BASIS OF PREPARATION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Policies)	12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Basis of preparation	Basis of preparation: The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP).
Functional and presentation currency and Foreign currency translation	Functional and presentation currency: The consolidated financial statements are presented in United States (U.S.) dollars, which is also Celestica's functional currency. Unless otherwise noted, all financial information is presented in millions of U.S. dollars (except percentages and per share/per unit amounts). Foreign currency translation: The majority of our subsidiaries have a U.S. dollar functional currency, which represents the currency of the primary economic environment in which they operate. For these subsidiaries, we translate: (i) monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies into U.S. dollars at the period-end exchange rates; (ii) non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies into U.S. dollars at historic rates; and (iii) revenue and expenses denominated in foreign currencies into U.S. dollars at the average exchange rates prevailing during the month of the transaction. Exchange gains and losses also arise on the settlement of foreign-currency denominated transactions. We recognize foreign currency differences arising on translation in our consolidated statement of operations. Upon consolidation, for our subsidiaries with a non-U.S. dollar functional currency, we translate assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies into U.S. dollars using the period-end exchange rates, and we translate revenue and expenses into U.S. dollars at the average exchange rates prevailing during the month of the transaction. We defer gains and losses arising from the translation of these operations in the foreign currency translation account included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (OCI). For these subsidiaries, we translate foreign currency transactions into the relevant non-U.S. dollar functional currency using the exchange rate prevailing during the month of the transaction for revenues and expenses, and the exchange rate as at period end for the translation of these foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities, and such gains and losses arising from these translations are recorded in the statement of operations in their non-U.S. dollar functional currency before translation into U.S. dollar for consolidation purposes.
Use of estimates and judgments	Use of estimates and judgments: The preparation of financial statements requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of accounting policies, the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosures with respect to contingent assets and liabilities. We base our judgments, estimates and assumptions on current facts, historical experience and various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. The economic environment also impacts certain estimates and discount rates necessary to prepare our consolidated financial statements, including significant estimates and discount rates applicable to the determination of the fair values used in the impairment testing of our non-financial assets. Our assessment of these factors forms the basis for our judgments on the carrying values of our assets and liabilities, and the accrual of our costs and expenses. Actual results could differ materially from our estimates and assumptions. We review our estimates and underlying assumptions on an ongoing basis and make revisions as determined necessary by management. Revisions are recognized in the period in which the estimates are revised and may also impact future periods. Our review of the estimates, judgments and assumptions used in the preparation of our financial statements for 2024 included those relating to, among others: our determination of the timing of revenue recognition, the determination of whether indicators of impairment existed for our assets and reporting units, our measurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities, our estimated inventory write-downs and expected credit losses, customer creditworthiness and the determination of the fair value of assets acquired, liabilities assumed and contingent consideration in connection with a business combination. Any revisions to estimates, judgments or assumptions may result in, among other things, impairments to our assets or our reporting units, any of which could have a material impact on our financial performance and financial condition. On February 1, 2025, the President of the United States issued three executive orders directing the U.S. to impose new tariffs on imports originating from Canada, Mexico and China. On February 3, 2025, the U.S. announced that the implementation of tariffs on Canada and Mexico would be paused for 30 days. Our review of the estimates, judgments and assumptions also included consideration of the potential impacts of these tariffs, including with respect to the determination of whether indicators of impairment existed for our reporting units. Key sources of estimation uncertainty and judgment: We have applied significant estimates, judgments and assumptions in the following areas which we believe could have a significant impact on our reported results and financial position: our determination of the timing of revenue recognition; whether events or changes in circumstances are indicators that an impairment review of our assets or reporting units should be conducted; the measurement of our reporting units' fair value using market participant assumptions, which includes estimating future growth, profitability, and discount and terminal growth rates; and the allocation of the purchase price and other valuations related to our business acquisitions. We describe our use of judgment and estimation uncertainties in greater detail in the accounting policies described under “Significant Accounting Policies” below.
Recently adopted accounting pronouncements and Recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted	Recently adopted accounting pronouncements: In December 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU 2022-06, Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848 (Topic 848), which defers the sunset date of ASC 848 from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024. ASC 848 provides relief for companies preparing for the discontinuation of interest rates, such as LIBOR. The adoption of the guidance during the second quarter of 2023 had no material impact on our consolidated financial statements. In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07 Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which expands reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss. The impact of our adoption of the guidance in 2024 is reflected in note 22. Recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted: In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-06 Disclosure Improvements — Codification Amendments in Response to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission’s Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative, which amends disclosure guidance over an entity’s accounting policy related to derivative instruments, material prior period adjustments upon a change in a reporting entity, earnings-per-share, encumbered assets, unused lines of credit and unfunded commitments, and liquidation preferences of preferred stock. The amendments are effective prospectively on the date each individual amendment is effectively removed from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09 Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which enhances income tax disclosures, primarily through changes to the rate reconciliation and disaggregation of income taxes paid. ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03 Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which requires public business entities to disclose disaggregated information about certain costs and expenses in the notes to their financial statements. The objective of this update is to provide more detailed information about the types of expenses included in commonly presented expense captions, such as cost of sales, selling, general and administrative expenses (SG&A), and research and development expenses. The update mandates that entities present a tabular disclosure of each relevant expense caption on the face of the income statement, disaggregated into specified categories, including purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, intangible asset amortization, and other significant expenses. This enhanced disclosure aims to improve the transparency and decision-usefulness of financial statements for investors and other users. ASU 2024-03 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact that the updated standards will have on our financial statement disclosures. We believe that other recently issued accounting standards will either not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements or will not apply to our operations.
Basis of measurement	Basis of measurement: These consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the going concern basis, primarily on the historical cost basis. Other measurement bases, where used, are described in the applicable notes.
Basis of consolidation	Basis of consolidation: These consolidated financial statements include our subsidiaries, all of which are wholly owned. Any subsidiaries that are formed or acquired during the year are consolidated from their respective dates of formation or acquisition. Inter-company transactions and balances are eliminated on consolidation. Some of our subsidiaries are considered variable interest entities (VIEs) as they do not have sufficient equity at risk to finance their activities without additional financial support. Such VIEs are consolidated as we are their primary beneficiary. Subsidiaries that are not considered VIEs are consolidated as we own, directly or indirectly, a controlling interest in the entities. We perform an assessment at inception and regularly reevaluate whether the legal entity is a VIE and whether we continue to be the primary beneficiary.
Business combinations	Business combinations and goodwill: We use the acquisition method to account for any business combinations. All identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including contingent assets and liabilities are recorded at fair value on our consolidated balance sheet as of the acquisition date. Goodwill represents the excess of the consideration transferred for the acquisition over the net of the acquisition-date amounts of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Following initial recognition, goodwill is measured at cost less any accumulated impairment losses. We do not amortize goodwill. Goodwill is tested at least annually for impairment, or more frequently, if events occur or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount (see note 2(j)). Contingent consideration is also recorded at fair value on our consolidated balance sheet as of the acquisition date. We record subsequent changes in the fair value of contingent consideration that is classified as a liability from the date of acquisition to the settlement date in our consolidated statement of operations. We expense integration costs (for the establishment of business processes, infrastructure and information systems for acquired operations) and acquisition-related consulting and transaction costs as incurred in our consolidated statement of operations. We use judgment to determine the estimates used to value identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and the fair value of contingent consideration and other potential obligations, if applicable, at the acquisition date. We may engage third parties to determine the fair value of certain inventory, property, plant and equipment and intangible assets. We use estimates to determine cash flow projections, including the period of expected future benefit, future growth and discount rates, among other factors, to value intangible assets and contingent consideration. The fair value of acquired tangible assets are measured by applying the market, cost or replacement cost, or income approach (using discounted cash flows and forecasts by management), as appropriate. The fair value of acquired intangible assets are measured by applying the income approach using a discounted cash flow model and forecasts based on management's estimates and assumptions.
Goodwill	Business combinations and goodwill: We use the acquisition method to account for any business combinations. All identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including contingent assets and liabilities are recorded at fair value on our consolidated balance sheet as of the acquisition date. Goodwill represents the excess of the consideration transferred for the acquisition over the net of the acquisition-date amounts of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Following initial recognition, goodwill is measured at cost less any accumulated impairment losses. We do not amortize goodwill. Goodwill is tested at least annually for impairment, or more frequently, if events occur or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount (see note 2(j)). Contingent consideration is also recorded at fair value on our consolidated balance sheet as of the acquisition date. We record subsequent changes in the fair value of contingent consideration that is classified as a liability from the date of acquisition to the settlement date in our consolidated statement of operations. We expense integration costs (for the establishment of business processes, infrastructure and information systems for acquired operations) and acquisition-related consulting and transaction costs as incurred in our consolidated statement of operations. We use judgment to determine the estimates used to value identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and the fair value of contingent consideration and other potential obligations, if applicable, at the acquisition date. We may engage third parties to determine the fair value of certain inventory, property, plant and equipment and intangible assets. We use estimates to determine cash flow projections, including the period of expected future benefit, future growth and discount rates, among other factors, to value intangible assets and contingent consideration. The fair value of acquired tangible assets are measured by applying the market, cost or replacement cost, or income approach (using discounted cash flows and forecasts by management), as appropriate. The fair value of acquired intangible assets are measured by applying the income approach using a discounted cash flow model and forecasts based on management's estimates and assumptions. Impairment of goodwill: For purposes of impairment testing, we allocate goodwill to a reporting unit, which is an operating segment or one level below an operating segment (component), that we expect will benefit from the related acquisition. Goodwill is tested for impairment on an annual basis, during the fourth quarter to correspond with our annual planning cycle (Annual Impairment Assessment), and whenever events and changes in circumstances suggest that the carrying amount may be impaired. Circumstances that may lead to the impairment of goodwill include unforeseen decreases in future performance or industry demand or the restructuring of our operations as a result of a change in our business strategy. A qualitative assessment is allowed to determine if goodwill is potentially impaired. Based on this qualitative assessment, if we determine that it is more likely than not that the reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying value (including goodwill), then we perform a quantitative assessment, otherwise no further analysis is required. Recoverability of goodwill is measured at the reporting unit level by comparing the reporting unit's carrying amount, including goodwill, to the fair value of the reporting unit, which is typically measured using a discounted cash flow analysis. Certain of these approaches use significant unobservable inputs, or Level 3 inputs, as defined by the fair value hierarchy (see 2(q)) and require management to make various judgmental assumptions about revenue growth rates, operating margins, and discount rates which consider our plan for the following year, our three-year strategic plan, and other financial projections, and are believed to reflect market participant views. Some of the inherent estimates and assumptions used in determining fair value of the reporting units are outside the control of management, including interest rates, cost of capital, tax rates, market conditions and credit ratings. While we believe we have made reasonable estimates and assumptions to calculate the fair value of the reporting units, it is possible a material change could occur. If the actual results are not consistent with management's estimates and assumptions used to calculate fair value, it could result in material impairments of our goodwill. If the carrying amount of any reporting unit exceeds its fair value, we will record an impairment loss based on the difference. The impairment loss will be limited to the amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. We do not reverse impairment losses in future periods.
Cash and cash equivalents	Cash and cash equivalents: Cash and cash equivalents include cash on account and short-term investments in money market funds with original maturities of three months or less. The short-term investments are purchased with the intention of generating earnings in the near term and therefore are classified as trading with changes in fair value recognized in our consolidated statement of operations. We expense transaction costs related to short-term investments classified as trading as incurred in our consolidated statement of operations. These instruments are subject to an insignificant risk of change in fair value over their terms and, as a result, we carry cash and cash equivalents at cost.
Inventories	Inventories: We procure inventory and manufacture products based on specific customer orders and forecasts, and value our inventory at the lower of cost (on a first-in, first-out basis) and net realizable value. The cost of our finished goods and work in progress includes direct materials, labor and overhead. All direct and indirect costs related to inventories are capitalized as incurred and are subsequently recorded in cost of sales in the consolidated statement of operations at the time inventories are sold. We determine the net realizable value as the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation. At the end of each reporting period, we perform assessments and record inventory write-downs if actual market conditions or demand for our products or services are less favorable than originally projected. The determination of net realizable value involves significant management judgment and estimation. When estimating the net realizable value of our inventory, we consider factors such as shrinkage, the aging of and future demand for the inventory, and contractual arrangements with customers. We attempt to utilize excess inventory in other products we manufacture or return such inventory to the relevant suppliers or customers. We use future sales volume forecasts to estimate excess inventory on-hand. A change to these assumptions may impact our inventory valuation and our gross margins.
Property, plant and equipment (PP&E)	Property, plant and equipment (PP&E):We carry PP&E at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses. Cost consists of expenditures necessarily incurred to bringing the asset to the condition and location necessary for its intended use. We capitalize the cost of an asset when the economic benefits associated with that asset are probable and when the cost can be measured reliably. We capitalize the costs of major renovations and we write-off the carrying amount of replaced assets. We expense all other maintenance and repair costs in our consolidated statement of operations as incurred. We do not depreciate land.We estimate the useful life of PP&E based on the nature of the asset, historical experience, expected changes in technology, and the expected duration of related customer programs. When major components of an asset have a significantly different useful life than their primary asset, the components are accounted for and depreciated separately. We review our estimates of residual values, useful lives and the methods of depreciation annually at year-end and, if required, adjust them prospectively. We determine gains and losses on the disposal or retirement of PP&E by comparing the proceeds from disposal with the carrying amount of the asset and we recognize these gains and losses in our consolidated statement of operations in the period of disposal or retirement.
Leases	Leases: We are the lessee of land, buildings and machinery. We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. An arrangement is a lease or contains a lease when (i) there is an identified asset, and (ii) the Company has the right to control the use of the identified asset. Operating leases are included in operating lease ROU assets, accrued and other current liabilities and long-term portion of provisions and other non-current liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet. Finance leases are included in PP&E, current portion of borrowings under credit facility and finance lease obligations and long-term portion of borrowings under credit facility and finance lease obligations on our consolidated balance sheet. ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at lease commencement based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate (taking country specific risks into consideration) based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The ROU assets also include any initial direct costs, lease payments made at or before lease commencement and exclude lease incentives. Our lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Variable lease payments are generally expensed as incurred, including certain non-lease components, such as maintenance and other services provided by the lessor, and other charges included in the lease. Our lease agreements generally do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. For operating leases, the lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and is included in cost of sales or selling, general & administrative expenses (SG&A), primarily based on the nature and use of the asset, in our consolidated statement of operations. Depreciation of finance lease ROU assets is included in cost of sales or SG&A in our consolidated statement of operations, primarily based on the nature and use of the asset, and we record interest expense (included in finance costs) over the lease term on the lease liability recognized at lease commencement. We elected the practical expedient, for each class of underlying asset, to not separate lease and non-lease components, as such non-lease components are included in the calculation of the ROU assets and lease liabilities and included in the lease expense over the term of the lease. We also elected to apply the portfolio approach and used a single discount rate for a portfolio of leases with reasonably similar characteristics. We elected not to recognize ROU assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases (defined as leases with a lease term of 12 months or less that do not include an option to purchase the underlying asset that we are reasonably certain to exercise). We recognize lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
Intangible assets	Intangible assets:We record acquired intangible assets on our consolidated balance sheet at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses, if any. We capitalize acquired intangible assets when the economic benefits associated with the asset are probable and when the cost can be measured reliably. We estimate the useful life of acquired intangible assets based on the nature of the asset, historical experience and the projected period of expected future economic benefits to be provided by the asset.Intellectual property assets consist primarily of certain acquired non-patented intellectual property and process technology. Other intangible assets consist primarily of customer relationships and contract intangibles. Computer software assets consist primarily of software licenses. We review our estimates of residual values, useful lives and the methods of amortization annually at year end and, if required, adjust for these prospectively.
Impairment of long-lived assets	Impairment of long-lived assets: Long-lived assets, including PP&E, operating lease ROU assets and intangible assets with finite lives are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. In order to determine if assets have been impaired, assets are grouped and tested at the lowest level for which identifiable independent cash flows are available (asset group). An impairment loss is recognized when the sum of projected undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying amount of the asset group. The measurement of the impairment loss to be recognized is based on the difference between the fair value and the carrying amount of the asset group. Fair value may be determined using a market approach or income approach and is based on management’s assumptions, including future revenue and cash flow projections. Circumstances that may lead to impairment of long-lived assets include reduced expectations for future performance or industry demand and possible further restructurings, among others. We do not reverse impairment losses in future periods.
Restructuring	Restructuring: We incur restructuring charges relating to workforce reductions, site consolidations, and costs associated with businesses we are downsizing or exiting. Our restructuring charges include employee severance and benefit costs, consultant costs, gains, losses or impairments related to owned sites and equipment we no longer use and which are available for sale, and costs or impairments related to leased sites and equipment we no longer use. The recognition of restructuring charges requires management to make certain judgments and estimates regarding the nature, timing and amounts associated with our restructuring actions. Our assumptions include the timing of employee terminations, the measurement of termination costs, any anticipated sublease recoveries from exited sites, the timing of dispositions, and the estimated fair values less costs of disposal for assets we no longer use and which are available for sale. We develop detailed plans and record termination costs in the period that employees are informed of their termination. For owned sites and equipment that are no longer in use and are available for sale, we recognize an impairment loss based on their estimated fair value less costs of disposal, with estimated fair value based on market prices for similar assets. We may engage third parties to assist in the determination of the estimated fair values less costs of disposal for these assets. For leased sites that we intend to exit in connection with restructuring activities, we assess the recoverability of our ROU assets, and write down such assets (recorded as restructuring charges) if the carrying value exceeds any estimated sublease recoveries. To estimate future sublease recoveries, we may engage independent brokers to determine the estimated tenant rents we can expect to realize. At the end of each reporting period, we evaluate the appropriateness of our restructuring charges and balances. We may be required to adjust recorded amounts to reflect actual experience or changes in estimates for future periods.
Legal and other contingencies	Legal and other contingencies: In the normal course of our operations, we may be subject to lawsuits, investigations and other claims, including, but not limited to, environmental, labor, product, customer disputes, and other matters. The filing of a suit or formal assertion of a claim does not automatically trigger a requirement to record a provision. We record a provision for loss contingencies, including legal claims, based on management’s estimate of the probable outcome. Judgment is required when there is a range of possible outcomes. Management considers the degree of probability of the outcome and the ability to make a reasonable estimate of the loss. A provision is recorded at the most likely outcome within a range, or at the low end of the range if no amount within the range is a better estimate than another. We may also use third party advisors in making our determination. The ultimate outcome, including the amount and timing of any payments required, may vary significantly from our original estimates. Potential material legal and other material contingent obligations that have not been recognized as provisions, as the outcome is remote or not probable, or the amount cannot be reliably estimated, are disclosed as contingent liabilities.
Warranty	Warranty: We offer product and service warranties to our customers. We record a provision for future warranty costs based on management’s estimate of probable claims under these warranties. In determining the amount of the provision, we consider several factors including the terms of the warranty (which vary by customer, product or service), the current volume of products sold or services rendered during the warranty period, and historical warranty information. We review and adjust these estimates as necessary to reflect our experience and new information. The amount and aging of our provision will vary depending on various factors including the length of the warranty offered, the remaining life of the warranty and the extent and timing of warranty claims. We classify the portion of our warranty provision for which payment is expected in the next 12 months as current, and the remainder as non-current.
Stock-based compensation (SBC)	Stock-based compensation (SBC): We generally grant restricted share units (RSUs) and performance share units (PSUs), and from time to time grant stock options, to employees under our SBC plans. Stock options and RSUs vest in installments over the vesting period. Stock options generally vest one-quarter per year over a four-year period, and RSUs generally vest one-third per year over a three-year period. We treat each installment under a grant of stock options and RSUs as a separate grant in determining the compensation expense. PSUs vest at the end of their respective terms, generally three years from the grant date, to the extent that specified performance conditions have been met. We estimate forfeitures at the time of grant and revise these estimates in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ significantly from those estimates. Any revisions are recognized on our consolidated statements of operations such that the cumulative expense reflects the revised estimate. We may grant stock options to employees under our Long-Term Incentive Plan (LTIP). We may grant RSUs and PSUs to employees under either our LTIP or our Celestica Share Unit Plan (CSUP). Under the CSUP, we may settle vested awards (in our discretion) with Common Shares purchased in the open market (on a one-for-one basis) or with cash. Under the LTIP, we may (at the time of grant) authorize the grantees to elect to settle vested awards in either cash or Common Shares issued from treasury (up to a specified limit) or purchased in the open market (in either case on a one-for-one basis). Absent such permitted election for LTIP grants, we intend to settle all employee RSUs and PSUs under the LTIP and CSUP in Common Shares (net of withholding taxes). As a result, we account for these share unit awards as equity-settled awards. Stock options: Stock options are exercisable for Common Shares. We recognize the grant date fair value of stock options granted to employees as compensation expense in our consolidated statement of operations, with a corresponding charge to additional paid-in capital on our consolidated balance sheet, over the vesting period. We adjust compensation expense to reflect the estimated number of options we expect to vest at the end of the vesting period. When options are exercised, we credit the proceeds to capital stock on our consolidated balance sheet. We measure the fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Measurement inputs include the price of our Common Shares on the grant date, the exercise price of the stock option, and our estimates of the following: expected price volatility of our Common Shares (based on weighted average historic volatility), weighted average expected life of the stock option (based on historical experience and general option-holder behavior), and the risk-free interest rate. RSUs: The cost we record for RSUs is based on the market value of our Common Shares at the time of grant. We amortize the cost of RSUs to compensation expense in our consolidated statement of operations, with a corresponding charge to additional paid-in capital on our consolidated balance sheet, over the vesting period. PSUs: The number of PSUs that will actually vest varies from 0% to 200% of a target amount granted. For PSUs granted in 2022, the number of PSUs that vested or will vest are based on the level of achievement of a pre-determined non-market performance measurement in the final year of the three-year performance period, subject to modification by each of a separate pre-determined non-market financial target, and our relative total shareholder return (TSR), a market performance condition, compared to a pre-defined group of companies, over the three-year performance period. Commencing in 2023, the number of PSUs that will vest are based on the level of achievement of a different pre-determined non-market performance measurement, subject to modification by our relative TSR compared to a pre-defined group of companies, in each case over the three-year performance period. The cost we record for PSUs is based on our estimate of the outcome of the applicable performance conditions. The grant date fair value of the non-TSR-based performance measurement and modifier (where applicable) is based on the market value of our Common Shares at the time of grant and is subject to adjustment in subsequent periods to reflect changes in the estimated level of achievement related to the applicable performance condition. The grant date fair value of the TSR modifier is based on a Monte Carlo simulation model. We recognize compensation expense in our consolidated statement of operations on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period and we reduce this expense for the estimated PSU awards that are not expected to vest because the employment conditions are not expected to be satisfied. Deferred Share Units (DSUs): The compensation of our directors is comprised of annual Board and Board Chair retainer fees, annual standing Board committee Chair retainer fees (where applicable), and travel fees (collectively, Annual Fees) payable in quarterly installments in arrears**. Directors must elect to receive 0%, 25% or 50% of their Annual Fees in cash, with the balance in DSUs, until such director satisfies the requirements of the Company's Director Share Ownership Guidelines. Once a director has satisfied such requirements, the director may then elect to receive 0%, 25% or 50% of their Annual Fees in cash, with the balance either in DSUs or in RSUs (if no election is made, 100% of such director's Annual Fees will be paid in DSUs). The number of DSUs or RSUs we grant is determined by dividing the elected percentage of the dollar value of the Annual Fees earned in the quarter by the closing price of our Common Shares on the NYSE on the last business day of such quarter (in the case of DSUs) or the trading day preceding the date of grant (in the case of RSUs). Each DSU represents the right to receive one common share or an equivalent value in cash (at the discretion of the Company) after the individual ceases to serve as a director, and is neither an employee of the Company, nor a director or employee of any corporation that does not deal at arm's length with the Company (Retires). DSUs granted to directors may be settled with Common Shares purchased in the open market, or with cash. We intend to settle DSU awards with Common Shares. RSUs granted to directors vest ratably over a three-year period and are governed by the terms of our LTIP. Each vested RSU entitles the holder thereof to one common share; however, if permitted by the Company under the terms of the grant, a director may elect to receive a payment of cash in lieu of Common Shares. Absent such permitted election, we intend to settle these RSU awards with Common Shares. We account for DSUs and RSUs granted to directors as equity-settled awards. Unvested RSUs vest immediately on the date the director Retires. We expense the cost of director compensation through SG&A in our consolidated statement of operations in the period the services are rendered.
Income taxes	Income taxes: Our income tax expense for each reporting period is comprised of current and deferred income taxes. Current income taxes and deferred income taxes are recognized in our consolidated statement of operations, except to the extent that they relate to items recognized in OCI or directly in equity, in which case they are recognized in OCI or directly in equity, respectively. In the ordinary course of business, there are many transactions for which the ultimate tax outcome is uncertain until we resolve it with the relevant tax authority, which may take many years. The final tax outcome of these matters may be different from the estimates management originally made in determining our tax provision. Management periodically evaluates the positions taken in our tax returns where applicable tax rules are subject to interpretation. We establish provisions related to tax uncertainties where appropriate, based on our estimate of the amount that ultimately will be paid to or received from the tax authorities. We recognize accrued interest and penalties relating to tax uncertainties in current income tax expense. The various judgments and estimates used by management in establishing provisions related to tax uncertainties can significantly affect the amounts we recognize in our consolidated financial statements. We use the asset and liability method of accounting for deferred income taxes. Under this method, we recognize deferred income tax assets and liabilities for future income tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their respective income tax bases, and on unused tax losses and tax credit carryforwards. We measure deferred income taxes using tax rates and laws that have been enacted at the reporting date and that we expect will apply when the related deferred income tax asset is realized, or the deferred income tax liability is settled. Deferred tax assets are recognized in full and a valuation allowance is separately recognized to reduce the deferred tax assets to an amount that is more likely than not to be realized based on management’s estimates that future taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences as well as unused tax losses and tax credit carryforwards can be utilized. Estimates of future taxable profit in different tax jurisdictions are an area of estimation uncertainty. We review our deferred income tax assets for realizability at each reporting date. We recognize the effect of a change in income tax rates in the period of enactment. Deferred taxes are recognized for temporary differences arising on the initial recognition of an acquired asset or liability. We do not recognize deferred income taxes if they arise from the initial recognition of goodwill. We also do not recognize deferred income taxes on temporary differences relating to investments in subsidiaries to the extent that it is essentially permanent in duration, unless it becomes apparent that the difference will reverse in the foreseeable future. During each period, we record current income tax expense or recovery based on taxable income earned or loss incurred in each tax jurisdiction where we operate, and for any adjustments to taxes payable in respect of previous years, using tax laws that are enacted at the balance sheet date.
Derivatives and hedge accounting	Derivatives and hedge accounting: We enter into foreign exchange derivatives, interest rate swap and total return swap (TRS) contracts to hedge the cash flow risk associated with forecasted transactions that we consider to be highly probable, including those in foreign currencies, and to hedge foreign-currency denominated balances. We use estimates to forecast future cash flows and the future financial position of monetary assets or liabilities denominated in foreign currencies. We enter into interest rate swap agreements to mitigate the interest rate risk on a portion of our term loan borrowings. We are party to a TRS agreement (TRS Agreement) to manage our cash flow requirements and exposure to fluctuations in the share price of the Common Shares in connection with the settlement of certain outstanding equity awards under our SBC plans. Derivative instruments are reported in other current and non-current assets or other current and non-current liabilities at fair value. We value our derivative assets and liabilities based on inputs that are either readily available in public markets or derived from information available in public markets. The inputs we use include discount rates, forward exchange rates, interest rate yield curves and volatility, the share price of our Common Shares, and credit risk adjustments. Changes in these inputs can cause significant volatility in the fair value of our financial instruments. We do not enter into derivative contracts for speculative purposes. Starting January 2024, we link all derivatives to specific assets and liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet or forecasted transactions and we record the gain or loss from these derivatives in the same line item where the underlying exposures are recognized in our consolidated statement of operations. Cash receipts and cash payments related to these derivatives are recorded in the same category as the cash flows from the hedged items on the consolidated statement of cash flows. See note 19 for detail. We apply hedge accounting to those hedge relationships that are considered effective. At the inception of a hedging relationship, we formally document the relationship between our hedging instrument and the hedged item, as well as our risk management objectives and strategy for undertaking the various hedge transactions. Management performs an assessment, at inception and, at a minimum, quarterly thereafter, to determine the effectiveness of the derivatives in offsetting changes in the cash flows of the hedged items. Subsequent revisions in estimates of future cash flow forecasts, if significant, may result in the discontinuation of hedge accounting for that hedge. The majority of our derivative assets and liabilities arise from the foreign currency forward and swap contracts and interest rate swaps that we designate as cash flow hedges. In a cash flow hedge, we defer the changes in the fair value of the hedging derivative in accumulated OCI (AOCI) until we recognize the hedged transaction in our consolidated statement of operations. For hedging instruments that we discontinue before the end of the original hedge term, we amortize the unrealized hedge gain or loss in AOCI to our consolidated statement of operations over the remaining term of the hedging relationship or when the hedged item is recognized in net income, if this occurs prior to the end of the original term of the hedging relationship. If the hedged item ceases to exist before the end of the original hedge term, we recognize the unrealized hedge gain or loss in AOCI immediately in our consolidated statement of operations. For our current foreign currency forward and swap cash flow hedges, the majority of the underlying expenses we hedge are for inventory, labor and facility costs, which are included in cost of sales in our consolidated statement of operations. For our interest rate swap agreements, the underlying interest expenses that we hedge are included in finance costs in our consolidated statement of operations. Derivatives that are not effective hedges for accounting purposes are marked to market each period, resulting in a gain or loss in our consolidated statement of operations.
Impairment of financial assets	Impairment of financial assets: We review financial assets for impairment at each reporting date. Financial assets are deemed to be impaired when objective evidence resulting from one or more events subsequent to the initial recognition of the asset indicates the estimated future cash flows of the asset have decreased. We use a current expected credit loss model in determining our allowance for credit losses as it relates to trade receivables, contract assets under ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, and other financial assets. Our allowance is based on historical experience, and includes consideration of the aging of the balances, the customer's creditworthiness, current economic conditions, expectation of bankruptcies, and political and economic volatility in the markets/location of our customers, among other factors. We measure an impairment loss as the excess of the carrying amount over the present value of the estimated future cash flows discounted using the financial asset’s original discount rate, and we recognize this loss in our consolidated statement of operations. A financial asset is written-off or written-down to its net realizable value as soon as it is determined to be impaired. We adjust previous write-downs to reflect changes in estimates or actual experience.
Revenue	Revenue: We derive the majority of our revenue from the sale of electronic products we manufacture and services we provide to customer specifications. In determining when to recognize revenue, and in what amount, we apply the following steps in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers: (i) identify the contract with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) we satisfy a performance obligation. We assess whether control of a product or services promised under a contract is transferred to the customer at a point-in-time or over time as the product is being manufactured or the services are being provided. Our contracts with customers may include certain forms of variable consideration such as cost of materials adjustments, committed and other periodic price reductions and other rebates. We include an estimate of variable consideration when determining the transaction price and the appropriate amount of revenue to be recognized. This estimate is limited to an amount which will not result in a significant reversal of revenue in a future period. Factors considered in our estimate of variable consideration are the potential amount subject to these contract provisions, historical experience and other relevant facts and circumstances. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. In the event that more than one performance obligation is identified in a contract, we are required to allocate a portion of the transaction price to each performance obligation. This allocation would generally be based on the relative standalone price of each performance obligation, which most often would represent the price at which we would sell similar goods or services separately. As most of our contracts have an expected duration of one year or less, we have applied the optional exemption such that specified disclosures pertaining to remaining performance obligations are not required. We recognize revenue from the sale of products and services rendered when our performance obligations have been satisfied or when the associated control over the products has passed to the customer and no material uncertainties remain as to the collection of our receivables. Where the products are custom-made to meet a customer's specific requirements, and such customer is obligated to compensate us for the work performed to date, we recognize revenue over time as production progresses to completion, or as services are rendered. We generally estimate revenue for our work in progress based on costs incurred to date plus a reasonable profit margin for eligible products for which we do not have alternative uses. For other contracts that do not qualify for revenue recognition over time, we recognize revenue at a point in time where control is passed to the customer, which is generally upon shipment when no further performance obligation remains except for our standard manufacturing or service warranties. We apply significant estimates, judgment and assumptions in interpreting our customer contracts, determining the timing of revenue recognition and measuring work in progress. As our invoices are typically issued at the time of the delivery of final products to the customers, the earlier recognition of revenue on certain custom-made products has resulted in unbilled contract assets which we include in A/R on our consolidated balance sheet. Taxes assessed by governmental authorities that are both imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction, and are collected by us from a customer, are excluded from revenue.
Fair value measurement	Fair value measurement: Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The three levels within the fair value hierarchy, based on the reliability of inputs, are as follows: • Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities; • Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability either directly (i.e. prices) or indirectly (i.e. derived from prices); and • Level 3 inputs are inputs for the asset or liability that are not based on observable market data (i.e. unobservable inputs).
Pension and Other Postretirement Plans, Policy	Pension and non-pension post-employment benefits: We classify pension and non-pension post-employment benefits as either defined contribution plans or defined benefit plans. Under defined contribution plans, our obligation is to make a fixed contribution to a separate entity. The related investment risk is borne by the employee. We recognize our obligations to make contributions to defined contribution plans as an employee benefit expense in our consolidated statement of operations in the period the employee services are rendered. Under defined benefit plans, our obligation is to provide an agreed-upon benefit to specified plan participants. We remain exposed to both actuarial and investment risks with respect to defined benefit plans. Our obligation is actuarially determined using the projected unit credit method for pension post-employment benefits and the unit credit with service prorated actuarial cost method for non-pension post-employment benefits, based on service and management’s estimates. Actuarial valuations require management to make judgments and estimates relating to salary escalation, compensation levels at the time of retirement, retirement ages, the discount rate used in measuring the net interest on the net defined benefit asset or liability, and expected healthcare costs (as applicable). These actuarial assumptions could change from period-to-period and actual results could differ materially from the estimates originally made by management. We evaluate our assumptions on a regular basis, taking into consideration current market conditions and historical data. For purposes of determining the expected return on plan assets, we utilize a fair market value approach. Market-driven changes may affect the actual rate of return on plan assets compared to our assumptions, as well as our discount rates and other variables which could cause actual results to differ materially from our estimates. Changes in assumptions could impact our defined benefit pension plan valuations and our future defined benefit pension expense and required funding. The over-funded or under-funded status of defined benefit pension and other post-retirement plans are recognized as an asset or a liability, respectively, on our consolidated balance sheet. Actuarial gains or losses in excess of 10% of the projected benefit obligation are recognized as a component of OCI, net of tax and subsequently amortized as a component of net periodic benefit costs over the average remaining service period of the plan’s active employees. If all or almost all of a plan’s participants are inactive, the average remaining life expectancy of the inactive participants is used instead of average remaining service period. In the case of a pension plan buy-out and a planned subsequent wind-up, a shorter period (other than applying the above minimum amortization method) may be used for accelerated amortization of previously accumulated actuarial gains or losses on annuity purchases, as deemed appropriate based on the specific plan requirements, on a plan-by-plan basis. We amortize prior service costs or credits arising from retroactive plan amendments as a component of net periodic pension cost in our consolidated statement of operations. Curtailment gains or losses may arise from significant changes to a plan. We record total curtailment gains or losses in our consolidated statement of operations when the curtailment occurs. To mitigate the actuarial and investment risks of our defined benefit pension plans, we from time-to-time purchase annuities (using existing plan assets) from third party insurance companies for certain, or all, plan participants. The purchase of annuities by the pension plan substantially hedges the financial risks associated with the related pension obligations. When we purchase annuities from insurance companies on behalf of applicable plan participants with the intention of winding-up the relevant plan in the future (with the expectation of transferring the annuities to the individual plan members), the insurance company assumes responsibility for the payment of benefits to the relevant plan participants once the wind-up is complete. Settlement accounting is applied to the purchase of the annuities and the loss (if any) is recorded in miscellaneous expense (income) in our consolidated statement of operations. In addition, both the pension assets and liabilities will be removed from our consolidated balance sheet once the wind-up of the plan is complete. When insurance policies are purchased on behalf of, and held by the pension plan, plan assets have been segregated and restricted to provide benefits to plan participants and we would retain the pension assets and liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet. Our annuity purchases have resulted (and future annuity purchases may result) in settlement losses that are recognized from OCI to earnings, net of tax in our consolidated statement of operations, when the settlement occurs.

BASIS OF PREPARATION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Basis of preparation:

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP).

Functional and presentation currency and Foreign currency translation

Functional and presentation currency:

The consolidated financial statements are presented in United States (U.S.) dollars, which is also Celestica's functional currency. Unless otherwise noted, all financial information is presented in millions of U.S. dollars (except percentages and per share/per unit amounts).

Foreign currency translation:

The majority of our subsidiaries have a U.S. dollar functional currency, which represents the currency of the primary economic environment in which they operate. For these subsidiaries, we translate: (i) monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies into U.S. dollars at the period-end exchange rates; (ii) non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies into U.S. dollars at historic rates; and (iii) revenue and expenses denominated in foreign currencies into U.S. dollars at the average exchange rates prevailing during the month of the transaction. Exchange gains and

losses also arise on the settlement of foreign-currency denominated transactions. We recognize foreign currency differences arising on translation in our consolidated statement of operations.

Upon consolidation, for our subsidiaries with a non-U.S. dollar functional currency, we translate assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies into U.S. dollars using the period-end exchange rates, and we translate revenue and expenses into U.S. dollars at the average exchange rates prevailing during the month of the transaction. We defer gains and losses arising from the translation of these operations in the foreign currency translation account included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (OCI). For these subsidiaries, we translate foreign currency transactions into the relevant non-U.S. dollar functional currency using the exchange rate prevailing during the month of the transaction for revenues and expenses, and the exchange rate as at period end for the translation of these foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities, and such gains and losses arising from these translations are recorded in the statement of operations in their non-U.S. dollar functional currency before translation into U.S. dollar for consolidation purposes.

Use of estimates and judgments

Use of estimates and judgments:

The preparation of financial statements requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of accounting policies, the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosures with respect to contingent assets and liabilities. We base our judgments, estimates and assumptions on current facts, historical experience and various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. The economic environment also impacts certain estimates and discount rates necessary to prepare our consolidated financial statements, including significant estimates and discount rates applicable to the determination of the fair values used in the impairment testing of our non-financial assets. Our assessment of these factors forms the basis for our judgments on the carrying values of our assets and liabilities, and the accrual of our costs and expenses. Actual results could differ materially from our estimates and assumptions. We review our estimates and underlying assumptions on an ongoing basis and make revisions as determined necessary by management. Revisions are recognized in the period in which the estimates are revised and may also impact future periods.

Our review of the estimates, judgments and assumptions used in the preparation of our financial statements for 2024 included those relating to, among others: our determination of the timing of revenue recognition, the determination of whether indicators of impairment existed for our assets and reporting units, our measurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities, our estimated inventory write-downs and expected credit losses, customer creditworthiness and the determination of the fair value of assets acquired, liabilities assumed and contingent consideration in connection with a business combination. Any revisions to estimates, judgments or assumptions may result in, among other things, impairments to our assets or our reporting units, any of which could have a material impact on our financial performance and financial condition.

On February 1, 2025, the President of the United States issued three executive orders directing the U.S. to impose new tariffs on imports originating from Canada, Mexico and China. On February 3, 2025, the U.S. announced that the implementation of tariffs on Canada and Mexico would be paused for 30 days. Our review of the estimates, judgments and assumptions also included consideration of the potential impacts of these tariffs, including with respect to the determination of whether indicators of impairment existed for our reporting units.

Key sources of estimation uncertainty and judgment: We have applied significant estimates, judgments and assumptions in the following areas which we believe could have a significant impact on our reported results and financial position: our determination of the timing of revenue recognition; whether events or changes in circumstances are indicators

that an impairment review of our assets or reporting units should be conducted; the measurement of our reporting units' fair value using market participant assumptions, which includes estimating future growth, profitability, and discount and terminal growth rates; and the allocation of the purchase price and other valuations related to our business acquisitions.

We describe our use of judgment and estimation uncertainties in greater detail in the accounting policies described under “Significant Accounting Policies” below.

Recently adopted accounting pronouncements and Recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted

Recently adopted accounting pronouncements:

In December 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU 2022-06, Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848 (Topic 848), which defers the sunset date of ASC 848 from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024. ASC 848 provides relief for companies preparing for the discontinuation of interest rates, such as LIBOR. The adoption of the guidance during the second quarter of 2023 had no material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07 Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which expands reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss. The impact of our adoption of the guidance in 2024 is reflected in note 22.

Recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted:

In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-06 Disclosure Improvements — Codification Amendments in Response to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission’s Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative, which amends disclosure guidance over an entity’s accounting policy related to derivative instruments, material prior period adjustments upon a change in a reporting entity, earnings-per-share, encumbered assets, unused lines of credit and unfunded commitments, and liquidation preferences of preferred stock. The amendments are effective prospectively on the date each individual amendment is effectively removed from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09 Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which enhances income tax disclosures, primarily through changes to the rate reconciliation and disaggregation of income taxes paid. ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03 Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which requires public business entities to disclose disaggregated information about certain costs and expenses in the notes to their financial statements. The objective of this update is to provide more detailed information about the types of expenses included in commonly presented expense captions, such as cost of sales, selling, general and administrative expenses (SG&A), and research and development expenses. The update mandates that entities present a tabular disclosure of each relevant expense caption on the face of the income statement, disaggregated into specified categories, including purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, intangible asset amortization, and other significant expenses. This enhanced disclosure aims to improve the transparency and decision-usefulness of financial statements for investors and other users. ASU 2024-03 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, with early adoption permitted.

We are currently evaluating the impact that the updated standards will have on our financial statement disclosures. We believe that other recently issued accounting standards will either not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements or will not apply to our operations.

Basis of measurement

Basis of measurement:

These consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the going concern basis, primarily on the historical cost basis. Other measurement bases, where used, are described in the applicable notes.

Basis of consolidation

Basis of consolidation:

These consolidated financial statements include our subsidiaries, all of which are wholly owned. Any subsidiaries that are formed or acquired during the year are consolidated from their respective dates of formation or acquisition. Inter-company transactions and balances are eliminated on consolidation. Some of our subsidiaries are considered variable interest entities (VIEs) as they do not have sufficient equity at risk to finance their activities without additional financial support. Such VIEs are consolidated as we are their primary beneficiary. Subsidiaries that are not considered VIEs are consolidated as we own, directly or indirectly, a controlling interest in the entities. We perform an assessment at inception and regularly reevaluate whether the legal entity is a VIE and whether we continue to be the primary beneficiary.

Business combinations

Business combinations and goodwill:

We use the acquisition method to account for any business combinations. All identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including contingent assets and liabilities are recorded at fair value on our consolidated balance sheet as of the acquisition date.

Goodwill represents the excess of the consideration transferred for the acquisition over the net of the acquisition-date amounts of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Following initial recognition, goodwill is measured at cost less any accumulated impairment losses. We do not amortize goodwill. Goodwill is tested at least annually for impairment, or more frequently, if events occur or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount (see note 2(j)).

Contingent consideration is also recorded at fair value on our consolidated balance sheet as of the acquisition date. We record subsequent changes in the fair value of contingent consideration that is classified as a liability from the date of acquisition to the settlement date in our consolidated statement of operations. We expense integration costs (for the establishment of business processes, infrastructure and information systems for acquired operations) and acquisition-related consulting and transaction costs as incurred in our consolidated statement of operations.

We use judgment to determine the estimates used to value identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and the fair value of contingent consideration and other potential obligations, if applicable, at the acquisition date. We may engage third parties to determine the fair value of certain inventory, property, plant and equipment and intangible assets. We use estimates to determine cash flow projections, including the period of expected future benefit, future growth and discount rates, among other factors, to value intangible assets and contingent consideration. The fair value of acquired tangible assets are measured by applying the market, cost or replacement cost, or income approach (using discounted cash flows and forecasts by management), as appropriate. The fair value of acquired intangible assets are measured by applying the income approach using a discounted cash flow model and forecasts based on management's estimates and assumptions.

Goodwill

Business combinations and goodwill:

Impairment of goodwill:

For purposes of impairment testing, we allocate goodwill to a reporting unit, which is an operating segment or one level below an operating segment (component), that we expect will benefit from the related acquisition. Goodwill is tested for impairment on an annual basis, during the fourth quarter to correspond with our annual planning cycle (Annual Impairment Assessment), and whenever events and changes in circumstances suggest that the carrying amount may be impaired. Circumstances that may lead to the impairment of goodwill include unforeseen decreases in future performance or industry demand or the restructuring of our operations as a result of a change in our business strategy. A qualitative assessment is allowed to determine if goodwill is potentially impaired. Based on this qualitative assessment, if we determine that it is more likely than not that the reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying value (including goodwill), then we perform a quantitative assessment, otherwise no further analysis is required.

Recoverability of goodwill is measured at the reporting unit level by comparing the reporting unit's carrying amount, including goodwill, to the fair value of the reporting unit, which is typically measured using a discounted cash flow analysis. Certain of these approaches use significant unobservable inputs, or Level 3 inputs, as defined by the fair value hierarchy (see 2(q)) and require management to make various judgmental assumptions about revenue growth rates, operating margins, and discount rates which consider our plan for the following year, our three-year strategic plan, and other financial projections, and are believed to reflect market participant views. Some of the inherent estimates and assumptions used in determining fair value of the reporting units are outside the control of management, including interest rates, cost of capital, tax rates, market conditions and credit ratings. While we believe we have made reasonable estimates and assumptions to calculate the fair value of the reporting units, it is possible a material change could occur. If the actual results are not consistent with management's estimates and assumptions used to calculate fair value, it could result in material impairments of our goodwill. If the carrying amount of any reporting unit exceeds its fair value, we will record an impairment loss based on the difference. The impairment loss will be limited to the amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. We do not reverse impairment losses in future periods.

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents:

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on account and short-term investments in money market funds with original maturities of three months or less. The short-term investments are purchased with the intention of generating earnings in the near term and therefore are classified as trading with changes in fair value recognized in our consolidated statement of operations. We expense transaction costs related to short-term investments classified as trading as incurred in our consolidated statement of operations. These instruments are subject to an insignificant risk of change in fair value over their terms and, as a result, we carry cash and cash equivalents at cost.

Inventories

Inventories:

We procure inventory and manufacture products based on specific customer orders and forecasts, and value our inventory at the lower of cost (on a first-in, first-out basis) and net realizable value. The cost of our finished goods and work in progress includes direct materials, labor and overhead. All direct and indirect costs related to inventories are capitalized as incurred and are subsequently recorded in cost of sales in the consolidated statement of operations at the time inventories are sold. We determine the net realizable value as the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation.

At the end of each reporting period, we perform assessments and record inventory write-downs if actual market conditions or demand for our products or services are less favorable than originally projected. The determination of net realizable value involves significant management judgment and estimation. When estimating the net realizable value of our inventory, we consider factors such as shrinkage, the aging of and future demand for the inventory, and contractual arrangements with customers. We attempt to utilize excess inventory in other products we manufacture or return such inventory to the relevant suppliers or customers. We use future sales volume forecasts to estimate excess inventory on-hand. A change to these assumptions may impact our inventory valuation and our gross margins.

Property, plant and equipment (PP&E)

Property, plant and equipment (PP&E):We carry PP&E at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses. Cost consists of expenditures necessarily incurred to bringing the asset to the condition and location necessary for its intended use. We capitalize the cost of an asset when the economic benefits associated with that asset are probable and when the cost can be measured reliably. We capitalize the costs of major renovations and we write-off the carrying amount of replaced assets. We expense all other maintenance and repair costs in our consolidated statement of operations as incurred. We do not depreciate land.We estimate the useful life of PP&E based on the nature of the asset, historical experience, expected changes in technology, and the expected duration of related customer programs. When major components of an asset have a significantly different useful life than their primary asset, the components are accounted for and depreciated separately. We review our estimates of residual values, useful lives and the methods of depreciation annually at year-end and, if required, adjust them prospectively. We determine gains and losses on the disposal or retirement of PP&E by comparing the proceeds from disposal with the carrying amount of the asset and we recognize these gains and losses in our consolidated statement of operations in the period of disposal or retirement.

Leases

Leases:

We are the lessee of land, buildings and machinery. We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. An arrangement is a lease or contains a lease when (i) there is an identified asset, and (ii) the Company has the right to control the use of the identified asset. Operating leases are included in operating lease ROU assets, accrued and other current liabilities and long-term portion of provisions and other non-current liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet. Finance leases are included in PP&E, current portion of borrowings under credit facility and finance lease obligations and long-term portion of borrowings under credit facility and finance lease obligations on our consolidated balance sheet.

ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at lease commencement based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate (taking country specific risks into consideration) based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The ROU assets also include any initial direct costs, lease payments made at or before lease commencement and exclude lease incentives. Our lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option.

Variable lease payments are generally expensed as incurred, including certain non-lease components, such as maintenance and other services provided by the lessor, and other charges included in the lease. Our lease agreements generally do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.

For operating leases, the lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and is included in cost of sales or selling, general & administrative expenses (SG&A), primarily based on the nature and use of the asset, in our consolidated statement of operations. Depreciation of finance lease ROU assets is included in cost of sales or SG&A in our consolidated statement of operations, primarily based on the nature and use of the asset, and we record interest expense (included in finance costs) over the lease term on the lease liability recognized at lease commencement.

We elected the practical expedient, for each class of underlying asset, to not separate lease and non-lease components, as such non-lease components are included in the calculation of the ROU assets and lease liabilities and included in the lease expense over the term of the lease. We also elected to apply the portfolio approach and used a single discount rate for a portfolio of leases with reasonably similar characteristics.

We elected not to recognize ROU assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases (defined as leases with a lease term of 12 months or less that do not include an option to purchase the underlying asset that we are reasonably certain to exercise). We recognize lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Intangible assets

Intangible assets:We record acquired intangible assets on our consolidated balance sheet at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses, if any. We capitalize acquired intangible assets when the economic benefits associated with the asset are probable and when the cost can be measured reliably. We estimate the useful life of acquired intangible assets based on the nature of the asset, historical experience and the projected period of expected future economic benefits to be provided by the asset.Intellectual property assets consist primarily of certain acquired non-patented intellectual property and process technology. Other intangible assets consist primarily of customer relationships and contract intangibles. Computer software assets consist primarily of software licenses. We review our estimates of residual values, useful lives and the methods of amortization annually at year end and, if required, adjust for these prospectively.

Impairment of long-lived assets

Impairment of long-lived assets:

Long-lived assets, including PP&E, operating lease ROU assets and intangible assets with finite lives are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. In order to determine if assets have been impaired, assets are grouped and tested at the lowest level for which identifiable independent cash flows are available (asset group). An impairment loss is recognized when the sum of projected undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying amount of the asset group. The measurement of the impairment loss to be recognized is based on the difference between the fair value and the carrying amount of the asset group. Fair value may be determined using a market approach or income approach and is based on management’s assumptions, including future

revenue and cash flow projections. Circumstances that may lead to impairment of long-lived assets include reduced expectations for future performance or industry demand and possible further restructurings, among others. We do not reverse impairment losses in future periods.

Restructuring

Restructuring:

We incur restructuring charges relating to workforce reductions, site consolidations, and costs associated with businesses we are downsizing or exiting. Our restructuring charges include employee severance and benefit costs, consultant costs, gains, losses or impairments related to owned sites and equipment we no longer use and which are available for sale, and costs or impairments related to leased sites and equipment we no longer use.

The recognition of restructuring charges requires management to make certain judgments and estimates regarding the nature, timing and amounts associated with our restructuring actions. Our assumptions include the timing of employee terminations, the measurement of termination costs, any anticipated sublease recoveries from exited sites, the timing of dispositions, and the estimated fair values less costs of disposal for assets we no longer use and which are available for sale. We develop detailed plans and record termination costs in the period that employees are informed of their termination. For owned sites and equipment that are no longer in use and are available for sale, we recognize an impairment loss based on their estimated fair value less costs of disposal, with estimated fair value based on market prices for similar assets. We may engage third parties to assist in the determination of the estimated fair values less costs of disposal for these assets. For leased sites that we intend to exit in connection with restructuring activities, we assess the recoverability of our ROU assets, and write down such assets (recorded as restructuring charges) if the carrying value exceeds any estimated sublease recoveries. To estimate future sublease recoveries, we may engage independent brokers to determine the estimated tenant rents we can expect to realize. At the end of each reporting period, we evaluate the appropriateness of our restructuring charges and balances. We may be required to adjust recorded amounts to reflect actual experience or changes in estimates for future periods.

Legal and other contingencies

Legal and other contingencies:

In the normal course of our operations, we may be subject to lawsuits, investigations and other claims, including, but not limited to, environmental, labor, product, customer disputes, and other matters. The filing of a suit or formal assertion of a claim does not automatically trigger a requirement to record a provision. We record a provision for loss contingencies, including legal claims, based on management’s estimate of the probable outcome. Judgment is required when there is a range of possible outcomes. Management considers the degree of probability of the outcome and the ability to make a reasonable estimate of the loss. A provision is recorded at the most likely outcome within a range, or at the low end of the range if no amount within the range is a better estimate than another. We may also use third party advisors in making our determination. The ultimate outcome, including the amount and timing of any payments required, may vary significantly from our original estimates. Potential material legal and other material contingent obligations that have not been recognized as provisions, as the outcome is remote or not probable, or the amount cannot be reliably estimated, are disclosed as contingent liabilities.

Warranty

Warranty:

We offer product and service warranties to our customers. We record a provision for future warranty costs based on management’s estimate of probable claims under these warranties. In determining the amount of the provision, we consider several factors including the terms of the warranty (which vary by customer, product or service), the current volume of products sold or services rendered during the warranty period, and historical warranty information. We review and adjust these estimates as necessary to reflect our experience and new information. The amount and aging of our provision will vary

depending on various factors including the length of the warranty offered, the remaining life of the warranty and the extent and timing of warranty claims. We classify the portion of our warranty provision for which payment is expected in the next 12 months as current, and the remainder as non-current.

Stock-based compensation (SBC)

Stock-based compensation (SBC):

We generally grant restricted share units (RSUs) and performance share units (PSUs), and from time to time grant stock options, to employees under our SBC plans. Stock options and RSUs vest in installments over the vesting period. Stock options generally vest one-quarter per year over a four-year period, and RSUs generally vest one-third per year over a three-year period. We treat each installment under a grant of stock options and RSUs as a separate grant in determining the compensation expense. PSUs vest at the end of their respective terms, generally three years from the grant date, to the extent that specified performance conditions have been met. We estimate forfeitures at the time of grant and revise these estimates in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ significantly from those estimates. Any revisions are recognized on our consolidated statements of operations such that the cumulative expense reflects the revised estimate.

We may grant stock options to employees under our Long-Term Incentive Plan (LTIP). We may grant RSUs and PSUs to employees under either our LTIP or our Celestica Share Unit Plan (CSUP). Under the CSUP, we may settle vested awards (in our discretion) with Common Shares purchased in the open market (on a one-for-one basis) or with cash. Under the LTIP, we may (at the time of grant) authorize the grantees to elect to settle vested awards in either cash or Common Shares issued from treasury (up to a specified limit) or purchased in the open market (in either case on a one-for-one basis). Absent such permitted election for LTIP grants, we intend to settle all employee RSUs and PSUs under the LTIP and CSUP in Common Shares (net of withholding taxes). As a result, we account for these share unit awards as equity-settled awards.

Stock options:

Stock options are exercisable for Common Shares. We recognize the grant date fair value of stock options granted to employees as compensation expense in our consolidated statement of operations, with a corresponding charge to additional paid-in capital on our consolidated balance sheet, over the vesting period. We adjust compensation expense to reflect the estimated number of options we expect to vest at the end of the vesting period. When options are exercised, we credit the proceeds to capital stock on our consolidated balance sheet. We measure the fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Measurement inputs include the price of our Common Shares on the grant date, the exercise price of the stock option, and our estimates of the following: expected price volatility of our Common Shares (based on weighted average historic volatility), weighted average expected life of the stock option (based on historical experience and general option-holder behavior), and the risk-free interest rate.

RSUs:

The cost we record for RSUs is based on the market value of our Common Shares at the time of grant. We amortize the cost of RSUs to compensation expense in our consolidated statement of operations, with a corresponding charge to additional paid-in capital on our consolidated balance sheet, over the vesting period.

PSUs:

The number of PSUs that will actually vest varies from 0% to 200% of a target amount granted. For PSUs granted in 2022, the number of PSUs that vested or will vest are based on the level of achievement of a pre-determined non-market performance measurement in the final year of the three-year performance period, subject to modification by each of a separate pre-determined non-market financial target, and our relative total shareholder return (TSR), a market performance condition, compared to a pre-defined group of companies, over the three-year performance period. Commencing in 2023, the number of PSUs that will vest are based on the level of achievement of a different pre-determined non-market performance measurement, subject to modification by our relative TSR compared to a pre-defined group of companies, in each case over the three-year performance period. The cost we record for PSUs is based on our estimate of the outcome of the applicable performance conditions. The grant date fair value of the non-TSR-based performance measurement and modifier (where applicable) is based on the market value of our Common Shares at the time of grant and is subject to adjustment in subsequent periods to reflect changes in the estimated level of achievement related to the applicable performance condition. The grant date fair value of the TSR modifier is based on a Monte Carlo simulation model. We recognize compensation expense in our consolidated statement of operations on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period and we reduce this expense for the estimated PSU awards that are not expected to vest because the employment conditions are not expected to be satisfied.

Deferred Share Units (DSUs):

The compensation of our directors is comprised of annual Board and Board Chair retainer fees, annual standing Board committee Chair retainer fees (where applicable), and travel fees (collectively, Annual Fees) payable in quarterly installments in arrears**. Directors must elect to receive 0%, 25% or 50% of their Annual Fees in cash, with the balance in DSUs, until such director satisfies the requirements of the Company's Director Share Ownership Guidelines. Once a director has satisfied such requirements, the director may then elect to receive 0%, 25% or 50% of their Annual Fees in cash, with the balance either in DSUs or in RSUs (if no election is made, 100% of such director's Annual Fees will be paid in DSUs). The number of DSUs or RSUs we grant is determined by dividing the elected percentage of the dollar value of the Annual Fees earned in the quarter by the closing price of our Common Shares on the NYSE on the last business day of such quarter (in the case of DSUs) or the trading day preceding the date of grant (in the case of RSUs). Each DSU represents the right to receive one common share or an equivalent value in cash (at the discretion of the Company) after the individual ceases to serve as a director, and is neither an employee of the Company, nor a director or employee of any corporation that does not deal at arm's length with the Company (Retires). DSUs granted to directors may be settled with Common Shares purchased in the open market, or with cash. We intend to settle DSU awards with Common Shares. RSUs granted to directors vest ratably over a three-year period and are governed by the terms of our LTIP. Each vested RSU entitles the holder thereof to one common share; however, if permitted by the Company under the terms of the grant, a director may elect to receive a payment of cash in lieu of Common Shares. Absent such permitted election, we intend to settle these RSU awards with Common Shares. We account for DSUs and RSUs granted to directors as equity-settled awards. Unvested RSUs vest immediately on the date the director Retires. We expense the cost of director compensation through SG&A in our consolidated statement of operations in the period the services are rendered.

Income taxes

Income taxes:

Our income tax expense for each reporting period is comprised of current and deferred income taxes. Current income taxes and deferred income taxes are recognized in our consolidated statement of operations, except to the extent that they relate to items recognized in OCI or directly in equity, in which case they are recognized in OCI or directly in equity, respectively.

In the ordinary course of business, there are many transactions for which the ultimate tax outcome is uncertain until we resolve it with the relevant tax authority, which may take many years. The final tax outcome of these matters may be different from the estimates management originally made in determining our tax provision. Management periodically evaluates the positions taken in our tax returns where applicable tax rules are subject to interpretation. We establish

provisions related to tax uncertainties where appropriate, based on our estimate of the amount that ultimately will be paid to or received from the tax authorities. We recognize accrued interest and penalties relating to tax uncertainties in current income tax expense. The various judgments and estimates used by management in establishing provisions related to tax uncertainties can significantly affect the amounts we recognize in our consolidated financial statements.

We use the asset and liability method of accounting for deferred income taxes. Under this method, we recognize deferred income tax assets and liabilities for future income tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their respective income tax bases, and on unused tax losses and tax credit carryforwards. We measure deferred income taxes using tax rates and laws that have been enacted at the reporting date and that we expect will apply when the related deferred income tax asset is realized, or the deferred income tax liability is settled. Deferred tax assets are recognized in full and a valuation allowance is separately recognized to reduce the deferred tax assets to an amount that is more likely than not to be realized based on management’s estimates that future taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences as well as unused tax losses and tax credit carryforwards can be utilized. Estimates of future taxable profit in different tax jurisdictions are an area of estimation uncertainty. We review our deferred income tax assets for realizability at each reporting date. We recognize the effect of a change in income tax rates in the period of enactment.

Deferred taxes are recognized for temporary differences arising on the initial recognition of an acquired asset or liability. We do not recognize deferred income taxes if they arise from the initial recognition of goodwill. We also do not recognize deferred income taxes on temporary differences relating to investments in subsidiaries to the extent that it is essentially permanent in duration, unless it becomes apparent that the difference will reverse in the foreseeable future.

During each period, we record current income tax expense or recovery based on taxable income earned or loss incurred in each tax jurisdiction where we operate, and for any adjustments to taxes payable in respect of previous years, using tax laws that are enacted at the balance sheet date.

Derivatives and hedge accounting

Derivatives and hedge accounting:

We enter into foreign exchange derivatives, interest rate swap and total return swap (TRS) contracts to hedge the cash flow risk associated with forecasted transactions that we consider to be highly probable, including those in foreign currencies, and to hedge foreign-currency denominated balances. We use estimates to forecast future cash flows and the future financial position of monetary assets or liabilities denominated in foreign currencies. We enter into interest rate swap agreements to mitigate the interest rate risk on a portion of our term loan borrowings. We are party to a TRS agreement (TRS Agreement) to manage our cash flow requirements and exposure to fluctuations in the share price of the Common Shares in connection with the settlement of certain outstanding equity awards under our SBC plans.

Derivative instruments are reported in other current and non-current assets or other current and non-current liabilities at fair value. We value our derivative assets and liabilities based on inputs that are either readily available in public markets or derived from information available in public markets. The inputs we use include discount rates, forward exchange rates, interest rate yield curves and volatility, the share price of our Common Shares, and credit risk adjustments. Changes in these inputs can cause significant volatility in the fair value of our financial instruments.

We do not enter into derivative contracts for speculative purposes. Starting January 2024, we link all derivatives to specific assets and liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet or forecasted transactions and we record the gain or loss from these derivatives in the same line item where the underlying exposures are recognized in our consolidated statement of operations. Cash receipts and cash payments related to these derivatives are recorded in the same category as the cash flows from the hedged items on the consolidated statement of cash flows. See note 19 for detail.

We apply hedge accounting to those hedge relationships that are considered effective. At the inception of a hedging relationship, we formally document the relationship between our hedging instrument and the hedged item, as well as our risk management objectives and strategy for undertaking the various hedge transactions. Management performs an assessment, at inception and, at a minimum, quarterly thereafter, to determine the effectiveness of the derivatives in offsetting changes in the cash flows of the hedged items. Subsequent revisions in estimates of future cash flow forecasts, if significant, may result in the discontinuation of hedge accounting for that hedge. The majority of our derivative assets and liabilities arise from the foreign currency forward and swap contracts and interest rate swaps that we designate as cash flow hedges. In a cash flow hedge, we defer the changes in the fair value of the hedging derivative in accumulated OCI (AOCI) until we recognize the hedged transaction in our consolidated statement of operations. For hedging instruments that we discontinue before the end of the original hedge term, we amortize the unrealized hedge gain or loss in AOCI to our consolidated statement of operations over the remaining term of the hedging relationship or when the hedged item is recognized in net income, if this occurs prior to the end of the original term of the hedging relationship. If the hedged item ceases to exist before the end of the original hedge term, we recognize the unrealized hedge gain or loss in AOCI immediately in our consolidated statement of operations. For our current foreign currency forward and swap cash flow hedges, the majority of the underlying expenses we hedge are for inventory, labor and facility costs, which are included in cost of sales in our consolidated statement of operations. For our interest rate swap agreements, the underlying interest expenses that we hedge are included in finance costs in our consolidated statement of operations. Derivatives that are not effective hedges for accounting purposes are marked to market each period, resulting in a gain or loss in our consolidated statement of operations.

Impairment of financial assets

Impairment of financial assets:

We review financial assets for impairment at each reporting date. Financial assets are deemed to be impaired when objective evidence resulting from one or more events subsequent to the initial recognition of the asset indicates the estimated future cash flows of the asset have decreased. We use a current expected credit loss model in determining our allowance for credit losses as it relates to trade receivables, contract assets under ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, and other financial assets. Our allowance is based on historical experience, and includes consideration of the aging of the balances, the customer's creditworthiness, current economic conditions, expectation of bankruptcies, and political and economic volatility in the markets/location of our customers, among other factors. We measure an impairment loss as the excess of the carrying amount over the present value of the estimated future cash flows discounted using the financial asset’s original discount rate, and we recognize this loss in our consolidated statement of operations. A financial asset is written-off or written-down to its net realizable value as soon as it is determined to be impaired. We adjust previous write-downs to reflect changes in estimates or actual experience.

Revenue

Revenue:

We derive the majority of our revenue from the sale of electronic products we manufacture and services we provide to customer specifications. In determining when to recognize revenue, and in what amount, we apply the following steps in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers: (i) identify the contract with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) we satisfy a performance obligation. We assess whether control of a product or services promised under a contract is transferred to the customer at a point-in-time or over time as the product is being manufactured or the services are being provided.

Our contracts with customers may include certain forms of variable consideration such as cost of materials adjustments, committed and other periodic price reductions and other rebates. We include an estimate of variable consideration when determining the transaction price and the appropriate amount of revenue to be recognized. This estimate is limited to an amount which will not result in a significant reversal of revenue in a future period. Factors considered in our estimate of variable consideration are the potential amount subject to these contract provisions, historical experience and other relevant facts and circumstances.

A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. In the event that more than one performance obligation is identified in a contract, we are required to allocate a portion of the transaction price to each performance obligation. This allocation would generally be based on the relative standalone price of each performance obligation, which most often would represent the price at which we would sell similar goods or services separately. As most of our contracts have an expected duration of one

year or less, we have applied the optional exemption such that specified disclosures pertaining to remaining performance obligations are not required.

We recognize revenue from the sale of products and services rendered when our performance obligations have been satisfied or when the associated control over the products has passed to the customer and no material uncertainties remain as to the collection of our receivables. Where the products are custom-made to meet a customer's specific requirements, and such customer is obligated to compensate us for the work performed to date, we recognize revenue over time as production progresses to completion, or as services are rendered. We generally estimate revenue for our work in progress based on costs incurred to date plus a reasonable profit margin for eligible products for which we do not have alternative uses. For other contracts that do not qualify for revenue recognition over time, we recognize revenue at a point in time where control is passed to the customer, which is generally upon shipment when no further performance obligation remains except for our standard manufacturing or service warranties. We apply significant estimates, judgment and assumptions in interpreting our customer contracts, determining the timing of revenue recognition and measuring work in progress. As our invoices are typically issued at the time of the delivery of final products to the customers, the earlier recognition of revenue on certain custom-made products has resulted in unbilled contract assets which we include in A/R on our consolidated balance sheet.

Taxes assessed by governmental authorities that are both imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction, and are collected by us from a customer, are excluded from revenue.

Fair value measurement

Fair value measurement:

Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The three levels within the fair value hierarchy, based on the reliability of inputs, are as follows:

• Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

• Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability either directly (i.e. prices) or indirectly (i.e. derived from prices); and

• Level 3 inputs are inputs for the asset or liability that are not based on observable market data (i.e. unobservable inputs).

Pension and Other Postretirement Plans, Policy

Pension and non-pension post-employment benefits:

We classify pension and non-pension post-employment benefits as either defined contribution plans or defined benefit plans.

Under defined contribution plans, our obligation is to make a fixed contribution to a separate entity. The related investment risk is borne by the employee. We recognize our obligations to make contributions to defined contribution plans as an employee benefit expense in our consolidated statement of operations in the period the employee services are rendered.

Under defined benefit plans, our obligation is to provide an agreed-upon benefit to specified plan participants. We remain exposed to both actuarial and investment risks with respect to defined benefit plans. Our obligation is actuarially determined using the projected unit credit method for pension post-employment benefits and the unit credit with service prorated actuarial cost method for non-pension post-employment benefits, based on service and management’s estimates. Actuarial valuations require management to make judgments and estimates relating to salary escalation, compensation levels at the time of retirement, retirement ages, the discount rate used in measuring the net interest on the net defined benefit asset or liability, and expected healthcare costs (as applicable). These actuarial assumptions could change from period-to-period and actual results could differ materially from the estimates originally made by management. We evaluate our assumptions on a regular basis, taking into consideration current market conditions and historical data. For purposes of determining the expected return on plan assets, we utilize a fair market value approach. Market-driven changes may affect the actual rate of return on plan assets compared to our assumptions, as well as our discount rates and other variables which could cause actual results to differ materially from our estimates. Changes in assumptions could impact our defined benefit pension plan valuations and our future defined benefit pension expense and required funding.

The over-funded or under-funded status of defined benefit pension and other post-retirement plans are recognized as an asset or a liability, respectively, on our consolidated balance sheet. Actuarial gains or losses in excess of 10% of the projected benefit obligation are recognized as a component of OCI, net of tax and subsequently amortized as a component of net periodic benefit costs over the average remaining service period of the plan’s active employees. If all or almost all of a plan’s participants are inactive, the average remaining life expectancy of the inactive participants is used instead of average remaining service period. In the case of a pension plan buy-out and a planned subsequent wind-up, a shorter period (other than applying the above minimum amortization method) may be used for accelerated amortization of previously accumulated actuarial gains or losses on annuity purchases, as deemed appropriate based on the specific plan requirements, on a plan-by-plan basis.

We amortize prior service costs or credits arising from retroactive plan amendments as a component of net periodic pension cost in our consolidated statement of operations. Curtailment gains or losses may arise from significant changes to a plan. We record total curtailment gains or losses in our consolidated statement of operations when the curtailment occurs.

To mitigate the actuarial and investment risks of our defined benefit pension plans, we from time-to-time purchase annuities (using existing plan assets) from third party insurance companies for certain, or all, plan participants. The purchase of annuities by the pension plan substantially hedges the financial risks associated with the related pension obligations. When we purchase annuities from insurance companies on behalf of applicable plan participants with the intention of winding-up the relevant plan in the future (with the expectation of transferring the annuities to the individual plan members), the insurance company assumes responsibility for the payment of benefits to the relevant plan participants once the wind-up is complete. Settlement accounting is applied to the purchase of the annuities and the loss (if any) is recorded in miscellaneous expense (income) in our consolidated statement of operations. In addition, both the pension assets and liabilities will be removed from our consolidated balance sheet once the wind-up of the plan is complete. When insurance policies are purchased on behalf of, and held by the pension plan, plan assets have been segregated and restricted to provide benefits to plan participants and we would retain the pension assets and liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet. Our annuity

purchases have resulted (and future annuity purchases may result) in settlement losses that are recognized from OCI to earnings, net of tax in our consolidated statement of operations, when the settlement occurs.