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Investments
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]  
Investments Investments
Trading Investments
We periodically sell Private Education Loans through securitization transactions where we were required to retain a five percent vertical risk retention interest (i.e., five percent of each class issued in the securitizations). We classify those vertical risk retention interests related to the transactions as available-for-sale investments, except for the interest in the residual classes, which we classify as trading investments recorded at fair value with changes recorded through earnings.
In the third quarter of 2022, we invested $5 million in a debt security classified as a trading investment and recorded the initial investment at cost. The investment will subsequently be measured at fair value with changes in market value recorded through earnings.
At December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had $56 million and $37 million, respectively, classified as trading investments.
Available-for-Sale Investments
The amortized cost and fair value of securities available for sale are as follows:

 
As of December 31, 2022
(dollars in thousands)		Amortized Cost
Allowance for credit losses(1)
Gross Unrealized GainsGross Unrealized LossesEstimated Fair Value
Available for sale:
Mortgage-backed securities$389,067 $— $2 $(68,705)$320,364 
Utah Housing Corporation bonds3,584 — — (357)3,227 
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises and Treasuries1,804,726 — — (115,416)1,689,310 
Other securities356,955 — 33 (27,800)329,188 
Total $2,554,332 $— $35 $(212,278)$2,342,089 
As of December 31, 2021
(dollars in thousands)		Amortized Cost
Allowance for credit losses(1)
Gross Unrealized GainsGross Unrealized LossesEstimated Fair Value
Available for sale:
Mortgage-backed securities$376,313 $— $1,857 $(7,073)$371,097 
Utah Housing Corporation bonds6,943 — 18 — 6,961 
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises and Treasuries1,958,943 — 603 (11,893)1,947,653 
Other securities193,369 — 439 (1,563)192,245 
Total $2,535,568 $— $2,917 $(20,529)$2,517,956 
 
    
(1) Represents the amount of impairment that has resulted from credit-related factors and that was recognized in the consolidated balance sheets (as a credit loss expense on available-for-sale securities). The amount excludes unrealized losses related to non-credit factors.
The following table summarizes the amount of gross unrealized losses for our available-for-sale securities and the estimated fair value for securities having gross unrealized loss positions, categorized by length of time the securities have been in an unrealized loss position:
Less than 12 months12 months or moreTotal
As of December 31,
(dollars in thousands)		Gross Unrealized LossesEstimated Fair ValueGross Unrealized LossesEstimated Fair ValueGross Unrealized LossesEstimated Fair Value
2022:
Mortgage-backed securities$(13,956)$99,598 $(54,749)$220,576 $(68,705)$320,174 
Utah Housing Corporation bonds(357)3,227 — — (357)3,227 
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises and Treasuries(28,128)689,300 (87,288)1,000,010 (115,416)1,689,310 
Other securities(15,852)232,546 (11,948)92,883 (27,800)325,429 
Total$(58,293)$1,024,671 $(153,985)$1,313,469 $(212,278)$2,338,140 
2021:
Mortgage-backed securities$(5,534)$261,404 $(1,540)$36,587 $(7,074)$297,991 
Utah Housing Corporation bonds— — — — — — 
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises and Treasuries(11,892)1,199,367 — — (11,892)1,199,367 
Other securities(1,563)132,884 — — (1,563)132,884 
Total$(18,989)$1,593,655 $(1,540)$36,587 $(20,529)$1,630,242 

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, 191 of 194 and 60 of 180, respectively, of our available-for-sale securities were in an unrealized loss position.
Impairment
For available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position, we first assess whether we intend to sell, or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell, the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of these criteria is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For securities in an unrealized loss position that do not meet these criteria, we evaluate whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit loss or other factors. In making this assessment, we consider the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, adverse conditions specifically related to the security, as well as any guarantees (e.g., guarantees by the U.S. Government) that may be applicable to the security. If this assessment indicates a credit loss exists, the credit-related portion of the loss is recorded as an allowance for losses on the security.
Our investment portfolio contains mortgage-backed securities issued by Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae, and Freddie Mac, as well as Utah Housing Corporation bonds. We own these securities to meet our requirements under the Community Reinvestment Act (“CRA”). We also invest in other U.S. government-sponsored enterprise securities issued by the Federal Home Loan Banks, Freddie Mac, and the Federal Farm Credit Bank. Our mortgage-backed securities that were issued under Ginnie Mae programs carry a full faith and credit guarantee from the U.S. Government. The remaining mortgage-backed securities in a net loss position carry a principal and interest guarantee by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac, respectively. Our Treasury and other U.S. government-sponsored enterprise bonds are rated Aaa by Moody’s Investors Service or AA+ by Standard and Poor’s. The decline in value from December 31, 2021 to December 31, 2022 was driven by the current interest rate environment and is not credit-related. We have the intent and ability to hold these bonds for a period of time sufficient for the market price to recover to at least the adjusted amortized cost of the security. Based on this qualitative analysis, we have determined that no credit impairment exists.
We periodically sell Private Education Loans through securitization transactions where we are required to retain a five percent vertical risk retention interest. We classify the non-residual vertical risk retention interests as available-for-sale investments. We have the intent and ability to hold each of these bonds for a period of time sufficient for the market price to recover to at least the adjusted amortized cost of the security. We expect to receive all contractual cash flows related to these investments and do not consider a credit impairment to exist.
As of December 31, 2022, the amortized cost and fair value of securities, by contractual maturities, are summarized below. Contractual maturities versus actual maturities may differ due to the effect of prepayments.

As of December 31, 2022
Year of Maturity
(Dollars in thousands)
Amortized CostEstimated Fair Value
2023$162,526 $159,078 
2024697,970 663,206 
2025297,822 283,197 
2026548,199 489,551 
202798,210 94,277 
203871 73 
2039740 731 
20422,699 2,331 
20434,573 4,096 
20445,464 5,012 
20455,520 4,912 
20468,110 7,151 
20478,470 7,502 
20482,149 2,070 
204916,482 14,645 
2050117,659 94,680 
2051163,803 130,870 
205256,910 49,518 
2053111,518 100,258 
205488,335 79,101 
2055102,497 96,290 
205854,605 53,540 
Total$2,554,332 $2,342,089 

Some of the mortgage-backed securities and a portion of the government securities have been pledged to the FRB as collateral against any advances and accrued interest under the Primary Credit lending program sponsored by the FRB. We had $547 million and $888 million par value of securities pledged to this borrowing facility at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, as discussed further in Note 12, “Borrowings.”
Other Investments
Investments in Non-Marketable Securities
We hold investments in non-marketable securities and account for these investments at cost, less impairment, plus or minus observable price changes of identical or similar securities of the same issuer. Changes in market value are recorded through earnings. Because these are non-marketable securities, we use observable price changes of identical or similar securities of the same issuer, or when observable prices are not available, use market data of similar entities, in determining any changes in the value of the securities. In the second quarter of 2021, we funded an additional investment, as part of a larger equity raise, in an issuer whose equity securities we purchased in the past. We used the valuation associated with the more recent equity raise to adjust the valuation of our previous investments, and, as a result, recorded a gain of $35 million on our earlier equity securities investments. This gain was recorded in “gains (losses) on securities, net” in the consolidated statements of income in 2021. In the fourth quarter of 2022, we determined that our investment in these non-marketable equity securities was impaired. As such, we wrote down the value based upon an estimate of the value of these securities and recorded a loss of $60 million in “gains (losses) on securities, net” in the consolidated
statements of income in 2022. At December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, our total investment in the non-marketable securities of this issuer was $8 million and $69 million, respectively.

Low Income Housing Tax Credit Investments
We invest in affordable housing projects that qualify for the LIHTC, which is designed to promote private development of low income housing. We recognized $9 million, $7 million, and $6 million of tax credits and other tax benefits associated with investments in affordable housing projects within income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. The amount of amortization of such investments reported in income tax expense was $7 million, $6 million, and $5 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Total carrying value of the LIHTC investments was $80 million at December 31, 2022 and $68 million at December 31, 2021. We are periodically required to provide additional financial support during the investment period. Our liability for these unfunded commitments was $46 million at December 31, 2022 and $30 million at December 31, 2021.