Restructuring provisions are made on a case-by-case basis and primarily include severance costs incurred in connection with employee reductions and plant consolidations. Restructuring costs other than employee related costs are immaterial for all periods presented and are included in the table below. The Company expects to finance restructuring programs over the next several years through cash generated from its ongoing operations or through cash available under its existing credit facilities. The Company does not expect that the execution of these programs will have an adverse impact on its liquidity position. The changes in the employee-related reserves in the table below have been charged against Other income (expense), net in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The restructuring reserve balance is included within Accrued expenses in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.


(Dollars in millions)	2023			2022			2021
Reserve at beginning of the period	$	32		$	88		$	126
Provision - charge		212			17			39
Provision - reversal		(1	)		(4	)		(31	)
Cash payments		(35	)		(64	)		(37	)
Translation difference		7			(5	)		(8	)
Reserve at end of the period	$	213		$	32		$	88

The restructuring charges in 2023 of $212 million relate to the global structural cost reduction program activities initiated in 2023, primarily in Europe. Cash payments of $35 million in 2023 mainly relate to restructuring activities in Europe. As of December 31, 2023, the majority of the restructuring reserve balance is attributed to global structural cost reduction program activities initiated in 2023 in Europe.

The restructuring charges in 2022 of $17 million mainly related to footprint optimization activities in Asia and Europe. Cash payments of $64 million in 2022 were related to the structural efficiency program initiated in 2020, footprint optimization activities initiated in Europe in 2020 and in Asia in 2022.

The restructuring charges in 2021 of $39 million mainly related to footprint optimization activities primarily in Asia. Reversals mainly related to the structural efficiency program initiated in 2020. Cash payments in 2021 related to the structural efficiency program initiated in 2020 and other footprint activities.