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Stock-Based Compensation Plans and Arrangements - Additional Information (Detail)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
USD ($)
compensation_plan
shares
Dec. 31, 2016
USD ($)
shares
Dec. 31, 2015
USD ($)
shares
Jul. 31, 2018
USD ($)
Jun. 25, 2014
shares
May 24, 2012
shares
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]            
Number of active stock-based compensation plans | compensation_plan 1          
Stock-based compensation cost $ 27,899,000 $ 22,944,000 $ 21,598,000      
Unrecognized compensation cost $ 14,200,000          
Weighted average period for total unrecognized compensation cost 1 year 4 months 15 days          
Vesting period 3 years          
Options granted in period (in shares) | shares 0 0 0      
Offering period of employee stock purchase plan 12 months          
Maximum contribution amount per employee to ESPP $ 7,500          
SLM Corporation 2012 Omnibus Incentive Plan            
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]            
Shares authorized to be issued under plan (in shares) | shares   23,000,000        
Employee Stock Purchase Plan            
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]            
Shares authorized to be issued under plan (in shares) | shares         15,000,000 6,000,000
Vesting period 1 year          
Percentage of discount available to employees under ESPP 15.00%          
Expected dividend rate 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%      
Company's common stock purchased by ESPP participants (in shares) | shares 283,952 0 163,136      
Grants made prior to 2012            
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]            
Maximum term for stock options (in years) 10 years          
Grants made in 2012            
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]            
Maximum term for stock options (in years) 5 years          
Performance Vesting Stock Options            
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]            
Vesting period 3 years          
Performance Vesting Stock Options | Tranche 1            
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]            
Vesting percentage per year of performance-vested options granted to management 33.33%          
Performance Vesting Stock Options | Tranche 2            
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]            
Vesting percentage per year of performance-vested options granted to management 33.33%          
Performance Vesting Stock Options | Tranche 3            
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]            
Vesting percentage per year of performance-vested options granted to management 33.33%          
Restricted Stock            
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]            
Unrecognized compensation cost $ 400,000          
Weighted average period for total unrecognized compensation cost 6 months          
Vesting period 1 year          
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs)            
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]            
Vesting period 3 years          
Scenario, Forecast | Employee Stock Purchase Plan            
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]            
Unrecognized compensation cost       $ 300,000