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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2025
Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Basis of Presentation Basis of Presentation
The unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) for interim financial information and in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and therefore do not contain all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP and the SEC for annual financial statements. Interim financial information includes the Company’s accounts and those of its wholly owned subsidiaries. BVRT, a 96.2% owned subsidiary of Texas Water, is consolidated using the voting interest model as the Company owns a majority of voting interests. The interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements included in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 as filed with the SEC on February 27, 2025.
The preparation of the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the consolidated balance sheet dates and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses for the periods presented. These include, but are not limited to, estimates and assumptions used in determining the Company’s regulatory asset and liability balances based upon probability assessments of regulatory recovery, utility plant useful lives, revenues earned but not yet billed, asset retirement obligations, allowance for credit losses, pension and other employee benefit plan liabilities, and income tax-related assets and liabilities. Actual results could materially differ from these estimates.
In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements reflect all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring transactions that are necessary to provide a fair presentation of the results for the periods covered.
Due to the seasonal nature of the water business, the results for interim periods are not indicative of the results for a 12-month period. Revenue and income are generally higher in the warm, dry summer months when water usage and sales are greater. Revenue and income are generally lower in the winter months when cooler temperatures and rainfall curtail water usage and sales.
Revenue
Revenue from contracts with customers
The Company principally generates operating revenue from contracts with customers by providing regulated water and wastewater services at tariff-rates authorized by the Commissions in the states in which it operates, and non-regulated water and wastewater services at rates authorized by contracts with government agencies and other third parties. Revenue from contracts with customers reflects amounts billed for the volume of consumption at authorized per unit rates, for service charges, and for other authorized charges.
The Company satisfies its performance obligation to provide water and wastewater services over time as services are rendered. The Company applies the invoice practical expedient and recognizes revenue from contracts with customers in the amount for which the Company has a right to invoice. The Company has a right to invoice for the volume of consumption, for the service charge, and for other authorized charges.
The measurement of sales to customers is generally based on the reading of their meters, which occurs on a systematic basis throughout the month. At the end of each month, the Company estimates consumption since the date of the last meter reading and a corresponding accrued and unbilled revenue is recognized. The estimate is based upon the number of unbilled days that month and the average daily customer billing rate from the previous month (which fluctuates based upon customer usage).
Contract terms are generally short-term and at will by customers and, as a result, no separate financing component is recognized for the Company’s collections from customers, which generally require payment within 30 days of billing. The Company applies judgment, based principally on historical payment experience, in estimating its customers’ ability to pay.
In the following table, revenue from contracts with customers is disaggregated by class of customers for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:
Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
2025202420252024
Residential$186,699 $184,951 $434,061 $399,695 
Business56,284 56,225 144,926 132,680 
Multiple residential22,766 21,795 62,692 56,707 
Industrial11,098 9,645 24,032 23,404 
Public authorities19,039 18,140 41,295 36,020 
Other (a)18,210 15,481 46,007 39,297 
Total revenue from contracts with customers$314,096 $306,237 $753,013 $687,803 
(a) Other includes changes to accrued and unbilled revenues
Regulatory balancing account revenue
Regulatory balancing account revenue is revenue related to revenue mechanisms authorized in California by the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC). For certain revenue mechanisms, the Company recognizes revenue when it is objectively determinable, probable of recovery and expected to be collected within 24 months following the end of the accounting period. To the extent that revenue is estimated to be collectible beyond 24 months, recognition is deferred. These mechanisms include the Monterey-Style Water Revenue Adjustment Mechanism (MWRAM), which was approved in Cal Water’s 2021 General Rate Case (GRC) filing (2021 CA GRC) in March of 2024. The MWRAM tracks the
difference between the revenue received for actual metered sales through the tiered volumetric rate and the revenue that would have been received with the same actual metered sales if a uniform rate had been in effect. The MWRAM fluctuates with the seasonality of the water business. During the warm, dry summer months when water use is typically highest, the MWRAM will reflect an overcollection of revenue compared to an undercollection in the cool, wet winter months when less water is typically used.
These mechanisms also include the Water Revenue Adjustment Mechanism (WRAM), which decoupled revenue from the volume of sales and allowed the Company to recognize the adopted level of volumetric revenues. The variance between adopted volumetric revenues and actual billed volumetric revenues for metered accounts was recorded as regulatory balancing account revenue. The WRAM concluded on December 31, 2022; however, the Company has a net WRAM receivable balance for which the Company continues to defer revenue recognition for amounts estimated to be collected beyond 24 months following the end of the accounting period.
Regulatory balancing accounts also include revenue that is recognized when it is probable that future recovery of previously incurred costs or future refunds that are to be credited to customers will occur through the ratemaking process. As a result of the delay in the approval of the 2021 CA GRC, the CPUC authorized Cal Water to track the effect of the delay on customer billings in an Interim Rates Memorandum Account (IRMA). Variances between actual customer billings and those that would have been billed assuming the 2021 CA GRC had been implemented on January 1, 2023 were recorded as regulatory balancing account revenue. The 2021 CA GRC was approved in March of 2024 and final authorized rates were implemented effective May 31, 2024; as a result, for the first nine months of 2024, Cal Water calculated and recorded the IRMA for all of 2023 and the first five months of 2024. Cal Water determined that the IRMA met regulatory asset recognition criteria under accounting standards for regulated utilities.
Non-Regulated Revenue
Non-Regulated Revenue
The following table disaggregates the Company’s non-regulated revenue by source for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:
Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
2025202420252024
Contract operating and maintenance revenue
$3,546 $3,384 $10,052 $9,820 
Other non-regulated revenue1,218 143 3,557 3,092 
Non-regulated revenue from contracts with customers4,764 3,527 13,609 12,912 
Lease revenue585 606 1,732 1,832 
Total non-regulated revenue$5,349 $4,133 $15,341 $14,744 

Contract operating and maintenance services are provided for non-regulated water and wastewater systems owned by private companies and municipalities. The Company negotiates formal agreements with the customers under which the Company provides operating, maintenance and customer billing services related to the customers’ water system. The formal agreements outline a fee schedule for the services provided. The agreements typically call for a fee-per-service or a flat-rate amount per month. The Company satisfies its performance obligation of providing contract operating and maintenance services over time as services are rendered; as a result, the Company employs the invoice practical expedient and recognizes revenue in the amount that it has the right to invoice. Contract terms are generally short-term and, as a result, no separate financing component is recognized for its collections from customers, which generally require payment within 30 days of billing.
Other non-regulated revenue primarily relates to services for the design and installation of water mains and other water infrastructure for customers outside the regulated service areas, and insurance program administration.
Lease revenue Lease revenue is not considered revenue from contracts with customers and is recognized following operating lease standards. The Company is the lessor in operating lease agreements with telecommunications companies under which cellular phone antennas are placed on the Company’s property.
Allowance for Credit Losses
Allowance for Credit Losses
The Company measures expected credit losses for Customer Receivables, Other Receivables, and Accrued and Unbilled Revenue on an aggregated level. These receivables are generally trade receivables due in one year or less or expected to be billed and collected in one year or less. The expected credit losses for Other Receivables and Accrued and Unbilled Revenue are inconsequential. Customer receivables include receivables for water and wastewater services provided to residential customers, business, industrial, public authorities, and other customers. The expected credit losses for business,
industrial, public authorities, and other customers are inconsequential. The overall risks related to the Company’s receivables are low as water and wastewater services are seen as essential services. The estimate for the allowance for credit losses is based on a historical loss ratio, in conjunction with a qualitative assessment of elements that impact the collectability of receivables to determine if the allowance for credit losses should be further adjusted in accordance with the applicable accounting guidance. Management contemplates available current information such as changes in economic factors, regulatory matters, industry trends, payment options and programs available to customers, and the methods that the Company is able to use to encourage payment.
The Company reviews its allowance for credit losses utilizing a quantitative assessment, which includes a trend analysis of customer billings and collections and agings by customer class. The Company also utilizes a qualitative assessment, which considers the future collectability of customer outstanding balances, management’s estimate of the cash recovery, and a general assessment of the economic conditions in the locations the Company serves. Based on these assessments, the Company adjusts its allowance for credit losses, accordingly.
Earnings per Share
Earnings per Share
Basic earnings per share of common stock is computed by dividing the net income attributable to California Water Service Group by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if unvested securities or other securities contracts were exercised or converted into common stock. Restricted Stock Awards (RSAs) are included in the common shares outstanding because the shares all have the same voting and dividend rights as issued and unrestricted common stock.
New Accounting Standards
New Accounting Standards
In December 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures to expand the disclosure requirements for income taxes, specifically related to the rate reconciliation and paid income taxes. ASU 2023-09 is effective for the Company’s annual periods beginning January 1, 2025. The guidance is applied prospectively with the option of retrospective application for each period presented. The Company is evaluating the requirements of the guidance to determine the impact on its financial statement disclosures upon adoption.
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which requires disaggregation of certain Consolidated Statement of Operations’ expense captions into specified categories in disclosures within the footnotes to the financial statements. ASU 2024-03 is effective for the Company’s annual periods beginning January 1, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The guidance is applied prospectively with the option of retrospective
application for each period presented. The Company is evaluating the requirements of the guidance to determine the impact on its financial statement disclosures upon adoption and does not expect to adopt the standard early.
In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-05, Financial Instruments–Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets, which allows an entity to apply a practical expedient to current accounts receivable and current contract assets arising from revenue transactions. The practical expedient permits an entity to assume that current conditions as of the balance sheet date remain unchanged over the remaining life of an asset in developing reasonable and supportable forecasts as part of estimating expected credit losses. ASU 2025-05 is effective for the Company’s annual periods beginning January 1, 2026, with early adoption permitted. The guidance is applied prospectively. The Company is evaluating the requirements of the guidance to determine the impact on its financial statement disclosures upon adoption.
In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-06, Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software, which removes all references to prescriptive and sequential software development stages. The ASU requires entities to begin capitalizing software costs when management authorizes and commits to funding the software project, and it is probable that the project will be completed and the software will be used for its intended purpose. ASU 2025-06 is effective for the Company’s annual periods beginning January 1, 2028. Early adoption is permitted and the guidance can be applied on a prospective basis, a modified basis for in-process projects, or on a retrospective basis. The Company is evaluating the requirements of the guidance to determine the impact the new standard will have on its consolidated financial statements.