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REVENUE
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]  
REVENUE REVENUE
FirstEnergy accounts for revenues from contracts with customers under ASC 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers.” Revenue from leases, financial instruments, other contractual rights or obligations and other revenues that are not from contracts with customers are outside the scope of the standard and accounted for under other existing GAAP.

FirstEnergy has elected to exclude sales taxes and other similar taxes collected on behalf of third parties from revenue as prescribed in the standard. As a result, tax collections and remittances are excluded from recognition in the income statement and instead recorded through the balance sheet. Excise and gross receipts taxes that are assessed on FirstEnergy are not subject to the election and are included in revenue. FirstEnergy has elected the optional invoice practical expedient for most of its revenues and utilizes the optional short-term contract exemption for transmission revenues due to the annual establishment of revenue requirements, which eliminates the need to provide certain revenue disclosures regarding unsatisfied performance obligations.

FirstEnergy’s revenues are primarily derived from electric service provided by the Utilities and Transmission Companies.
Regulated Distribution

The Regulated Distribution segment distributes electricity through FirstEnergy’s ten utility operating companies and also controls 3,580 MWs of regulated electric generation capacity located primarily in West Virginia and Virginia. Each of the Utilities earns revenue from state-regulated rate tariffs under which it provides distribution services to residential, commercial and industrial customers in its service territory. The Utilities are obligated under the regulated construct to deliver power to customers reliably, as it is needed, which creates an implied monthly contract with the end-use customer. See Note 12, “Regulatory Matters,” for additional information on rate recovery mechanisms. Distribution and electric revenues are recognized over time as electricity is distributed and delivered to the customer and the customers consume the electricity immediately as delivery occurs.

Retail generation sales relate to POLR, SOS, SSO and default service requirements in Ohio, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Maryland, as well as generation sales in West Virginia that are regulated by the WVPSC. Certain of the Utilities have default service obligations to provide power to non-shopping customers who have elected to continue to receive service under regulated retail tariffs. The volume of these sales varies depending on the level of shopping that occurs. Supply plans vary by state and by service territory. Default service for the Ohio Companies, Pennsylvania Companies, JCP&L and PE’s Maryland jurisdiction are provided through a competitive procurement process approved by each state’s respective commission. Retail generation revenues are recognized over time as electricity is delivered and consumed immediately by the customer.

Wholesale sales primarily consist of generation and capacity sales into the PJM market from FirstEnergy’s regulated electric generation capacity and NUGs. Certain of the Utilities may also purchase power in the PJM markets to supply power to their customers. Generally, these power sales from generation and purchases to serve load are netted hourly and reported as either revenues or purchased power on the Consolidated Statements of Income based on whether the entity was a net seller or buyer each hour. Capacity revenues are recognized ratably over the PJM planning year at prices cleared in the annual PJM Reliability Pricing Model Base Residual Auction and Incremental Auctions. Capacity purchases and sales through PJM capacity auctions are reported within revenues on the Consolidated Statements of Income. Certain capacity income (bonuses) and charges (penalties) related to the availability of units that have cleared in the auctions are unknown and not recorded in revenue until, and unless, they occur.

The Utilities’ distribution customers are metered on a cycle basis. An estimate of unbilled revenues is calculated to recognize electric service provided from the last meter reading through the end of the month. This estimate includes many factors, among which are historical customer usage, load profiles, estimated weather impacts, customer shopping activity and prices in effect for each class of customer. In each accounting period, the Utilities accrue the estimated unbilled amount as revenue and reverse the related prior period estimate. Customer payments vary by state but are generally due within 30 days.

ASC 606 excludes industry-specific accounting guidance for recognizing revenue from ARPs as these programs represent contracts between the utility and its regulators, as opposed to customers. Therefore, revenues from these programs are not within the scope of ASC 606 and regulated utilities are permitted to continue to recognize such revenues in accordance with existing practice but are presented separately from revenue arising from contracts with customers. FirstEnergy had ARPs in Ohio primarily for shared savings in 2020, and has reflected refunds of decoupling revenue owed to customers as reductions to ARPs in 2021.

Regulated Transmission

The Regulated Transmission segment provides transmission infrastructure owned and operated by the Transmission Companies and certain of FirstEnergy's utilities (JCP&L, MP, PE and WP) to transmit electricity from generation sources to distribution facilities. The segment's revenues are derived from forward-looking formula rates. See Note 12, “Regulatory Matters,” for additional information.

Forward-looking formula rates recover costs that the regulatory agencies determine are permitted to be recovered and provide a return on transmission capital investment. Under forward-looking formula rates, the revenue requirement is updated annually based on a projected rate base and projected costs, which is subject to an annual true-up based on rate base and actual costs. Revenues and cash receipts for the stand-ready obligation of providing transmission service are recognized ratably over time.
The following represents a disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:
For the Years Ended December 31,
(In millions)202220212020
Regulated Distribution
Retail generation and distribution services (1)
Residential $6,180 $5,713 $5,539 
Commercial 2,499 2,284 2,140 
Industrial 1,338 1,091 1,076 
Other 85 75 81 
Wholesale 494 362251
Other revenue from contracts with customers104 119140
Total revenues from contracts with customers10,700 9,644 9,227 
ARP(2)
— (27)43 
Other revenue unrelated to contracts with customers101 9493
Total Regulated Distribution$10,801 $9,711 $9,363 
Regulated Transmission
ATSI $912 $799 $804 
TrAIL 270 233 247 
MAIT 340 288 250 
JCP&L 203 164 178 
MP, PE and WP 138 124134
Total revenues from contracts with customers1,863 1,608 1,613 
Other revenue unrelated to contracts with customers5 10 17 
Total Regulated Transmission $1,868 $1,618 $1,630 
Corporate/Other and Reconciling Adjustments(3)
Wholesale$27 $14 $9 
Retail generation and distribution services (3)
(186)(154)(148)
Other revenue unrelated to contracts with customers (3)
(51)(57)(64)
Total Corporate/Other and Reconciling $(210)$(197)$(203)
FirstEnergy Total Revenues $12,459 $11,132 $10,790 
(1) Includes approximately $58 million and $38 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, of customer refunds associated with the Ohio Stipulation that became effective in December 2021. See Note 12, “Regulatory Matters,” for further discussion.
(2) Reflects amount the Ohio Companies refunded to customers that was previously collected under decoupling mechanisms, with interest.
(3) Includes eliminations and reconciling adjustments of inter-segment revenues.

Other revenue unrelated to contracts with customers includes revenue from late payment charges of $38 million, $36 million and $31 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. Other revenue unrelated to contracts with customers also includes revenue from derivatives of $15 million, $11 million and $14 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.
RECEIVABLES
Receivables from contracts from customers include retail electric sales and distribution deliveries to residential, commercial and industrial customers of the Utilities. There was no material concentration of receivables as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, with respect to any particular segment of FirstEnergy’s customers. Billed and unbilled customer receivables as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, are included below.
As of December 31,
Customer Receivables20222021
 (In millions)
Billed(1)
$674 $616 
Unbilled781 576 
1,455 1,192 
Less: Uncollectible Reserve 137 159 
Total Customer Receivables $1,318 $1,033 
(1) Includes approximately $290 million and $318 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, that are past due by greater than 30 days.
The allowance for uncollectible customer receivables is based on historical loss information comprised of a rolling 36-month average net write-off percentage of revenues, in conjunction with a qualitative assessment of elements that impact the collectability of receivables to determine if allowances for uncollectible accounts should be further adjusted in accordance with the accounting guidance for credit losses.

FirstEnergy reviews its allowance for uncollectible customer receivables utilizing a quantitative and qualitative assessment. Management contemplates available current information such as changes in economic factors, regulatory matters, industry trends, customer credit factors, amount of receivable balances that are past-due, payment options and programs available to customers, and the methods that the Utilities are able to utilize to ensure payment. This analysis includes consideration of the outbreak of the pandemic and the impact on customer receivable balances outstanding and write-offs since the pandemic began and subsequent economic slowdown. FirstEnergy’s uncollectible risk on PJM receivables, resulting from transmission and wholesale sales, is minimal due to the nature of PJM’s settlement process whereby members of PJM legally agree to share the cost of defaults and as a result there is no allowance for doubtful accounts.

During 2021, arrears levels continued to be elevated above 2019 pre-pandemic levels. Various regulatory actions impacted the growth and recovery of past due balances including extensions on moratoriums, significant restrictions regarding disconnections, and extended installment plans. FirstEnergy experienced a reduction in the amount of receivables that are past due by greater than 30 days since the end of 2020. While total customer arrears balances continued to decrease in 2021, balances over 120 days past due continued to be elevated. FirstEnergy considered other factors as part of its qualitative assessment, such as certain federal stimulus and state funding being made available to assist with past due utility bills. As a result of this qualitative analysis, FirstEnergy did not recognize any incremental uncollectible expense during 2021.

During 2022, various regulatory actions including extensions on moratoriums, certain restrictions on disconnections and extended installment plan offerings continue to impact the level of past due balances in certain states. However, certain states have resumed normal collections activity and arrears levels have declined towards pre-pandemic levels. As a result, FirstEnergy recognized a $25 million decrease in its allowance for uncollectible customer receivables during the first quarter of 2022, of which $15 million was applied to existing deferred regulatory assets. As a result of certain customer installment or extended payment plans, inflationary pressures on customers and the economic slowdown, there were no material changes to the allowance for uncollectible customer receivables during the remainder of 2022. Additionally, as a result of the pandemic-related moratoriums and certain customer installment or extended payment plans offered, which caused the extension of when certain write offs would have otherwise occurred, the allowance for uncollectible accounts on receivables remains elevated above 2019 pre-pandemic levels.
Activity in the allowance for uncollectible accounts on receivables for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 are as follows:
(In millions)20222021
2020(3)
Customer Receivables
Beginning of year balance $159 $164 $46 
Charged to income (1)
59 54 174 
Charged to other accounts (2)
62 42 46 
Write-offs (143)(101)(102)
End of year balance $137 $159 $164 
Other Receivables
Beginning of year balance$10 $26 $21 
Charged to income 4 3 7 
Charged to other accounts (2)
4 3 10 
Write-offs(7)(22)(12)
End of year balance$11 $10 $26 
(1) Customer receivable amounts charged to income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 include approximately $11 million, $12 million, and $103 million respectively, deferred for future recovery. 2020 amounts charged to income includes $121 million of incremental expense due to pandemic conditions.
(2) Represents recoveries and reinstatements of accounts previously written off for uncollectible accounts.
(3) As a result of the FES Debtors’ emergence from bankruptcy in February 2020, FirstEnergy wrote off $1.1 billion in affiliated companies receivables in 2020, which were included in discontinued operations. There was no affiliated companies receivables at the end of 2022, 2021 or 2020