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EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]  
EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS
Savings Plan
The Company sponsors a 401(k) qualified defined contribution savings plan that allows participants to contribute up to 50% of pre-tax compensation. Effective January 1, 2010, the Company matches 75 cents for each dollar contributed by the employee up to a maximum Company match of 6.0% of eligible earnings. Company contributions were $8.5 million, $8.2 million, and $7.1 million for the years 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.
Pension Plans
The Company provides a qualified, defined-benefit, non-contributory pension plan for substantially all employees. The accumulated benefit obligations of the pension plan were $524.0 million and $534.7 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The fair value of pension plan assets was $750.0 million and $716.3 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
The Company also maintains an unfunded, non-qualified, supplemental executive retirement plan (SERP). The unfunded SERP accumulated benefit obligations were $71.9 million and $74.1 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Benefit payments under the SERP are paid currently. As a non-qualified plan, the SERP has no plan assets, however, the Company has a Rabbi trust designated to provide funding for SERP obligations. The Rabbi trust holds investments in marketable securities and corporate-owned life insurance. The recorded value of these investments was approximately $73.1 million and $66.7 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and is included in other noncurrent assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Expected payments to be made for the pension and SERP plans are shown in the table below:
Year Ending December 31,PensionSERPTotal
2025$22,139 $3,136 $25,275 
202623,923 3,409 27,332 
202725,731 3,707 29,438 
202827,667 4,083 31,750 
202929,565 4,434 33,999 
2030-2034178,009 27,421 205,430 
Total payments$307,034 $46,190 $353,224 
The expected benefit payments are based upon the same assumptions used to measure the Company’s benefit obligation at December 31, 2024, and include estimated future employee service.
The costs of the pension and retirement plans are charged to expense and utility plant. The Company makes annual contributions to fund the amounts accrued for pension cost.
Other Postretirement Plan
The Company provides substantially all active, permanent employees with medical, dental, and vision benefits through a self-insured plan. Employees retiring at or after age 58, along with their spouses and dependents, continue participation in the plan by payment of a premium. Plan assets are invested in mutual funds, short-term money market instruments and commercial paper based upon a similar asset mix to the pension plan. Retired employees are also provided with a $10,000 dollar life insurance benefit.
The Company records the costs of postretirement benefits other than pensions (PBOP) during the employees’ years of active service. In 2024 and 2022, the Company recorded postretirement benefit expense of $0.6 million and $0.1 million, respectively. In 2023, postretirement benefit income of $2.9 million was recorded.
The expected benefit payments, net of retiree premiums and Medicare Part D subsidies, are shown in the table below.
Year Ending December 31,    
Expected Benefit Payments Before Medicare Part D Subsidy		Effect of Medicare Part D Subsidy on Expected Benefit PaymentsExpected Benefit Payments Net of Medicare Part D Subsidy
2025$4,833 $(262)$4,571 
20265,229 (292)4,937 
20275,687 (322)5,365 
20286,166 (357)5,809 
20296,545 (394)6,151 
2030-203440,376 (2,485)37,891 
Total payments$68,836 $(4,112)$64,724 
Benefit Plan Assets
The Company actively manages pension and PBOP trust (Plan) assets. The Company’s investment objectives are:
•Maximize the return on the assets, commensurate with the risk that the Company deems appropriate to meet the obligations of the Plan, minimize the volatility of the pension expense, and account for contingencies;
•Generate a rate of return for the total portfolio that equals or exceeds the actuarial investment rate assumption.
Additionally, the rate of return of the total fund is measured periodically against an index comprised of 60% MSCI AC World Investable Market Index and 40% Custom Fixed Income Benchmark that is a mix of U.S. Government and Corporate Bonds (50% Bloomberg Long Corporate/10% Long Treasury Index, 25% Bloomberg U.S. Government Long Term Bond Index, and 25% Bloomberg U.S. Treasury STRIPs 20+ Year Index). The index is consistent with the Company’s rate of return objective and indicates the Company’s long-term asset allocation objective.
The Company applies a risk management framework for managing the risks associated with employee benefit plan trust assets. The guiding principles of this risk management framework are the clear articulation of roles and responsibilities, appropriate delegation of authority, and proper accountability and documentation. Trust investment policies and investment manager guidelines include provisions to ensure prudent diversification, manage risk through appropriate use of physical direct asset holdings and derivative securities, and identify permitted and prohibited investments. The Company retains an investment manager to be the Company’s Outsourced Chief Investment Officer (OCIO) and the OCIO was required to make investment decisions for Plan assets within the parameters of the Company’s investment policies and guidelines.
The Company’s target asset allocation percentages for major categories of the Plan assets are reflected in the table below:
Minimum
Exposure		TargetMaximum
Exposure
Fixed Income35 %40 %45 %
Domestic Equity
35 %40 %45 %
Emerging markets
3 %6 %9 %
Non-U.S. Equities11 %14 %17 %
The fixed income category includes money market funds, short-term bond funds, and cash. The majority of fixed income investments range in maturities from less than 1 to 5 years.
The Company’s target allocation percentages for the PBOP trust is similar to the pension plan.
The Company uses the following criteria to select investment funds:
•Fund past performance;
•Fund meets criteria of Employee Retirements Income Security Act (ERISA);
•Timeliness and completeness of fund communications and reporting to investors;
•Stability of fund management company;
•Fund management fees; and
•Administrative costs incurred by the Plan.
Plan Fair Value Measurements
The fair value measurements standard establishes a framework for measuring fair value. That framework provides a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy under the standard are described below:
Level 1—Inputs to the valuation methodology are unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the Plan has the ability to access.
Level 2—Inputs to the valuation methodology include:
•Quoted market prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets;
•Quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets;
•Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability; and
•Inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means.
If the asset or liability has a specified (contractual) term, the level 2 input must be observable for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.
Level 3—Inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement.
The following tables present the fair value of plan assets by major asset category at December 31, 2024 and 2023:
December 31, 2024
 Pension BenefitsOther Benefits
 Level 1Level 2Level 3TotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3Total
Fixed Income$288 $— $— $288 $21,769 $— $— $21,769 
Domestic Equity
— — — — 7,039 — — 7,039 
Non U.S. Equities— — — — 7,390 — — 7,390 
Emerging markets— — — — 3,151 — — 3,151 
Assets measured at net asset value (NAV)— — — 749,759 — — — 135,005 
Total Plan Assets$288 $— $— $750,047 $39,349 $— $— $174,354 
December 31, 2023
 Pension BenefitsOther Benefits
 Level 1Level 2Level 3TotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3Total
Fixed Income$407 $— $— $407 $21,891 $— $— $21,891 
Domestic Equity
— — — — 6,437 — — 6,437 
Non U.S. Equities— — — — 7,268 — — 7,268 
Emerging markets— — — — 3,090 — — 3,090 
Assets measured at NAV— — — 715,866 — — — 124,681 
Total Plan Assets$407 $— $— $716,273 $38,686 $— $— $163,367 
The pension benefits fixed income category includes $0.3 million and $0.4 million of money market fund investments as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The other benefits fixed income category includes $0.5 million and $0.3 million of money market fund investments as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Assets measured at NAV include investments in commingled funds that are comprised of fixed income and equity securities. These commingled funds are not publicly traded, and therefore no publicly quoted market price is readily available. The values of the commingled funds are measured at estimated fair value, which is determined based on the unit value of the funds and have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy tables above. There are no restrictions on the terms and conditions upon which the investments may be redeemed.
Changes in Plan Assets, Benefits Obligations, and Funded Status
The following table reconciles the funded status of the plans with the accrued pension liability and the net postretirement benefit liability as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:
 Pension BenefitsOther Benefits
 2024202320242023
Change in projected benefit obligation:    
Beginning of year$710,769 $685,254 $134,733 $101,752 
Service cost23,421 22,159 6,048 4,489 
Interest cost36,244 34,190 6,900 5,219 
Actuarial (gain) loss
(54,744)(8,532)(17,131)27,208 
Benefits paid, net of retiree premiums(23,599)(22,302)(2,281)(3,935)
End of year$692,091 $710,769 $128,269 $134,733 
Change in plan assets:    
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year$716,273 $637,330 $163,367 $144,686 
Actual return on plan assets53,687 95,280 13,269 22,133 
Employer contributions3,686 5,965 — 189 
Retiree contributions and Medicare part D subsidies— — 2,446 2,449 
Benefits paid(23,599)(22,302)(4,906)(6,557)
Other adjustments— — 178 467 
Fair value of plan assets at end of year$750,047 $716,273 $174,354 $163,367 
Funded status (1)
$57,956 $5,504 $46,085 $28,634 
Unrecognized actuarial gain
(123,431)(66,073)(44,685)(26,764)
Unrecognized prior service cost2,154 2,680 1,273 1,428 
Net amount recognized$(63,321)$(57,889)$2,673 $3,298 
_______________________________________________________________________________
1.The short-term portion of the pension benefits was $3.1 million as of December 31, 2024 and $2.8 million as of December 31, 2023 and was recorded as part of other accrued liabilities on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Amounts recognized on the balance sheet consist of:
 Pension BenefitsOther Benefits
 2024202320242023
Noncurrent assets (1)$142,607 $91,051 $46,085 $28,634 
Accrued benefit costs— — (1)(1)
Accrued benefit liability (2)(84,651)(85,547)— — 
Regulatory liabilities (3)(131,297)(63,393)(43,411)(25,335)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (4)
10,020 — — — 
Net amount recognized$(63,321)$(57,889)$2,673 $3,298 
_______________________________________________________________________________
1.Noncurrent assets represent the overfunded status of the employee pension plan and PBOP plan in 2024 and 2023. The amounts are included in other noncurrent assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
2.Accrued benefit liability represents the underfunded status of the SERP plan in 2024 and 2023. The amounts are included in pension on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
3.Changes in the funded status of the plans that would be recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income for an unregulated entity are recorded as regulatory assets and liabilities as the Company believes it is probable that an amount equal to the regulatory asset or liability will be collected or refunded through the setting of future rates.
4.As a result of Cal Water’s 2021 GRC decision that was issued in March of 2024, SERP expenses were disallowed to be recovered from Cal Water’s customers. At this time, the Company believes it is not probable that SERP costs will be recovered in rates for the three-year period in which the 2021 GRC is in effect. As a result, the Company has reclassified its SERP regulatory asset for Cal Water to accumulated other comprehensive loss in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
Valuation Assumptions
Below are the actuarial assumptions used in determining the benefit obligation for the benefit plans:
 Pension BenefitsOther Benefits
 2024202320242023
Weighted average assumptions as of December 31:    
Discount rate - employee pension plan5.89 %5.25 %— — 
Discount rate - SERP5.82 %5.19 %— — 
Discount rate - other benefits— — 5.88 %5.25 %
Long-term rate of return on plan assets7.59 %7.56 %7.43 %7.41 %
Rate of compensation increases - employee pension plan4.25 %4.25 %— — 
Rate of compensation increases - SERP5.00 %5.00 %— — 
Cost of living adjustment2.20 %2.23 %— — 
The long-term rate of return assumption is the expected rate of return on a balanced portfolio invested roughly 60% in equities and 40% in fixed income securities. Returns on equity investments were estimated based on estimates of dividend yield and real earnings added to a 2.20% long-term inflation rate. For the pension plans and other benefits, the assumed long-term rate of return was 8.31% for domestic equities and 9.08% for foreign equities. Returns on fixed income investments were
projected based on investment maturities and credit spreads added to a 2.20% long-term inflation rate. For the pension and other benefit plans, the assumed long-term rate of return was 5.42% and 5.10%, respectively, for fixed income investments. The Company is using a long-term rate of return of 7.59% for the pension plan and 7.43% for the other benefit plan.
Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost
Net periodic benefit costs for the pension and other postretirement plans for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, included the following components:
 Pension PlanOther Benefits
 202420232022202420232022
Service cost$23,421 $22,159 $34,847 $6,048 $4,489 $6,830 
Interest cost36,244 34,190 25,596 6,900 5,219 4,009 
Expected return on plan assets(52,941)(53,684)(45,228)(11,949)(10,543)(9,927)
Net amortization and deferral2,394 (3,043)5,781 (375)(2,019)(824)
Net periodic (income) cost
$9,118 $(378)$20,996 $624 $(2,854)$88 
Service cost portion of the pension plan and other postretirement benefits is recognized in administrative and general within the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Other components of net periodic benefit costs include interest costs, expected return on plan assets, amortization of prior service costs, and recognized net actuarial loss and are reported together as other components of net periodic benefit cost within the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Below are the actuarial assumptions used in determining the net periodic benefit costs for the benefit plans, which uses the end of the prior year as the measurement date:
 Pension BenefitsOther Benefits
 2024202320242023
Weighted average assumptions as of December 31:    
Discount rate - employee pension plan5.25 %5.27 %— — 
Discount rate - SERP5.19 %5.24 %— — 
Discount rate - other benefits— — 5.25 %5.27 %
Long-term rate of return on plan assets7.56 %7.50 %7.41 %7.36 %
Rate of compensation increases - employee pension plan4.25 %4.28 %— — 
Rate of compensation increases - SERP5.00 %5.00 %— — 
Cost of living adjustment2.23 %2.25 %— — 
The health care cost trend rate assumption has a significant effect on the amounts reported. For 2024 measurement purposes, the Company assumed a 7.0% annual rate of increase in the per capita cost of covered benefits with the rate decreasing to 6.8% by 2025, then gradually grading down to 4.0% by 2062.
The Company intends to make annual contributions that meet the funding requirements of ERISA. The Company estimates in 2025 that the annual contribution to the pension plans will be $5.2 million and no annual contribution to the other postretirement plan.