50% to the discounted cash flow analysis and 50% to the public company approach for the year ended December 31, 2016. Based on this assessment, we concluded that the fair value of each of the reporting units was greater than its carrying value. As of October 1, 2016, the fair value exceeded the carrying value by a significant margin for all of our reporting units with a goodwill balance.

During 2015, we performed a qualitative assessment for each reporting unit and no further testing was required.

There are significant inherent uncertainties and management judgment involved in estimating the fair value of each reporting unit. While we believe we have made reasonable estimates and assumptions to estimate the fair value of our reporting units, it is possible that a material change could occur. If actual results are not consistent with our current estimates and assumptions, or the current economic outlook worsens, goodwill impairment charges may be recorded in future periods.

Identifiable Intangible Assets, Net

Identifiable intangible assets consist of the following (dollars in thousands):

	Estimated	2017				2016
	Useful Lives	Gross Book		Accumulated		Gross Book		Accumulated
	in Years	Value		Amortization		Value		Amortization
Customer relationships	1 - 15	$	98,244	$	(47,057)	$	57,230	$	(36,758)
Backlog	1 - 2		6,300		(5,478)		3,600		(3,433)
Noncompete agreements	2 - 7		—		—		2,890		(2,890)
Tradenames	2 - 25		35,340		(11,305)		31,640		(9,844)
Total		$	139,884	$	(63,840)	$	95,360	$	(52,925)

The amounts attributable to customer relationships, noncompete agreements and tradenames are amortized to “Selling, General and Administrative Expenses” on a pattern of economic benefit or a straight‑line method over periods from one to twenty‑five years. The amounts attributable to backlog are being amortized to “Cost of Services” on a proportionate method over the remaining backlog period. Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2017,  2016 and 2015 was $17.4 million, $8.2 million and $7.5 million, respectively.

At December 31, 2017, future amortization expense of identifiable intangible assets is as follows (in thousands):

Year ended December 31—
2018	$	13,786
2019		11,320
2020		9,252
2021		7,651
2022		6,041
Thereafter		27,994
Total	$	76,044

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Property and Equipment

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Property and Equipment

Property and Equipment

6. Property and Equipment

Property and equipment consist of the following (dollars in thousands):

	Estimated
	Useful Lives	December 31,
	in Years	2017		2016
Land	—	$	2,745	$	2,745
Transportation equipment	1 - 7		87,120		74,137
Machinery and equipment	1 - 20		30,064		27,843
Computer and telephone equipment	1 - 10		20,463		20,791
Buildings and leasehold improvements	1 - 40		38,422		35,166
Furniture and fixtures	1 - 17		4,473		4,224
Construction in progress	—		12,614		425
			195,901		165,331
Less—Accumulated depreciation			(108,310)		(97,136)
Property and equipment, net		$	87,591	$	68,195

Depreciation expense, including capital lease amortization, for the years ended December 31, 2017,  2016 and 2015 was $20.1 million, $18.0 million and $15.9 million, respectively.

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Detail of Certain Balance Sheet Accounts

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Detail of Certain Balance Sheet Accounts

Detail of Certain Balance Sheet Accounts

7. Detail of Certain Balance Sheet Accounts

Activity in our allowance for doubtful accounts consists of the following (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2017		2016		2015
Balance at beginning of year	$	4,288	$	5,158	$	4,379
Bad debt expense (benefit)		182		(27)		1,552
Deductions for uncollectible receivables written off, net of recoveries		(1,829)		(876)		(798)
Allowance for doubtful accounts of acquired companies at date of acquisition		759		33		25
Balance at end of year	$	3,400	$	4,288	$	5,158

Other current liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2017		2016
Accrued warranty costs	$	6,149	$	6,702
Accrued job losses		598		1,269
Accrued sales and use tax		2,308		1,973
Deferred revenue		3,895		5,257
Liabilities due to former owners		2,981		4,196
Other current liabilities		17,723		14,864
	$	33,654	$	34,261

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Long Term Debt Obligations

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Debt Obligations

Debt Obligations

8. Long‑Term Debt Obligations

Long‑term debt obligations consist of the following (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2017		2016
Revolving credit facility	$	45,000	$	—
Notes to former owners		15,325		2,250
Other debt		214		305
Capital lease obligations		—		256
Total debt		60,539		2,811
Less—current portion		(613)		(763)
Total long-term portion of debt	$	59,926	$	2,048

At December 31, 2017, future principal payments of debt are as follows (in thousands):

Year ended December 31—
2018	$	613
2019		626
2020		7,150
2021		52,150
	$	60,539

Interest expense included the following primary elements (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2017		2016		2015
Interest expense on notes to former owners	$	365	$	70	$	25
Interest expense on borrowings and unused commitment fees		1,862		1,251		692
Letter of credit fees		553		657		719
Amortization of debt financing costs		376		367		317
Total	$	3,156	$	2,345	$	1,753

Revolving Credit Facility

We have a $325.0 million senior credit facility (the “Facility”) provided by a syndicate of banks, with a $100 million accordion option. The Facility, which is available for borrowings and letters of credit, expires in February 2021 and is secured by a first lien on substantially all of our personal property except for assets related to projects subject to surety bonds and assets held by certain unrestricted subsidiaries and a second lien on our assets related to projects subject to surety bonds. As of December 31, 2017, we had $45.0 million of outstanding borrowings, $39.6 million in letters of credit outstanding and $240.4 million of credit available.

Collateral

A common practice in our industry is the posting of payment and performance bonds with customers. These bonds are offered by financial institutions known as sureties, and provide assurance to the customer that in the event we encounter significant financial or operational difficulties, the surety will arrange for the completion of our contractual obligations and for the payment of our vendors on the projects subject to the bonds. In cooperation with our lenders, we granted our sureties a first lien on assets such as receivables, costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings, and equipment specifically identifiable to projects for which bonds are outstanding, as collateral for potential obligations under bonds. As of December 31, 2017, the book value of these assets was approximately $40.9 million.

Covenants and Restrictions

The Facility contains financial covenants defining various measures and the levels of these measures with which we must comply. Covenant compliance is assessed as of each quarter end. Credit Facility Adjusted EBITDA is defined under the Facility for financial covenant purposes as net earnings for the four quarters ending as of any given quarterly covenant compliance measurement date, plus the corresponding amounts for (a) interest expense; (b) provision for income taxes; (c) depreciation and amortization; (d) stock compensation; (e) other non‑cash charges; and (f) pre‑acquisition results of acquired companies. The following is a reconciliation of Credit Facility Adjusted EBITDA to net income for 2017 (in thousands):

Net income including noncontrolling interests	$	55,272
Provision for income taxes		45,666
Interest expense, net		3,086
Depreciation and amortization expense		37,456
Stock-based compensation		6,377
Goodwill impairment		1,105
Pre-acquisition results of acquired companies, as defined under the Facility		4,597
Credit Facility Adjusted EBITDA	$	153,559

The Facility’s principal financial covenants include:

Leverage Ratio—The Facility requires that the ratio of our Consolidated Total Indebtedness to our Credit Facility Adjusted EBITDA not exceed 2.75 to 1.00 as of the end of each fiscal quarter. The leverage ratio as of December 31, 2017 was 0.4.

Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio—The Facility requires that the ratio of Credit Facility Adjusted EBITDA, less non-financed capital expenditures, provision for income taxes, dividends and amounts used to repurchase stock to the sum of interest expense and scheduled principal payments of indebtedness be at least 2.00 to 1.00; provided that the calculation of the fixed charge coverage ratio excludes stock repurchases and the payment of dividends at any time that the Company’s Net Leverage Ratio does not exceed 1.50 to 1.00. The Facility also allows the fixed charge coverage ratio not to be reduced for stock repurchases through September 30, 2015 in an aggregate amount not to exceed $25 million and for stock repurchases made after February 22, 2016 but on or prior to December 31, 2017 in an aggregate amount not to exceed $25 million, if at the time of and after giving effect to such repurchase the Company’s Net Leverage Ratio was less than or equal to 1.50 to 1.00. Capital expenditures, provision for income taxes, dividends and stock repurchase payments are defined under the Facility for purposes of this covenant to be amounts for the four quarters ending as of any given quarterly covenant compliance measurement date. The fixed charge coverage ratio as of December 31, 2017 was 21.8.

Other Restrictions—The Facility permits acquisitions of up to $30.0 million per transaction, provided that the aggregate purchase price of such an acquisition and of acquisitions in the same fiscal year does not exceed $65.0 million. However, these limitations only apply when the Company’s Net Leverage Ratio is equal to or greater than 2.00 to 1.00.

While the Facility’s financial covenants do not specifically govern capacity under the Facility, if our debt level under the Facility at a quarter‑end covenant compliance measurement date were to cause us to violate the Facility’s leverage ratio covenant, our borrowing capacity under the Facility and the favorable terms that we currently have could be negatively impacted by the lenders.

We were in compliance with all of our financial covenants as of December 31, 2017.

Interest Rates and Fees

There are two interest rate options for borrowings under the Facility, the Base Rate Loan Option and the Eurodollar Rate Loan Option. Under the Base Rate Loan Option, the interest rate is determined based on the highest of the Federal Funds Rate plus 0.5%, the prime lending rate offered by Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. or the one‑month Eurodollar Rate plus 1.00%. Under the Eurodollar Rate Loan Option, the interest rate is determined based on the one‑ to six‑month Eurodollar Rate. The Eurodollar Rate corresponds very closely to rates described in various general business media sources as the London Interbank Offered Rate or “LIBOR.” Additional margins are then added to these rates. The additional margins are determined based on the ratio of our Consolidated Total Indebtedness as of a given quarter end to our “Credit Facility Adjusted EBITDA” for the twelve months ending as of that quarter end, as defined in the credit agreement and shown below.

The interest rates under the Facility are floating rates determined by the broad financial markets, meaning they can and do move up and down from time to time. For illustrative purposes, the following are the respective market rates as of December 31, 2017 relating to interest options under the Facility:

Base Rate Loan Option:
Federal Funds Rate plus 0.50%	1.87%
Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. Prime Rate	4.50%
One-month LIBOR plus 1.00%	2.56%
Eurodollar Rate Loan Option:
One-month LIBOR	1.56%
Six-month LIBOR	1.84%

Certain of our vendors require letters of credit to ensure reimbursement for amounts they are disbursing on our behalf, such as to beneficiaries under our self‑funded insurance programs. We have also occasionally used letters of credit to guarantee performance under our contracts and to ensure payment to our subcontractors and vendors under those contracts. Our lenders issue such letters of credit through the Facility. A letter of credit commits the lenders to pay specified amounts to the holder of the letter of credit if the holder demonstrates that we have failed to perform specified actions. If this were to occur, we would be required to reimburse the lenders for amounts they fund to honor the letter of credit holder’s claim. Absent a claim, there is no payment or reserving of funds by us in connection with a letter of credit. However, because a claim on a letter of credit would require immediate reimbursement by us to our lenders, letters of credit are treated as a use of facility capacity just the same as actual borrowings. We have never had a claim made against a letter of credit that resulted in payments by a lender or by us and believe such claim is unlikely in the foreseeable future.

Commitment fees are payable on the portion of the revolving loan capacity not in use for borrowings or letters of credit at any given time. Letter of credit fees and commitment fees are based on the ratio of Consolidated Total Indebtedness to Credit Facility Adjusted EBITDA, as defined in the credit agreement.

	Consolidated Total Indebtedness to
	Credit Facility Adjusted EBITDA
	Less than 0.75		0.75 to 1.50		1.50 to 2.25		2.25 or greater
Additional Per Annum Interest Margin Added Under:
Base Rate Loan Option	0.25	%	0.50	%	0.75	%	1.00	%
Eurodollar Rate Loan Option	1.25	%	1.50	%	1.75	%	2.00	%
Letter of credit fees	1.25	%	1.50	%	1.75	%	2.00	%
Commitment fees on any portion of the Revolving Loan capacity not in use for borrowings or letters of credit at any given time	0.20	%	0.25	%	0.30	%	0.35	%

The weighted average interest rate applicable to the borrowings under the Facility was approximately 2.8% as of December 31, 2017.

Notes to Former Owners

As part of the consideration used to acquire two companies, we have outstanding notes to the former owners. These notes had an outstanding balance of $15.3 million as of December 31, 2017.  In conjunction with the BCH acquisition in the second quarter of 2017, we issued a promissory note to the former owners with an outstanding balance of $14.3 million as of December 31, 2017 and bears interest, payable quarterly, at a weighted average interest rate of 3.0%. The principal is due in equal installments in April 2020 and 2021. In conjunction with the Shoffner acquisition in the first quarter of 2016, we issued a subordinated note to former owners with an outstanding balance of $1.0 million as of December 31, 2017 that bears interest, payable quarterly, at a weighted average interest rate of 3.0%. The principal is due in equal installments in February 2018 and 2019.

Other Debt

As part of the Shoffner acquisition, we acquired debt with an outstanding balance at the acquisition date of $0.4 million with principal and interest due the last day of every month; ending on the December 30, 2019 maturity date. The interest rate is the one month LIBOR rate plus 2.25%. As of December 31, 2017,  $0.2 million of the note was outstanding, of which $0.1 million was considered current.

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Income Taxes

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

9. Income Taxes

Provision for Income Taxes

The provision for income taxes relating to continuing operations consists of the following (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2017		2016		2015
Current tax provision—
Federal	$	35,434	$	32,721	$	27,564
State and Puerto Rico		6,054		4,683		4,065
Total current		41,488		37,404		31,629
Deferred tax provision (benefit)—
Federal		5,391		(2,101)		(1,481)
State and Puerto Rico		(1,213)		862		1,076
Total deferred		4,178		(1,239)		(405)
Provision for income taxes	$	45,666	$	36,165	$	31,224

The provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2017,  2016 and 2015 resulted in effective tax rates on continuing operations of 45.2%,  35.8% and 35.2%, respectively. The reasons for the differences between these effective tax rates and the 35% federal statutory rate are as follows (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2017		2016		2015
Income taxes at the federal statutory rate of 35%	$	35,328	$	35,371	$	31,032
Increases (decreases) resulting from—
Net state income taxes		2,838		4,262		3,432
Valuation allowances		91		(1,254)		463
Net unrecognized tax benefits		153		20		(72)
Noncontrolling interests		—		—		(2,827)
Nondeductible expenses		1,134		825		751
Stock-based compensation deductions		(1,320)		(885)		—
Domestic production activities deduction		(2,112)		(2,026)		(1,701)
Corporate tax rate reduction to 21%		9,478		—		—
Other		76		(148)		146
Provision for income taxes	$	45,666	$	36,165	$	31,224

While we believe we were able to make reasonable estimates of the impact of the recently enacted Tax Cuts and Jobs Act in these financial statements, the amounts recorded are provisional and the final impact may differ from these estimates due to, among other things, changes in our interpretations and assumptions and additional guidance that may be issued by regulatory authorities.

Deferred Tax Assets (Liabilities)

Significant components of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities as reflected on the balance sheets are as follows (in thousands):

	Year Ended
	December 31,
	2017		2016
Deferred tax assets—
Accounts receivable and allowance for doubtful accounts	$	715	$	1,627
Stock-based compensation		2,297		3,036
Accrued liabilities and expenses		19,555		23,000
Net operating loss carryforwards		6,007		5,053
Goodwill		—		875
Intangible assets		2,272		—
Other		544		759
Subtotal		31,390		34,350
Valuation allowances		(3,500)		(3,184)
Total deferred tax assets		27,890		31,166
Deferred tax liabilities—
Property and equipment		(4,668)		(4,398)
Long-term contracts		(625)		(637)
Goodwill		(1,572)		—
Intangible assets		—		(737)
Other		(322)		(513)
Total deferred tax liabilities		(7,187)		(6,285)
Net deferred tax assets	$	20,703	$	24,881

The deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2017 were remeasured to account for the corporate tax rate reduction to 21%, resulting in an increase to the provision for income taxes of $9.5 million. The deferred tax assets and liabilities reflected above are included in the consolidated balance sheets as follows (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2017		2016
Deferred tax assets	$	22,966	$	27,170
Deferred tax liabilities	$	2,263	$	2,289

As of December 31, 2017, we had $6.0 million of future tax benefits related to $71.8 million of available state and Puerto Rican net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”), which begin to expire between 2018 and 2037. Valuation allowances of $3.5 million have been recorded against certain state NOLs and deferred tax assets and all of our Puerto Rican NOLs. We recorded an increase in valuation allowances of $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The $2.5 million deferred tax asset for state NOLs, net of related valuation allowances, reflects our conclusion that it is more-likely-than-not these assets will be realized based upon expected future earnings in certain subsidiaries.

We update this assessment of the realizability of deferred tax assets relating to state NOLs annually. A return to profitability in our entities with valuation allowances on their NOLs and other deferred tax assets would result in a reversal of a portion of the valuation allowance relating to realized deferred tax assets. A sustained period of profitability could cause a change in our judgment of the remaining deferred tax assets. If that were to occur, then it is likely that we would reverse some or all of the remaining valuation allowances.

Liabilities for Uncertain Tax Positions

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits, excluding accrued interest and penalties, is as follows (in thousands):

	Year Ended
	December 31,
	2017		2016		2015
Balance at beginning of year	$	240	$	240	$	343
Additions based on tax positions related to current year		8,689		—		—
Additions based on tax positions related to prior years		—		—		—
Reductions for tax positions related to prior years		—		—		(103)
Reductions for settlements with tax authorities		—		—		—
Balance at end of year	$	8,929	$	240	$	240

As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, we had $8.9 million and $0.2 million, respectively, of unrecognized tax benefits, most of which, if recognized in future periods, would not impact our effective tax rate. We also had accrued $0.7 million and $0.4 million for potential interest and penalties related to the unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. These liabilities are included in “Other Long‑Term Liabilities” in the consolidated balance sheets. We recognize potential interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in our provision for income taxes.

We expect to recognize a decrease in unrecognized tax benefits of up to $8.7 million within the next twelve months due to the filing of a federal income tax automatic accounting method change application. Approximately $3.0 million of the decrease is expected to impact our effective tax rate.  

We are subject to taxation in the United States and various state jurisdictions. In the fourth quarter of 2017, we received a ‘no change letter’ from the Internal Revenue Service upon completion of its examination of the 2015 tax year. We remain open to examination by various state tax authorities for the 2009 tax year forward.

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Employee Benefit Plans

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Employee Benefit Plans

Employee Benefit Plans

10. Employee Benefit Plans

We and certain of our subsidiaries sponsor various retirement plans for most full‑time and some part‑time employees. These plans primarily consist of defined contribution plans. The defined contribution plans generally provide for contributions up to 2.5% of covered employees’ salaries or wages. These contributions totaled $7.8 million in 2017,  $7.8 million in 2016 and $7.1 million in 2015. Of these amounts, approximately $0.5 million and $0.2 million were payable to the plans at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Certain of our subsidiaries also participate or have participated in various multi‑employer pension plans for the benefit of employees who are union members. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, we had 6 and 5, respectively, who were union members. There were no contributions made to multi‑employer pension plans in 2017,  2016 or 2015. The data available from administrators of other multi‑employer pension plans is not sufficient to determine the accumulated benefit obligations, nor the net assets attributable to the multi‑employer plans in which our employees participate or previously participated.

Certain individuals at one of our operating units are entitled to receive fixed annual payments that reach a maximum amount, as specified in the related agreements, for a 15 year period following retirement or, in some cases, the attainment of 65 years of age. We recognize the unfunded status of the plan as a non‑current liability in our Consolidated Balance Sheet. Benefits vest 50% after ten years of service, 75% after fifteen years of service and are fully vested after 20 years of service. We had an unfunded benefit liability of $4.0 million recorded as of December 31, 2017 and 2016.

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Commitments and Contingencies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments and Contingencies

11. Commitments and Contingencies

Leases

We lease certain facilities and equipment under noncancelable operating leases. Rent expense for the years ended December 31, 2017,  2016 and 2015 was $21.1 million, $20.6 million, and $20.6 million, respectively. We recognize escalating rental payments that are quantifiable at the inception of the lease on a straight‑line basis over the lease term. Concurrent with the acquisitions of certain companies, we entered into various agreements with previous owners to lease buildings used in our operations. The terms of these leases generally range from three to ten years and certain leases provide for escalations in the rental expenses each year, the majority of which are based on inflation. Included in the 2017,  2016 and 2015 rent expense above are approximately $4.8 million, $5.1 million and $5.4 million of rent paid to these related parties, respectively.

The following represents future minimum rental payments under noncancelable operating leases (in thousands):

Year ended December 31—
2018	$	13,963
2019		11,892
2020		9,838
2021		7,921
2022		6,266
Thereafter		21,726
	$	71,606

Claims and Lawsuits

We are subject to certain legal and regulatory claims, including lawsuits arising in the normal course of business. We maintain various insurance coverages to minimize financial risk associated with these claims. We have estimated and provided accruals for probable losses and related legal fees associated with certain litigation in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. While we cannot predict the outcome of these proceedings, in management’s opinion and based on reports of counsel, any liability arising from these matters individually and in the aggregate will not have a material effect on our operating results, cash flows or financial condition, after giving effect to provisions already recorded.

In the fourth quarter of 2017, we entered into settlement agreements with British Petroleum (“BP”) related to two claims from one of our subsidiaries regarding the April 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill. We recorded a $1.0 million gain in the fourth quarter of 2017 in “Other Income” as a result of these settlements. Additionally, in the fourth quarter of 2016, we entered into a separate settlement agreement with BP related to a claim from another one of our subsidiaries and recorded a $0.6 million gain in the fourth quarter of 2016 in “Other Income”. While we still have other subsidiaries with outstanding claims against BP related to this matter, we cannot predict when or if we will receive any further settlement compensation as a result of these outstanding claims.

Surety

Many customers, particularly in connection with new construction, require us to post performance and payment bonds issued by a financial institution known as a surety. If we fail to perform under the terms of a contract or to pay subcontractors and vendors who provided goods or services under a contract, the customer may demand that the surety make payments or provide services under the bond. We must reimburse the surety for any expenses or outlays it incurs. To date, we are not aware of any losses to our sureties in connection with bonds the sureties have posted on our behalf, and do not expect such losses to be incurred in the foreseeable future.

Surety market conditions are favorable and bonding capacity is adequate in the current market conditions along with acceptable terms and conditions. Historically, approximately 20% to 30% of our business has required bonds. While we currently have strong surety relationships to support our bonding needs, future market conditions or changes in the sureties’ assessment of our operating and financial risk could cause the sureties to decline to issue bonds for our work. If that were to occur, the alternatives include doing more business that does not require bonds, posting other forms of collateral for project performance such as letters of credit or cash, and seeking bonding capacity from other sureties. We would likely also encounter concerns from customers, suppliers and other market participants as to our creditworthiness. While we believe our general operating and financial characteristics would enable us to ultimately respond effectively to an interruption in the availability of bonding capacity, such an interruption would likely cause our revenue and profits to decline in the near term.

Self‑Insurance

We are substantially self‑insured for workers’ compensation, employer’s liability, auto liability, general liability and employee group health claims, in view of the relatively high per‑incident deductibles we absorb under our insurance arrangements for these risks. Losses are estimated and accrued based upon known facts, historical trends and industry averages. Estimated losses in excess of our deductible, which have not already been paid, are included in our accrual with a corresponding receivable from our insurance carrier. Loss estimates associated with the larger and longer‑developing risks, such as workers’ compensation, auto liability and general liability, are reviewed by a third‑party actuary quarterly.

Our self‑insurance arrangements as of December 31, 2017 were as follows:

Workers’ Compensation—The per‑incident deductible for workers’ compensation is $1.0 million. Losses above $1.0 million are determined by statutory rules on a state‑by‑state basis, and are fully covered by excess workers’ compensation insurance.

Employer’s Liability—For employer’s liability, the per-incident deductible is $1.0 million and then we have several layers of excess loss insurance policies that cover losses up to $100.0 million in aggregate across this risk area (as well as general liability and auto liability noted below).

General Liability—For general liability, the per-incident deductible is $1.0 million. We are fully insured for the next $1.0 million of each loss, and then have several layers of excess loss insurance policies that cover losses up to $100.0 million in aggregate across this risk area (as well as employer’s liability noted above and auto liability noted below).

Auto Liability—For auto liability, the per-incident deductible is $0.5 million. We are fully insured for the next $1.5 million of each loss, and then have several layers of excess loss insurance policies that cover losses up to $100.0 million in aggregate across this risk area (as well as employer’s liability and general liability noted above).

Employee Medical—We have three medical plans. The deductible for employee group health claims is $350,000 per person, per policy (calendar) year for each plan. Insurance then covers any responsibility for medical claims in excess of the deductible amount.

Our $100.0 million of aggregate excess loss coverage above applicable per‑incident deductibles represents one policy limit that applies to all lines of risk; we do not have a separate $100.0 million of excess loss coverage for each of general liability, employer’s liability and auto liability.

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Stockholders' Equity

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Stockholders' Equity

Stockholders' Equity

12. Stockholders’ Equity

2012 Equity Incentive Plan

In May 2012, our stockholders approved our 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2012 Plan”), which provides for the granting of incentive or non‑qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted or deferred stock, dividend equivalents or other incentive awards to directors, employees, or consultants. The number of shares authorized and reserved for issuance under the 2012 Plan is 5.1 million shares. As of December 31, 2017, there were 2.9 million shares available for issuance under this plan; however, following adoption of the 2017 Plan (described below), no additional shares will be issued under the 2012 Plan. The 2012 Plan will expire in May 2022.

2017 Omnibus Incentive Plan

In May 2017, our stockholders approved our 2017 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”), which provides for the granting of incentive or non‑qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted or deferred stock, dividend equivalents or other incentive awards to directors, employees, or consultants. The number of shares authorized and reserved for issuance under the 2017 Plan is 2.9 million shares. As of December 31, 2017, there were 2.9 million shares available for issuance under this plan. The 2017 Plan will expire in May 2027. Additionally, we have outstanding stock options, stock awards and stock units that were issued under other plans, and no further grants may be made under those plans.

Share Repurchase Program

On March 29, 2007, our Board of Directors (the “Board”) approved a stock repurchase program to acquire up to 1.0 million shares of our outstanding common stock. Subsequently, the Board has from time to time increased the number of shares that may be acquired under the program and approved extensions of the program. Since the inception of the repurchase program, the Board has approved 8.1 million shares to be repurchased. As of December 31, 2017, we have repurchased a cumulative total of 7.6 million shares at an average price of $13.75 per share under the repurchase program.

The share repurchases will be made from time to time at our discretion in the open market or privately negotiated transactions as permitted by securities laws and other legal requirements, and subject to market conditions and other factors. The Board may modify, suspend, extend or terminate the program at any time. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2017, we repurchased 0.3 million shares for approximately $9.0 million at an average price of $34.23 per share.

Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the year. Diluted EPS is computed considering the dilutive effect of stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units and performance stock units. The vesting of unvested contingently issuable performance stock units is based on the achievement of certain earnings per share targets and total shareholder return. These shares are considered contingently issuable shares for purposes of calculating diluted earnings per share. These shares are not included in the diluted earnings per share denominator until the performance criteria are met, if it is assumed that the end of the reporting period was the end of the contingency period.

Unvested restricted stock, restricted stock units and performance stock units are included in diluted earnings per share, weighted outstanding until the shares and units vest. Upon vesting, the vested restricted stock, restricted stock units and performance stock units are included in basic earnings per share weighted outstanding from the vesting date.

There were less than 0.1 million anti-dilutive stock options excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS for the year ended December 31, 2017. There were approximately 0.1 million anti-dilutive stock options excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS for the year ended December 31, 2016.  There were no anti-dilutive stock options for the year ended December 31, 2015.

The following table reconciles the number of shares outstanding with the number of shares used in computing basic and diluted earnings per share for each of the periods presented (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2017	2016	2015
Common shares outstanding, end of period	37,187	37,209	37,427
Effect of using weighted average common shares outstanding	52	126	15
Shares used in computing earnings per share—basic	37,239	37,335	37,442
Effect of shares issuable under stock option plans based on the treasury stock method	316	330	266
Effect of restricted and contingently issuable shares	117	146	160
Shares used in computing earnings per share—diluted	37,672	37,811	37,868

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Stock-Based Compensation

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation

13. Stock‑Based Compensation

Grants of stock options, restricted stock and restricted stock units, and performance share units have been, under the 2012 Plan, and will be, under the 2017 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”), determined and administered by the compensation committee of the Board of Directors. Total stock‑based compensation expense was $6.4 million, $5.0 million and $5.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2017,  2016 and 2015, respectively. Stock-based compensation expense is recognized using the straight‑line method over the vesting period and generally vests over a three‑year vesting period. Certain awards provide for accelerated vesting when the sum of an employee's age and years of service is at least 75. We recognize forfeitures as they occur. Total income tax benefit recognized for stock‑based compensation arrangements was $2.4 million, $1.9 million and $2.1 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2017,  2016 and 2015. Subsequent to our adoption of ASU 2016-09 in the second quarter of 2016, we elected to apply the presentation requirements for cash flows related to excess tax benefits prospectively. As such, we present, in the consolidated statements of cash flows, the benefits of tax deductions in excess of recognized compensation costs (“excess tax benefits”) as operating cash flows for the years ended 2017 and 2016 and as financing cash flows for the year ended 2015.

We generally issue treasury shares for stock options and restricted stock, unless treasury shares are not available.  Upon the vesting of restricted shares, we have allowed the holder to elect to surrender an amount of shares to meet their statutory tax withholding requirements. These shares are accounted for as treasury stock based upon the value of the stock on the date of vesting.

Stock Options

The following table summarizes activity under our stock option plans (shares in thousands):

	Year Ended
	December 31,
	2017
		Weighted-
		Average
Stock Options	Shares	Exercise Price
Outstanding at beginning of year	714	$	17.01
Granted	85	$	36.25
Exercised	(146)	$	14.08
Forfeited	(23)	$	23.55
Expired	—	$	—
Outstanding at end of year	630	$	20.03
Options exercisable at end of year	444

The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2017,  2016 and 2015 was $3.6 million, $1.9 million and $3.9 million, respectively. Stock options exercisable as of December 31, 2017 have a weighted‑average remaining contractual term of 5.3 years and an aggregate intrinsic value of $12.5 million. As of December 31, 2017, we have 0.6 million options that are vested or expected to vest; these options have a weighted average exercise price of $20.03 per share, have a weighted‑average remaining contractual term of 6.2 years and an aggregate intrinsic value of $14.9 million.

The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding at December 31, 2017 (shares in thousands):

	Options Outstanding				Options Exercisable
		Weighted-
		Average
	Number	Remaining	Weighted-		Number	Weighted-
	Outstanding at	Contractual	Average		Exercisable at	Average
Range of Exercise Prices	12/31/2017	Life	Exercise Price		12/31/2017	Exercise Price
$11.00 - $15.00	265	4.16	$	12.77	265	$	12.77
$15.01 - $20.00	189	6.73	$	17.93	149	$	17.47
$20.01 - $36.25	176	8.69	$	33.19	30	$	30.36
$11.00 - $36.25	630	6.20	$	20.03	444	$	15.55

The fair value of each option award is estimated, based on several assumptions, on the date of grant using the Black‑Scholes option valuation model. The fair values and the assumptions used for the 2017,  2016 and 2015 grants are shown in the table below:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2017		2016		2015
Weighted-average fair value per share of options granted	$	11.43	$	9.94	$	6.33
Fair value assumptions:
Expected dividend yield		0.89%		0.97%		1.51%
Expected stock price volatility		34.5%		37.9%		38.4%
Risk-free interest rate		2.11%		1.41%		1.50%
Expected term		5.3 years		5.3 years		5.6 years

Stock options are accounted for as equity instruments. As of December 31, 2017, the unrecognized compensation cost related to stock options was $0.4 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted‑average period of 1.4 years. The total fair value of options vested during the year ended December 31, 2017 was $0.8 million.

The following table summarizes information about nonvested stock option awards as of December 31, 2017 and changes for the year ended December 31, 2017 (shares in thousands):

		Weighted-Average
		Grant Date
Stock Options	Shares	Fair Value
Nonvested at December 31, 2016	241	$	7.83
Granted	85	$	11.43
Vested	(117)	$	7.23
Forfeited	(23)	$	7.88
Nonvested at December 31, 2017	186	$	9.85

Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units

The following table summarizes activity under our restricted stock plans (shares in thousands):

	Year Ended
	December 31,
	2017
		Weighted
		Average Grant
Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units	Shares	Date Fair Value
Unvested at beginning of year	126	$	23.41
Granted	71	$	35.69
Vested	(90)	$	25.44
Forfeited	(15)	$	26.34
Unvested at end of year	92	$	30.48

Approximately $0.8 million of compensation expense related to restricted stock and restricted stock units will be recognized over a weighted‑average period of 1.6 years. The total fair value of shares vested during the year ended December 31, 2017 was $2.3 million. The weighted‑average fair value per share of restricted stock shares and units awarded during 2017,  2016 and 2015 was $35.69,  $30.25 and $20.64, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value of restricted stock vested during the years ended December 31, 2017,  2016 and 2015 was $3.2 million, $3.6 million and $3.4 million, respectively.

Performance Stock Units

Under the 2012 Plan, we granted dollar‑denominated performance vesting restricted stock units (“PSUs”), which cliff vest at the end of a three‑year performance period. The PSUs are subject to two performance measures; 50% of the PSUs are based on the annual performance of our stock price relative to a group of our peers (total shareholder return) and 50% of the PSUs are measured based on meeting or exceeding a pre‑determined annual earnings per share target as set by our board of directors (EPS). Depending on the Company’s performance in relation to the established performance measures, the awards may vest at zero to a maximum of 2.0 times the dollar‑denominated award granted at target. Upon achievement of the necessary performance metrics, the award will be determined in dollars and may be settled in cash or stock based on the market price of the Company’s common stock at the end of the performance period, at our discretion.

Compensation expense for dollar‑denominated performance units will ultimately be equal to the final dollar value awarded to the grantee upon vesting, settled either in cash or stock. However, throughout the performance period we must record an accrued expense based on an estimate of that future payout. For units determined by EPS performance, the awards are evaluated quarterly against established targets in order to estimate the liability throughout the vesting period. For units determined by total shareholder return performance, a Monte Carlo simulation model was used to estimate accruals throughout the vesting period. The model simulates our total shareholder return and compares it against our peer group over the three‑year performance period to produce a predicted distribution of relative share performance. This is applied to the reward criteria to give an expected value of the total shareholder return element. The calculated fair market value as of December 31, 2017 was $4.9 million. Of this amount, $2.2 million relates to the PSUs granted in 2015 whose performance period ended December 31, 2017. These awards will be settled within the upcoming year either in cash or stock. The expense related to performance stock units for the years ended December 31, 2017,  2016 and 2015 was $2.6 million, $1.6 million and $2.6 million, respectively. At the December 31, 2017 calculated fair market value, approximately $0.7 million of compensation expense related to performance stock units will be recognized over a weighted‑average period of 1.2 years.

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Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)

Quarterly Financial Information [Text Block]

14. Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)

Quarterly financial information for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 is summarized as follows (in thousands, except per share data):

	2017
	Q1		Q2		Q3		Q4
Revenue	$	380,588	$	465,411	$	480,851	$	461,072
Gross profit		75,954		95,738		100,858		93,731
Net income including noncontrolling interests (1)		7,477		17,972		22,284		7,539
Net income attributable to Comfort Systems USA, Inc. (1)		7,477		17,972		22,284		7,539
INCOME PER SHARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMFORT SYSTEMS USA, INC.:
Basic	$	0.20	$	0.48	$	0.60	$	0.20
Diluted	$	0.20	$	0.48	$	0.59	$	0.20

	2016
	Q1		Q2		Q3		Q4
Revenue	$	385,942	$	427,538	$	428,760	$	392,100
Gross profit		73,502		89,426		92,816		88,265
Net income including noncontrolling interests		9,841		17,717		20,471		16,867
Net income attributable to Comfort Systems USA, Inc.		9,841		17,717		20,471		16,867
INCOME PER SHARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMFORT SYSTEMS USA, INC.:
Basic	$	0.26	$	0.47	$	0.55	$	0.45
Diluted	$	0.26	$	0.47	$	0.54	$	0.45

(1) In the fourth quarter of 2017, we recorded a $9.5 million increase to the provision for income taxes to remeasure our net deferred tax assets for the enacted corporate tax rate reduction.

The sums of the individual quarterly earnings per share amounts do not necessarily agree with year‑to‑date earnings per share as each quarter’s computation is based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the quarter, the weighted average stock price during the quarter and the dilutive effects of options and contingently issuable restricted stock in each quarter.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation

Principles of Consolidation

These financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The accompanying consolidated financial statements include our accounts and those of our subsidiaries in which we have a controlling interest. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Certain amounts in prior periods may have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. The effects of the reclassifications were not material to the consolidated financial statements.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires the use of estimates and assumptions by management in determining the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenue and expenses and disclosures regarding contingent assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The most significant estimates used in our financial statements affect revenue and cost recognition for construction contracts, the allowance for doubtful accounts, self‑insurance accruals, deferred tax assets, warranty accruals, fair value accounting for acquisitions and the quantification of fair value for reporting units in connection with our goodwill impairment testing. In 2015, two operating locations came to an agreement with customers on multiple jobs and received approved change orders, which resulted in the recognition of additional revenue with minimal additional costs resulting in a project gain of $3.4 million, on a pre-tax basis.

Cash Flow Information

Cash Flow Information

We consider all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.

Cash paid (in thousands) for:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2017		2016		2015
Interest	$	2,832	$	1,864	$	1,408
Income taxes	$	38,144	$	29,349	$	35,538

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606).” ASU 2014-09 provides a framework that replaces the existing revenue recognition guidance. The guidance can be applied on a full retrospective or modified retrospective basis whereby the entity records a cumulative effect of initially applying this update on the adoption date. We plan to use the modified retrospective basis on the adoption date. ASU 2014-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period. We believe the areas that may impact us the most include accounting for variable consideration, capitalization of incremental costs of obtaining a contract and the guidance on the number of performance obligations contained in a contract. We currently expect the adoption of ASU 2014-09 to have an impact of less than $0.5 million on our consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842)”. The standard requires lessees to recognize assets and liabilities for most leases. ASU 2016-02 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. ASU 2016-02’s transition provisions are applied using a modified retrospective approach at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements. Full retrospective application is prohibited. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of this authoritative guidance on our consolidated financial statements.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments”. This standard provides guidance on how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows and is intended to reduce diversity in practice with respect to these items.  The standard is applied using a retrospective transition method and is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. We currently do not believe the adoption will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, “Intangibles – Goodwill and other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Accounting for Goodwill Impairment”. This standard removes Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test, which required a hypothetical purchase price allocation.  A goodwill impairment will now be the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill.  Additionally, entities will be required to disclose the amount of goodwill at reporting units with zero or negative carrying amounts.  The standard is applied prospectively and is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including annual or interim goodwill impairment tests within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for interim and annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. We early adopted ASU 2017-04 in the first quarter of 2017, which did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition

Approximately 81% of our revenue was earned on a project basis and recognized through the percentage of completion method of accounting. Under this method, contract revenue recognizable at any time during the life of a contract is determined by multiplying expected total contract revenue by the percentage of contract costs incurred at any time to total estimated contract costs. More specifically, as part of the negotiation and bidding process in connection with obtaining installation contracts, we estimate our contract costs, which include all direct materials (exclusive of rebates), labor and subcontract costs and indirect costs related to contract performance, such as indirect labor, supplies, tools, repairs and depreciation costs. These contract costs are included in our results of operations under the caption “Cost of Services.” Then, as we perform under those contracts, we measure costs incurred, compare them to total estimated costs to complete the contract and recognize a corresponding proportion of contract revenue. Labor costs are considered to be incurred as the work is performed. Subcontractor labor is recognized as the work is performed, but is generally subjected to approval as to milestones or other evidence of completion. Non‑labor project costs consist of purchased equipment, prefabricated materials and other materials. Purchased equipment on our projects is substantially produced to job specifications and is a value added element to our work. The costs are considered to be incurred when title is transferred to us, which typically is upon delivery to the work site. Prefabricated materials, such as ductwork and piping, are generally performed at our shops and recognized as contract costs when fabricated for the unique specifications of the job. Other material costs are not significant and are generally recorded when delivered to the work site. This measurement and comparison process requires updates to the estimate of total costs to complete the contract, and these updates may include subjective assessments.

We generally do not incur significant costs prior to receiving a contract, and therefore, these costs are expensed as incurred. In limited circumstances, when significant pre‑contract costs are incurred, they are deferred if the costs can be directly associated with a specific contract and if their recoverability from the contract is probable. Upon receiving the contract, these costs are included in contract costs. Deferred costs associated with unsuccessful contract bids are written off in the period that we are informed that we will not be awarded the contract.

Project contracts typically provide for a schedule of billings or invoices to the customer based on reaching agreed upon milestones or as we incur costs. The schedules for such billings usually do not precisely match the schedule on which costs are incurred. As a result, contract revenue recognized in the statement of operations can and usually does differ from amounts that can be billed or invoiced to the customer at any point during the contract. Amounts by which cumulative contract revenue recognized on a contract as of a given date exceed cumulative billings to the customer under the contract are reflected as a current asset in our balance sheet under the caption “Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings.” Amounts by which cumulative billings to the customer under a contract as of a given date exceed cumulative contract revenue recognized on the contract are reflected as a current liability in our balance sheet under the caption “Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings.”

Contracts in progress are as follows (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2017		2016
Costs incurred on contracts in progress	$	1,288,330	$	1,116,182
Estimated earnings, net of losses		253,641		207,252
Less—Billings to date		(1,617,860)		(1,378,050)
	$	(75,889)	$	(54,616)
Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings	$	30,116	$	29,369
Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings		(106,005)		(83,985)
	$	(75,889)	$	(54,616)

Accounts receivable include amounts billed to customers under retention or retainage provisions in construction contracts. Such provisions are standard in our industry and usually allow for a small portion of progress billings or the contract price to be withheld by the customer until after we have completed work on the project, typically for a period of six months. Based on our experience with similar contracts in recent years, the majority of our billings for such retention balances at each balance sheet date are finalized and collected within the subsequent year. Retention balances at December 31, 2017 and 2016 were $68.7 million and $60.7 million, respectively, and are included in accounts receivable.

Accounts payable at December 31, 2017 and 2016 included $11.9 million and $10.1 million of retainage under terms of contracts with subcontractors, respectively. The majority of the retention balances at each balance sheet date are finalized and paid within the subsequent year.

The percentage of completion method of accounting is also affected by changes in job performance, job conditions and final contract settlements. These factors may result in revisions to estimated costs and, therefore, revenue. Such revisions are frequently based on further estimates and subjective assessments. The effects of these revisions are recognized in the period in which the revisions are determined. When such revisions lead to a conclusion that a loss will be recognized on a contract, the full amount of the estimated ultimate loss is recognized in the period such a conclusion is reached, regardless of the percentage of completion of the contract.

Revisions to project costs and conditions can give rise to change orders under which the customer agrees to pay additional contract price. Revisions can also result in claims we might make against the customer to recover project variances that have not been satisfactorily addressed through change orders with the customer. Except in certain circumstances, we do not recognize revenue or margin based on change orders or claims until they have been agreed upon with the customer. The amount of revenue associated with unapproved change orders and claims was immaterial for the year ended December 31, 2017.

Variations from estimated project costs could have a significant impact on our operating results, depending on project size, and the recoverability of the variation via additional customer payments.

Revenue associated with maintenance, repair and monitoring services and related contracts are recognized as services are performed. Amounts associated with unbilled service work orders are reflected as a current asset in our balance sheet under the caption “Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings” and amounts billed in advance of work orders being performed are reflected as a current liability in our balance sheet under the caption “Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings.”

Accounts Receivable

Accounts Receivable

The carrying value of our receivables, net of the allowance for doubtful accounts, represents the estimated net realizable value. We estimate our allowance for doubtful accounts based upon the creditworthiness of our customers, prior collection history, ongoing relationships with our customers, the aging of past due balances, our lien rights, if any, in the property where we performed the work and the availability, if any, of payment bonds applicable to the contract. The receivables are written off when they are deemed to be uncollectible.

Inventories

Inventories

Inventories consist of parts and supplies that we purchase and hold for use in the ordinary course of business and are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value using the average-cost method.

Property and Equipment

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost, and depreciation is computed using the straight‑line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements are capitalized and amortized over the lesser of the expected life of the lease or the estimated useful life of the asset.

Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are charged to expense when incurred. Expenditures for major renewals and betterments, which extend the useful lives of existing equipment, are capitalized and depreciated over the remaining useful life of the equipment. Upon retirement or disposition of property and equipment, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is recognized in “Gain on sale of assets” in the statement of operations.

Recoverability of Goodwill and Identifiable Intangible Assets

Recoverability of Goodwill and Identifiable Intangible Assets

Goodwill is the excess of purchase price over the fair value of the net assets of acquired businesses. We assess goodwill for impairment each year, and more frequently if circumstances suggest an impairment may have occurred.

When the carrying value of a given reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recorded to the extent that the implied fair value of the goodwill of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value. If other reporting units have had increases in fair value, such increases may not be recorded. Accordingly, such increases may not be netted against impairments at other reporting units. The requirements for assessing whether goodwill has been impaired involve market‑based information. This information, and its use in assessing goodwill, entails some degree of subjective assessment.

We perform our annual impairment testing as of October 1 and any impairment charges resulting from this process are reported in the fourth quarter. We segregate our operations into reporting units based on the degree of operating and financial independence of each unit and our related management of them. We perform our annual goodwill impairment testing at the reporting unit level. Each of our operating units represents an operating segment, and our operating segments are our reporting units.

In the evaluation of goodwill for impairment, we have the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances lead to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value of one of our reporting units is greater than its carrying value. If, after completing such assessment, we determine it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount, then there is no need to perform any further testing. If we conclude otherwise, then we perform the first step of a two‑step impairment test by calculating the fair value of the reporting unit and comparing the fair value with the carrying value of the reporting unit.

We estimate the fair value of the reporting unit based on a market approach and an income approach, which utilizes discounted future cash flows. Assumptions critical to the fair value estimates under the discounted cash flow model include discount rates, cash flow projections, projected long‑term growth rates and the determination of terminal values. The market approach utilizes market multiples of invested capital from comparable publicly traded companies (“public company approach”). The market multiples from invested capital include revenue, book equity plus debt and earnings before interest, provision for income taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”).

We amortize identifiable intangible assets with finite lives over their useful lives. Changes in strategy and/or market condition may result in adjustments to recorded intangible asset balances.

Long-Lived Assets

Long‑Lived Assets

Long‑lived assets are comprised principally of goodwill, identifiable intangible assets, property and equipment, and deferred tax assets. We periodically evaluate whether events and circumstances have occurred that indicate that the remaining balances of these assets may not be recoverable. We use estimates of future income from operations and cash flows, as well as other economic and business factors, to assess the recoverability of these assets.

Acquisitions

Acquisitions

We recognize assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations, including contingent assets and liabilities, based on fair value estimates as of the date of acquisition.

Contingent Consideration—In certain acquisitions, we agree to pay additional amounts to sellers contingent upon achievement by the acquired businesses of certain predetermined profitability targets. We have recognized liabilities for these contingent obligations based on their estimated fair value at the date of acquisition with any differences between the acquisition date fair value and the ultimate settlement of the obligations being recognized in income from operations.

Contingent Assets and Liabilities—Assets and liabilities arising from contingencies are recognized at their acquisition date fair value when their respective fair values can be determined. If the fair values of such contingencies cannot be determined, they are recognized at the acquisition date if the contingencies are probable and an amount can be reasonably estimated. Acquisition date fair value estimates are revised as necessary if, and when, additional information regarding these contingencies becomes available to further define and quantify assets acquired and liabilities assumed.

Self-Insurance Liabilities

Self‑Insurance Liabilities

We are substantially self‑insured for workers’ compensation, employer’s liability, auto liability, general liability and employee group health claims, in view of the relatively high per‑incident deductibles we absorb under our insurance arrangements for these risks. Losses are estimated and accrued based upon known facts, historical trends and industry averages. Estimated losses in excess of our deductible, which have not already been paid, are included in our accrual with a corresponding receivable from our insurance carrier. Loss estimates associated with the larger and longer‑developing risks—workers’ compensation, auto liability and general liability—are reviewed by a third‑party actuary quarterly. Our self‑insurance arrangements are further discussed in Note 11 “Commitments and Contingencies.”

Warranty Costs

Warranty Costs

We typically warrant labor for the first year after installation on new HVAC systems. We generally warrant labor for thirty days after servicing of existing HVAC systems. A reserve for warranty costs is estimated and recorded based upon the historical level of warranty claims and management’s estimate of future costs.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

We are subject to income tax in the United States and Puerto Rico and file a consolidated return for federal income tax purposes. Income taxes are provided for under the liability method, which takes into account differences between financial statement treatment and tax treatment of certain transactions.

Deferred taxes are based on the difference between the financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities. The deferred tax provision represents the change during the reporting period in the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities, net of the effect of acquisitions and dispositions. Deferred tax assets include tax loss and credit carryforwards and are reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on available evidence, it is more-likely-than-not some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

We regularly evaluate valuation allowances established for deferred tax assets for which future realization is uncertain. We perform this evaluation quarterly. In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, we must consider whether it is more-likely-than-not some portion, or all, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. We consider all available evidence, both positive and negative, in determining whether a valuation allowance is required. Such evidence includes the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, taxable income in prior carryback years and tax planning strategies in making this assessment, and judgment is required in considering the relative weight of negative and positive evidence.

Significant judgment is required in assessing the timing and amounts of deductible and taxable items. We establish reserves when, despite our belief that our tax return positions are supportable, we believe that certain positions may be disallowed. When facts and circumstances change, we adjust these reserves through our provision for income taxes.

To the extent interest and penalties may be assessed by taxing authorities on any underpayment of income tax, such amounts have been accrued and are classified as a component in provision for income taxes in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Segment Disclosure

Segment Disclosure

Our activities are within the mechanical services industry, which is the single industry segment we serve. Each operating unit represents an operating segment and these segments have been aggregated, as the operating units meet all of the aggregation criteria.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

Concentrations of Credit Risk

We provide services in a broad range of geographic regions. Our credit risk primarily consists of receivables from a variety of customers including general contractors, property owners and developers and commercial and industrial companies. We are subject to potential credit risk related to changes in business and economic factors throughout the United States within the nonresidential construction industry. However, we are entitled to payment for work performed and have certain lien rights in that work. Further, we believe that our contract acceptance, billing and collection policies are adequate to manage potential credit risk. We regularly review our accounts receivable and estimate an allowance for uncollectible amounts. We have a diverse customer base, with no single customer accounting for more than 2% of consolidated 2017 revenue.

Financial Instruments

Financial Instruments

Our financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, other receivables, accounts payable, life insurance policies, notes to former owners, capital leases, and a revolving credit facility. We believe that the carrying values of these instruments on the accompanying balance sheets approximate their fair values.

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Business and Organization (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Business and Organization

Schedule of service activities

	Revenue
Service Activity	$ in thousands		%
HVAC and Plumbing	$	1,615,468	90	%
Building Automation Control Systems		94,041	5	%
Other		78,413	5	%
Total	$	1,787,922	100	%

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Schedule of cash paid

Cash paid (in thousands) for:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2017		2016		2015
Interest	$	2,832	$	1,864	$	1,408
Income taxes	$	38,144	$	29,349	$	35,538

Schedule of contracts in progress

Contracts in progress are as follows (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2017		2016
Costs incurred on contracts in progress	$	1,288,330	$	1,116,182
Estimated earnings, net of losses		253,641		207,252
Less—Billings to date		(1,617,860)		(1,378,050)
	$	(75,889)	$	(54,616)
Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings	$	30,116	$	29,369
Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings		(106,005)		(83,985)
	$	(75,889)	$	(54,616)

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Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Fair Value Measurements

Summary of fair values and levels within the fair value hierarchy in which the fair value measurements fall for assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis

The following table summarizes the fair values, and levels within the fair value hierarchy in which the fair value measurements fall, for assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands):

	Balance		Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date
	December 31,
	2017		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Cash and cash equivalents	$	36,542	$	36,542	$	—	$	—
Life insurance—cash surrender value	$	3,128	$	—	$	3,128	$	—
Contingent earn-out obligations	$	7,993	$	—	$	—	$	7,993

	December 31,
	2016		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Cash and cash equivalents	$	32,074	$	32,074	$	—	$	—
Life insurance—cash surrender value	$	3,697	$	—	$	3,697	$	—
Contingent earn-out obligations	$	2,531	$	—	$	—	$	2,531

Schedule of reconciliation of the fair value of contingent earn-out obligations that use significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)

The table below presents a reconciliation of the fair value of our contingent earn‑out obligations that use significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) (in thousands).

	December 31,
	2017		2016
Balance at beginning of year	$	2,531	$	450
Issuances		11,755		3,240
Settlements		(2,578)		(428)
Adjustments to fair value		(3,715)		(731)
Balance at end of year	$	7,993	$	2,531

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Acquisitions (Tables) - BCH

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed

The following summarizes the acquisition date fair value of consideration transferred and identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including an amount for goodwill (in thousands):

Cash and cash equivalents	$	9,613
Receivables		28,263
Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings		1,690
Other current assets		708
Property and equipment		3,927
Goodwill		50,512
Identifiable intangible assets		46,500
Accounts payable and other current liabilities		(11,763)
Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings		(8,039)
Other non-current liabilities		(104)
Total purchase price	$	121,307

Schedule of acquired finite-lived intangible assets by major class

The acquired assets include the following (in thousands):

	Valuation	Estimated	Estimated
	Method	Amortization Life	Value
Customer relationships	Excess Earnings	10 years	$	36,500
Backlog	Excess Earnings	1 year		6,300
Tradenames	Relief-from-royalty	25 years		3,700
Total acquired intangible assets			$	46,500

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Goodwill and Identifiable Intangible Assets, Net (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Goodwill and Identifiable Intangible Assets, Net

Schedule of changes in the carrying amount of goodwill

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill are as follows (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2017		2016
Balance at beginning of year	$	149,208	$	143,874
Additions (See Note 4)		52,481		5,334
Impairment adjustment		(1,105)		—
Balance at end of year	$	200,584	$	149,208

Schedule of components of identifiable intangible assets

Identifiable intangible assets consist of the following (dollars in thousands):

	Estimated	2017				2016
	Useful Lives	Gross Book		Accumulated		Gross Book		Accumulated
	in Years	Value		Amortization		Value		Amortization
Customer relationships	1 - 15	$	98,244	$	(47,057)	$	57,230	$	(36,758)
Backlog	1 - 2		6,300		(5,478)		3,600		(3,433)
Noncompete agreements	2 - 7		—		—		2,890		(2,890)
Tradenames	2 - 25		35,340		(11,305)		31,640		(9,844)
Total		$	139,884	$	(63,840)	$	95,360	$	(52,925)

Schedule of future amortization expense of identifiable intangible assets

At December 31, 2017, future amortization expense of identifiable intangible assets is as follows (in thousands):

Year ended December 31—
2018	$	13,786
2019		11,320
2020		9,252
2021		7,651
2022		6,041
Thereafter		27,994
Total	$	76,044

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Property and Equipment (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Property and Equipment

Schedule of components of property and equipment

Property and equipment consist of the following (dollars in thousands):

	Estimated
	Useful Lives	December 31,
	in Years	2017		2016
Land	—	$	2,745	$	2,745
Transportation equipment	1 - 7		87,120		74,137
Machinery and equipment	1 - 20		30,064		27,843
Computer and telephone equipment	1 - 10		20,463		20,791
Buildings and leasehold improvements	1 - 40		38,422		35,166
Furniture and fixtures	1 - 17		4,473		4,224
Construction in progress	—		12,614		425
			195,901		165,331
Less—Accumulated depreciation			(108,310)		(97,136)
Property and equipment, net		$	87,591	$	68,195

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Detail of Certain Balance Sheet Accounts (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Detail of Certain Balance Sheet Accounts

Schedule of activity in allowance for doubtful accounts

Activity in our allowance for doubtful accounts consists of the following (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2017		2016		2015
Balance at beginning of year	$	4,288	$	5,158	$	4,379
Bad debt expense (benefit)		182		(27)		1,552
Deductions for uncollectible receivables written off, net of recoveries		(1,829)		(876)		(798)
Allowance for doubtful accounts of acquired companies at date of acquisition		759		33		25
Balance at end of year	$	3,400	$	4,288	$	5,158

Schedule of other current liabilities

Other current liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2017		2016
Accrued warranty costs	$	6,149	$	6,702
Accrued job losses		598		1,269
Accrued sales and use tax		2,308		1,973
Deferred revenue		3,895		5,257
Liabilities due to former owners		2,981		4,196
Other current liabilities		17,723		14,864
	$	33,654	$	34,261

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Long Term Debt Obligations (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Debt Obligations

Schedule of components of debt obligations

Long‑term debt obligations consist of the following (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2017		2016
Revolving credit facility	$	45,000	$	—
Notes to former owners		15,325		2,250
Other debt		214		305
Capital lease obligations		—		256
Total debt		60,539		2,811
Less—current portion		(613)		(763)
Total long-term portion of debt	$	59,926	$	2,048

Schedule of future principal payments of long-term debt

At December 31, 2017, future principal payments of debt are as follows (in thousands):

Year ended December 31—
2018	$	613
2019		626
2020		7,150
2021		52,150
	$	60,539

Schedule of interest expense

Interest expense included the following primary elements (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2017		2016		2015
Interest expense on notes to former owners	$	365	$	70	$	25
Interest expense on borrowings and unused commitment fees		1,862		1,251		692
Letter of credit fees		553		657		719
Amortization of debt financing costs		376		367		317
Total	$	3,156	$	2,345	$	1,753

Schedule of reconciliation of Credit Facility Adjusted EBITDA to net income

The following is a reconciliation of Credit Facility Adjusted EBITDA to net income for 2017 (in thousands):

Net income including noncontrolling interests	$	55,272
Provision for income taxes		45,666
Interest expense, net		3,086
Depreciation and amortization expense		37,456
Stock-based compensation		6,377
Goodwill impairment		1,105
Pre-acquisition results of acquired companies, as defined under the Facility		4,597
Credit Facility Adjusted EBITDA	$	153,559

Schedule of market rates relating to interest options under the Facility

the following are the respective market rates as of December 31, 2017 relating to interest options under the Facility:

Base Rate Loan Option:
Federal Funds Rate plus 0.50%	1.87%
Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. Prime Rate	4.50%
One-month LIBOR plus 1.00%	2.56%
Eurodollar Rate Loan Option:
One-month LIBOR	1.56%
Six-month LIBOR	1.84%

Summary of additional margins

	Consolidated Total Indebtedness to
	Credit Facility Adjusted EBITDA
	Less than 0.75		0.75 to 1.50		1.50 to 2.25		2.25 or greater
Additional Per Annum Interest Margin Added Under:
Base Rate Loan Option	0.25	%	0.50	%	0.75	%	1.00	%
Eurodollar Rate Loan Option	1.25	%	1.50	%	1.75	%	2.00	%
Letter of credit fees	1.25	%	1.50	%	1.75	%	2.00	%
Commitment fees on any portion of the Revolving Loan capacity not in use for borrowings or letters of credit at any given time	0.20	%	0.25	%	0.30	%	0.35	%

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Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Income Taxes

Schedule of provision for income taxes relating to continuing operations

The provision for income taxes relating to continuing operations consists of the following (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2017		2016		2015
Current tax provision—
Federal	$	35,434	$	32,721	$	27,564
State and Puerto Rico		6,054		4,683		4,065
Total current		41,488		37,404		31,629
Deferred tax provision (benefit)—
Federal		5,391		(2,101)		(1,481)
State and Puerto Rico		(1,213)		862		1,076
Total deferred		4,178		(1,239)		(405)
Provision for income taxes	$	45,666	$	36,165	$	31,224

Schedule of difference in income taxes provided for and the amounts determined by applying the federal statutory tax rate to income before income taxes results

The provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2017,  2016 and 2015 resulted in effective tax rates on continuing operations of 45.2%,  35.8% and 35.2%, respectively. The reasons for the differences between these effective tax rates and the 35% federal statutory rate are as follows (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2017		2016		2015
Income taxes at the federal statutory rate of 35%	$	35,328	$	35,371	$	31,032
Increases (decreases) resulting from—
Net state income taxes		2,838		4,262		3,432
Valuation allowances		91		(1,254)		463
Net unrecognized tax benefits		153		20		(72)
Noncontrolling interests		—		—		(2,827)
Nondeductible expenses		1,134		825		751
Stock-based compensation deductions		(1,320)		(885)		—
Domestic production activities deduction		(2,112)		(2,026)		(1,701)
Corporate tax rate reduction to 21%		9,478		—		—
Other		76		(148)		146
Provision for income taxes	$	45,666	$	36,165	$	31,224

Schedule of significant components of the net deferred tax assets and net deferred tax liabilities as reflected on the balance sheet

Significant components of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities as reflected on the balance sheets are as follows (in thousands):

	Year Ended
	December 31,
	2017		2016
Deferred tax assets—
Accounts receivable and allowance for doubtful accounts	$	715	$	1,627
Stock-based compensation		2,297		3,036
Accrued liabilities and expenses		19,555		23,000
Net operating loss carryforwards		6,007		5,053
Goodwill		—		875
Intangible assets		2,272		—
Other		544		759
Subtotal		31,390		34,350
Valuation allowances		(3,500)		(3,184)
Total deferred tax assets		27,890		31,166
Deferred tax liabilities—
Property and equipment		(4,668)		(4,398)
Long-term contracts		(625)		(637)
Goodwill		(1,572)		—
Intangible assets		—		(737)
Other		(322)		(513)
Total deferred tax liabilities		(7,187)		(6,285)
Net deferred tax assets	$	20,703	$	24,881

Schedule of deferred income tax assets and liabilities included in the consolidated balance sheets

The deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2017 were remeasured to account for the corporate tax rate reduction to 21%, resulting in an increase to the provision for income taxes of $9.5 million. The deferred tax assets and liabilities reflected above are included in the consolidated balance sheets as follows (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2017		2016
Deferred tax assets	$	22,966	$	27,170
Deferred tax liabilities	$	2,263	$	2,289

Schedule of reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits, excluding accrued interest and penalties

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits, excluding accrued interest and penalties, is as follows (in thousands):

	Year Ended
	December 31,
	2017		2016		2015
Balance at beginning of year	$	240	$	240	$	343
Additions based on tax positions related to current year		8,689		—		—
Additions based on tax positions related to prior years		—		—		—
Reductions for tax positions related to prior years		—		—		(103)
Reductions for settlements with tax authorities		—		—		—
Balance at end of year	$	8,929	$	240	$	240

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Commitments and Contingencies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Commitments and Contingencies

Schedule of future minimum rental payments under noncancelable operating leases

The following represents future minimum rental payments under noncancelable operating leases (in thousands):

Year ended December 31—
2018	$	13,963
2019		11,892
2020		9,838
2021		7,921
2022		6,266
Thereafter		21,726
	$	71,606

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Stockholders' Equity (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Stockholders' Equity

Reconciliation of number of shares outstanding with the number of shares used in computing basic and diluted earnings per share

The following table reconciles the number of shares outstanding with the number of shares used in computing basic and diluted earnings per share for each of the periods presented (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2017	2016	2015
Common shares outstanding, end of period	37,187	37,209	37,427
Effect of using weighted average common shares outstanding	52	126	15
Shares used in computing earnings per share—basic	37,239	37,335	37,442
Effect of shares issuable under stock option plans based on the treasury stock method	316	330	266
Effect of restricted and contingently issuable shares	117	146	160
Shares used in computing earnings per share—diluted	37,672	37,811	37,868

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Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Stock-Based Compensation

Summary of activity under the entity's stock option plans

The following table summarizes activity under our stock option plans (shares in thousands):

	Year Ended
	December 31,
	2017
		Weighted-
		Average
Stock Options	Shares	Exercise Price
Outstanding at beginning of year	714	$	17.01
Granted	85	$	36.25
Exercised	(146)	$	14.08
Forfeited	(23)	$	23.55
Expired	—	$	—
Outstanding at end of year	630	$	20.03
Options exercisable at end of year	444

Summary information about stock options outstanding

The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding at December 31, 2017 (shares in thousands):

	Options Outstanding				Options Exercisable
		Weighted-
		Average
	Number	Remaining	Weighted-		Number	Weighted-
	Outstanding at	Contractual	Average		Exercisable at	Average
Range of Exercise Prices	12/31/2017	Life	Exercise Price		12/31/2017	Exercise Price
$11.00 - $15.00	265	4.16	$	12.77	265	$	12.77
$15.01 - $20.00	189	6.73	$	17.93	149	$	17.47
$20.01 - $36.25	176	8.69	$	33.19	30	$	30.36
$11.00 - $36.25	630	6.20	$	20.03	444	$	15.55

Schedule of fair values and the assumptions used for the grants

	Year Ended December 31,
	2017		2016		2015
Weighted-average fair value per share of options granted	$	11.43	$	9.94	$	6.33
Fair value assumptions:
Expected dividend yield		0.89%		0.97%		1.51%
Expected stock price volatility		34.5%		37.9%		38.4%
Risk-free interest rate		2.11%		1.41%		1.50%
Expected term		5.3 years		5.3 years		5.6 years

Summary of information about nonvested stock option awards and changes

The following table summarizes information about nonvested stock option awards as of December 31, 2017 and changes for the year ended December 31, 2017 (shares in thousands):

		Weighted-Average
		Grant Date
Stock Options	Shares	Fair Value
Nonvested at December 31, 2016	241	$	7.83
Granted	85	$	11.43
Vested	(117)	$	7.23
Forfeited	(23)	$	7.88
Nonvested at December 31, 2017	186	$	9.85

Summary of activity under the entity's restricted stock plans

The following table summarizes activity under our restricted stock plans (shares in thousands):

	Year Ended
	December 31,
	2017
		Weighted
		Average Grant
Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units	Shares	Date Fair Value
Unvested at beginning of year	126	$	23.41
Granted	71	$	35.69
Vested	(90)	$	25.44
Forfeited	(15)	$	26.34
Unvested at end of year	92	$	30.48

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Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited) (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)

Schedule of quarterly financial information

Quarterly financial information for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 is summarized as follows (in thousands, except per share data):

	2017
	Q1		Q2		Q3		Q4
Revenue	$	380,588	$	465,411	$	480,851	$	461,072
Gross profit		75,954		95,738		100,858		93,731
Net income including noncontrolling interests (1)		7,477		17,972		22,284		7,539
Net income attributable to Comfort Systems USA, Inc. (1)		7,477		17,972		22,284		7,539
INCOME PER SHARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMFORT SYSTEMS USA, INC.:
Basic	$	0.20	$	0.48	$	0.60	$	0.20
Diluted	$	0.20	$	0.48	$	0.59	$	0.20

	2016
	Q1		Q2		Q3		Q4
Revenue	$	385,942	$	427,538	$	428,760	$	392,100
Gross profit		73,502		89,426		92,816		88,265
Net income including noncontrolling interests		9,841		17,717		20,471		16,867
Net income attributable to Comfort Systems USA, Inc.		9,841		17,717		20,471		16,867
INCOME PER SHARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMFORT SYSTEMS USA, INC.:
Basic	$	0.26	$	0.47	$	0.55	$	0.45
Diluted	$	0.26	$	0.47	$	0.54	$	0.45

In the fourth quarter of 2017, we recorded a $9.5 million increase to the provision for income taxes to remeasure our net deferred tax assets for the enacted corporate tax rate reduction.

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Business and Organization (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017	Sep. 30, 2017	Jun. 30, 2017	Mar. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Sep. 30, 2016	Jun. 30, 2016	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Business and Organization
Revenue	$ 461,072	$ 480,851	$ 465,411	$ 380,588	$ 392,100	$ 428,760	$ 427,538	$ 385,942	$ 1,787,922	$ 1,634,340	$ 1,580,519
Percentage of revenue attributable to services									100.00%
Installation of systems in newly constructed facilities
Business and Organization
Percentage of revenue attributable to services									38.00%
Maintenance, repair and replacement services
Business and Organization
Percentage of revenue attributable to services									62.00%
HVAC
Business and Organization
Revenue									$ 1,615,468
Percentage of revenue attributable to services									90.00%
Building Automation Control Systems
Business and Organization
Revenue									$ 94,041
Percentage of revenue attributable to services									5.00%
Other
Business and Organization
Revenue									$ 78,413
Percentage of revenue attributable to services									5.00%

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2015 USD ($) location
Use of Estimates
Number or operating locations | location			2
Gain Loss From Project			$ 3,400
Cash paid for:
Interest	$ 2,832	$ 1,864	1,408
Income taxes paid	$ 38,144	29,349	35,538
Revenue Recognition
Percentage of revenue earned on a project basis	81.00%
Contracts in progress
Costs incurred on contracts in progress	$ 1,288,330	1,116,182
Estimated earnings, net of losses	253,641	207,252
Less-Billings to date	(1,617,860)	(1,378,050)
Contracts in progress	(75,889)	(54,616)
Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings	30,116	29,369
Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings	$ 106,005	83,985
Period during which progress billings or contract price can be withheld until completion of work	6 months
Retention receivable	$ 68,700	60,700
Retention payable	$ 11,900	10,100
Warranty Costs
Labor warranty period after servicing of existing HVAC system	30 days
Income Taxes
Federal statutory income taxes rate (as a percent)	35.00%
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Material impact on consolidated financial statements due to adoption of ASU 2014-09	$ 168,269	123,984
Deferred tax liabilities	2,263	2,289
Effect of share-based compensation of excess tax benefit in provision for income taxes	2,400	1,900	2,100
Impact on retained earnings for minimum statutory withholding tax requirement due to amendments	1,419	$ 1,304	937
Excess tax benefit of stock-based compensation			$ 1,240
Accounting Standards Update 2014-09 | Difference between Revenue Guidance in Effect before and after Topic 606
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Material impact on consolidated financial statements due to	$ 500

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Risk (Details) - Revenue - Customer concentration	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017 item
Concentrations of Credit Risk
Number of single customers accounting for more than threshold concentration risk percentage	0
Minimum
Concentrations of Credit Risk
Single customer, percentage of revenue	2.00%

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Fair Value Measurements (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($) item	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2015 USD ($)
Fair Value Measurements
Number of employees covered under life insurance policies | item		42
Combined face value of life insurance policies		$ 31,300
Cash surrender value		3,100	$ 3,700
Reconciliation of the fair value of contingent earn-out obligations that use significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)
Goodwill, Impairment Loss	$ 1,100	1,105
Contingent earn-out obligations
Reconciliation of the fair value of contingent earn-out obligations that use significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)
Balance at beginning of year	$ 2,531	2,531	450
Issuances		11,755	3,240
Settlements		(2,578)	(428)
Adjustments to fair value		3,715	731
Balance at end of period		7,993	2,531	$ 450
Recurring basis | Total
Fair Value Measurements
Cash and cash equivalents		36,542	32,074
Life insurance - cash surrender value		3,128	3,697
Contingent earn-out obligations		7,993	2,531
Recurring basis | Quoted Market Prices In Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)
Fair Value Measurements
Cash and cash equivalents		36,542	32,074
Recurring basis | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)
Fair Value Measurements
Life insurance - cash surrender value		3,128	3,697
Recurring basis | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Fair Value Measurements
Contingent earn-out obligations		7,993	2,531
Non recurring basis | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Reconciliation of the fair value of contingent earn-out obligations that use significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)
Goodwill, Impairment Loss		$ 1,105	$ 0	$ 0

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Acquisitions (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		12 Months Ended
	Apr. 01, 2017	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Acquisitions
Contingent earn out obligation term		4 years
Business Combination, Recognized Identifiable Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed, Current Assets
Goodwill		$ 200,584	$ 149,208	$ 143,874
BCH
Acquisitions
Contingent earn-out obligation	$ 11,600
Promissory note payable	14,300
Purchase price paid in cash	95,400
Business Combination, Recognized Identifiable Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed, Current Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	9,613
Receivables	28,263
Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings	1,690
Other current assets	708
Property and equipment	3,927
Goodwill	50,512
Identifiable intangible assets	46,500
Accounts payable and other current liabilities	(11,763)
Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings	(8,039)
Other non-current liabilities	(104)
Total purchase price	$ 121,307
BCH | Minimum
Acquisitions
Cash flow discount rate	13.00%
BCH | Maximum
Acquisitions
Cash flow discount rate	18.00%
BCH | Customer relationships
Business Combination, Recognized Identifiable Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed, Current Assets
Identifiable intangible assets	$ 36,500
Estimated amortization life	10 years
BCH | Backlog
Business Combination, Recognized Identifiable Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed, Current Assets
Identifiable intangible assets	$ 6,300
Estimated amortization life	1 year
BCH | Trade names
Business Combination, Recognized Identifiable Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed, Current Assets
Identifiable intangible assets	$ 3,700
Estimated amortization life	25 years

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Acquisitions Other Acquisitions (Details) $ in Millions		3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jan. 01, 2016 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2016 USD ($) item	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)
Acquisitions
Number of acquisitions | item		2
Environmental Air Systems
Acquisitions
Interest acquired (as a percent)	40.00%
Total purchase price	$ 46.6
Purchase price paid in cash	$ 42.0
Shoffner
Acquisitions
Interest acquired (as a percent)		100.00%
Total purchase price		$ 19.8
Purchase price paid in cash		15.5
Amount allocated to goodwill and identifiable intangible assets for acquisitions		$ 14.8
Other Acquisitions
Acquisitions
Total purchase price			$ 9.4	$ 0.1

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Goodwill and Identifiable Intangible Assets, Net (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Balance at the beginning of year	$ 149,208	$ 149,208	$ 143,874
Additions (See Note 4)		52,481	5,334
Impairment adjustment	$ (1,100)	(1,105)
Balance at end of period		$ 200,584	$ 149,208
Impairment testing, Scenario one
Impairment Testing
Impairment testing, discounted cash flow analysis weightage assigned		50.00%
Impairment testing, Scenario two
Impairment Testing
Impairment testing, public company approach weightage assigned		50.00%

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Goodwill and Identifiable Intangible Assets, Net - IdentifiableIntangible Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Identifiable Intangible Assets, Net
Gross Book Value	$ 139,884	$ 95,360
Accumulated Amortization	(63,840)	(52,925)
Amortization of identifiable intangible assets	17,404	8,185	$ 7,481
Future amortization expense of identifiable intangible assets
2018	13,786
2019	11,320
2020	9,252
2021	7,651
2022	6,041
Thereafter	27,994
Total	76,044
Customer relationships
Identifiable Intangible Assets, Net
Gross Book Value	98,244	57,230
Accumulated Amortization	$ (47,057)	(36,758)
Customer relationships | Minimum
Identifiable Intangible Assets, Net
Estimated Useful Lives in Years	1 year
Customer relationships | Maximum
Identifiable Intangible Assets, Net
Estimated Useful Lives in Years	15 years
Backlog
Identifiable Intangible Assets, Net
Gross Book Value	$ 6,300	3,600
Accumulated Amortization	$ (5,478)	(3,433)
Backlog | Minimum
Identifiable Intangible Assets, Net
Estimated Useful Lives in Years	1 year
Backlog | Maximum
Identifiable Intangible Assets, Net
Estimated Useful Lives in Years	2 years
Noncompete agreements
Identifiable Intangible Assets, Net
Gross Book Value		2,890
Accumulated Amortization		(2,890)
Noncompete agreements | Minimum
Identifiable Intangible Assets, Net
Estimated Useful Lives in Years	2 years
Noncompete agreements | Maximum
Identifiable Intangible Assets, Net
Estimated Useful Lives in Years	7 years
Trade names
Identifiable Intangible Assets, Net
Gross Book Value	$ 35,340	31,640
Accumulated Amortization	$ (11,305)	$ (9,844)
Trade names | Minimum
Identifiable Intangible Assets, Net
Estimated Useful Lives in Years	2 years
Trade names | Maximum
Identifiable Intangible Assets, Net
Estimated Useful Lives in Years	25 years
Customer Relationships Non compete Agreements and Tradenames | Minimum
Identifiable Intangible Assets, Net
Estimated Useful Lives in Years	1 year
Customer Relationships Non compete Agreements and Tradenames | Maximum
Identifiable Intangible Assets, Net
Estimated Useful Lives in Years	25 years

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Property and Equipment (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Property and equipment
Property and equipment, gross	$ 195,901	$ 165,331
Less-Accumulated depreciation	(108,310)	(97,136)
Property and equipment, net	87,591	68,195
Depreciation expense	20,100	18,000	$ 15,900
Land
Property and equipment
Property and equipment, gross	2,745	2,745
Transportation equipment
Property and equipment
Property and equipment, gross	$ 87,120	74,137
Transportation equipment | Minimum
Property and equipment
Estimated useful life	1 year
Transportation equipment | Maximum
Property and equipment
Estimated useful life	7 years
Machinery and equipment
Property and equipment
Property and equipment, gross	$ 30,064	27,843
Machinery and equipment | Minimum
Property and equipment
Estimated useful life	1 year
Machinery and equipment | Maximum
Property and equipment
Estimated useful life	20 years
Computer and telephone equipment
Property and equipment
Property and equipment, gross	$ 20,463	20,791
Computer and telephone equipment | Minimum
Property and equipment
Estimated useful life	1 year
Computer and telephone equipment | Maximum
Property and equipment
Estimated useful life	10 years
Buildings and leasehold improvements
Property and equipment
Property and equipment, gross	$ 38,422	35,166
Buildings and leasehold improvements | Minimum
Property and equipment
Estimated useful life	1 year
Buildings and leasehold improvements | Maximum
Property and equipment
Estimated useful life	40 years
Furniture and fixtures
Property and equipment
Property and equipment, gross	$ 4,473	4,224
Furniture and fixtures | Minimum
Property and equipment
Estimated useful life	1 year
Furniture and fixtures | Maximum
Property and equipment
Estimated useful life	17 years
Construction in progress
Property and equipment
Property and equipment, gross	$ 12,614	$ 425

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Detail of Certain Balance Sheet Accounts (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Activity in allowance for doubtful accounts
Balance at beginning of year	$ 4,288	$ 5,158	$ 4,379
Bad debt expense (benefit)	182	(27)	1,552
Deductions for uncollectible receivables written off, net of recoveries	(1,829)	(876)	(798)
Allowance for doubtful accounts of acquired companies at date of acquisition	759	33	25
Balance at end of year	3,400	4,288	$ 5,158
Other current liabilities
Accrued warranty costs	6,149	6,702
Accrued job losses	598	1,269
Accrued sales and use tax	2,308	1,973
Deferred revenue	3,895	5,257
Liabilities due to former owners	2,981	4,196
Other current liabilities	17,723	14,864
Total other current liabilities	$ 33,654	$ 34,261

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Long Term Debt Obligations (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Long-Term Debt Obligations
Total debt	$ 60,539	$ 2,811
Less - current portion	(613)	(763)
Total long-term portion of debt	59,926	2,048
Revolving credit facility
Long-Term Debt Obligations
Outstanding balance	45,000
Notes to former owners
Long-Term Debt Obligations
Outstanding balance	15,325	2,250
Other debt
Long-Term Debt Obligations
Outstanding balance	$ 214	305
Capital lease obligations
Long-Term Debt Obligations
Capital lease obligation		$ 256

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Long-Term Debt Obligations - Future Payments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Future principal payments of long-term debt
2018	$ 613
2019	626
2020	7,150
2021	52,150
Total debt	60,539	$ 2,811
Interest expense
Interest expense on notes to former owners	365	70	$ 25
Interest expense on borrowings and unused commitment fees	1,862	1,251	692
Letter of credit fees	553	657	719
Amortization of debt financing costs	376	367	317
Total	$ 3,156	$ 2,345	$ 1,753

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Long Term Debt Obligations-Other (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2017 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2017 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2016 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2016 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2016 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($) item	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2015 USD ($)
Long-Term Debt Obligations
Line of credit borrowing capacity accordion option	$ 100,000								$ 100,000
Reconciliation of Earnings before Interest Tax Depreciation and Amortization to Net Income
Net income including noncontrolling interests	7,539	$ 22,284	$ 17,972	$ 7,477	$ 16,867	$ 20,471	$ 17,717	$ 9,841	55,272	$ 64,896	$ 57,440
Provision for income taxes									(45,666)	(36,165)	(31,224)
Stock-based compensation									6,377	5,041	$ 5,609
Goodwill impairment				$ (1,100)					(1,105)
Shoffner
Other disclosures
Outstanding balance	200								200
Debt acquired related to coil line duct processing system	400								400
Current debt	100								$ 100
London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) | Shoffner
Market rates relating to interest options
Interest rate margin (as a percent)									2.25%
Additional per annum interest margin added under:
Additional per annum interest margin (as a percent)									2.25%
Revolving credit facility
Long-Term Debt Obligations
Borrowing capacity	325,000								$ 325,000
Outstanding borrowings	45,000								45,000
Letters of credit amount outstanding	39,600								39,600
Credit available	240,400								240,400
Book value of assets pledged as collateral	$ 40,900								$ 40,900
Number of quarters of net earnings used for the calculation of the credit facility adjusted EBITDA | item									4
Reconciliation of Earnings before Interest Tax Depreciation and Amortization to Net Income
Net income including noncontrolling interests									$ 55,272
Provision for income taxes									(45,666)
Interest expense, net									(3,086)
Depreciation and amortization expense									37,456
Stock-based compensation									6,377
Goodwill impairment									(1,105)
Pre-acquisition results of acquired companies, as defined under the Facility									(4,597)
Credit Facility Adjusted EBITDA									$ 153,559
Principal financial covenants
Leverage ratio	0.40								0.40
Fixed charge coverage ratio	21.8								21.8
Number of quarters of capital expenditures, tax provision, dividends and stock repurchase payments used for calculation of fixed charge coverage ratio | item									4
Number of interest rate options | item									2
Period of Credit Facility Adjusted EBITDA for determining additional margins									12 months
Additional per annum interest margin added under:
Weighted average interest rate (as a percent)	2.80%								2.80%
Other disclosures
Outstanding balance	$ 45,000								$ 45,000
Revolving credit facility | Through maturity
Principal financial covenants
Leverage ratio	2.75								2.75
Revolving credit facility | Consolidated Total Indebtedness to Credit Facility Adjusted EBITDA: Less than 0.75
Additional per annum interest margin added under:
Letter of credit fees (as a percent)									1.25%
Commitment fees payable on unused portion of the facility (as a percent)									0.20%
Revolving credit facility | Consolidated Total Indebtedness to Credit Facility Adjusted EBITDA: 0.75 to 1.50
Additional per annum interest margin added under:
Letter of credit fees (as a percent)									1.50%
Commitment fees payable on unused portion of the facility (as a percent)									0.25%
Revolving credit facility | Consolidated Total Indebtedness to Credit Facility Adjusted EBITDA: 1.50 to 2.25
Additional per annum interest margin added under:
Letter of credit fees (as a percent)									1.75%
Commitment fees payable on unused portion of the facility (as a percent)									0.30%
Revolving credit facility | Consolidated Total Indebtedness to Credit Facility Adjusted EBITDA: 2.25 or greater
Additional per annum interest margin added under:
Letter of credit fees (as a percent)									2.00%
Commitment fees payable on unused portion of the facility (as a percent)									0.35%
Revolving credit facility | Minimum
Principal financial covenants
Fixed charge coverage ratio	2.00								2.00
Revolving credit facility | Minimum | Covenant Requirement
Principal financial covenants
Net leverage ratio used as basis for other restrictions	2.00								2.00
Revolving credit facility | Maximum
Principal financial covenants
Net leverage ratio after giving effect to stock repurchases for calculation of the fixed charge coverage ratio	1.50								1.50
Permitted amount of acquisitions per transaction	$ 30,000								$ 30,000
Aggregate purchase price of current acquisition and acquisitions in the preceding 12 month period for determining permitted amount of acquisition per transaction	$ 65,000								$ 65,000
Revolving credit facility | Maximum | Covenant Requirement
Principal financial covenants
Net leverage ratio used to determine exclusion of stock repurchases and the payment of dividends for calculation of the fixed charge coverage ratio	1.50								1.50
Revolving credit facility | Maximum | Stock Repurchases Through September 30, 2015
Principal financial covenants
Amount of stock repurchases to maintain maximum net leverage ratio									$ 25,000
Revolving credit facility | Maximum | Stock Repurchases After February 22, 2016 And On Or Before December 31, 2017
Principal financial covenants
Amount of stock repurchases to maintain maximum net leverage ratio									$ 25,000
Revolving credit facility | Base rate | Consolidated Total Indebtedness to Credit Facility Adjusted EBITDA: Less than 0.75
Market rates relating to interest options
Interest rate margin (as a percent)									0.25%
Additional per annum interest margin added under:
Additional per annum interest margin (as a percent)									0.25%
Revolving credit facility | Base rate | Consolidated Total Indebtedness to Credit Facility Adjusted EBITDA: 0.75 to 1.50
Market rates relating to interest options
Interest rate margin (as a percent)									0.50%
Additional per annum interest margin added under:
Additional per annum interest margin (as a percent)									0.50%
Revolving credit facility | Base rate | Consolidated Total Indebtedness to Credit Facility Adjusted EBITDA: 1.50 to 2.25
Market rates relating to interest options
Interest rate margin (as a percent)									0.75%
Additional per annum interest margin added under:
Additional per annum interest margin (as a percent)									0.75%
Revolving credit facility | Base rate | Consolidated Total Indebtedness to Credit Facility Adjusted EBITDA: 2.25 or greater
Market rates relating to interest options
Interest rate margin (as a percent)									1.00%
Additional per annum interest margin added under:
Additional per annum interest margin (as a percent)									1.00%
Revolving credit facility | Eurodollar rate | Consolidated Total Indebtedness to Credit Facility Adjusted EBITDA: Less than 0.75
Market rates relating to interest options
Interest rate margin (as a percent)									1.25%
Additional per annum interest margin added under:
Additional per annum interest margin (as a percent)									1.25%
Revolving credit facility | Eurodollar rate | Consolidated Total Indebtedness to Credit Facility Adjusted EBITDA: 0.75 to 1.50
Market rates relating to interest options
Interest rate margin (as a percent)									1.50%
Additional per annum interest margin added under:
Additional per annum interest margin (as a percent)									1.50%
Revolving credit facility | Eurodollar rate | Consolidated Total Indebtedness to Credit Facility Adjusted EBITDA: 1.50 to 2.25
Market rates relating to interest options
Interest rate margin (as a percent)									1.75%
Additional per annum interest margin added under:
Additional per annum interest margin (as a percent)									1.75%
Revolving credit facility | Eurodollar rate | Consolidated Total Indebtedness to Credit Facility Adjusted EBITDA: 2.25 or greater
Market rates relating to interest options
Interest rate margin (as a percent)									2.00%
Additional per annum interest margin added under:
Additional per annum interest margin (as a percent)									2.00%
Notes to former owners
Other disclosures
Outstanding balance	$ 15,325				2,250				$ 15,325	2,250
Subordinate note | Shoffner
Other disclosures
Outstanding balance	$ 1,000								$ 1,000
Weighted average interest rate (as a percent)	3.00%								3.00%
Promissory note | BCH
Other disclosures
Outstanding balance	$ 14,300								$ 14,300
Weighted average interest rate (as a percent)	3.00%								3.00%
Other debt
Other disclosures
Outstanding balance	$ 214				$ 305				$ 214	$ 305
Federal Funds Rate | Revolving credit facility | Base rate
Market rates relating to interest options
Interest rate margin (as a percent)									0.50%
Market rate (as a percent)	1.87%								1.87%
Additional per annum interest margin added under:
Additional per annum interest margin (as a percent)									0.50%
Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. Prime Rate | Revolving credit facility | Base rate
Market rates relating to interest options
Market rate (as a percent)	4.50%								4.50%
One-month LIBOR | Revolving credit facility | Base rate
Market rates relating to interest options
Interest rate margin (as a percent)									1.00%
Market rate (as a percent)	2.56%								2.56%
Additional per annum interest margin added under:
Additional per annum interest margin (as a percent)									1.00%
One-month LIBOR | Revolving credit facility | Eurodollar rate
Market rates relating to interest options
Variable rate basis									One-month LIBOR
Market rate (as a percent)	1.56%								1.56%
Six-month LIBOR | Revolving credit facility | Eurodollar rate
Market rates relating to interest options
Variable rate basis									Six-month LIBOR
Market rate (as a percent)	1.84%								1.84%

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Income Taxes - Provision (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Current tax provision
Federal	$ 35,434	$ 32,721	$ 27,564
State and Puerto Rico	6,054	4,683	4,065
Total current	41,488	37,404	31,629
Deferred tax provision (benefit)
Federal	5,391	(2,101)	(1,481)
State and Puerto Rico	(1,213)	862	1,076
Total deferred	4,178	(1,239)	(405)
Provision for income taxes	$ 45,666	$ 36,165	$ 31,224

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Income Taxes - Reconciliation (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jan. 01, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Effective tax rates on continuing operations			45.20%	35.80%	35.20%
Federal statutory income taxes rate (as a percent)			35.00%
Increase to provision for income taxes		$ 9,500	$ 9,500
Income taxes at the federal statutory rate of 35%			35,328	$ 35,371	$ 31,032
Increases (decreases) resulting from—
Net state income taxes			2,838	4,262	3,432
Valuation allowances			91	(1,254)	463
Net unrecognized tax benefits			153	20	(72)
Noncontrolling interests					(2,827)
Nondeductible expenses			1,134	825	751
Stock-based compensation deduction			(1,320)	(885)
Domestic production activities deduction			(2,112)	(2,026)	(1,701)
Corporate tax rate reduction to 21%			9,478
Other			76	(148)	146
Provision for income taxes			$ 45,666	$ 36,165	$ 31,224
Forecast
Federal statutory income taxes rate (as a percent)	21.00%

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Income Taxes - Deferred Tax Assets (Liabilities) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Deferred tax assets—
Accounts receivable and allowance for doubtful accounts	$ 715	$ 1,627
Stock-based compensation	2,297	3,036
Accrued liabilities and expenses	19,555	23,000
Net operating loss carryforwards	6,007	5,053
Goodwill		875
Intangible assets	2,272
Other	544	759
Subtotal	31,390	34,350
Less-Valuation allowance	(3,500)	(3,184)
Total deferred tax assets	27,890	31,166
Deferred tax liabilities—
Property and equipment	(4,668)	(4,398)
Long-term contracts	(625)	(637)
Goodwill	(1,572)
Intangible assets		(737)
Other	(322)	(513)
Total deferred tax liabilities	(7,187)	(6,285)
Net deferred tax assets	20,703	24,881
Deferred income tax assets-
Deferred income tax assets	22,966	27,170
Deferred income tax liabilities-
Deferred tax liabilities	$ 2,263	$ 2,289

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Income Taxes - Loss Carryforwards and Other (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2016
Operating loss carryforwards
Valuation allowance	$ 3,500		$ 3,184
Net deferred tax assets	27,890		31,166
Reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits, excluding accrued interest and penalties
Balance at beginning of year	240	$ 343
Additions based on tax positions related to current year	8,689
Reductions for tax positions related to prior years		(103)
Balance at end of year	8,929	$ 240
Interest and penalties accrued	700		$ 400
Unrecognized tax benefits that would impact effective tax rate	3,000
State and Puerto Rico
Operating loss carryforwards
Future tax benefits	6,000
Net operating loss carryforwards	71,800
Increase in valuation allowance	300
Net deferred tax assets	2,500
Maximum
Reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits, excluding accrued interest and penalties
Decrease in unrecognized tax benefits	$ 8,700

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Employee Benefit Plans (Details) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($) item	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($) item	Dec. 31, 2015 USD ($)
Employee Benefit Plans
Percentage of contribution of covered employee's salaries or wages	2.50%
Contribution	$ 7,800	$ 7,800	$ 7,100
Amount payable to plan	$ 500	$ 200
Number of employees who are union members | item	6	5
Multiemployer Plans, Plan Contributions	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0
Period in which certain individuals are entitled to fixed annual payments	15 years
Maximum age under which certain individuals are entitled to fixed annual payments	65 years
Portion of benefits vesting after ten years of completed service (as a percent)	50.00%
Period of completed service over which 50% of benefits are vested	10 years
Portion of benefits vesting after fifteen years of completed service (as a percent)	75.00%
Period of completed service over which 75% of benefits are vested	15 years
Period of service over which benefits are fully vested	20 years
Unfunded benefit liability	$ 4,000	$ 4,000

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Commitments and Contingencies - Minimum Lease Payments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Leases
Rent expense	$ 21,100	$ 20,600	$ 20,600
Future minimum rental payments under noncancelable operating leases
2018	13,963
2019	11,892
2020	9,838
2021	7,921
2022	6,266
Thereafter	21,726
Total future minimum rental payments	$ 71,606
Lease buildings | Minimum
Leases
Lease term	3 years
Lease buildings | Maximum
Leases
Lease term	10 years
Lease buildings | Previous owners
Leases
Rent expense	$ 4,800	$ 5,100	$ 5,400

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Commitments and Contingencies - Bonds (Details) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($) claim	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017
British Petroleum
Commitments and Contingencies
Number of claims | claim	2
Gain on the claim settlement | $	$ 1.0	$ 0.6
Surety | Minimum
Surety
Percentage of business which has required bonds			20.00%
Surety | Maximum
Surety
Percentage of business which has required bonds			30.00%

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Commitments and Contingencies - Self Insurance (Details)	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($) item
Workers Compensation
Self-Insurance
Per incident deductible amount	$ 1,000,000
Amount of loss fully insured above per incident deductible amount.	1,000,000
Employer's Liability
Self-Insurance
Per incident deductible amount	1,000,000
Employer's Liability | Maximum
Self-Insurance
Amount of excess loss insurance covered	100,000,000
General Liability
Self-Insurance
Per incident deductible amount	1,000,000
Amount of loss fully insured above per incident deductible amount.	1,000,000
General Liability | Maximum
Self-Insurance
Amount of excess loss insurance covered	100,000,000
Auto Liability
Self-Insurance
Per incident deductible amount	500,000
Amount of loss fully insured above per incident deductible amount.	1,500,000
Auto Liability | Maximum
Self-Insurance
Amount of excess loss insurance covered	$ 100,000,000
Employee Medical
Self-Insurance
Number of medical plans | item	3
Employee Medical- Plan One
Self-Insurance
Per person, per policy deductible amount	$ 350,000
Employee Medical- Plan Two
Self-Insurance
Per person, per policy deductible amount	$ 350,000

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Stockholders' Equity - Incentive and Other (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Millions, $ in Millions	12 Months Ended	132 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2017	May 31, 2017	May 31, 2012	Mar. 29, 2007
Share Repurchase Program
Number of shares of outstanding common stock authorized to be acquired under a stock repurchase program	8.1	8.1			1.0
Share repurchase (in shares)		7.6
Average price (in dollars per share)	$ 34.23	$ 13.75
Repurchased carrying basis	$ 9.0	$ 9.0
Maximum
Share Repurchase Program
Share repurchase (in shares)	0.3
2012 Equity Incentive Plan
Stockholder's Equity
Number of shares authorized and reserved for issuance				5.1
Number of shares available for issuance	2.9	2.9
2017 Omnibus Incentive Plan
Stockholder's Equity
Number of shares authorized and reserved for issuance			2.9
Number of shares available for issuance	2.9	2.9

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Stockholders' Equity - Anti-dilutive stock options (Details) - Stock Options - shares shares in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Earnings Per Share
Anti-dilutive securities excluded from computation of earnings per share amount (in shares)		0.1	0.0
Maximum
Earnings Per Share
Anti-dilutive securities excluded from computation of earnings per share amount (in shares)	0.1

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Stockholders' Equity - Number of Shares (Details) - shares shares in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Reconciliation of the number of shares outstanding with the number of shares used in computing basic and diluted earnings per share
Common shares outstanding, end of period	37,187	37,209	37,427
Effect of using weighted average common shares outstanding	52	126	15
Shares used in computing earnings per share—basic	37,239	37,335	37,442
Effect of shares issuable under stock option plans based on the treasury stock method	316	330	266
Effect of restricted and contingently issuable shares	117	146	160
Shares used in computing earnings per share—diluted	37,672	37,811	37,868

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Stock-Based Compensation - Stock Option Activity (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Thousands, $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Stock-Based Compensation
Stock-based compensation expense	$ 6.4	$ 5.0	$ 5.6
Income tax benefit	$ 2.4	$ 1.9	2.1
Minimum
Stock-Based Compensation
Sum of age and years of service for accelerated vesting on retirement of certain stock options and restricted stock awards	75 years
Stock Options
Stock-Based Compensation
Vesting period	3 years
Shares
Outstanding at beginning of year (in shares)	714
Granted (in shares)	85
Exercised (in shares)	(146)
Forfeited (in shares)	(23)
Outstanding at end of year (in shares)	630	714
Options exercisable at end of year (in shares)	444
Weighted-Average Exercise Price
Outstanding at beginning of year (in dollars per share)	$ 17.01
Granted (in dollars per share)	36.25
Exercised (in dollars per share)	14.08
Forfeited (in dollars per share)	23.55
Outstanding at end of year (in dollars per share)	$ 20.03	$ 17.01
Other information
Intrinsic value of options exercised	$ 3.6	$ 1.9	$ 3.9
Weighted-average remaining contractual term of options exercisable	5 years 3 months 18 days
Aggregate intrinsic value of options exercisable	$ 12.5
Number of options that are vested and expected to vest (in shares)	600
Weighted average exercise price of options that are vested and expected to vest (in dollars per share)	$ 20.03
Weighted-average remaining contractual term of options that are vested and expected to vest	6 years 2 months 12 days
Aggregate intrinsic value of options that are vested and expected to vest	$ 14.9

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Stock-Based Compensation - Stock Option Plan Activity (Details) shares in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017 $ / shares shares
$11.00 - $15.00
Stock-Based Compensation
Exercise price, low end of range (in dollars per share)	$ 11.00
Exercise price, high end of range (in dollars per share)	15.00
$15.01 - $20.00
Stock-Based Compensation
Exercise price, low end of range (in dollars per share)	15.01
Exercise price, high end of range (in dollars per share)	20.00
$20.01 - $36.25
Stock-Based Compensation
Exercise price, low end of range (in dollars per share)	20.01
Exercise price, high end of range (in dollars per share)	36.25
$11.00 - $36.25
Stock-Based Compensation
Exercise price, low end of range (in dollars per share)	11.00
Exercise price, high end of range (in dollars per share)	$ 36.25
Stock Options | $11.00 - $15.00
Options Outstanding
Number of Shares | shares	265
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life	4 years 1 month 28 days
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 12.77
Options Exercisable
Number of Shares | shares	265
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 12.77
Stock Options | $15.01 - $20.00
Options Outstanding
Number of Shares | shares	189
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life	6 years 8 months 23 days
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 17.93
Options Exercisable
Number of Shares | shares	149
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 17.47
Stock Options | $20.01 - $36.25
Options Outstanding
Number of Shares | shares	176
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life	8 years 8 months 9 days
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 33.19
Options Exercisable
Number of Shares | shares	30
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 30.36
Stock Options | $11.00 - $36.25
Options Outstanding
Number of Shares | shares	630
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life	6 years 2 months 12 days
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 20.03
Options Exercisable
Number of Shares | shares	444
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 15.55

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Stock-Based Compensation - Fair Value Assumptions (Details) $ / shares in Units, shares in Thousands, $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($) item $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2015 USD ($) $ / shares
Additional information
Allocated Share-based Compensation Expense | $	$ 6.4	$ 5.0	$ 5.6
Stock Options
Stock-Based Compensation
Weighted-average fair value per share of options granted (in dollars per share)	$ 11.43	$ 9.94	$ 6.33
Fair value assumptions:
Expected dividend yield (as a percent)	0.89%	0.97%	1.51%
Expected stock price volatility (as a percent)	34.50%	37.90%	38.40%
Risk-free interest rate (as a percent)	2.11%	1.41%	1.50%
Expected term	5 years 3 months 18 days	5 years 3 months 18 days	5 years 7 months 6 days
Other information
Compensation expense yet to be recognized | $	$ 0.4
Weighted-average period over which compensation cost will be recognized	1 year 4 months 24 days
Total fair value of options vested | $	$ 0.8
Nonvested Options, Shares
Nonvested at beginning of year (in shares) | shares	241
Granted (in shares) | shares	85
Vested (in shares) | shares	(117)
Forfeited (in shares) | shares	(23)
Nonvested at end of year (in shares) | shares	186	241
Nonvested Options, Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Nonvested at beginning of year (in dollars per share)	$ 7.83
Granted (in dollars per share)	11.43	$ 9.94	$ 6.33
Vested (in dollars per share)	7.23
Forfeited (in dollars per share)	7.88
Nonvested at end of year (in dollars per share)	$ 9.85	$ 7.83
Additional information
Vesting period	3 years
Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units
Other information
Compensation expense yet to be recognized | $	$ 0.8
Weighted-average period over which compensation cost will be recognized	1 year 7 months 6 days
Shares
Unvested at beginning of year (in shares) | shares	126
Granted (in shares) | shares	71
Vested (in shares) | shares	(90)
Forfeited (in shares) | shares	(15)
Unvested at end of year (in shares) | shares	92	126
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested at beginning of year (in dollars per share)	$ 23.41
Granted (in dollars per share)	35.69	$ 30.25	20.64
Vested (in dollars per share)	25.44
Forfeited (in dollars per share)	26.34
Unvested at end of year (in dollars per share)	$ 30.48	23.41
Additional information
Fair value of shares vested | $	$ 2.3
Weighted-average fair value (in dollars per share)	$ 35.69	$ 30.25	$ 20.64
Aggregate intrinsic value of restricted stock vested | $	$ 3.2	$ 3.6	$ 3.4
Performance Stock Units
Other information
Compensation expense yet to be recognized | $	$ 0.7
Weighted-average period over which compensation cost will be recognized	1 year 2 months 12 days
Additional information
Vesting period	3 years
Types of performance units | item	2
Percentage of units measured on stock price relative to peer group	50.00%
Percentage of units measured on stock price based on pre determined EPS	50.00%
Period for which shareholder return is compared with peer group for units determined by EPS performance	3 years
Calculated fair market value | $	$ 4.9
Value of PSUs granted | $	2.2
Allocated Share-based Compensation Expense | $	$ 2.6	$ 1.6	$ 2.6
Performance Stock Units | Minimum
Additional information
Performance measures for dollar denominated award granted	0
Performance Stock Units | Maximum
Additional information
Performance measures for dollar denominated award granted	2.0

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Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited) (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017	Sep. 30, 2017	Jun. 30, 2017	Mar. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Sep. 30, 2016	Jun. 30, 2016	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)
Revenue	$ 461,072	$ 480,851	$ 465,411	$ 380,588	$ 392,100	$ 428,760	$ 427,538	$ 385,942	$ 1,787,922	$ 1,634,340	$ 1,580,519
Gross Profit	93,731	100,858	95,738	75,954	88,265	92,816	89,426	73,502	366,281	344,009	318,129
Net income including noncontrolling interests	7,539	22,284	17,972	7,477	16,867	20,471	17,717	9,841	55,272	64,896	57,440
Net income attributable to Comfort Systems USA, Inc.	$ 7,539	$ 22,284	$ 17,972	$ 7,477	$ 16,867	$ 20,471	$ 17,717	$ 9,841	$ 55,272	$ 64,896	$ 49,364
Basic-
Basic (in dollars per share)	$ 0.20	$ 0.60	$ 0.48	$ 0.20	$ 0.45	$ 0.55	$ 0.47	$ 0.26	$ 1.48	$ 1.74	$ 1.32
Diluted-
Diluted (in dollars per share)	$ 0.20	$ 0.59	$ 0.48	$ 0.20	$ 0.45	$ 0.54	$ 0.47	$ 0.26	$ 1.47	$ 1.72	$ 1.30
Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, Incomplete Accounting, Provisional Income Tax Expense (Benefit)	$ 9,500								$ 9,500